Extensions to Support Efficient Carrying of Multicast Traffic in Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
draft-ietf-l2tpext-mcast-05
The information below is for an old version of the document that is already published as an RFC.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 4045.
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Gilles Bourdon | ||
| Last updated | 2015-10-14 (Latest revision 2004-10-11) | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | Experimental | ||
| Formats | |||
| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
| Stream | WG state | (None) | |
| Document shepherd | (None) | ||
| IESG | IESG state | Became RFC 4045 (Experimental) | |
| Action Holders |
(None)
|
||
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | Dr. Thomas Narten | ||
| Send notices to | <townsley@cisco.com> |
draft-ietf-l2tpext-mcast-05
Network Working Group G. Bourdon
Internet Draft France Telecom
Document: draft-ietf-l2tpext-mcast-05.txt October 2004
Category: Experimental
Extensions to support efficient carrying of
multicast traffic in Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
<draft-ietf-l2tpext-mcast-05.txt>
Status of this Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, I certify that any applicable
patent or other IPR claims of which I am aware have been disclosed,
or will be disclosed, and any of which I become aware will be
disclosed, in accordance with RFC 3668.
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Abstract
The Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) provides a standard method
for tunneling PPP packets. This document describes an extension to
L2TP, in order to have an efficient use of L2TP tunnels within the
context of deploying multicast services whose data will have to be
conveyed by such tunnels.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................2
1.1. Conventions used in this document...........................3
1.2. Terminology.................................................3
2. Motivation for a session-based solution.....................4
3. Control Connection establishment............................5
3.1. Negotiation phase...........................................5
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3.2. Multicast Capability AVP (SCCRQ, SCCRP).....................5
4. L2TP multicast session establishment decision...............6
4.1. Multicast states in LNS.....................................6
4.2. Group state determination...................................7
4.3. Triggering..................................................8
4.4. Multicast traffic sent from group members...................9
5. L2TP multicast session opening process.....................10
5.1. Multicast-Session-Request (MSRQ)...........................10
5.2. Multicast-Session-Response (MSRP)..........................11
5.3. Multicast-Session-Established (MSE)........................12
6. Session maintenance and management.........................12
6.1. Multicast-Session-Information (MSI)........................12
6.2. Outgoing Sessions List updates.............................13
6.2.1. New Outgoing Sessions AVP (MSI)............................13
6.2.2. New Outgoing Sessions Acknowledgement AVP (MSI)............14
6.2.3. Withdraw Outgoing Sessions AVP (MSI).......................15
6.3. Multicast Packets Priority AVP (MSI).......................16
6.3.1. Global configuration.......................................17
6.3.2. Individual configuration...................................17
6.3.3. Priority...................................................17
7. Multicast session teardown.................................18
7.1. Operations.................................................18
7.2. Multicast-Session-End-Notify (MSEN)........................19
7.3. Result Codes...............................................19
8. Traffic merging............................................20
9. IANA Considerations........................................20
10. Security Considerations....................................21
11. References.................................................21
11.1. Normative References.......................................21
11.2. Informative References.....................................22
12. Acknowledgments............................................22
13. Author's Addresses.........................................22
Appendix A. Examples of group states determination................23
1. Introduction
The deployment of IP multicast-based services may have to deal with
L2TP tunnel engineering. From this perspective, the forwarding of
multicast data within L2TP sessions may impact the throughput of L2TP
tunnels because the same traffic may be sent multiple times within
the same L2TP tunnel, but in different sessions. This proposal aims
to reduce this impact by applying replication mechanism of multicast
traffic only when necessary.
The solution described herein provides a mechanism for transmitting
multicast data only once for all the L2TP sessions that have been
established in a tunnel, each multicast flow having a dedicated L2TP
session.
Within the context of deploying IP multicast-based services, it is
assumed that the routers of the IP network that embed a L2TP Network
Server (LNS) capability may be involved in the forwarding of
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multicast data, towards users who access the network through an L2TP
tunnel. Then the LNS is in charge of replicating the multicast data
for each L2TP session that is used by a receiver who has requested a
multicast flow. The solution described here gives the ability for a
LNS to send multicast data only once and let the L2TP Access
Concentrator (LAC) perform the traffic replication. By doing so, it
is expected to spare transmission resources in the core network that
supports L2TP tunnels. This multicast extension to L2TP is designed
so that it does not affect the behavior of L2TP equipment under
normal conditions. A solution to carry multicast data only once in a
L2TP tunnel is interesting for service providers since edge devices
are aggregating more and more users. This is particularly true for
operators who are deploying xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) services
and cable infrastructures. Therefore, L2TP tunnels that may be
supported by the network will have to carry multiple redundant
multicast data more often. The solution described in this document
applies to downstream traffic exclusively, i.e. data coming from the
LNS towards end-users connected to the LAC. This downstream multicast
traffic is not framed by the LNS but by the LAC, thus ensuring
compatibility for all users in a common tunnel whatever the framing
scheme.
1.1. Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
1.2. Terminology
Unicast session
This term refers to the definition of "Session", as it is described
in the terminology section of [RFC2661]. (Also: L2TP unicast session)
Multicast session
This term refers to a connection between the LAC and the LNS.
Additional Control Messages and Attribute-Value-Pairs (AVPs) are
defined in this document to open and maintain this connection for the
particular purpose of multicast traffic transportation. This
connection between the LAC and the LNS is intended to convey
multicast traffic only. (Also: L2TP multicast session)
Session
This term is used when there is no need to dissociate multicast from
unicast sessions, and thus designates both. (Also: L2TP session)
M-IGP
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Designates a Multicast Interior Gateway Protocol.
Multicast flow
Designates datagrams sent to a group from a set of sources for which
multicast reception is desired.
GMP
Group Management Protocol, such as:
- IGMPv1 ([RFC1112])
- IGMPv2 ([RFC2236])
- MLD ([RFC2710], [RFC3590])
SFGMP
Source Filtering Group Management Protocol such as:
- IGMPv3 ([RFC3376])
- MLDv2 ([RFC3810])
2. Motivation for a session-based solution
Multicast data have to be seen as a singular flow that may be
conveyed into all the L2TP sessions that have been established in a
tunnel. It means that a given L2TP session can be dedicated for the
forwarding of a multicast flow that will be forwarded to multiple
receivers, including those that can be reached by one or several of
these L2TP sessions. A session carrying IP multicast data is
independent from the underlying framing scheme and is therefore
compatible with any new framing scheme that may be supported by the
L2TP protocol.
Using a single L2TP session per multicast flow is motivated by the
following arguments:
- The administrator of the LNS is presumably in charge of the IP
multicast-based services and the related engineering aspects. As
such, he must be capable of filtering multicast traffic on a
multicast source basis, on a multicast group basis, and/or on a user
basis (users who access the network using a L2TP session that
terminates in this LNS).
- Having a L2TP session dedicated for a multicast flow gives the
ability to enforce specific policies for multicast traffic. For
instance, it is possible to change the priority treatment for
multicast packets against unicast packets.
- It is not always acceptable nor possible to have multicast
forwarding performed within the network between the LAC and the LNS.
Having the multicast traffic conveyed within a L2TP tunnel ensures a
multicast service between the LNS and end-users, alleviating the need
for activating multicast capabilities in the underlying network.
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3. Control Connection establishment
3.1. Negotiation phase
The multicast extension capability is negotiated between the LAC and
the LNS during the control connection establishment phase. However,
establishment procedures defined in [RFC2661] remain unchanged. A LAC
indicates its multicast extension capability by using a new AVP, the
"Multicast Capability" AVP. There is no explicit acknowledgement sent
by the LNS during the control connection establishment phase.
Instead, the LNS is allowed to use multicast extension messages to
open and maintain multicast session(s) (Section 5).
3.2. Multicast Capability AVP (SCCRQ, SCCRP)
In order to inform the LNS that a LAC has the ability to handle
multicast sessions, the LAC sends a Multicast Capability AVP during
the control connection establishment phase.
This AVP is sent either in a SCCRQ or a SCCRP control message by the
LAC towards the LNS.
Upon receipt of the Multicast Capability AVP, a LNS may adopt two
distinct behaviors:
1) The LNS does not implement the L2TP multicast extension: any
multicast-related information (including the Multicast Capability
AVP) will be silently ignored by the LNS.
2) The LNS implements L2TP multicast extensions, and therefore
supports the Multicast Capability AVP: the LNS is allowed to send
L2TP specific commands for conveying multicast traffic towards the
LAC.
The multicast capability exclusively refers to the tunnel for which
the AVP has been received during control connection establishment
phase. It SHOULD be possible for a LNS administrator to shut down
L2TP multicast extension features towards one or a set of LAC(s). In
this case, the LNS behavior is similar to 1).
The AVP has the following format:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute = TBA1 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by IANA)
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|M|H|0|0|0|0| Length | Vendor ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TBA1 |
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+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The M-bit MUST be set to 0, the AVP MAY be hidden (H-bit set to 0 or
1).
The length of this AVP is 6 octets.
4. L2TP multicast session establishment decision
4.1. Multicast states in LNS
The router that embeds the LNS feature MUST support at least one
Group Management Protocol (GMP) such as:
- IGMPv1
- IGMPv2
- MLD
or a Source Filtering Group Management Protocol (SFGMP) such as:
- IGMPv3
- MLDv2
The LAC does not have any group management activity: GMP or SFGMP
processing is performed by the LNS. The LAC is a layer-2 equipment,
and is not supposed to track GMP or SFGMP messages between the
receivers and the LNS in this context.
The LNS MUST always be at the origin of the creation of a multicast
L2TP session dedicated for the forwarding of IP multicast datagrams
destined to a multicast group.
The LNS acts as a GMP or SFGMP Querier for every logical interface
associated to a L2TP session.
As a multicast router, the equipment that embeds the LNS function
will keep state per group per attached network (i.e. per L2TP
session). The LNS-capable equipment activating multicast extensions
for L2TP will have to classify and analyze GMP and SFGMP states in
order to create L2TP multicast session(s) within the appropriate L2TP
tunnel(s). This is performed in three steps:
1- The LNS has to compute group states for each L2TP tunnel, using
group states recorded for each L2TP session of the tunnel. Group
state determination for L2TP tunnels is discussed in section 4.2. For
each L2TP tunnel, the result of this computation will issue a list of
states of the form (group, filter-mode, source-list):
- group: denotes the multicast group
- filter-mode: either INCLUDE or EXCLUDE, as defined in
[RFC3376]
- source-list: list of IP unicast addresses from which multicast
reception is desired or not, depending on the filter-mode.
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2- According to each group state, the LNS will create one or multiple
replication contexts, depending on the filter-mode for the considered
group and the local policy configured in the LNS.
For groups in INCLUDE mode, the LNS SHOULD implement two different
policies:
- One session per (source, group) pair: the LNS creates one
replication context per (source, group) pair.
or
- One session per group: the LNS creates one replication context
per (source-list, group) pair.
For groups in EXCLUDE mode, the LNS will create one replication
context per (list of sources excluded by *all* the receivers, group).
The list of sources represents the intersection of the sets, not the
union.
3- For each replication context, the LNS will create one L2TP
multicast session (if threshold conditions are met, see Section 4.3)
and its associated Outgoing Session List (OSL). The OSL lists L2TP
sessions that requested the multicast flow corresponding to the group
and the associated source-filtering properties. There is one OSL per
replication context, i.e. per L2TP multicast session.
For a group member running a SFGMP, it is therefore possible to
receive multicast traffic from sources that have been explicitly
excluded in its SFGMP membership report if other group members in the
same L2TP tunnel wish to receive packets from these sources. This
behavior is comparable to the case where group members are connected
to the same multi-access network. When a group is in EXCLUDE mode or
in INCLUDE mode with a policy allowing one session per (group,
source-list), sharing the same L2TP tunnel is equivalent to be
connected to the same multi-access network in term of multicast
traffic received. For groups in INCLUDE mode with a policy allowing
one L2TP multicast session per (source, group), the behavior is
slightly improved because it prevents group members to receive
traffic from non-requested sources. On the other hand, this policy
potentially increases the number of L2TP multicast sessions to
establish and maintain. Examples are provided in Appendix A.
In order for the LAC to forward the multicast traffic received
through the L2TP multicast session to group members, the LNS sends
the OSL to the LAC for the related multicast session (see Section 6).
4.2. Group state determination
Source Filtering Group Management Protocols require querier routers
to keep a filter-mode per group per attached network, to condense the
total desired reception state of a group to a minimum set such that
all systems' memberships are satisfied.
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Within the context of L2TP, each L2TP session has to be considered as
an attached network by GMP and SFGMP protocols. When activating L2TP
multicast extension, each L2TP Control Connection has to be
considered as a pseudo attached network as well in order to condense
group membership reports for every L2TP session in the tunnel.
Therefore, a list of group states is maintained for each L2TP Control
Connection into which the membership information of each of its L2TP
sessions is merged. This list of group states is a set of membership
records of the form (group, filter-mode, source-list).
Each group state represents the result of a merging process applied
to subscriptions on L2TP sessions of a Control Connection for a
considered group. This merging process is performed in three steps:
1- Conversion of any GMP subscription into SFGMP subscription
(IGMPv1/v2 to IGMPv3, MLDv1 to MLDv2);
2- Removal of subscription timers and, if filter-mode is
EXCLUDE, sources with source timer > 0;
3- Then, resulting subscription are merged using merging rules
described in SFGMP specifications ([RFC3376] Section 3.2,
[RFC3810] Section 4.2).
This process is also described in [PROXY]. Examples of group state
determination are provided in Appendix A.
4.3. Triggering
The rules to be enforced by the LNS so as to decide when to open a
dedicated L2TP multicast session for a multicast group SHOULD be
configurable by the LNS administrator. This would typically happen
whenever a threshold of MULTICAST_SESSION_THRESHOLD
receivers/sessions referenced in a replication context is reached.
This threshold value SHOULD be valued at 2 by default, if we consider
that it is worth opening a dedicated L2TP multicast session for two
group members sharing the same desired reception state (which means
that two L2TP unicast sessions are concerned). In this case, the OSL
will reference two distinct L2TP sessions.
The actual reception by the LNS of multicast traffic requested by
end-users can also be taken into account to decide whether the
associated L2TP multicast session has to be opened or not.
Whenever an OSL gets empty, the LNS MUST stop sending multicast
traffic over the corresponding L2TP multicast session. Then the L2TP
multicast session MUST be torn down as described in Section 7 of this
document.
Filter-mode changes for a group can also trigger the opening or the
termination of L2TP multicast session(s):
a- From INCLUDE mode to EXCLUDE mode
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When a group state filter-mode switches from INCLUDE to EXCLUDE, only
one replication context (and its associated L2TP multicast session)
issued from this group state can exist (see Section 4.1). The LNS
SHOULD keep one replication context previously created for this group
state and has to update it with:
-a new source-list that has to be excluded from forwarding
-a new OSL
The LNS MUST send an OSL update to the LAC to reflect L2TP sessions
list changes (section 6.2), whenever appropriate. The unused L2TP
multicast sessions that correspond to previously created replication
contexts for the group SHOULD be terminated, either actively or
passively by emptying their corresponding OSLs.
The remaining L2TP multicast session MAY also be terminated if the
number of receivers is below a predefined threshold (see Section 7).
To limit the duration of temporary packet loss or duplicates to
receivers, the LNS has to minimize delay between OSL updates messages
sent to the LAC. Therefore, one can assume that terminating a
multicast session passively gives the smoothest transition.
b- From EXCLUDE mode to INCLUDE mode
When a group state filter-mode switches from EXCLUDE to INCLUDE,
multiple replication contexts issued by this group state may be
created (see Section 4.1). The LNS SHOULD keep the replication
context previously created for this group state and has to update it
accordingly with the following information:
-a new list of sources that has to be forwarded, this list
having only one record if there is one replication context per
(group, source)
-a new OSL
The LNS MUST send an OSL update to the LAC to reflect L2TP sessions
list changes, whenever appropriate. If the LNS is configured to
create one replication context per (group, source), L2TP multicast
sessions will be opened in addition to the existing one, depending on
the number of sources for the group.
If new L2TP multicast sessions need to be opened, the LNS SHOULD wait
until these multicast sessions are established before updating the
OSL of the original multicast session. To limit the duration of
temporary packet loss or duplicates to receivers, the LNS has to
minimize delay between OSL updates messages sent to the LAC.
4.4. Multicast traffic sent from group members
The present document proposes a solution to enhance the forwarding of
downstream multicast traffic exclusively, i.e. data coming from the
LNS towards end-users connected to the LAC.
In the case where a group member that uses a L2TP session is also a
multicast source for traffic conveyed in a multicast session,
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datagrams may be sent back to the source. To prevent this behavior,
two options can be used in the LNS:
1- Disable the multicast packets forwarding capability, for
those multicast datagrams sent by users connected to the
network by the means of a L2TP tunnel. Protocols using well-
known multicast addresses MUST NOT be impacted.
2- Exclude from the OSL the L2TP session used by a group member
that sends packets matching the replication context of this
OSL. Therefore, the corresponding multicast flow is sent by
the LNS over the user L2TP unicast session, using standard
multicast forwarding rules.
5. L2TP multicast session opening process
The opening of an L2TP multicast session is initiated by the LNS. A
three-message exchange is utilized to set up the session. Following
is a typical sequence of events:
LAC LNS
--- ---
(multicast session
triggering)
<- MSRQ
MSRP ->
(Ready to
replicate)
MSE ->
<- ZLB ACK
ZLB ACK is sent if there are no further messages waiting in queue for
that peer.
5.1. Multicast-Session-Request (MSRQ)
Multicast-Session-Request (MSRQ) is a control message sent by the LNS
to the LAC to indicate that a multicast session can be created. The
LNS initiates this message according to the rules mentioned in
section 4.2. It is the first in a three-message exchange used for
establishing a multicast session within a L2TP tunnel.
A LNS MUST NOT send a MSRQ control message if the remote LAC did not
open the L2TP tunnel with the Multicast Capability AVP. The LAC MUST
ignore MSRQ control messages sent in a L2TP tunnel, if the L2TP
tunnel was not opened with control messages including a Multicast
Capability AVP.
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The following AVPs MUST be present in MSRQ:
Message Type
Assigned Session ID
The following AVP MAY be present in MSRQ:
Random Vector
Maximum BPS
The Maximum BPS value is set by the LNS administrator. However, this
value should be chosen in accordance with the line capabilities of
the end-users. The Maximum BPS value SHOULD NOT be higher than the
highest speed connection for all end-users within the L2TP tunnel.
The associated Message Type AVP is encoded with the values:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute Type = 0
Attribute Value = TBA2 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by IANA)
The M-bit MUST be set to 0, the H-bit MUST be set to 0.
5.2. Multicast-Session-Response (MSRP)
Multicast-Session-Response (MSRP) is a control message sent by the
LAC to the LNS in response to a received MSRQ message. It is the
second in a three-message exchange used for establishing a multicast
session within a L2TP tunnel.
MSRP is used to indicate that the MSRQ was successful and the LAC
will attempt to reserve appropriate resources to perform multicast
replication for unicast sessions managed in the pertaining control
connection.
The following AVPs MUST be present in MSRP:
Message Type
Assigned Session ID
The following AVP MAY be present in MSRP:
Random Vector
The associated Message Type AVP is encoded with the values:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute Type = 0
Attribute Value = TBA3 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by IANA)
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The M-bit MUST be set to 0, the H-bit MUST be set to 0.
5.3. Multicast-Session-Established (MSE)
Multicast-Session-Established (MSE) is a control message sent by the
LAC to the LNS to indicate that the LAC is ready to receive necessary
multicast information (Section 6) for the group using the newly
created multicast session. It is the third message in the three-
message sequence used for establishing a multicast session within a
L2TP tunnel.
The following AVP MUST be present in MSE:
Message Type
The following AVP MAY be present in MSE:
Sequencing Required
Sequencing will occur only from the LNS to the LAC since a multicast
session is only used to forward multicast traffic downstream.
The associated Message Type AVP is encoded with the values:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute Type = 0
Attribute Value = TBA4 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by IANA)
The M-bit MUST be set to 0, the H-bit MUST be set to 0.
6. Session maintenance and management
Once the multicast session is established, the LAC has to be informed
of the L2TP unicast sessions interested in receiving the traffic from
the newly-created multicast session, as well as a related optional
priority parameter defined in Section 6.3. To achieve this, a new
control message type is defined: Multicast-Session-Information (MSI).
6.1. Multicast-Session-Information (MSI)
Multicast-Session-Information (MSI) control messages carry AVPs to
keep the OSL synchronized between the LNS and the LAC, and to set the
optional priority parameter for multicast traffic versus unicast
traffic. MSI may be extended to update the multicast session with
additional parameters, as needed.
Each MSI message is specific to a particular multicast session.
Therefore, the control message MUST use the assigned session ID
associated to the multicast session (assigned by the LAC), except for
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the case mentioned in 6.3.2.
The associated Message Type AVP is encoded with the values:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute Type = 0
Attribute Value = TBA5 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by IANA)
The M-bit MUST be set to 0, the H-bit MUST be set to 0.
The following AVPs MUST be present in MSI:
Message Type
The following AVP MAY be present in MSI:
Random Vector
New Outgoing Sessions
New Outgoing Sessions Acknowledgement
Withdraw Outgoing Sessions
Multicast Packets Priority
New Outgoing Sessions, New Outgoing Sessions Acknowledgement,
Withdraw Outgoing Sessions and Multicast Packets Priority are new
AVPs defined in sections 6.2 and 6.3.
6.2. Outgoing Sessions List updates
Whenever a change occurs in the Outgoing Sessions List, the LNS MUST
inform the LAC of that change. The OSL is built upon subscription
reports recorded by GMP or SFGMP processes running in the LNS
(Section 4.1).
The LAC maintains an OSL as a local table transmitted by the LNS. As
for the LNS, the LAC has to maintain an OSL for each L2TP multicast
session within a L2TP tunnel. To update the LAC OSL, the LNS sends a
New Outgoing Sessions AVP for additional(s) session(s), or sends a
Withdraw Outgoing Sessions AVP to remove session(s). All sessions
mentioned in these AVPs MUST be added or removed by the LAC from the
relevant OSL. The Outgoing Sessions List is identified by the tunnel
ID and the multicast session ID the updating AVP is referring to.
To update the OSL, the following AVPs are used:
Additional session(s): New Outgoing Sessions AVP
Session(s) removal: Withdraw Outgoing Sessions AVP
These new AVPs MUST be sent in a MSI message.
6.2.1. New Outgoing Sessions AVP (MSI)
The New Outgoing Sessions AVP can only be carried within a MSI
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message type. This AVP piggybacks every Session ID to which the
multicast traffic has to be forwarded.
The AVP has the following format:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute = TBA6 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by IANA)
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|M|H|0|0|0|0| Length | Vendor ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TBA6 | Session ID 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... | Session ID N |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
There can be from 1 to N Session IDs present in the New Outgoing
Sessions AVP (considering the maximum value of the Length field).
This AVP must be placed in a MSI message and sent after the
establishment of the multicast session to indicate the LAC what are
the initial outgoing sessions, and at any time when one or more
outgoing sessions appear during the multicast session lifetime. Upon
reception of this AVP, the LAC sends a New Outgoing Sessions
Acknowledgment AVP to the LNS to notify that the LAC is ready to
replicate the multicast traffic towards the indicated sessions.
Usage of this AVP is incremental: only new outgoing sessions have to
be listed in the AVP.
The M-bit MUST be set to 1, the AVP MAY be hidden (H-bit set to 0 or
1).
6.2.2. New Outgoing Sessions Acknowledgement AVP (MSI)
The New Outgoing Sessions Acknowledgement AVP can only be carried
within a MSI message type. This AVP informs the LNS that the LAC is
ready to replicate traffic for every Session ID listed in the AVP.
The AVP has the following format:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute = TBA7 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by IANA)
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|M|H|0|0|0|0| Length | Vendor ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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| TBA7 | Session ID 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... | Session ID N |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
This AVP must be placed in a MSI message and sent by the LAC towards
the LNS to acknowledge the reception of a New Outgoing Sessions list
received in a New Outgoing Sessions AVP from the LNS.
A LNS is allowed to send multicast traffic within the L2TP multicast
session as soon as a New Outgoing Sessions Acknowledgement AVP is
received for the corresponding L2TP multicast session.
A LNS is allowed to stop sending packets of the corresponding
multicast flow within L2TP unicast sessions only if it receives a MSI
message with the New Outgoing Session Acknowledgement AVP, and only
for the unicast Session IDs mentioned in this AVP. The multicast
traffic can then be conveyed in L2TP unicast sessions again when the
L2TP multicast session goes down. From this standpoint, packets
related to this multicast flow SHOULD NOT be conveyed within the L2TP
unicast sessions mentioned in the AVP to avoid the duplication of
multicast packets.
There can be from 1 to N Session IDs present in the New Outgoing
Sessions Acknowledgement AVP (considering the maximum value of the
Length field). Session IDs mentioned in this AVP that have not been
listed in a previous New Outgoing Sessions AVP should be ignored.
Non-acknowledged Session IDs MAY be listed in forthcoming New
Outgoing Sessions AVPs, but multicast traffic MUST be sent to logical
interfaces associated to these Session IDs as long as these Session
IDs are not acknowledged for replication by the LAC.
The M-bit MUST be set to 1, the AVP MAY be hidden (H-bit set to 0 or
1).
6.2.3. Withdraw Outgoing Sessions AVP (MSI)
The Withdraw Outgoing Sessions AVP is sent whenever there is one or
more withdrawn subscriptions for the corresponding multicast flow
(designated by the session ID on which the MSI is sent).
The LAC can stop forwarding packets to Session IDs mentioned in the
AVP for the corresponding multicast flow as soon as it receives the
MSI message embedding this Withdraw Target Session AVP.
The AVP has the following format:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute = TBA8 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by the IANA)
0 1 2 3
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|M|H|0|0|0|0| Length | Vendor ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TBA8 | Session ID 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... | Session ID N |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
There can be from 1 to N Session IDs present in the Withdraw Outgoing
Sessions AVP (considering the value of the Length field). The M-bit
MUST be set to 1, the AVP MAY be hidden (H-bit set to 0 or 1).
6.3. Multicast Packets Priority AVP (MSI)
The Multicast Packets Priority AVP is an optional AVP intended to
provide the LAC with an indication on how to process multicast
traffic against unicast traffic. Even though the LAC behavior is
partially described here, the nature of the traffic (layer-2 frames
for unicast traffic and pure IP packets for multicast traffic) is not
a criteria for enforcing a traffic prioritization policy. Traffic
processing for the provisioning of a uniformly-framed traffic for the
final user is described is section 8.
Three different behaviors can be adopted:
1) Best effort: the traffic is forwarded from the LAC to the end-user
in the order it comes from the LNS, whatever the type of traffic.
2) Unicast traffic priority: traffic coming down the L2TP unicast
session has priority over traffic coming down the L2TP multicast
session.
3) Multicast traffic priority: traffic coming down the L2TP multicast
session has priority over traffic coming down the L2TP unicast
session.
The priority is encoded as a 16-bit quantity, which can take the
following values:
0: Best effort (default)
1: Unicast traffic priority
2: Multicast traffic priority
The AVP has the following format:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute = TBA9 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by the IANA)
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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|M|H|0|0|0|0| Length | Vendor ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TBA9 | Priority Value |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
It is important to note that the multicast traffic rate can reach up
to Maximum BPS (as indicated in MSRQ). This rate can exceed the
maximum rate allowed for a particular end-user. This means that even
with a priority value of 0, the end-user may receive multicast
traffic only: unicast packets might be dropped because the multicast
flow overwhelms the LAC forwarding buffer(s).
The default Priority Value is 0. The M-bit MUST be set to 0, the AVP
MAY be hidden (H-bit set to 0 or 1).
There are two ways of using this AVP: global configuration and
individual configuration.
6.3.1. Global configuration
The Multicast Priority Packet AVP is sent for all L2TP unicast
sessions concerned with a specific multicast flow represented by a
L2TP multicast session.
In this case, the AVP is sent in a L2TP MSI control message for the
corresponding multicast session ID (Session ID = L2TP session for the
corresponding multicast group). The priority value applies to all
L2TP unicast sessions to which the multicast group designated by the
L2TP multicast session is intended, as soon as this AVP is received.
6.3.2. Individual configuration
The Multicast Priority Packet AVP is sent for a specific L2TP unicast
session that SHALL adopt a specific behavior for both unicast and
multicast traffics. In this case, the AVP is sent in a L2TP MSI
control message for the L2TP unicast session (Session ID = L2TP
session for the concerned user). The priority value applies to the
targeted session only, and does not affect the other sessions. It is
important to note that in this case, all multicast packets carried in
L2TP multicast sessions are treated the same way by the LAC for the
concerned user.
This is the only case where a MSI control message can be sent for a
L2TP unicast session.
6.3.3. Priority
It is the responsibility of the network administrator to decide which
behavior to adopt between global or individual configurations, if the
AVP is sent twice (one for a multicast group and one for a specific
end-user). By default, only the individual configurations SHOULD be
taken into consideration in that case.
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Support of the Multicast Packets Priority AVP is optional and SHOULD
be configurable by the LAC administrator, if relevant.
7. Multicast session teardown
A L2TP multicast session should be torn down whenever there are no
longer users interested in receiving the corresponding multicast
traffic. More specifically, we consider that a multicast session
becomes useless as soon as the related OSL has less than a predefined
number of entries, this number being defined by a threshold.
Multicast session flapping may occur when the number of OSL entries
is oscillating around the threshold, if the same value is used to
trigger the creation or the deletion of a L2TP multicast session.
To avoid this behavior, two methods can be used:
- The threshold value used to determine if the L2TP multicast
session has to be torn down is lower than the
MULTICAST_SESSION_THRESHOLD value;
- The MULTICAST_SESSION_THRESHOLD value is used to determine if
the L2TP multicast session has to be torn down. A multicast session
SHOULD be killed after a period of MULTICAST_SESSION_HOLDTIME seconds
if the corresponding OSL maintains less than
MULTICAST_SESSION_THRESHOLD entries. The MULTICAST_SESSION_HOLDTIME
value is 10 seconds by default, and SHOULD be configurable either by
the LAC or the LNS administrator.
The multicast session can be torn down for multiple reasons,
including specific criteria not described here (can be vendor-
specific).
A multicast session teardown can be initiated either by the LAC or
the LNS. However, multicast session teardown MUST be initiated by the
LNS if the termination decision is motivated by the number of users
interested in receiving the traffic corresponding to a multicast
flow.
7.1. Operations
The actual termination of a multicast session is initiated with a new
Multicast-Session-End-Notify (MSEN) control message, sent either by
the LAC or by the LNS.
The following is an example of a control messages exchange that
terminates a multicast session:
LAC or LNS LAC or LNS
---------- ----------
(multicast session
termination)
<- MSEN
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(Clean up)
ZLB ACK ->
(Clean up)
7.2. Multicast-Session-End-Notify (MSEN)
The Multicast-Session-End-Notify (MSEN) is a L2TP control message
sent by either the LAC or the LNS to request the termination of a
specific multicast session within the tunnel. Its purpose is to
inform the peer with the relevant termination information, including
the reason why the termination occurred. The peer MUST clean up any
associated resources, and does not acknowledge the MSEN message.
As defined in [RFC2661], termination of a control connection will
terminate all sessions managed within, including multicast sessions
if any.
The MSEN message carries a Result Code AVP with an optional Error
Code.
The following AVPs MUST be present in a MSEN message:
Message Type
Result Code
Assigned Session ID
The associated Message Type AVP is encoded with the following values:
Vendor ID = 0
Attribute Type = 0
Attribute Value = TBA10 (16 bits) (Note: to be assigned by IANA)
The M-bit MUST be set to 0, the H-bit MUST be set to 0.
7.3. Result Codes
The following values are the defined result codes for MSEN control
messages:
TBA11 (16 bits) - Session terminated for the reason indicated in
the error code
TBA12 (16 bits) - No multicast traffic to forward
TBA13 (16 bits) - No more receivers
TBA14 (16 bits) - No more receivers (filter-mode change)
(Note: TBA11, TBA12, TBA13 and TBA14 to be defined by the IANA)
o The code TBA11 refers to General Error Codes maintained by the
IANA for L2TP.
o The code TBA12 MAY be used when the LAC detects that no traffic
is coming down the multicast session, or when the LNS doesn't receive
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multicast traffic to be conveyed over the L2TP multicast session
during a certain period of time.
o The code TBA13 MAY be used by the LAC or the LNS when the OSL is
empty.
o The code TBA14 MAY be used by the LNS when a multicast session
is torn down because of a filter-mode change. This result code SHOULD
also be used when the OSL becomes empty after a filter-mode change
(passive termination when filter-mode change from INCLUDE to EXCLUDE,
Section 4.3).
8. Traffic merging
Both unicast and multicast traffics have to be merged by the LAC in
order to forward properly framed data to the end-user. Multicast
packets are framed by the LAC and transmitted towards the proper end-
user. Methods to achieve this function are not described here, since
it is an implementation-specific issue.
All frames conveyed from the LAC to the end-users have to follow the
framing scheme applied for the considered peer to which the traffic
is destined (e.g. the LAC is always aware of the PPP link parameters,
as described in [RFC2661], Section 6.14). It has to be noted that
using L2TP Multicast Extension features is not appropriate for end-
users who have negotiated a sequenced layer-2 connection with the
LNS: while inserting PPP-encapsulated multicast packets in a session,
the LAC cannot modify PPP sequencing performed by the LNS for each
PPP session.
9. IANA Considerations
This document defines:
- 5 new Message Type (Attribute Type 0) Values:
o Multicast-Session-Request (MSRQ) : TBA2
o Multicast-Session-Response (MSRP) : TBA3
o Multicast-Session-Establishment (MSE) : TBA4
o Multicast-Session-Information (MSI) : TBA5
o Multicast-Session-End-Notify (MSEN) : TBA10
- 5 new Control Message Attribute Value Pairs:
o Multicast Capability : TBA1
o New Outgoing Sessions : TBA6
o New Outgoing Sessions Acknowledgement : TBA7
o Withdraw Outgoing Sessions : TBA8
o Multicast Packets Priority : TBA9
- 4 Result Codes for the MSEN message:
o Session terminated for the reason indicated in the
error code : TBA11
o No multicast traffic for the group : TBA12
o No more receivers : TBA13
o No more receivers (filter-mode change): TBA14
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IANA will assign, register and maintain values for these new
attributes ([RFC3438]).
10. Security Considerations
It is possible for one receiver to be able to make additional
multicast traffic that has not been requested go down the link of
another receiver. This can happen if a single replication context per
group is used in INCLUDE mode with receivers having divergent source
lists, as well as in EXCLUDE mode if a receiver has a source list not
shared by another. This behavior can be encountered every time
receivers are connected to a common multi-access network.
The extension described in this document does not introduce any
additional security issues as far as the activation of the L2TP
protocol is concerned.
Injecting appropriate control packets in the tunnel towards a LAC to
modify Outgoing Session List and flood end-users with unwanted
multicast traffic is only possible if the control connection is
hacked. As for any reception of illegitimate L2TP control messages:
- If the spoofed control message embeds consistent sequence
numbers, next messages will appear out of synch yielding the control
connection to terminate.
- If sequence numbers are inconsistent with current control
connection states, the spoofed control message will be queued or
discarded, as described in [RFC2661] section 5.8.
The activation of the L2TP multicast capability on a LAC could make
the equipment more sensitive to Denial of Service attacks if the
control connection or the related LNS is hacked. The LAC might also
be sensitive to the burden generated by the additional replication
work.
As mentioned in [RFC2661] section 9.2, securing L2TP requires that
the underlying transport makes encryption, integrity and
authentication services available for all L2TP traffic, including
L2TP multicast traffic (control and data).
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC1112] S. Deering, "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting",
RFC 1112, August 1989.
[RFC1661] W. Simpson, "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD
51, RFC 1661, July 1994.
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[RFC2119] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2236] W. Fenner, "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version
2", RFC 2236, November 1997.
[RFC2661] W. Townsley, A. Valencia, A. Rubens, G. Pall, G. Zorn,
B. Palter, "Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol "L2TP" ",
RFC2661, August 1999.
[RFC2710] S. Deering, W. Fenner, B. Haberman, "Multicast Listener
Discovery (MLD) for IPv6", RFC 2710, October 1999.
[RFC3376] B. Cain et. al., "Internet Group Management Protocol,
Version 3", RFC 3376, October 2002.
[RFC3438] W. Townsley, "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Considerations Update", RFC 3438, December 2002.
[RFC3810] Vida, R., L. Costa, S.Fdida, S. Deering, B. Fenner, I.
Kouvelas, and B. Haberman, "Multicast Listener Discovery
Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810, June 2004.
11.2. Informative References
[PROXY] Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, B., Sandick, H.,
"IGMP/MLD-based Multicast Forwarding ("IGMP/MLD
Proxying")", Work in Progress.
12. Acknowledgments
Thanks to Christian Jacquenet for all the corrections done on this
document and his precious advice, Pierre Levis for his contribution
about IGMP, Francis Houllier for PPP considerations and Xavier Vinet
for his input about thresholds. Many thanks to W. Mark Townsley,
Isidor Kouvelas and Brian Haberman for their highly valuable input on
protocol definition.
13. Author's Addresses
Gilles Bourdon
France Telecom
38-40, rue du General Leclerc
92794 Issy les Moulineaux Cedex 9 - FRANCE
Phone: +33 1 4529-4645
Email: gilles.bourdon@francetelecom.com
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Appendix A. Examples of group states determination
*Example 1:
All users are managed in the same control connection.
Users {1, 2, 3} subscribe to (Group G1, EXCLUDE {})
Users {3, 4, 5} subscribe to (Group G2, EXCLUDE {})
Group states for this L2TP tunnel will be:
(G1, EXCLUDE, {})
(G2, EXCLUDE, {})
Therefore, two replication contexts will be created:
-RC1:
(*, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS1, OSL = 1, 2, 3
-RC2:
(*, G2) packets, Multicast Session MS2, OSL = 3, 4, 5
*Example 2:
All users are managed in the same control connection.
Users {1, 2, 3} subscribe to (Group G1, INCLUDE {S1})
Users {4, 5, 6} subscribe to (Group G1, INCLUDE {S1,S2})
Users {7, 8, 9} subscribe to (Group G1, INCLUDE {S2})
The group state for this L2TP tunnel will be:
(G1, INCLUDE, {S1, S2)})
If the LNS policy allows one replication context per (group, source),
two replication contexts will be created:
-RC1:
(S1, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS1, OSL = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
-RC2:
(S2, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS2, OSL = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
If the LNS policy allows one replication context per (group, source-
list), one replication context will be created:
-RC1:
({S1, S2}, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS1, OSL = [1..9]
*Example 3:
All users are managed in the same control connection.
Users {1, 2} subscribe to (Group G1, EXCLUDE {S1})
User {3} subscribes to (Group G1, EXCLUDE {S1, S2})
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The group state for this L2TP tunnel will be:
(G1, EXCLUDE, {S1})
Therefore, one replication context will be created:
-RC1:
(*-{S1}, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS1, OSL = 1, 2, 3
Next, user {4} subscribes to (Group G1, INCLUDE {S1}). The group
state for the L2TP tunnel is changed to:
(G1, EXCLUDE, {})
The replication context RC1 is changed to:
-RC1: (*, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS1, OSL = 1, 2, 3, 4
*Example 4:
All users are managed in the same control connection. The LNS policy
allows one replication context per (group, source).
Users {1, 2, 3} subscribe to (Group G1, INCLUDE {S1, S2})
The group state for this L2TP tunnel will be:
(G1, INCLUDE, {S1, S2)})
Therefore, two replication contexts will be created:
-RC1:
(S1, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS1, OSL = 1, 2, 3
-RC2:
(S2, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS2, OSL = 1, 2, 3
Next, user {4} subscribes to (Group G1, EXCLUDE {}), equivalent to an
IGMPv2 membership report. The group state for the L2TP tunnel is
changed to:
(G1, EXCLUDE, {})
The replication context RC1 is changed to:
-RC1: (*, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS1, OSL = 1, 2, 3, 4
The replication context RC2 is changed to:
-RC2: no packets to forward, Multicast Session MS2, OSL = {}
(Multicast Session MS2 will be deleted)
When user {4} leaves G1, the group state for the L2TP tunnel goes
back to:
(G1, INCLUDE, {S1, S2})
Replication contexts become:
-RC1:
(S1, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS1, OSL = 1, 2, 3
-RC2:
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(S2, G1) packets, Multicast Session MS2, OSL = 1, 2, 3
(Multicast Session MS2 is re-established)
Full Copyright Statement
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except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
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