Independent Submission A. Olson
Internet-Draft
Updates: 7808 (if approved) P. Eggert
Intended status: Standards Track UCLA
Expires: December 30, 2018 K. Murchison
FastMail
June 28, 2018
The Time Zone Information Format (TZif)
draft-murchison-tzdist-tzif-08
Abstract
This document defines the Time Zone Information Format (TZif) for
representing and exchanging time zone information, independent of any
particular service or protocol. Two MIME media types for this format
are also defined.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on December 30, 2018.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. The Time Zone Information Format (TZif) . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. TZif Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. TZif Data Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. TZif Footer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.1. TZ String Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4. Use with the Time Zone Data Distribution Service . . . . . . 12
4.1. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.1. application/tzif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.2. application/tzif-leap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.3. URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Appendix A. Change History (To be removed by RFC Editor before
publication) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1. Introduction
Time zone data typically consists of offsets from Universal Time
(UT), daylight saving transition rules, one or more local time
designations (acronyms or abbreviations), and optional leap second
adjustments. One such format for conveying this information is
iCalendar [RFC5545]. It is a text-based format used by calendaring
and scheduling systems.
This document defines the Time Zone Information Format (TZif). It is
a binary format used by most UNIX systems to calculate local time.
There is a wide variety of interoperable software [tz-link] capable
of generating and reading files in this format.
This specification does not define the source of the time zone data
or leap second information. One such source is the IANA-hosted time
zone database [RFC6557].
2. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
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14 [1] [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
The following terms are used in this document:
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): The basis for civil time since
1960. It is approximately equal to mean solar time at the prime
meridian (0 degrees longitude).
Daylight Saving Time (DST): The time according to a location's law
or practice, adjusted as necessary from standard time. The
adjustment may be positive, negative, or zero.
International Atomic Time (TAI): The time standard based on atomic
clocks since 1972. It is equal to UTC except without leap second
adjustments.
Local Time: The time according to a location's current time zone
offset from Universal Time.
Standard Time: The time according to a location's law or practice,
unadjusted for Daylight Saving Time.
Time Change: A change to civil timekeeping practice. It occurs when
one or more of the following happen simultaneously:
1. a change in UT offset
2. a change in whether standard or daylight saving time is in use
3. a change in time zone abbreviation
4. a leap second (i.e., a change in UTC - TAI)
Time Zone Data: The Time Zone Data Distribution Service (TZDIST)
[RFC7808] defines "Time zone data" as "data that defines a single
time zone, including an identifier, UT offset values, DST rules,
and other information such as time zone abbreviations." The
interchange format defined in this document is one such form of
time zone data.
Universal Time (UT): The basis of civil time. This is the principal
form of the mean solar time at the prime meridian (0 degrees
longitude) for timestamps before UTC was introduced in 1960, and
is UTC for timestamps thereafter. Although UT is sometimes called
"UTC" or "GMT" in other sources, this specification uses the term
"UT" to avoid confusion with UTC or with GMT.
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UNIX Time: The time as returned by the C time() function (see
Section 3 of the "System Interfaces" Volume of [POSIX]). This is
an integer number of seconds since the POSIX Epoch (1970-01-01
00:00:00 UTC) not counting leap seconds. As an extension to
POSIX, negative values represent times before the POSIX Epoch,
using UT.
UNIX Leap Time UNIX time plus all preceding leap second corrections.
For example, if the first leap second record in a TZif file occurs
at 1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC, the UNIX leap time for the timestamp
1972-07-01 00:00:00 UTC would be 78796801, one greater than the
UNIX time for the same timestamp. Similarly, if the second leap
second record occurs at 1972-12-31 23:59:60 UTC, its UNIX leap
time would be 94694401; the second occurrence accounts for the
first leap second. If a TZif file specifies no leap second
records, UNIX leap time is equivalent to UNIX time.
Wall Time: The time as shown on a clock set according to a
location's law or practice.
3. The Time Zone Information Format (TZif)
The time zone information format begins with a fixed 44-octet header
(Section 3.1) followed by a variable-length data block (Section 3.2)
using four-octet (32-bit) transition times and leap second
occurrences. These 32-bit values are limited to representing times
from 1901-12-13 20:45:52 through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UT.
The TZif header contains a field which specifies the version of the
file's format. Version 1 files terminate after the 32-bit data
block.
Version 2 and 3 files extend the format by appending a second
44-octet header, another variable-length data block using eight-octet
(64-bit) transition times and leap second occurrences, and a variable
length footer (Section 3.3). These 64-bit values can represent times
approximately 292 billion years into the past or future.
A TZif file is structured as follows:
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Version 1 Versions 2 & 3
+-------------+ +-------------+
| Header for | | Header for |
| 32-bit | | 32-bit |
| Transitions | | Transitions |
+-------------+ +-------------+
| Data with | | Data with |
| 32-bit | | 32-bit |
| Transitions | | Transitions |
+-------------+ +-------------+
| Header for |
| 64-bit |
| Transitions |
+-------------+
| Data with |
| 64-bit |
| Transitions |
+-------------+
| Footer |
+-------------+
General Format of TZif Files
The sequence of time changes defined by the 32-bit header and data
block SHOULD be a contiguous subsequence of the time changes defined
by the 64-bit header, data block, and footer. When reading a version
2 or 3 file, implementations SHOULD ignore the 32-bit header and data
block except for the purpose of skipping over them.
NOTE: All multi-octet integer values MUST be stored in network octet
order format (high-order octet first, otherwise known as big-endian),
with all bits significant. Signed integer values MUST be represented
using two's complement.
3.1. TZif Header
The TZif header is structured as follows (the number of octets
occupied by a field is shown in parenthesis):
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+---------------+---+
| magic (4) |ver|
+---------------+---+---------------------------------------+
| [unused - reserved for future use] (15) |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| isutcnt (4) | isstdcnt (4) | leapcnt (4) |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| timecnt (4) | typecnt (4) | charcnt (4) |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+
TZif Header
The fields of the header are defined as follows:
magic: The four-octet ASCII sequence "TZif" (0x54 0x5A 0x69 0x66)
which identifies the file as utilizing the Time Zone Information
Format.
ver(sion): An octet identifying the version of the file's format.
The value MUST be one of the following:
NUL (0x00) Version 1 - The file contains only the 32-bit header
and data block. Version 1 files MUST NOT contain a 64-bit
header, data block, or footer.
Version 1 files are considered a legacy format and SHOULD NOT
be generated, as they do not support transition times after the
year 2038.
'2' (0x32) Version 2 - The file MUST contain the 32-bit header
and data block, a 64-bit header and data block, and a footer.
The TZ string in the footer (Section 3.3), if nonempty, MUST
strictly adhere to the POSIX requirements for the TZ
environment variable.
'3' (0x33) Version 3 - The file MUST contain the 32-bit header
and data block, a 64-bit header and data block, and a footer.
The TZ string in the footer (Section 3.3), if nonempty, MUST
conform to POSIX requirements except that it MAY use the TZ
string extensions described below (Section 3.3.1).
Implementations SHOULD generate a version 3 file if TZ string
extensions are necessary to accurately model transition times.
isutcnt: A four-octet unsigned integer specifying the number of UT/
local indicators contained in the data block - MUST either be zero
or equal to 'typecnt'.
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isstdcnt: A four-octet unsigned integer specifying the number of
standard/wall indicators contained in the data block - MUST either
be zero or equal to 'typecnt'.
leapcnt: A four-octet unsigned integer specifying the number of leap
second records contained in the data block.
timecnt: A four-octet unsigned integer specifying the number of
transition times contained in the data block.
typecnt: A four-octet unsigned integer specifying the number of
local time type records contained in the data block - MUST NOT be
zero. (Although time type 0 is not used in files that have
nonempty TZ strings but no transitions, it is nevertheless
required because many TZif readers reject files that lack time
types.)
charcnt: A four-octet unsigned integer specifying the total number
of octets used by the set of time zone designations contained in
the data block.
3.2. TZif Data Block
The TZif data block consists of seven variable-length elements, each
of which is series of zero or more items. The number of items in
each series is determined by the corresponding count field in the
header. The total length of each element is calculated by
multiplying the number of items by the size of each item. Therefore,
implementations that do not wish to parse or use the 32-bit data
block can calculate its total length and skip directly to the header
of the 64-bit data block.
In the initial data block, time values are 32-bit (TIME_SIZE = 4
octets). In the second data block, present only in version 2 and 3
files, time values are 64-bit (TIME_SIZE = 8 octets).
The data block is structured as follows (the number of octets
occupied by a field is shown in parenthesis):
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+---------------------------------------------------------+
| transition times (timecnt x TIME_SIZE) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| transition types (timecnt) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| local time type records (typecnt x 6) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| time zone designations (charcnt) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| leap second records (leapcnt x (TIME_SIZE + 4)) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| standard/wall indicators (isstdcnt) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| UT/local indicators (isutcnt) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
TZif Data Block
The elements of the data block are defined as follows:
transition times: A series of four- or eight-octet UNIX leap time
values sorted in strictly ascending order. Each value is used as
a transition time at which the rules for computing local time may
change. The number of time values is specified by the 'timecnt'
field in the header. Each time value SHOULD be at least -2**59.
(-2**59 is the greatest negated power of 2 that predates the Big
Bang, and avoiding earlier timestamps works around known TZif
reader bugs relating to outlandlishly negative timestamps.)
transition types: A series of one-octet unsigned integers specifying
the type of local time of the corresponding transition time.
These values serve as indices into the array of local time type
records. The number of type indices is specified by the 'timecnt'
field in the header. Each type index MUST be in the range [0,
'typecnt').
local time type records: A series of six-octet records specifying a
local time type. The number of records is specified by the
'typecnt' field in the header. Each record has the following
format:
+---------------+-+-+---+
| utoff (4) |dst|idx|
+---------------+---+---+
utoff: A four-octet signed integer specifying the number of
seconds to be added to UT in order to determine local time.
The value MUST NOT be -2**31, and SHOULD be in the range
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[-89999, 93599] (i.e., its value SHOULD be more than -25 hours
and less than 26 hours). (Avoiding -2**31 allows 32-bit
clients to negate the value without overflow. Restricting it
to [-89999, 93599] allows easy support by implementations that
already support the the POSIX-required range [-24:59:59,
25:59:59].) The value MUST not be -2**31, and SHOULD be in the
range [-93599, 93599] (i.e., its absolute value SHOULD be less
than 26 hours).
(is)dst: A one-octet value indicating whether local time should
be considered Daylight Savings Time (DST). The value MUST be 0
or 1. A value of one (1) indicates that DST is in effect. A
value of zero (0) indicates that standard time in effect.
(desig)idx: A one-octet unsigned integer specifying an index into
the series of time zone designation characters, thereby
selecting a particular designation string. Each index MUST be
in the range [0, 'charcnt').
time zone designations: A series of ASCII characters constituting an
array of NUL-terminated (0x00) time zone designation strings. The
total number of characters is specified by the 'charcnt' field in
the header. Note that two designations MAY overlap if one is a
suffix of the other.
leap second records: A series of eight- or twelve-octet records
specifying the corrections that need to be applied to UTC in order
to determine TAI. The records are sorted by the occurrence time
in strictly ascending order. The number of records is specified
by the 'leapcnt' field in the header. A file that has a 'leapcnt'
of zero (0) MUST use the MIME media type "application/tzif"
(Section 7.1) if exchanged via a MIME-compatible protocol. A file
that has a non-zero 'leapcnt' MUST use the MIME media type
"application/tzif-leap" (Section 7.2) if exchanged via a MIME-
compatible protocol. Each record has one of the following
structures:
32-bit Data Block:
+---------------+---------------+
| occur (4) | corr (4) |
+---------------+---------------+
64-bit Data Block:
+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| occur (8) | corr (4) |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+
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occur(rence): A four- or eight-octet UNIX leap time value
specifying the time at which a leap second correction occurs.
The first value, if present, MUST be nonnegative, and each
later value MUST be at least 2419199 greater than the previous
value. (This is 28 days' worth of seconds, minus a potential
negative leap second.)
corr(ection): A four-octet signed integer specifying the value of
TAI - UTC - 10 on or after the occurrence. The correction
value in the first leap second record, if present, MUST be
either one (1) or minus one (-1). The correction values in
adjacent leap second records MUST differ by exactly one (1).
For timestamps that occur before the occurrence time in the
first leap second record (or for all timestamps if there are no
leap second records), the value of TAI - UTC - 10 is zero, and
this zero value applies even to timestamps before the
introduction of TAI or UTC. (The expression "TAI - UTC - 10"
comes from the fact that TAI - UTC was defined to be 10 just
prior to the first leap second in 1972, so clocks with leap
seconds that use the UNIX Time origin of 1970 have a zero
offset relative to UTC before the first leap second.)
standard/wall indicators: A series of one-octet values indicating
whether the transition times associated with local time types were
specified as standard time or wall clock time. Each value MUST be
0 or 1. A value of one (1) indicates standard time, and MUST be
set to one (1) if the corresponding UT/local indicator is set to
one (1). A value of zero (0) indicates wall time. The number of
values is specified by the 'isstdcnt' field in the header. If
'isstdcnt' is zero (0), all transition times associated with local
time types are assumed to be specified as wall time.
UT/local indicators: A series of one-octet values indicating whether
the transition times associated with local time types were
specified as UT or local time. Each value MUST be 0 or 1. A
value of one (1) indicates UT, and the corresponding standard/wall
indicator MUST also be set to one (1). A value of zero (0)
indicates local time. The number of values is specified by the
'isutcnt' field in the header. If 'isutcnt' is zero (0), all
transition times associated with local time types are assumed to
be specified as local time.
The type corresponding to a transition time specifies local time for
timestamps starting at the given transition time and continuing up to
and not including the next transition time. Local time for
timestamps before the first transition is specified by the first time
type (time type 0). Local time for timestamps on or after the last
transition is specified by the TZ string in the footer (Section 3.3)
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if present and nonempty, and is unspecified otherwise. If there are
no transitions, local time for all timestamps is specified by the TZ
string in the footer if present and nonempty, and is specified by
time type 0 otherwise.
A given pair of standard/wall and UT/local indicators is used to
designate whether the corresponding transition time was specified as
UT, standard time, or wall clock time. Note that there are only
three combinations of the two indicators given that the standard/wall
value MUST be one (1) if the UT/local value is one (1). This
information can be useful if the transition times in a TZif file need
to be transformed into transitions appropriate for another time zone
(e.g. when calculating transition times for a simple POSIX TZ string
such as "AKST9AKDT").
In order to eliminate unused space in a TZif file, every nonzero
local time type index SHOULD appear at least once in the transition
type array. Likewise, every character in the time zone designations
array SHOULD be used by at least one time type record.
3.3. TZif Footer
The TZif footer is structured as follows (the number of octets
occupied by a field is shown in parenthesis):
+---+--------------------+---+
| NL| TZ string (0...) |NL |
+---+--------------------+---+
TZif Footer
The elements of the footer are defined as follows:
NL: An ASCII new line character (0x0A).
TZ string: A rule for computing local time changes after the last
transition time stored in the 64-bit data block. The string is
either empty or uses the expanded format of the "TZ" environment
variable as defined in Section 8 of the "Base Definitions" Volume
of [POSIX], possibly with extensions described below
(Section 3.3.1) in version 3 files. If the string is empty, the
corresponding information is not available. If the string is
nonempty and one or more transitions appear in the 64-bit data,
the string MUST be consistent with the last 64-bit transition -
i.e., evaluating the TZ string at the time of the last transition
should yield the same time type as the time type specified in the
last transition. Note that the string MUST NOT be NUL-terminated
and SHOULD NOT begin with the ':' (colon) character.
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3.3.1. TZ String Extensions
Version 3 TZif files MAY use the following extensions in the TZ
string:
o The hours part of the transition times may be signed and range
from -167 through 167 instead of the POSIX-required unsigned
values from 0 through 24.
Example: <-03>3<-02>,M3.5.0/-2,M10.5.0/-1
This represents a time zone that observes daylight saving time
from 22:00 on the day before March's last Sunday until 23:00 on
the day before October's last Sunday. Standard time is 3 hours
west of UT and is abbreviated "-03"; daylight saving time is 2
hours west of UT and is abbreviated "-02".
o DST is considered to be in effect all year if it starts January 1
at 00:00 and ends December 31 at 24:00 plus the difference between
daylight saving and standard time, leaving no room for standard
time in the calendar.
Example: EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25
This represents a time zone that observes daylight saving time
all year. It is 4 hours west of UT and is abbreviated "EDT".
4. Use with the Time Zone Data Distribution Service
The Time Zone Data Distribution Service (TZDIST) [RFC7808] is a
service that allows reliable, secure, and fast delivery of time zone
data and leap second rules to client systems such as calendaring and
scheduling applications or operating systems.
A TZDIST service MAY supply time zone data to clients in the Time
Zone Information Format. Such a service MUST indicate that it
supports this format by including the MIME media type "application/
tzif" (Section 7.1) in its "capabilities" response (see Section 5.1
of [RFC7808]. A TZDIST service MAY also include the MIME media type
"application/tzif-leap" (Section 7.2) in its "capabilities" response
if it is able to generate TZif files containing leap second records.
A TZDIST service MUST NOT advertise the "application/tzif-leap" MIME
media type without also advertising "application/tzif".
As stated above (Section 3.1), version 1 TZif files SHOULD NOT be
generated. Version 3 files SHOULD be generated if TZ string
extensions are necessary to accurately model transition times.
Otherwise, version 2 files SHOULD be generated.
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TZDIST clients MUST use the HTTP "Accept" [RFC7231] header field to
indicate their preference to receive data in the "application/tzif"
and/or "application/tzif-leap" formats.
4.1. Example
In this example, the client checks the server for the available
formats and then requests that the time zone with a specific time
zone identifer be returned in Time Zone Information Format.
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Note that this example presumes that the time zone context path has
been discovered (see [RFC7808] Section 4.2.1) to be "/tzdist".
>> Request <<
GET /tzdist/capabilities HTTP/1.1
Host: tz.example.com
>> Response <<
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 01 Jun 2018 14:52:23 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset="utf-8"
Content-Length: xxxx
{
"version": 1,
"info": {
"primary-source": "IANA:2018e",
"formats": [
"text/calendar",
"application/tzif",
"application/tzif-leap"
],
...
},
...
}
>> Request <<
GET /tzdist/zones/America%2FNew_York HTTP/1.1
Host: tz.example.com
Accept: application/tzif
>> Response <<
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 01 Jun 2018 14:52:24 GMT
Content-Type: application/tzif
Content-Length: xxxx
ETag: "123456789-000-111"
TZif2...[binary data without leap second records]...
EST5EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0
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5. Security Considerations
None.
6. Privacy Considerations
None.
7. IANA Considerations
This document defines two MIME [RFC6838] media types for the exchange
of data utilizing the Time Zone Information Format.
7.1. application/tzif
Type name: application
Subtype name: tzif
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters: none
Encoding considerations: Binary
Security considerations: The Time Zone Information Format contains
no executable code and the format does not define any
extensibility areas that could be used to store such code.
TZif contains counted arrays of data elements. All counts should
be checked when processing TZif objects to guard against
references past the end of the object.
TZif provides no confidentiality or integrity protection. Time
zone information is normally public and does not call for
confidentiality protection. Since time zone information is used
in many critical applications, integrity protection may be
required, and must be provided externally.
Interoperability considerations: This media type indicates that leap
second records MUST NOT be included in the TZif data; 'leapcnt' in
the header(s) MUST be zero (0).
Implementations SHOULD generate version 2 or 3 files. The
sequence of time changes defined by the 32-bit header and data
block SHOULD be a contiguous subsequence of the time changes
defined by the 64-bit header and data block.
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Published specification: This specification.
Applications that use this media type: This media type is designed
for widespread use by applications that need to use or exchange
time zone information, such as the Time Zone Information Compiler
(zic) [2] and the GNU C Library [3]. The Time Zone Distribution
Service [RFC7808] can directly use this media type.
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
Magic number(s): The first 4 octets are 0x54, 0x5A, 0x69, 0x66
File extensions(s): N/A
Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further
information:
Time Zone Database mailing list <tz@iana.org>
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: N/A
Author: See the "Author's Address" section of this document.
Change controller: IETF
7.2. application/tzif-leap
Type name: application
Subtype name: tzif-leap
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters: none
Encoding considerations: Binary
Security considerations: The Time Zone Information Format contains
no executable code and the format does not define any
extensibility areas that could be used to store such code.
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TZif contains counted arrays of data elements. All counts should
be checked when processing TZif objects to guard against
references past the end of the object.
TZif provides no confidentiality or integrity protection. Time
zone information is normally public and does not call for
confidentiality protection. Since time zone information is used
in many critical applications, integrity protection may be
required, and must be provided externally.
Interoperability considerations: This media type indicates that leap
second records MUST be included in the TZif data; 'leapcnt' in the
header(s) MUST be non-zero.
Implementations SHOULD generate version 2 or 3 files. The
sequence of time changes defined by the 32-bit header and data
block SHOULD be a contiguous subsequence of the time changes
defined by the 64-bit header and data block.
Published specification: This specification.
Applications that use this media type: This media type is designed
for widespread use by applications that need to use or exchange
time zone information, such as the Time Zone Information Compiler
(zic) [4] and the GNU C Library [5]. The Time Zone Distribution
Service [RFC7808] can directly use this media type.
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
Magic number(s): The first 4 octets are 0x54, 0x5A, 0x69, 0x66
File extensions(s): N/A
Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further
information:
Time Zone Database mailing list <tz@iana.org>
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: N/A
Author: See the "Author's Address" section of this document.
Change controller: IETF
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8. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the following individuals for
contributing their ideas and support for writing this specification:
Michael Douglass, Ned Freed, Guy Harris, and Eliot Lear.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[POSIX] IEEE, "Standard for Information Technology--Portable
Operating System Interface (POSIX(R)) Base Specifications,
Issue 7", IEEE 1003.1-2017,
DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8277153, January 2018,
<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/
opac?punumber=8277151>.
This is identical to The Open Group Base Specifications
Issue 7, 2018 edition [6].
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC6838] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>.
[RFC7231] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.
[RFC7808] Douglass, M. and C. Daboo, "Time Zone Data Distribution
Service", RFC 7808, DOI 10.17487/RFC7808, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7808>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
9.2. Informative References
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[RFC5545] Desruisseaux, B., Ed., "Internet Calendaring and
Scheduling Core Object Specification (iCalendar)",
RFC 5545, DOI 10.17487/RFC5545, September 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5545>.
[RFC6557] Lear, E. and P. Eggert, "Procedures for Maintaining the
Time Zone Database", BCP 175, RFC 6557,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6557, February 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6557>.
[tz-link] Eggert, P. and A. Olson, "Sources for Time Zone and
Daylight Saving Time Data", 2018,
<https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tz-link.html>.
9.3. URIs
[1] https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp14
[2] http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/zic.8.html
[3] https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/
[4] http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/zic.8.html
[5] https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/
Appendix A. Change History (To be removed by RFC Editor before
publication)
Changes since -07:
o Clarifying text regarding TZ string.
o Added "application/tzif-leap" MIME media type.
o New reference for zic(8) man page.
o Minor editorial changes.
Changes since -06:
o Added definition of UNIX Leap Time and used it to describe
transition times and leap second occurrences.
o Moved TZif generation recommendations into discussion of version
field.
o Repeated TZif generation recommendations in TZDIST section.
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o Rewrote part of the TZ string text.
o Minor editorial changes.
Changes since -05:
o Clarify TAI, leap seconds, some descriptions, and some field
values/ranges with text from Paul Eggert.
o Refined MIME declaration based on feedback from Ned Freed.
Changes since -04:
o Edited text discussing timestamps before first and after last
transition.
o Specified legal range of time type indices and time zone
designation indices.
o Notes that corrections in adjacent leap second records must differ
by one.
o Added recommendations to eliminate unused space.
o Minor editorial changes.
Changes since -03:
o Removed definition of GMT.
o Updated definitions of UTC, TAI, and UT
o Switched to using UT rather than UTC.
o Added more text about the use of standard/wall and UT/local
indicators.
o Added Acknowledgments.
o Minor editorial changes.
Changes since -02:
o Updated definitions of Standard Time and DST.
o Added definitions of GMT and UT.
o Added a definition of Time Zone Data from RFC7808.
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o Removed sentence stating that TZDB is accurate.
o Added more text for standard/wall and UTC/local indicators and
counts.
o Added text discussing timestamps before first and after last
transition.
o Added more guidance text regarding 32-bit and 64-bit data
consistency.
o Minor editorial changes.
Changes since -01:
o Renamed "POSIX Time" to "UNIX Time" and noted that values can be
negative.
o Noted that signed values MUST be represented using two's
complement.
o Renamed "POSIX TZ string" to "TZ string" and noted that it can be
empty.
o Moved TZ string extensions into its own subsection with examples.
o Renamed leap second "epoch" to "occurrence".
o Editorial changes from Paul Eggert.
Changes since -00:
o Split TZif format description into a general overview and 3
subsections.
o Updated Keywords boilerplate.
o Updated POSIX reference.
o Editorial changes from Eliot Lear.
Authors' Addresses
Arthur David Olson
Email: arthurdavidolson@gmail.com
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Paul Eggert
University of California, Los Angeles
Email: eggert@cs.ucla.edu
Kenneth Murchison
FastMail US LLC
Email: murch@fastmailteam.com
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