Network Working Group M. Richardson
Internet-Draft SSW
Intended status: Informational April 28, 2014
Expires: October 30, 2014
security architecture for 6top: requirements and structure
draft-richardson-6tisch-security-architecture-02
Abstract
This document details security requirements for 6tisch nodes that use
6top in an industrial settings. Layer-2 and a layer-4 authentication
and authorization requirements and assumptions are identified. Two
approaches to accomplishing these requirements are outlined, with the
goal of eventually picking one. This internet-draft is intended for
later inclusion into the 6tisch architecture document.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on October 30, 2014.
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document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction: secure bootstrap requirements . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. layer-2 join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4. Use of 802.1AR certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.1. Proxy Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.2. Registrar/Authorization server access to certificate
chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.3. Receiving and accepting the Domain Identity . . . . . 7
1.4.4. Enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5. 6top/PCE security requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.1. no-PCE and 6LR to 6LR 6top authorization . . . . . . 8
2. leveraging layer-2 identities for layer-4 security . . . . . 8
3. Layer-2 Join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1. option 1: The ZigBeeIP/PANA way . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.1. Network Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.2. PANA protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.3. Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.4. Advantages of the EAP-TLS based methods . . . . . . . 9
3.1.5. Bandwidth considerations for joins . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.6. Challenges with this method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2. option 2: The WirelessHart/ISA100 way . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.1. Advantages of this method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.2. Challenges with the CoAP method . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. Other Related Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.1. Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.2. Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Introduction: secure bootstrap requirements
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There are five security problems that must be solved in the 6tisch
environment in order to permit the nodes to come together and
function as a network. They are:
layer 2 join: new nodes must be recognized by the network, and
provided with layer-2 symmetric credentials
zero-touch join: new nodes must recognize the network without
explicit provisioning, and attempt to join
new nodes must become a part of the RPL DODAG, and make contact
with parent and child nodes
in networks with a PCE, new nodes must authorize the PCE to
update the nodes' schedule using 6top
in networks without a PCE, and some situations where a PCE
delegates details of a bundle to the nodes, the nodes must be
authorized to allocate time slots in their DODAG children
This document, presently a stand-alone document, but later to be a
section of [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture], explains the assumptions
of how the node is expected to be provisioned in the factory, and how
it will react to networks that it encounters. As is explained in
every Internet of Things document, the nodes are constrainted, have
no end-user interfaces, and therefore it is desired that they
function in a "zero-touch" manner.
[I-D.irtf-nmrg-autonomic-network-definitions] introduces the term
"autonomic", and it is exactly the properties described there that
are desired for 6tisch networks.
A 802.1AR [IEEE.802.1AR] certificate provisioned in each node at the
factory, combined with a certificate chain provided to the network
service provider, permits the node to be recognized by the network,
and also for the network to assert it's authority to own and control
the node. The authentication part of a security protocol (TLS, DTLS,
EAP-TLS, details TBD) will establish identities, and then, said
security protocol will be used to provide integrity protection for a
control protocol (YANG/6top, as discussed in
[I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer]) to configure the TSCH cells.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
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1.2. layer-2 join
As outlined in [I-D.ietf-roll-security-threats] there are a number of
threats in LLNs, and in RPL which are solved if there is layer-2
security. The requirement is therefore to provide keying for the
layer-2 security features: encryption and integrity protection.
In addition to serving to protect the routing traffic against
attacks, use of the layer-2 access control serves as adminission
control to the network. It is therefore part of the layer-2 join
process to authenticate the new node, as well as authorize it to join
the network. The admission control SHOULD be controlled by autonomic
certificates, as described below.
1.3. Terminology
Plant Installation: the (6tisch) network installed for control
purposes.
>Service Provider: the operator of the network. The service
provider may a department internal to the plant, or
may be an external contractor. It is a role.
Authorization server: a centralized entity that makes both layer-2
admission control decisions, and acting as a super-
user for all nodes, delegates 6top authorization to a
PCE, or to parent nodes for PCE-less operation.
New Entity: a new 6LN that wishes to join the network.
[I-D.pritikin-bootstrapping-keyinfrastructures] explains the
architecture for use of 802.1AR certificates in a bootstrap process.
In that document a number of terms of introduced, and in this section
those terms are mapped to 6tisch entities and processes. Section 2
of [I-D.pritikin-bootstrapping-keyinfrastructures] defines:
Domain: this refers to the entire 6tisch installation
Domain CA: this is a CA operated by the service provider. It is
a role: physically, it may be co-located with an
Authorization Server and/or with a PCE and have
private interfaces with those entities, or may be
elsewhere with interfaces to be determined, but out
of scope for this document.
Orchestrator: the role of the orchestrator is provided by
Authorization Server (a term used by both ACE and
PANA [RFC5191]), or the EAP Server (see [RFC5247]).
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Factory: this is the vendor of the mote. It may consist of a
supplier chain of value-added resellers.
Factory CA: this is the root CA that is placed into the mote.
Each device also has an 802.1AR identity issued from
that CA.
Registrar: the role of registrar is performed by the
Authorization Server.
MASA Cloud Service: A Manufacturer Authorized Signing Authority.
These will typically be co-located in the
Authorization Server.
1.4. Use of 802.1AR certificates
This section explains how the process detailed in
[I-D.pritikin-bootstrapping-keyinfrastructures] is to be implemented
in the 6tisch case. To recap, the process looks like:
(1) Proxy Discovery
(2) Receiving and accepting the Domain Identity
(3) Enrollment
(4) After Enrollment
(5) Behavior of a proxy
(6) Behavior of the Registrar
(7) Authenticating the Device
(8) Accepting the Entity
(9) Claiming the new entity
(10) Behavior of the MASA Cloud Service
(11) Issue Authorization Token and Log the event
1.4.1. Proxy Discovery
The Proxy Discovery step may occur via one of two mechanisms, which
are further described in section Section 3. One method involves
using an EAP-TLS (or rather, EAP-EST, as imagined by
[I-D.pritikin-bootstrapping-keyinfrastructures]), over either 1X or
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PANA. A nearby node provides a PANA Authentication Agent (PAA)
([RFC5191]), or 802.1X Authenticator. A well-known L2-JOIN key is
used during bootstrap. A second method involves using leveraging the
ARO ND messages that 6LOWPAN mandates be exchanged.
In either case, a (D)TLS channel is created from the New Entity/6LN
to the Registrar/Authorization Server
1.4.1.1. Certificate Chains
In forming the TLS channel, two certificate chains are validated.
The Registrar validates a certificate (possibly chain) presented by
the New Entity. This certificate chain would be communicated using
the TLS Client Certificate message. The Registrar sends a
certificate chain in the TLS Server Certificate message which the New
Entity must be able to validate.
As the Registar will in general perform enrollment for all 6LN on a
network, it will have multiple identities, and should send only the
certificate chain relevant to each New Entity.
The New Entity must also send some TBD extension to the server to
indicate who it is. This has to be done before the server sends it's
Server Certificate message. This is a variation of the problem the
TLS 1.2 SNI extension was designed to solve.
1.4.2. Registrar/Authorization server access to certificate chain
The certificate chain that the Registrar returns may not exist until
the New Entity attempts to join. It may be retrieved/created through
a number of different mechanisms which are out of scope of this
document, but may include:
(1) loaded from a diskette/USB/QR code that was included in the
packaging
(2) downloaded via some interactive web interface provided by the
manufacturer and/or logistics company
(3) acquired via an online enrollment protocol, such as EST
protocol. This could be secured using a one-time password
provided in the packaging.
(4) out of band, by having a human talk to another human.
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An important aspect to note is that it may be some minutes to days
between the time the New Entity initiates the join operation, and
when the Registrar is able to respond properly: some kind of error
code and back-off process may be appropriate.
1.4.3. Receiving and accepting the Domain Identity
The two certificate chains described in the previous section are
critical for permitting the zero-touch operation of the 6LN New
Entity. This section describes the contents of the Server
Certificate that the 6LN expects to verify. For the purposes of this
explanation, assume the 6LN has a deviceID of 3145191, and is
manufactured by Example Corp, that it was distributed by Example
Logistics, and it is being installed at ACME Widgets.
The certificate chain will be rooted with the 6LN's manufacturer
certificate: Example Corp.
(a) An 802.1AR certificate signed by Example Corp. delegates
deviceID 3145191 to Example Logistics.
(b) An 802.1AR certificate signed by Example Logistics delegates
deviceID 3145191 to ACME Widgets
This chain permits the 6LN to verify that ACME Widgets is in fact
it's rightful owner. The certificate chain MAY have a validity
permit, or MAY be valid indefinitely. Given that it is unlikely that
the 6LN will have a reliable real-time clock, or access to a secure
network time source, validation of validity permits may be useless.
The certificate chain that the New Entity presents to the Registrar
would look like:
(a) An 802.1AR certificate signed by Example Corp. binds deviceID
3145191 to the public key of the New Entity.
1While a longer certificate chain could be embedded in the device, it
is not advised. Any part of the manufacturing chain that can do such
a thing should simply put it's own identity there, and provide a new
certificate chain path to the Registrar.
1.4.4. Enrollment
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1.5. 6top/PCE security requirements
In addition to authorization a node to join the network, the node
agree to provide authorization to a PCE in order for the 6top
protocol to run. This protocol, described in section X of 6tisch
architecture (this) document and in [6top], permits the PCE to
program a timeslot schedule into the node.
So, the second part of the 6tisch security requirements is to
establish the identities of the the node and the PCE, and to
establish an authorization that permits the new node to be programmed
by the PCE.
1.5.1. no-PCE and 6LR to 6LR 6top authorization
2. leveraging layer-2 identities for layer-4 security
As explained in [I-D.behringer-autonomic-network-framework] the
layer-2 identity of the node will be given by a certificate signed by
the vendor of the node. The vendor's certificate authority is loaded
into the (PANA) Authorization Server, and permits the AS to
authenticate the node.
The vendor provides a certificate (chain) to the (PANA) Authorization
Server (PAS) attesting to that the PAS is the rightful owner/
controller of the node. This permits the node to validate that the
network it is joining is the correct network. This process permits
the bootstrap of one of the layer-2 security mechanism(s) describe in
sections below.
The same set of trust relationships can then permit the PAS to act as
an Authorization Server (now, in the context of
[I-D.gerdes-core-dcaf-authorize]). The PCE and it's Authorization
Manager (AM, again from [I-D.gerdes-core-dcaf-authorize]) can now get
a ticket to permit it to write the timeslot schedule. In option 2,
below, it also permits updates to the security parameters.
3. Layer-2 Join
3.1. option 1: The ZigBeeIP/PANA way
This is an adaptation of the process described in [ZigBeeIP], section
and expounded upon in section 6.3: "Network Discovery", 6.4: "Network
Selection", and 6.5, "Node Joining". The process is abridged below.
3.1.1. Network Discovery
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The MAC beacon facility is used. A critical difference in 6tisch
from ZigBee IP is that because nodes transmit and receive according
to their own schedule, every node is in essence a coordinator. While
nodes may sleep a lot, they will not in general be sleep Hosts, from
a ZigBee IP point of view, and MLE is not necessary.
Each response to the Beacon is a potential network-joining-parent.
As an option, it may be desireable for this document to define a well
known NetworkID.
3.1.2. PANA protocol
The PANA payloads MUST be relayed by the chosen network-joining-
parent. It is assumed that the PANA Authentication Agent is co-
located with the PCE, if there is a PCE.
As per section 8.3.4 of [ZigBeeIP], the PANA process runs over UDP
using link-layer addressing. The process is first the PANA
initialization (PCI, PAR:S, PAN:S), followed by EAP initialization
(EAP-Request, EAP-Response), which negotiates the identity, and then
EAP-TLS starts, consisting of (TLS(Start), TLS(ClientHello),
TLS(ServerHello), TLS(ServerKeyExchange), TLS(ClientKeyExchange), and
TLS(ChangeCipherSpec)).
When the TLS is done, the EAP derives new network security material,
and sends it encrypted using the Encr-Encap AVP described in
[RFC6786].
3.1.3. Authorization
QUESTION: can we find a way for the authorization protocol, such as
described in draft-gerdes-core-dcaf-authorize-01, to run
simultaenously with the authentication system if we assume that the
dcaf AS is also the PANA Authentication Server/Agent
In the context of draft-selander-core-access-control, the new node
that is joining is the resource server, and the origin client is the
PCE.
3.1.4. Advantages of the EAP-TLS based methods
3.1.5. Bandwidth considerations for joins
Calculations show that with a contention-based medium, using slotted
Aloha style, there will be only 1-3 cells available per slotframe, at
most 36% of bandwidth. Typical slotframes repeat 10 times/second.
Calculations show that it take about 10-15s for each node to join, or
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about 30 minutes for 10-hop deep, 100-node network. This assumes 300
bytes for a certificate.
JS: in WHART, all frames sent to centralized manager to set up
tyransport session. Primary different is tha the number fo frame is
very small (1 frame up, 1 frame down) to get transport session
started.
JS: limitation is that you cannot cleanly separate joining flows from
steady-state flws in the netowkr. You can take device from box,
which will disrupt data traffic. In a typical HART network, amount
of BW for joining is really low. Limitation, no external validation
of the manager's ID, other than it posesses the right key.
3.1.6. Challenges with this method
number of messages
size of certificate exchanges
EAP and TLS code not used for anything else
ability to support non-PCE case
3.2. option 2: The WirelessHart/ISA100 way
This is an adaptation of the process described in [HART], section
6.6.3.
In this process, the new node joins using a well-known layer-2 "JOIN"
key. It brings up the layer-3, using 6loWPAN Neighbour Discovery to
learn of the 6lowpan contexts, and then uses RPL to join a well-known
DODAG as a leaf node.
Nodes which have capacity for new joining nodes will respond to the
RPL DIS messages. Once connected, the new node uses regular
unicasted IP datagrams to contact an Authorization Manager (in the
context of [I-D.gerdes-core-dcaf-authorize]). The negotiation with
the Authorization Manager (AM) uses the autonomic certificates as
described above to establish the trust relationship.
Once the relationship is up, the AM needs to signal the PCE that it
has a new authorized node, and the PCE can now (acting as a
[I-D.gerdes-core-dcaf-authorize] Client), get a Ticket to update the
node.
The PCE then writes both a new timeslot schedule, and also writes new
security parameters that permit the node to fully join the network.
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Appropriate layer-2 keys are updated, as well as any appropriate
layer-3 RPL credentials. MLE may be used to establish pair-wise
keying, as appropriate to the timeslot schedule.
3.2.1. Advantages of this method
3.2.2. Challenges with the CoAP method
new protocol to initiate layer-2
potentially weaker resistance to layer-2
DoS
4. Security Considerations
5. Other Related Protocols
6. IANA Considerations
7. Acknowledgements
8. References
8.1. Normative references
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[ZigBeeIP]
ZigBee Public Document 15-002r00, "ZigBee IP
Specification", 2013.
[RFC6786] Yegin, A. and R. Cragie, "Encrypting the Protocol for
Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA)
Attribute-Value Pairs", RFC 6786, November 2012.
[I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture]
Thubert, P., Watteyne, T., and R. Assimiti, "An
Architecture for IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE
802.15.4e", draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-01 (work in
progress), February 2014.
[I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer]
Wang, Q., Vilajosana, X., and T. Watteyne, "6TiSCH
Operation Sublayer (6top)", draft-wang-6tisch-6top-
sublayer-00 (work in progress), February 2014.
[I-D.ietf-roll-security-threats]
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Tsao, T., Alexander, R., Dohler, M., Daza, V., Lozano, A.,
and M. Richardson, "A Security Threat Analysis for Routing
Protocol for Low-power and lossy networks (RPL)", draft-
ietf-roll-security-threats-06 (work in progress), December
2013.
[I-D.gerdes-core-dcaf-authorize]
Gerdes, S., Bergmann, O., and C. Bormann, "Delegated CoAP
Authentication and Authorization Framework (DCAF)", draft-
gerdes-core-dcaf-authorize-02 (work in progress), February
2014.
[I-D.pritikin-bootstrapping-keyinfrastructures]
Pritikin, M., Behringer, M., and S. Bjarnason,
"Bootstrapping Key Infrastructures", draft-pritikin-
bootstrapping-keyinfrastructures-00 (work in progress),
January 2014.
[I-D.irtf-nmrg-autonomic-network-definitions]
Behringer, M., Pritikin, M., Bjarnason, S., Clemm, A.,
Carpenter, B., Jiang, S., and L. Ciavaglia, "Autonomic
Networking - Definitions and Design Goals", draft-irtf-
nmrg-autonomic-network-definitions-00 (work in progress),
December 2013.
[HART] www.hartcomm.org, "Highway Addressable Remote Transducer,
a group of specifications for industrial process and
control devices administered by the HART Foundation", .
[ISA100.11a]
ISA, "ISA100, Wireless Systems for Automation", May 2008,
<http://www.isa.org/Community/
SP100WirelessSystemsforAutomation>.
[IEEE.802.1AR]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Secure
Device Identity", IEEE 802.1AR, 2009,
<http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/802.1ar.html>.
8.2. Informative references
[I-D.behringer-autonomic-network-framework]
Behringer, M., Pritikin, M., Bjarnason, S., and A. Clemm,
"A Framework for Autonomic Networking", draft-behringer-
autonomic-network-framework-01 (work in progress), October
2013.
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[RFC5191] Forsberg, D., Ohba, Y., Patil, B., Tschofenig, H., and A.
Yegin, "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network
Access (PANA)", RFC 5191, May 2008.
[RFC5247] Aboba, B., Simon, D., and P. Eronen, "Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework",
RFC 5247, August 2008.
[RFC6869] Salgueiro, G., Clarke, J., and P. Saint-Andre, "vCard
KIND:device", RFC 6869, February 2013.
Author's Address
Michael C. Richardson
Sandelman Software Works
470 Dawson Avenue
Ottawa, ON K1Z 5V7
CA
Email: mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca
URI: http://www.sandelman.ca/
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