Basic Support for IPv6 Networks Operating over 5G Vehicle-to-Everything Communications
draft-jeong-6man-ipv6-over-5g-v2x-03
| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (individual) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Jaehoon Paul Jeong , Bien Aime Mugabarigira , Yiwen Shen , Alexandre Petrescu , Sandra Cespedes | ||
| Last updated | 2024-04-22 | ||
| RFC stream | (None) | ||
| Intended RFC status | (None) | ||
| Formats | |||
| Stream | Stream state | (No stream defined) | |
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
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draft-jeong-6man-ipv6-over-5g-v2x-03
6man Working Group J. Jeong, Ed.
Internet-Draft B. Mugabarigira
Intended status: Standards Track Y. Shen
Expires: 24 October 2024 Sungkyunkwan University
A. Petrescu
Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LIST
S. Cespedes
Universidad de Chile
22 April 2024
Basic Support for IPv6 Networks Operating over 5G Vehicle-to-Everything
Communications
draft-jeong-6man-ipv6-over-5g-v2x-03
Abstract
This document provides methods and settings for using IPv6 to
communicate among IPv6 nodes within the communication range of one
another over 5G V2X (i.e., the 5th Generation Vehicle-to-Everything)
links. Support for these methods and settings require minimal
changes to the existing IPv6 protocol stack. This document also
describes limitations associated with using these methods.
Optimizations and usage of IPv6 in more complex 5G scenarios are not
covered in this specification and are a subject for future work.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 24 October 2024.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Overview of 5G V2X Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. IPv6 over 5G V2X Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1. Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.2. Frame Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.3. Link-Local Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.4. Stateless Address Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.5. Subnet Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Appendix B. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Appendix C. Changes from draft-jeong-6man-ipv6-over-5g-v2x-02 . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Introduction
This document provides a baseline for using IPv6 in the hosts
communicating with each other by the 5th Generation New Radio (NR)
Vehicle-to-Everything (5G NR V2X) links [TS23303] [TS23304] defined
by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The baseline
defined in this document has the minimal changes to existing stacks.
Moreover, the document identifies the limitations of such usage.
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The 3GPP has published the long-term evolution V2X (LTE V2X) in its
Release 14 to support V2X communications using the Uu and PC5
reference points for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-
vehicle (V2V), respectively. In the recent development, the 5G V2X
has also been proposed to enhance the existing and future V2X use
cases. Particularly, the 5G V2X improves the sidelink resource
allocation and the handling of quality-of-service (QoS) in the
current 5G networks, and beyond 5G networks, such as 6G networks. It
also extends the communication modes for UE over PC5 from broadcast
mode to groupcast and unicast mode [TS24587].
The motivation for this document is the service discovery that
utilizes the specifications developed by 3GPP to enhance and broaden
the connectivity in a vehicular environment. As the 5G Core (5GC)
and 5G New Radio (5G-NR) with 5G User Equipment (UE) are being
deployed world wide, they can be of great importance in creating a
connected network for moving objects such as automobiles,
motorcycles, drones etc.
However, for IPv6-based 5G V2X communications based on the 3GPP
documents [TS23287] [TS24587] it is still not clear how the IPv6
addresses are well configured for multi-hop 5G V2X networks.
Particularly, when the Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
process is used in IPv6-based 5G V2X communications, a vehicle as an
IPv6 router, which assigns an IPv6 prefix to another vehicle in
SLAAC, shall be selected or determined. For a scenario having ground
moving vehicles, how to determine the IPv6 router for SLAAC is still
not clear. In addition, the 3GPP 5G V2X specifications discourage
the use of the Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) [RFC4862] [RFC7527]
and Neighbor Discover (ND) messages [RFC4861], which arises the
concern of unusable IPv6-based 5G V2X services in the future. On top
of that, other issues such as multi-hop packet forwarding among non-
IPv6 router vehicles and efficiency of mobility management may also
occur [RFC9365].
Thus this document offers the basic support for IPv6-based 5G V2X
communications to enable application services such as infotainment
and cooperative driving safety through the driving context
information sharing.
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+------------+
| NG-RAN | Base Station
+------------+ (e.g., gNodeB)
^
:
: Uu
:
V
+------------+ PC5 +------------+ PC5 +------------+
| IP-VehUE A |<.......>| IP-VehUE B |<.......>| UE C |
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+
Car A ==> Car B ==> Pedestrian ==>
<....> Wireless Link ===> Moving Direction
Figure 1: 3GPP 5G V2X Architecture
2. Terminology
This document uses the terminology described in [RFC8691]. In
addition, the following terms are defined below:
* IP-VehUE (Internet Protocol Vehicle User Equipment): It is a UE
device mounted on a vehicle such as car, motorcycle, and scooter
that operates based on 5G V2X services to transmit IPv6 data
packets. It can connect to the vehicle's internal networks.
* NG-RAN (Next Generation Radio Access Network) node: It is a base
station node that provides user plane and control plane functions
toward IP-VehUEs, and it also connects to 5GC networks. It can be
a gNodeB (gNB) in 5G or an ng-eNobdB (ng-eNB) in E-UTRA per the 5G
network definition [TS23501] [TS38300].
* 5G NR-PC5 RP (5G New Radio PC5 Reference Point): The 5G NR-PC5 RP
is referred to as communication links among IP-VehUEs (i.e., V2V).
* 5G NR-Uu RP(5G New Radio Uu Reference Point): The 5G NR-Uu RP is
referred to as communication links between an IP-VehUE and an NG-
RAN node.
3. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
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4. Overview of 5G V2X Communications
+-------------------+
| UDP/TCP V2X App |
+-------------------+
|
+===================+
| IPv6 |
+===================+
|
+-----------------------+
|3GPP Underlying Layers |
| +--------------+ |
| | SDAP | |
| +--------------+ |
| | |
| +--------------+ |
| | PDCP | |
| +--------------+ |
| | |
| +--------------+ |
| | RLC | |
| +--------------+ |
| | |
| +--------------+ |
| | MAC | |
| +--------------+ |
| | |
| +--------------+ |
| | PHY | |
| +--------------+ |
+-----------------------+
Figure 2: 3GPP IPv6-based 5G V2X Communications Protocol Stack
A high-level system architecture for V2X communication over PC5 and
Uu reference points is shown in Figure 1. A modified sidelink
interface allows IP-VehUEs to communicate with each other by the PC5
RP. An IP-VehUE can connect with a stationary NG-RAN through Uu
interface. Both communications among IP-VehUEs and between IP-VehUEs
and NG-RAN mainly rely on the lower layers shown in Figure 2.
The 5G V2X communications support both IP and non-IP based message
exchanges in unicast, broadcast, and groupcast modes per 3GPP
documents [TS23287] [TS24587]. For the IPv6-based 5G V2X
communications via PC5 RP, only IPv6 is used for the communications.
In the unicast mode of IPv6-based 5G V2X by PC5 RP, an IP-VehUE uses
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either the IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) process
or the IPv6 link-local addresses to generate usable IP addresses
[RFC4862].
* When using SLAAC, an IP-VehUE uses an IPv6 prefix sent by another
IP-VehUE acting as an IPv6 default router.
* When using IPv6 link-local addresses, an IP-VehUE forms the link-
local addresses locally without Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
[TS23287].
In the broadcast and groupcast modes of 5G V2X over PC5 RP, an IP-
VehUE configures a link-local IPv6 address as the source IP address.
The configuration of the link-local IPv6 address does not send
Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA) messages
for DAD per the 3GPP document [TS23287].
5. IPv6 over 5G V2X Links
5.1. Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
The V2X standard based on the 5G NR air interface introduced advanced
functionalities to support connected and automated driving. The
default MTU for IP packets on 5G V2X links over both PC5 and Uu RPs
is inherited from [RFC2464], which is 1500 octets. Also as defined
in [RFC8200], the 5G V2X links must offer a minimum MTU of 1280
octets to the IP layer and IP packets on those links must follow
other IPv6 recommendations, especially with regard to fragmentation.
5.2. Frame Format
As shown in Figure 2, the IP packets over 5G V2X links follow the
general frame format according to the protocol stack defined by 3GPP.
5.3. Link-Local Addresses
The IPv6-based 5G V2X communications use link-local addresses for IP
packets. IPv6 addresses are assigned enabling the establishment of
communication in and out of the subnet. To avoid conflicts between
link local address in wireless vehicle networks, the interface
identifier used by each IP-VehUE is ensured to be unique through
addressing. There are several types of IPv6 addresses
[RFC4291][RFC4193] that may be assigned to a 5G V2X interface.
5.4. Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
This section suggests the extension over 5G V2X links to enable SLAAC
process for a multi-hop communication scenario.
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+---------------------+
| Access and Mobility |
| Management Function |
+---------------------+
^
|
|
|
V
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+
| NG-RAN A |<--Xn-->| NG-RAN B |<--Xn-->| NG-RAN C |
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+
^ ^ ^
: : :
: Uu : Uu : Uu
: : :
V V V
+-----------------------------------------+ +------------------+
| | | |
| +------------+ PC5 +------------+ | PC5 | +------------+ |
| | IP-VehUE A |<.......>| IP-VehUE B |<.........>| UE C | |
| +------------+ +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| Car A ==> Car B ==> | | Pedestrian ==> |
+-----------------------------------------+ +------------------+
Subnet 1 Subnet 2
<----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link ===> Moving Direction
Figure 3: 3GPP 5G V2X Network Architecture
To enable a reachability of moving nodes across different subnets, an
address registration is defined [RFC4862]. Links among moving IP-
VehUEs (i.e., electric scooter, unmanned aerial vehicles, and
connected cars) through optimized address registration and a multi-
hop DAD mechanism need to be conducted.
A dynamic IPv6 address given by the stateless address
autoconfiguration is used for forwarding the packet domain and packet
forwarding in a subnetwork. The hight mobility features in a 5G-NR
vehicular network requires a persistent connection to ensure
communication. In the highway scenario, vehicular ad hoc networks
(VANET) where IP-VehUEs wirelessly interconnect, improve
communication efficiency. The details of neighbor discovery are
addressed in [I-D.jeong-ipwave-vehicular-neighbor-discovery] and the
mobility management handling strategies are address in
[I-D.jeong-ipwave-vehicular-mobility-management] as well.
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For 5G V2V by PC5 in unicast mode, one vehicle UE (VehUE) needs to be
an IPv6 router for IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
[RFC4862]. The 5G V2X specifications [TS23287][TS24587] do not
specify which VehUE shall be the IPv6 router for SLAAC. Also, it
does not specify how many IPv6 addresses/prefixes a VehUE will have
in this case.
===> ===> ===> ===>
+--------+ SLAAC +--------+ SLAAC +--------+ Link-Local +--------+
| Car B |<........>| Car A |<........>| Car C |<..........>| Car D |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
IPv6 Host IPv6 Router IPv6 Host IPv6 Host
<....> Wireless Link ===> Moving Direction
Figure 4: SLAAC in Unicast Mode by PC5 Interface of 5G V2V
As shown in Figure 4, a VehUE (e.g., Car A) among VehUEs shall be
acting as an IPv6 router using SLAAC to assign IPv6 addresses/
prefixes for other VehUEs. In this case, there are several issues to
solve for IPv6 ND over 5G V2X as follows:
* Which VehUE shall be the IPv6 router for the role to assign IPv6
addresses/prefixes if multiple VehUEs can be or want to be an IPv6
router?
* For a VehUE acting as an IPv6 router, how many IPv6 addresses/
prefixes will it assign? How much Will the role of an IPv6 router
burden the IPv6 router VehUE?
* For a VehUE receiving IPv6 addresses/prefixes from an IPv6 router
VehUE, how many IPv6 addresses/prefixes will it have on the
movement?
* If a VehUE (e.g., Car D in Figure 4) does not have any connection
with an IPv6 router VehUE, it will only use an IPv6 link local
address for communications. In this case, multihop routing is
triggered to forward IPv6 packets. How will this scenario affect
the IPv6 networking among VehUEs?
For V2V and V2I communications among VehUEs and gNodeB, the 5G
specifications [TS23287][TS24587] do not mention that VehUEs will use
the same IPv6 configuration. It is necessary to consider whether the
VehUEs will use the same prefix or the different prefixes for both
V2V and V2I communications.
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For multihop V2V and V2I among VehUEs and gNodeB, existing routing
protocols are costly to maintain a routing table. The 5G
specifications [TS23287][TS24587] do not consider how to minimize
control traffic overhead for both routing and IPv6 Neighbor Discovery
(ND) [RFC4861].
5.5. Subnet Structure
The network structure stated in Figure 3 follows the specifications
defined in [I-D.jeong-ipwave-vehicular-neighbor-discovery]. Among
the three NG-RAN deployed, two are deployed in same the subnet 1 and
NG-RAN C is in a different subnet 2. An IP-VehUE establishes a
connection in the coverage of an NG-RAN, and to enable a handover
between two NG-RANs, a multi-link subnet is involved. The
internetworking within subnetworks is done through IP router (i.e.,
NG-RAN).
IP-VehUE addresses with IPV6 prefixes belonging to the same
subnetwork are specified using SLAAC.
6. Security Considerations
The security considerations in this document inherit those in
[RFC8691][RFC9365].
7. IANA Considerations
This document does not require any IANA actions.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2464] Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet
Networks", RFC 2464, DOI 10.17487/RFC2464, December 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2464>.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.
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[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4193>.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.
[RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.
[RFC7527] Asati, R., Singh, H., Beebee, W., Pignataro, C., Dart, E.,
and W. George, "Enhanced Duplicate Address Detection",
RFC 7527, DOI 10.17487/RFC7527, April 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7527>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
[RFC8691] Benamar, N., Härri, J., Lee, J., and T. Ernst, "Basic
Support for IPv6 Networks Operating Outside the Context of
a Basic Service Set over IEEE Std 802.11", RFC 8691,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8691, December 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8691>.
[RFC9365] Jeong, J., Ed., "IPv6 Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environments (IPWAVE): Problem Statement and Use Cases",
RFC 9365, DOI 10.17487/RFC9365, March 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9365>.
8.2. Informative References
[TS23287] 3GPP, "Architecture enhancements for 5G System (5GS) to
support Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services", TS 23.287
V17.5.0, December 2022,
<https://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/23287.htm>.
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[TS23303] 3GPP, "Proximity-based services (ProSe); Stage 2",
TS 23.303 V17.0.0, December 2021,
<https://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/23303.htm>.
[TS23304] 3GPP, "Proximity based Services (ProSe) in the 5G System
(5GS)", TS 23.304 V17.5.0, December 2022,
<https://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/23304.htm>.
[TS23501] 3GPP, "System Architecture for the 5G System (5GS); Stage
2", TS 23.501 V17.7.0, December 2022,
<https://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/23501.htm>.
[TS24587] 3GPP, "Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services in 5G System
(5GS); Stage 3", TS 24.587 V18.0.0, January 2023,
<https://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/24587.htm>.
[TS38300] 3GPP, "NR; NR and NG-RAN Overall description; Stage 2",
TS 38.300 V17.3.0, January 2023,
<https://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/38300.htm>.
[I-D.jeong-ipwave-vehicular-neighbor-discovery]
Jeong, J. P., Shen, Y., and S. Cespedes, "Vehicular
Neighbor Discovery for IP-Based Vehicular Networks", Work
in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-jeong-ipwave-vehicular-
neighbor-discovery-17, 8 February 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-jeong-ipwave-
vehicular-neighbor-discovery-17>.
[I-D.jeong-ipwave-vehicular-mobility-management]
Jeong, J. P., Mugabarigira, B. A., and Y. Shen, "Vehicular
Mobility Management for IP-Based Vehicular Networks", Work
in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-jeong-ipwave-vehicular-
mobility-management-11, 8 February 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-jeong-ipwave-
vehicular-mobility-management-11>.
Appendix A. Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by Institute of Information &
Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded
by the Korea Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)(No. 2022-0-01015,
Development of Candidate Element Technology for Intelligent 6G Mobile
Core Network).
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This work was supported in part by Institute of Information &
Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded
by the Korea Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (No. 2022-0-01199,
Regional strategic industry convergence security core talent training
business).
Appendix B. Contributors
This document is a group work, greatly benefiting from inputs and
texts by Erik Kline (Aalyria) and Eric Vyncke (Cisco). The authors
sincerely appreciate their contributions.
The following are coauthors of this document:
Hyeongah Jung
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon
Gyeonggi-Do
16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4106
Email: hyeonah214@skku.edu
URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-Hyeonah-Jung.php
Junhee Kwon
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon
Gyeonggi-Do
16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4106
Email: juun9714@skku.edu
URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-Jun-Hee-Kwon.php
Tae (Tom) Oh
Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences
Rochester Institute of Technology
One Lomb Memorial Drive
Rochester, NY 14623-5603
United States of America
Phone: +1 585 475 7642
Email: Tom.Oh@rit.edu
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Appendix C. Changes from draft-jeong-6man-ipv6-over-5g-v2x-02
The following changes are made from draft-jeong-6man-ipv6-over-5g-
v2x-02:
* There are updates in the References.
Authors' Addresses
Jaehoon Paul Jeong (editor)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon
Gyeonggi-Do
16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4957
Email: pauljeong@skku.edu
URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-jaehoon-jeong.php
Bien Aime Mugabarigira
Department of Electical and Computer Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon
Gyeonggi-Do
16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4106
Email: bienaime@skku.edu
URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-Bien-Aime.php
Yiwen Shen
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon
Gyeonggi-Do
16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4106
Email: chrisshen@skku.edu
URI: https://chrisshen.github.io/
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Alexandre Petrescu
Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LIST
CEA Saclay
Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France
91190 Paris
France
Phone: +33 169089223
Email: Alexandre.Petrescu@cea.fr
Sandra Cespedes
Universidad de Chile
Av. Tupper 2007
8370451 Santiago
Chile
Phone: +56 2 29784093
Email: scespede@niclabs.cl
URI: http://scespedes.cl
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