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Example Call Flows Using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Security Mechanisms
RFC 6216

Document Type RFC - Informational (April 2011)
Authors Robert Sparks , Cullen Fluffy Jennings , Brian Hibbard , Kumiko Ono
Last updated 2015-10-14
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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IESG Responsible AD Gonzalo Camarillo
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RFC 6216
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                       C. Jennings
Request for Comments: 6216                                 Cisco Systems
Category: Informational                                           K. Ono
ISSN: 2070-1721                                      Columbia University
                                                               R. Sparks
                                                         B. Hibbard, Ed.
                                                                 Tekelec
                                                              April 2011

       Example Call Flows Using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
                          Security Mechanisms

Abstract

   This document shows example call flows demonstrating the use of
   Transport Layer Security (TLS), and Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail
   Extensions (S/MIME) in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).  It also
   provides information that helps implementers build interoperable SIP
   software.  To help facilitate interoperability testing, it includes
   certificates used in the example call flows and processes to create
   certificates for testing.

Status of This Memo

   This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
   published for informational purposes.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
   approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
   Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6216.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.  CA Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.2.  Host Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     2.3.  User Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   3.  Call Flow with Message Over TLS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     3.1.  TLS with Server Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     3.2.  MESSAGE Transaction Over TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   4.  Call Flow with S/MIME-Secured Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.1.  MESSAGE Request with Signed Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.2.  MESSAGE Request with Encrypted Body  . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     4.3.  MESSAGE Request with Encrypted and Signed Body . . . . . . 22
   5.  Observed Interoperability Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   6.  Additional Test Scenarios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   7.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
   Appendix A.  Making Test Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
     A.1.  makeCA script  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
     A.2.  makeCert script  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
   Appendix B.  Certificates for Testing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
     B.1.  Certificates Using EKU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
     B.2.  Certificates NOT Using EKU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
     B.3.  Certificate Chaining with a Non-Root CA  . . . . . . . . . 58
   Appendix C.  Message Dumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

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1.  Introduction

   This document is informational and is not normative on any aspect of
   SIP.

   SIP with TLS ([RFC5246]) implementations are becoming very common.
   Several implementations of the S/MIME ([RFC5751]) portion of SIP
   ([RFC3261]) are also becoming available.  After several
   interoperability events, it is clear that it is difficult to write
   these systems without any test vectors or examples of "known good"
   messages to test against.  Furthermore, testing at the events is
   often hindered due to the lack of a commonly trusted certification
   authority to sign the certificates used in the events.  This document
   addresses both of these issues by providing messages that give
   detailed examples that implementers can use for comparison and that
   can also be used for testing.  In addition, this document provides a
   common certificate and private key that can be used to set up a mock
   Certification Authority (CA) that can be used during the SIP
   interoperability events.  Certificate requests from the users will be
   signed by the private key of the mock CA.  The document also provides
   some hints and clarifications for implementers.

   A simple SIP call flow using SIPS URIs and TLS is shown in Section 3.
   The certificates for the hosts used are shown in Section 2.2, and the
   CA certificates used to sign these are shown in Section 2.1.

   The text from Section 4.1 through Section 4.3 shows some simple SIP
   call flows using S/MIME to sign and encrypt the body of the message.
   The user certificates used in these examples are shown in
   Section 2.3.  These host certificates are signed with the same mock
   CA private key.

   Section 5 presents a partial list of items that implementers should
   consider in order to implement systems that will interoperate.

   Scripts and instructions to make certificates that can be used for
   interoperability testing are presented in Appendix A, along with
   methods for converting these to various formats.  The certificates
   used while creating the examples and test messages in this document
   are made available in Appendix B.

   Binary copies of various messages in this document that can be used
   for testing appear in Appendix C.

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2.  Certificates

2.1.  CA Certificates

   The certificate used by the CA to sign the other certificates is
   shown below.  This is an X.509v3 ([X.509]) certificate.  Note that
   the X.509v3 Basic Constraints in the certificate allows it to be used
   as a CA, certification authority.  This certificate is not used
   directly in the TLS call flow; it is used only to verify user and
   host certificates.

   Version: 3 (0x2)
   Serial Number:
       96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:4c
   Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
           OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
   Validity
       Not Before: Jan 27 18:36:05 2011 GMT
       Not After : Jan  3 18:36:05 2111 GMT
   Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
           OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
   Subject Public Key Info:
       Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
       RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
           Modulus (2048 bit):
               00:ab:1f:91:61:f1:1c:c5:cd:a6:7b:16:9b:b7:14:
               79:e4:30:9e:98:d0:ec:07:b7:bd:77:d7:d1:f5:5b:
               2c:e2:ee:e6:b1:b0:f0:85:fa:a5:bc:cb:cc:cf:69:
               2c:4f:fc:50:ef:9d:31:2b:c0:59:ea:fb:64:6f:1f:
               55:a7:3d:fd:70:d2:56:db:14:99:17:92:70:ac:26:
               f8:34:41:70:d9:c0:03:91:6a:ba:d1:11:8f:ac:12:
               31:de:b9:19:70:8d:5d:a7:7d:8b:19:cc:40:3f:ae:
               ff:de:1f:db:94:b3:46:77:6c:ae:ae:ff:3e:d6:84:
               5b:c2:de:0b:26:65:d0:91:c7:70:4b:c7:0a:4a:bf:
               c7:97:04:dd:ba:58:47:cb:e0:2b:23:76:87:65:c5:
               55:34:10:ab:27:1f:1c:f8:30:3d:b0:9b:ca:a2:81:
               72:4c:bd:60:fe:f7:21:fe:0b:db:0b:db:e9:5b:01:
               36:d4:28:15:6b:79:eb:d0:91:1b:21:59:b8:0e:aa:
               bf:d5:b1:6c:70:37:a3:3f:a5:7d:0e:95:46:f6:f6:
               58:67:83:75:42:37:18:0b:a4:41:39:b2:2f:6c:80:
               2c:78:ec:a5:0f:be:9c:10:f8:c0:0b:0d:73:99:9e:
               0d:d7:97:50:cb:cc:45:34:23:49:41:85:22:24:ad:
               29:c3
           Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
   X509v3 extensions:
       X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
           95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27

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       X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
           95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27

       X509v3 Basic Constraints:
           CA:TRUE
       Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   06:5f:9e:ae:a0:9a:bc:b5:b9:5b:7e:97:33:cc:df:63:98:98:
   94:cb:0d:66:a9:83:e8:aa:58:2a:59:a1:9e:47:31:a6:af:5c:
   3f:a2:25:86:f8:df:05:92:b7:db:69:a1:69:72:87:66:c5:ab:
   35:89:01:37:19:c9:74:eb:09:d1:3f:88:7b:24:13:42:ca:2d:
   fb:45:e6:cc:4b:f8:21:78:f3:f5:97:ec:09:92:24:a2:f0:e6:
   94:8d:97:4a:00:94:00:bd:25:b8:17:2c:52:53:5d:cc:5c:48:
   a4:a1:1d:2d:f6:50:55:13:a4:d3:b2:a2:f4:f1:b9:6d:48:5e:
   5c:f3:de:e0:fc:59:09:a1:d9:14:61:65:bf:d8:3f:b9:ba:2e:
   7c:ed:5c:24:9b:6b:ca:aa:5f:f1:c1:1e:b0:a8:da:82:0f:fb:
   4c:71:3b:4d:7b:38:c8:e3:8a:2a:19:34:44:26:0b:ea:f0:47:
   38:46:28:65:04:e2:01:52:dd:ec:3d:e5:f5:53:74:77:74:75:
   6d:c6:d9:c2:0a:ac:3b:b8:98:5c:55:53:34:74:52:a8:26:b1:
   2f:30:22:d0:8b:b7:f3:a0:dd:68:07:33:d5:ae:b7:81:b2:94:
   58:72:4e:7c:c6:72:2f:bd:6c:69:fb:b5:17:a8:2a:8d:d7:2c:
   91:06:c8:0c

   The certificate content shown above and throughout this document was
   rendered by the OpenSSL "x509" tool.  These dumps are included only
   as informative examples.  Output may vary among future revisions of
   the tool.  At the time of this document's publication, there were
   some irregularities in the presentation of Distinguished Names (DNs).
   In particular, note that in the "Issuer" and "Subject" fields, it
   appears the intent is to present DNs in Lightweight Directory Access
   Protocol (LDAP) format.  If this was intended, the spaces should have
   been omitted after the delimiting commas, and the elements should
   have been presented in order of most-specific to least-specific.
   Please refer to Appendix A of [RFC4514].  Using the "Issuer" DN from
   above as an example and following guidelines in [RFC4514], it should
   have instead appeared as:

   Issuer: OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority,O=sipit,L=San Jose,
           ST=California,C=US

   The ASN.1 ([X.683]) parse of the CA certificate is shown below.

  0:l= 949 cons: SEQUENCE
  4:l= 669 cons:  SEQUENCE
  8:l=   3 cons:   cont [ 0 ]
 10:l=   1 prim:    INTEGER           :02
 13:l=   9 prim:   INTEGER           :96A384174EEF8A4C
 24:l=  13 cons:   SEQUENCE

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

 26:l=   9 prim:    OBJECT            :sha1WithRSAEncryption
 37:l=   0 prim:    NULL
 39:l= 112 cons:   SEQUENCE
 41:l=  11 cons:    SET
 43:l=   9 cons:     SEQUENCE
 45:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :countryName
 50:l=   2 prim:      PRINTABLESTRING   :US
 54:l=  19 cons:    SET
 56:l=  17 cons:     SEQUENCE
 58:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :stateOrProvinceName
 63:l=  10 prim:      UTF8STRING
  43 61 6c 69 66 6f 72 6e-69 61                     California
 75:l=  17 cons:    SET
 77:l=  15 cons:     SEQUENCE
 79:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :localityName
 84:l=   8 prim:      UTF8STRING
  53 61 6e 20 4a 6f 73 65-                          San Jose
 94:l=  14 cons:    SET
 96:l=  12 cons:     SEQUENCE
 98:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :organizationName
103:l=   5 prim:      UTF8STRING
  73 69 70 69 74                                    sipit
110:l=  41 cons:    SET
112:l=  39 cons:     SEQUENCE
114:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :organizationalUnitName
119:l=  32 prim:      UTF8STRING
  53 69 70 69 74 20 54 65-73 74 20 43 65 72 74 69   Sipit Test Certi
  66 69 63 61 74 65 20 41-75 74 68 6f 72 69 74 79   ficate Authority
153:l=  32 cons:   SEQUENCE
155:l=  13 prim:    UTCTIME           :110127183605Z
170:l=  15 prim:    GENERALIZEDTIME   :21110103183605Z
187:l= 112 cons:   SEQUENCE
189:l=  11 cons:    SET
191:l=   9 cons:     SEQUENCE
193:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :countryName
198:l=   2 prim:      PRINTABLESTRING   :US
202:l=  19 cons:    SET
204:l=  17 cons:     SEQUENCE
206:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :stateOrProvinceName
211:l=  10 prim:      UTF8STRING
  43 61 6c 69 66 6f 72 6e-69 61                     California
223:l=  17 cons:    SET
225:l=  15 cons:     SEQUENCE
227:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :localityName
232:l=   8 prim:      UTF8STRING
  53 61 6e 20 4a 6f 73 65-                          San Jose
242:l=  14 cons:    SET
244:l=  12 cons:     SEQUENCE

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

246:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :organizationName
251:l=   5 prim:      UTF8STRING
  73 69 70 69 74                                    sipit
258:l=  41 cons:    SET
260:l=  39 cons:     SEQUENCE
262:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :organizationalUnitName
267:l=  32 prim:      UTF8STRING
  53 69 70 69 74 20 54 65-73 74 20 43 65 72 74 69   Sipit Test Certi
  66 69 63 61 74 65 20 41-75 74 68 6f 72 69 74 79   ficate Authority
301:l= 290 cons:   SEQUENCE
305:l=  13 cons:    SEQUENCE
307:l=   9 prim:     OBJECT            :rsaEncryption
318:l=   0 prim:     NULL
320:l= 271 prim:    BIT STRING
  00 30 82 01 0a 02 82 01-01 00 ab 1f 91 61 f1 1c   .0...........a..
  c5 cd a6 7b 16 9b b7 14-79 e4 30 9e 98 d0 ec 07   ...{....y.0.....
  b7 bd 77 d7 d1 f5 5b 2c-e2 ee e6 b1 b0 f0 85 fa   ..w...[,........
  a5 bc cb cc cf 69 2c 4f-fc 50 ef 9d 31 2b c0 59   .....i,O.P..1+.Y
  ea fb 64 6f 1f 55 a7 3d-fd 70 d2 56 db 14 99 17   ..do.U.=.p.V....
  92 70 ac 26 f8 34 41 70-d9 c0 03 91 6a ba d1 11   .p.&.4Ap....j...
  8f ac 12 31 de b9 19 70-8d 5d a7 7d 8b 19 cc 40   ...1...p.].}...@
  3f ae ff de 1f db 94 b3-46 77 6c ae ae ff 3e d6   ?.......Fwl...>.
  84 5b c2 de 0b 26 65 d0-91 c7 70 4b c7 0a 4a bf   .[...&e...pK..J.
  c7 97 04 dd ba 58 47 cb-e0 2b 23 76 87 65 c5 55   .....XG..+#v.e.U
  34 10 ab 27 1f 1c f8 30-3d b0 9b ca a2 81 72 4c   4..'...0=.....rL
  bd 60 fe f7 21 fe 0b db-0b db e9 5b 01 36 d4 28   .`..!......[.6.(
  15 6b 79 eb d0 91 1b 21-59 b8 0e aa bf d5 b1 6c   .ky....!Y......l
  70 37 a3 3f a5 7d 0e 95-46 f6 f6 58 67 83 75 42   p7.?.}..F..Xg.uB
  37 18 0b a4 41 39 b2 2f-6c 80 2c 78 ec a5 0f be   7...A9./l.,x....
  9c 10 f8 c0 0b 0d 73 99-9e 0d d7 97 50 cb cc 45   ......s.....P..E
  34 23 49 41 85 22 24 ad-29 c3 02 03 01 00 01      4#IA."$.)......
595:l=  80 cons:   cont [ 3 ]
597:l=  78 cons:    SEQUENCE
599:l=  29 cons:     SEQUENCE
601:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :X509v3 Subject Key Identifier
606:l=  22 prim:      OCTET STRING
  04 14 95 45 7e 5f 2b ea-65 98 12 91 04 f3 63 c7   ...E~_+.e.....c.
  68 9a 58 16 77 27                                 h.X.w'
630:l=  31 cons:     SEQUENCE
632:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :X509v3 Authority Key Identifier
637:l=  24 prim:      OCTET STRING
  30 16 80 14 95 45 7e 5f-2b ea 65 98 12 91 04 f3   0....E~_+.e.....
  63 c7 68 9a 58 16 77 27-                          c.h.X.w'
663:l=  12 cons:     SEQUENCE
665:l=   3 prim:      OBJECT            :X509v3 Basic Constraints
670:l=   5 prim:      OCTET STRING
  30 03 01 01 ff                                    0....
677:l=  13 cons:  SEQUENCE

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679:l=   9 prim:   OBJECT            :sha1WithRSAEncryption
690:l=   0 prim:   NULL
692:l= 257 prim:  BIT STRING
  00 06 5f 9e ae a0 9a bc-b5 b9 5b 7e 97 33 cc df   .._.......[~.3..
  63 98 98 94 cb 0d 66 a9-83 e8 aa 58 2a 59 a1 9e   c.....f....X*Y..
  47 31 a6 af 5c 3f a2 25-86 f8 df 05 92 b7 db 69   G1..\?.%.......i
  a1 69 72 87 66 c5 ab 35-89 01 37 19 c9 74 eb 09   .ir.f..5..7..t..
  d1 3f 88 7b 24 13 42 ca-2d fb 45 e6 cc 4b f8 21   .?.{$.B.-.E..K.!
  78 f3 f5 97 ec 09 92 24-a2 f0 e6 94 8d 97 4a 00   x......$......J.
  94 00 bd 25 b8 17 2c 52-53 5d cc 5c 48 a4 a1 1d   ...%..,RS].\H...
  2d f6 50 55 13 a4 d3 b2-a2 f4 f1 b9 6d 48 5e 5c   -.PU........mH^\
  f3 de e0 fc 59 09 a1 d9-14 61 65 bf d8 3f b9 ba   ....Y....ae..?..
  2e 7c ed 5c 24 9b 6b ca-aa 5f f1 c1 1e b0 a8 da   .|.\$.k.._......
  82 0f fb 4c 71 3b 4d 7b-38 c8 e3 8a 2a 19 34 44   ...Lq;M{8...*.4D
  26 0b ea f0 47 38 46 28-65 04 e2 01 52 dd ec 3d   &...G8F(e...R..=
  e5 f5 53 74 77 74 75 6d-c6 d9 c2 0a ac 3b b8 98   ..Stwtum.....;..
  5c 55 53 34 74 52 a8 26-b1 2f 30 22 d0 8b b7 f3   \US4tR.&./0"....
  a0 dd 68 07 33 d5 ae b7-81 b2 94 58 72 4e 7c c6   ..h.3......XrN|.
  72 2f bd 6c 69 fb b5 17-a8 2a 8d d7 2c 91 06 c8   r/.li....*..,...
  0c                                                .

2.2.  Host Certificates

   The certificate for the host example.com is shown below.  Note that
   the Subject Alternative Name is set to example.com and is a DNS type.
   The certificates for the other hosts are shown in Appendix B.

   Version: 3 (0x2)
   Serial Number:
       96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:4f
   Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
           OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
   Validity
       Not Before: Feb  7 19:32:17 2011 GMT
       Not After : Jan 14 19:32:17 2111 GMT
   Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit, CN=example.com
   Subject Public Key Info:
       Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
       RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
           Modulus (2048 bit):
               00:dd:74:06:02:10:c2:e7:04:1f:bc:8c:b6:24:e7:
               9b:94:a3:48:37:85:9e:6d:83:12:84:50:1a:8e:48:
               b1:fa:86:8c:a7:80:b9:be:52:ec:a6:ca:63:47:84:
               ad:f6:74:85:82:16:7e:4e:36:40:0a:74:2c:20:a9:
               6a:0e:6a:7f:35:cf:70:71:63:7d:e9:43:67:81:4c:
               ea:b5:1e:b7:4c:a3:35:08:7b:21:0d:2a:73:07:63:
               9d:8d:75:bf:1f:d4:8e:e6:67:60:75:f7:ea:0a:7a:

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               6c:90:af:92:45:e0:62:05:9a:8a:10:98:dc:7c:54:
               8b:e4:61:95:3b:04:fc:10:50:ef:80:45:ba:5e:84:
               97:76:c1:20:25:c1:92:1d:89:0a:f7:55:62:64:fa:
               e8:69:a2:62:4c:67:d3:08:d9:61:b5:3d:16:54:b6:
               b7:44:8d:59:2b:90:d4:e9:fb:c7:7d:87:58:c3:12:
               ac:33:78:00:50:ba:07:05:b3:b9:01:1a:63:55:6c:
               e1:7a:ec:a3:07:ae:3b:02:83:a1:69:e0:c3:dc:2d:
               61:e9:b2:e3:b3:71:c8:a6:cf:da:fb:3e:99:c7:e5:
               71:b9:c9:17:d4:ed:bc:a0:47:54:09:8c:6e:6d:53:
               9a:2c:c9:68:c6:6f:f1:3d:91:1a:24:43:77:7d:91:
               69:4b
           Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
   X509v3 extensions:
       X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
           DNS:example.com, URI:sip:example.com
       X509v3 Basic Constraints:
           CA:FALSE
       X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
           CC:06:59:5B:8B:5E:D6:0D:F2:05:4D:1B:68:54:1E:FC:F9:43:19:17
       X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
           95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27

       X509v3 Key Usage:
           Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
       X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
           TLS Web Server Authentication, 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20
       Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   6a:9a:d1:db:00:4b:90:86:b0:53:ea:6f:30:31:89:1e:9b:09:
   14:bd:6f:b9:02:aa:6f:58:ee:30:03:b8:a1:fd:b3:41:72:ff:
   b3:0d:cb:76:a7:17:c6:57:38:06:13:e5:f3:e4:30:17:4d:f7:
   97:b5:f3:74:e9:81:f8:f4:55:a3:0d:f5:82:38:c3:98:43:52:
   1f:84:cd:1a:b4:a3:45:9f:3d:e2:31:fd:cb:a2:ad:ed:60:7d:
   fa:d2:aa:49:2f:41:a9:80:01:bb:ed:b6:75:c9:97:69:7f:0c:
   91:60:f1:c4:5a:36:e8:5c:ac:e1:a8:e7:9a:55:e5:e0:cd:01:
   f4:de:93:f4:38:6c:c1:71:d2:fd:cd:1b:5d:25:eb:90:7b:31:
   41:e7:37:0e:e5:c0:01:48:91:f7:34:dd:c6:1f:74:e6:34:34:
   e6:cd:93:0f:3f:ce:94:ad:91:d9:e2:72:b1:9f:1d:d3:a5:7d:
   5e:e2:a4:56:c5:b1:71:4d:10:0a:5d:a6:56:e6:57:1f:48:a5:
   5c:75:67:ea:ab:35:3e:f6:b6:fa:c1:f3:8a:c1:80:71:32:18:
   6c:33:b5:fa:16:5a:16:e1:a1:6c:19:67:f5:45:68:64:6f:b2:
   31:dc:e3:5a:1a:b2:d4:87:89:96:fd:87:ba:38:4e:0a:19:07:
   03:4b:9b:b1

   The example host certificate above, as well as all the others
   presented in this document, are signed directly by a root CA.  These
   certificate chains have a length equal to two: the root CA and the
   host certificate.  Non-root CAs exist and may also sign certificates.
   The certificate chains presented by hosts with certificates signed by

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   non-root CAs will have a length greater than two.  For more details
   on how certificate chains are validated, see Sections 6.1 and 6.2 of
   [RFC5280].

2.3.  User Certificates

   User certificates are used by many applications to establish user
   identity.  The user certificate for fluffy@example.com is shown
   below.  Note that the Subject Alternative Name has a list of names
   with different URL types such as a sip, im, or pres URL.  This is
   necessary for interoperating with a Common Profile for Instant
   Messaging (CPIM) gateway.  In this example, example.com is the domain
   for fluffy.  The message could be coming from any host in
   *.example.com, and the address-of-record (AOR) in the user
   certificate would still be the same.  The others are shown in
   Appendix B.1.  These certificates make use of the Extended Key Usage
   (EKU) extension discussed in [RFC5924].  Note that the X509v3
   Extended Key Usage attribute refers to the SIP OID introduced in
   [RFC5924], which is 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20.

   Version: 3 (0x2)
   Serial Number:
       96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:4d
   Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
           OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
   Validity
       Not Before: Feb  7 19:32:17 2011 GMT
       Not After : Jan 14 19:32:17 2111 GMT
   Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
            CN=fluffy
   Subject Public Key Info:
       Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
       RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
           Modulus (2048 bit):
               00:a3:2c:59:0c:e9:bc:e4:ec:d3:9e:fb:99:02:ec:
               b1:36:3a:b7:d3:1d:4d:c3:3a:b6:ae:50:bd:5f:55:
               08:77:8c:7e:a4:e9:f0:68:31:28:8f:23:32:56:19:
               c3:22:97:a7:6d:fd:a7:22:2a:01:b5:af:61:bd:5f:
               7e:c1:14:e5:98:29:b4:34:4e:38:8a:26:ee:0d:da:
               db:27:b9:78:d6:ac:ac:04:78:32:98:c2:75:e7:6a:
               b7:2d:b3:3c:e3:eb:97:a5:ef:8b:59:42:50:17:7b:
               fe:a7:81:af:37:a7:e7:e3:1f:b0:8d:d0:72:2f:6c:
               14:42:c6:01:68:e1:8f:fd:56:4d:7d:cf:16:dc:aa:
               05:61:0b:0a:ca:ca:ec:51:ec:53:6e:3d:2b:00:80:
               fe:35:1b:06:0a:61:13:88:0b:44:f3:cc:fd:2b:0e:
               b4:a2:0b:a0:97:84:14:2e:ee:2b:e3:2f:c1:1a:9e:
               86:9a:78:6a:a2:4c:57:93:e7:01:26:d3:56:0d:bd:

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               b0:2f:f8:da:c7:3c:01:dc:cb:2d:31:8c:6c:c6:5c:
               b4:63:e8:b2:a2:40:11:bf:ad:f8:6d:12:01:97:1d:
               47:f8:6a:15:8b:fb:27:96:73:44:46:34:d7:24:1c:
               cf:56:8d:d4:be:d6:94:5b:f0:a6:67:e3:dd:cf:b4:
               f2:d5
           Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
   X509v3 extensions:
       X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
           URI:sip:fluffy@example.com, URI:im:fluffy@example.com,
              URI:pres:fluffy@example.com
       X509v3 Basic Constraints:
           CA:FALSE
       X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
           85:97:09:B8:D3:55:37:24:8A:DC:DE:E3:91:72:E4:22:CF:98:87:52
       X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
           95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27

       X509v3 Key Usage:
           Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
       X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
           E-mail Protection, 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20
       Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   a8:a9:8f:d8:8a:0b:88:ed:ff:4f:bf:e5:cd:8f:9e:7b:b8:e6:
   f2:2c:aa:e3:23:5b:9a:71:5e:fd:20:a3:dd:d9:d3:c1:f2:e8:
   f0:be:77:db:33:cc:8a:7b:4f:91:2b:8d:d6:f7:14:c3:8d:e0:
   60:d3:34:50:bc:be:67:22:cd:f5:74:7b:f4:9a:68:a2:52:2b:
   81:2f:46:d3:09:9f:25:c3:20:e8:10:d5:ef:38:7b:d1:17:d4:
   f1:d7:54:67:56:f1:13:cf:2f:fc:8b:83:fc:14:e7:01:82:59:
   83:cc:b1:8d:f0:c7:da:4e:b1:dc:cc:54:cf:6c:3b:47:47:59:
   87:d9:16:ec:af:af:e1:12:13:23:1e:0a:db:f5:b5:ff:5d:ab:
   15:0e:e3:25:91:00:0e:90:db:d8:07:11:90:81:01:3a:48:a8:
   aa:9e:b0:62:d3:36:f0:0c:b7:2f:a7:17:92:52:36:29:14:0a:
   d6:65:86:67:73:74:6e:aa:3c:ee:47:38:1e:c8:6e:06:81:85:
   1c:2e:f0:b6:04:7d:6c:38:db:81:9c:b8:07:e3:07:be:f5:2f:
   09:68:63:04:6b:87:0e:36:b9:a1:a3:fb:c8:30:0c:a0:63:8d:
   6d:ab:0a:f8:44:b0:78:19:1a:38:7e:fa:6a:a1:d4:4b:4b:75:
   75:bf:6f:09

   Versions of these certificates that do not make use of EKU are also
   included in Appendix B.2

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

3.  Call Flow with Message Over TLS

3.1.  TLS with Server Authentication

   The flow below shows the edited SSLDump output of the host
   example.com forming a TLS [RFC5246] connection to example.net.  In
   this example, mutual authentication is not used.  Note that the
   client proposed three protocol suites including
   TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA defined in [RFC5246].  The certificate
   returned by the server contains a Subject Alternative Name that is
   set to example.net.  A detailed discussion of TLS can be found in SSL
   and TLS [EKR-TLS].  For more details on the SSLDump tool, see the
   SSLDump Manual [ssldump-manpage].

   This example does not use the Server Extended Hello (see [RFC5246]).

   New TCP connection #1: example.com(50738) <-> example.net(5061)
   1 1  0.0004 (0.0004)  C>SV3.1(101)  Handshake
         ClientHello
           Version 3.1
           random[32]=
             4c 09 5b a7 66 77 eb 43 52 30 dd 98 4d 09 23 d3
             ff 81 74 ab 04 69 bb 79 8c dc 59 cd c2 1f b7 ec
           cipher suites
           TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
           TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
           TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_SHA
           TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
           TLS_DSS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_SHA
           TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
           TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
           TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
           TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
           TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
           TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_DES_192_CBC3_SHA
           TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_DES_192_CBC3_SHA
           TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
           TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
           TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
           TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
           TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
           TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
           TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5
           TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
           TLS_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA
           TLS_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
           TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA
           TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA

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           TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA
           TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5
           compression methods
                     NULL
   1 2  0.0012 (0.0007)  S>CV3.1(48)  Handshake
         ServerHello
           Version 3.1
           random[32]=
             4c 09 5b a7 30 87 74 c7 16 98 24 d5 af 35 17 a7
             ef c3 78 0c 94 d4 94 d2 7b a6 3f 40 04 25 f6 e0
           session_id[0]=

           cipherSuite         TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
           compressionMethod                   NULL
   1 3  0.0012 (0.0000)  S>CV3.1(1858)  Handshake
         Certificate
   1 4  0.0012 (0.0000)  S>CV3.1(14)  Handshake
         CertificateRequest
           certificate_types                   rsa_sign
           certificate_types                   dss_sign
           certificate_types                 unknown value
         ServerHelloDone
   1 5  0.0043 (0.0031)  C>SV3.1(7)  Handshake
         Certificate
   1 6  0.0043 (0.0000)  C>SV3.1(262)  Handshake
         ClientKeyExchange
   1 7  0.0043 (0.0000)  C>SV3.1(1)  ChangeCipherSpec
   1 8  0.0043 (0.0000)  C>SV3.1(48)  Handshake
   1 9  0.0129 (0.0085)  S>CV3.1(170)  Handshake
   1 10 0.0129 (0.0000)  S>CV3.1(1)  ChangeCipherSpec
   1 11 0.0129 (0.0000)  S>CV3.1(48)  Handshake
   1 12 0.0134 (0.0005)  C>SV3.1(32)  application_data
   1 13 0.0134 (0.0000)  C>SV3.1(496)  application_data
   1 14 0.2150 (0.2016)  S>CV3.1(32)  application_data
   1 15 0.2150 (0.0000)  S>CV3.1(336)  application_data
   1 16 12.2304 (12.0154)  S>CV3.1(32)  Alert
   1    12.2310 (0.0005)  S>C  TCP FIN
   1 17 12.2321 (0.0011)  C>SV3.1(32)  Alert

3.2.  MESSAGE Transaction Over TLS

   Once the TLS session is set up, the following MESSAGE request (as
   defined in [RFC3428] is sent from fluffy@example.com to
   kumiko@example.net.  Note that the URI has a SIPS URL and that the
   VIA indicates that TLS was used.  In order to format this document,
   the <allOneLine> convention from [RFC4475] is used to break long
   lines.  The actual message does not contain the line breaks contained
   within those tags.

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   MESSAGE sips:kumiko@example.net:5061 SIP/2.0
   <allOneLine>
   Via: SIP/2.0/TLS 192.0.2.2:15001;
        branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-c785a077a9a8451b-1---d8754z-;
        rport=50738
   </allOneLine>
   Max-Forwards: 70
   To: <sips:kumiko@example.net:5061>
   From: <sips:fluffy@example.com:15001>;tag=1a93430b
   Call-ID: OTZmMDE2OWNlYTVjNDkzYzBhMWRlMDU4NDExZmU4ZTQ.
   CSeq: 4308 MESSAGE
   <allOneLine>
   Accept: multipart/signed, text/plain, application/pkcs7-mime,
           application/sdp, multipart/alternative
   </allOneLine>
   Content-Type: text/plain
   Content-Length: 6

   Hello!

   When a User Agent (UA) goes to send a message to example.com, the UA
   can see if it already has a TLS connection to example.com and if it
   does, it may send the message over this connection.  A UA should have
   some scheme for reusing connections as opening a new TLS connection
   for every message results in awful performance.  Implementers are
   encouraged to read [RFC5923] and [RFC3263].

   The response is sent from example.net to example.com over the same
   TLS connection.  It is shown below.

   SIP/2.0 200 OK
   <allOneLine>
   Via: SIP/2.0/TLS 192.0.2.2:15001;
        branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-c785a077a9a8451b-1---d8754z-;
        rport=50738
   </allOneLine>
   To: <sips:kumiko@example.net:5061>;tag=0d075510
   From: <sips:fluffy@example.com:15001>;tag=1a93430b
   Call-ID: OTZmMDE2OWNlYTVjNDkzYzBhMWRlMDU4NDExZmU4ZTQ.
   CSeq: 4308 MESSAGE
   Content-Length: 0

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 14]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

4.  Call Flow with S/MIME-Secured Message

4.1.  MESSAGE Request with Signed Body

   Below is an example of a signed message.  The values on the Content-
   Type line (multipart/signed) and on the Content-Disposition line have
   been broken across lines to fit on the page, but they are not broken
   across lines in actual implementations.

   MESSAGE sip:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
   <allOneLine>
   Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 192.0.2.2:15001;
        branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-3a922b6dc0f0ff37-1---d8754z-;
        rport=50739
   </allOneLine>
   Max-Forwards: 70
   To: <sip:kumiko@example.net>
   From: <sip:fluffy@example.com>;tag=ef6bad5e
   Call-ID: N2NiZjI0NjRjNDQ0MTY1NDRjNWNmMGU1MDA2MDRhYmI.
   CSeq: 8473 MESSAGE
   <allOneLine>
   Accept: multipart/signed, text/plain, application/pkcs7-mime,
           application/sdp, multipart/alternative
   </allOneLine>
   <allOneLine>
   Content-Type: multipart/signed;boundary=3b515e121b43a911;
                 micalg=sha1;protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"
   </allOneLine>
   Content-Length: 774

   --3b515e121b43a911
   Content-Type: text/plain
   Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

   Hello!
   --3b515e121b43a911
   Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature;name=smime.p7s
   <allOneLine>
   Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;
                        filename=smime.p7s
   </allOneLine>
   Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

   *****************
   * BINARY BLOB 1 *
   *****************
   --3b515e121b43a911--

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   It is important to note that the signature ("BINARY BLOB 1") is
   computed over the MIME headers and body, but excludes the multipart
   boundary lines.  The value on the Message-body line ends with CRLF.
   The CRLF is included in the boundary and is not part of the signature
   computation.  To be clear, the signature is computed over data
   starting with the "C" in the "Content-Type" and ending with the "!"
   in the "Hello!".

   Content-Type: text/plain
   Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

   Hello!

   Following is the ASN.1 parsing of encrypted contents referred to
   above as "BINARY BLOB 1".  Note that at address 30, the hash for the
   signature is specified as SHA-1.  Also note that the sender's
   certificate is not attached as it is optional in [RFC5652].

    0  472: SEQUENCE {
    4    9:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER signedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 2)
   15  457:   [0] {
   19  453:     SEQUENCE {
   23    1:       INTEGER 1
   26   11:       SET {
   28    9:         SEQUENCE {
   30    5:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
   37    0:           NULL
          :           }
          :         }
   39   11:       SEQUENCE {
   41    9:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
          :         }
   52  420:       SET {
   56  416:         SEQUENCE {
   60    1:           INTEGER 1
   63  125:           SEQUENCE {
   65  112:             SEQUENCE {
   67   11:               SET {
   69    9:                 SEQUENCE {
   71    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
   76    2:                   PrintableString 'US'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   80   19:               SET {
   82   17:                 SEQUENCE {
   84    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
   89   10:                   UTF8String 'California'

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

          :                   }
          :                 }
    101   17:               SET {
    103   15:                 SEQUENCE {
    105    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
    110    8:                   UTF8String 'San Jose'
          :                   }
          :                 }
    120   14:               SET {
    122   12:                 SEQUENCE {
    124    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationName (2 5 4 10)
    129    5:                   UTF8String 'sipit'
          :                   }
          :                 }
    136   41:               SET {
    138   39:                 SEQUENCE {
    140    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
    145   32:                   UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
                                            Authority'
          :                   }
          :                 }
          :               }
    179    9:             INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4D
          :             }
    190    9:           SEQUENCE {
    192    5:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
    199    0:             NULL
          :             }
    201   13:           SEQUENCE {
    203    9:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :               rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
    214    0:             NULL
          :             }
    216  256:           OCTET STRING
          :             74 4D 21 39 D6 E2 E2 2C 30 5A AA BC 4E 60 8D 69
          :             A7 E5 79 50 1A B1 7D 4A D3 C1 03 9F 19 7D A2 76
          :             97 B3 CE 30 CD 62 4B 96 20 35 DB C1 64 D9 33 92
          :             96 CD 28 03 98 6E 2C 0C F6 8D 93 40 F2 88 DA 29
          :             AD 0B C2 0E F9 D3 6A 95 2C 79 6E C2 3D 62 E6 54
          :             A9 1B AC 66 DB 16 B7 44 6C 03 1B 71 9C EE C9 EC
          :             4D 93 B1 CF F5 17 79 C5 C8 BA 2F A7 6C 4B DC CF
          :             62 A3 F3 1A 1B 24 E4 40 66 3C 4F 87 86 BF 09 6A
          :             7A 43 60 2B FC D8 3D 2B 57 17 CB 81 03 2A 56 69
          :             81 82 FA 78 DE D2 3A 2F FA A3 C5 EA 8B E8 0C 36
          :             1B BC DC FD 1B 8C 2E 0F 01 AF D9 E1 04 0E 4E 50
          :             94 75 7C BD D9 0B DD AA FA 36 E3 EC E4 A5 35 46

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 17]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

          :             BE A2 97 1D AD BA 44 54 3A ED 94 DA 76 4A 51 BA
          :             A4 7D 7A 62 BF 2A 2F F2 5C 5A FE CA E6 B9 DC 5D
          :             EA 26 F2 35 17 19 20 CE 97 96 4E 72 9C 72 FD 1F
          :             68 C1 6A 5C 86 42 F2 ED F2 70 65 4C C7 44 C5 7C
          :           }
          :         }
          :       }
          :     }
          :   }

   SHA-1 parameters may be omitted entirely, instead of being set to
   NULL, as mentioned in [RFC3370].  The above dump of Blob 1 has SHA-1
   parameters set to NULL.  Below are the same contents signed with the
   same key, but omitting the NULL according to [RFC3370].  This is the
   preferred encoding.  This is covered in greater detail in Section 5.

    0  468: SEQUENCE {
    4    9:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER signedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 2)
   15  453:   [0] {
   19  449:     SEQUENCE {
   23    1:       INTEGER 1
   26    9:       SET {
   28    7:         SEQUENCE {
   30    5:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
          :           }
          :         }
   37   11:       SEQUENCE {
   39    9:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
          :         }
   50  418:       SET {
   54  414:         SEQUENCE {
   58    1:           INTEGER 1
   61  125:           SEQUENCE {
   63  112:             SEQUENCE {
   65   11:               SET {
   67    9:                 SEQUENCE {
   69    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
   74    2:                   PrintableString 'US'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   78   19:               SET {
   80   17:                 SEQUENCE {
   82    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
   87   10:                   UTF8String 'California'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   99   17:               SET {

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

    101   15:                 SEQUENCE {
    103    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
    108    8:                   UTF8String 'San Jose'
          :                   }
          :                 }
    118   14:               SET {
    120   12:                 SEQUENCE {
    122    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationName (2 5 4 10)
    127    5:                   UTF8String 'sipit'
          :                   }
          :                 }
    134   41:               SET {
    136   39:                 SEQUENCE {
    138    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
    143   32:                   UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
                                            Authority'
          :                   }
          :                 }
          :               }
    177    9:             INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4D
          :             }
    188    7:           SEQUENCE {
    190    5:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
          :             }
    197   13:           SEQUENCE {
    199    9:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :               rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
    210    0:             NULL
          :             }
    212  256:           OCTET STRING
          :             74 4D 21 39 D6 E2 E2 2C 30 5A AA BC 4E 60 8D 69
          :             A7 E5 79 50 1A B1 7D 4A D3 C1 03 9F 19 7D A2 76
          :             97 B3 CE 30 CD 62 4B 96 20 35 DB C1 64 D9 33 92
          :             96 CD 28 03 98 6E 2C 0C F6 8D 93 40 F2 88 DA 29
          :             AD 0B C2 0E F9 D3 6A 95 2C 79 6E C2 3D 62 E6 54
          :             A9 1B AC 66 DB 16 B7 44 6C 03 1B 71 9C EE C9 EC
          :             4D 93 B1 CF F5 17 79 C5 C8 BA 2F A7 6C 4B DC CF
          :             62 A3 F3 1A 1B 24 E4 40 66 3C 4F 87 86 BF 09 6A
          :             7A 43 60 2B FC D8 3D 2B 57 17 CB 81 03 2A 56 69
          :             81 82 FA 78 DE D2 3A 2F FA A3 C5 EA 8B E8 0C 36
          :             1B BC DC FD 1B 8C 2E 0F 01 AF D9 E1 04 0E 4E 50
          :             94 75 7C BD D9 0B DD AA FA 36 E3 EC E4 A5 35 46
          :             BE A2 97 1D AD BA 44 54 3A ED 94 DA 76 4A 51 BA
          :             A4 7D 7A 62 BF 2A 2F F2 5C 5A FE CA E6 B9 DC 5D
          :             EA 26 F2 35 17 19 20 CE 97 96 4E 72 9C 72 FD 1F
          :             68 C1 6A 5C 86 42 F2 ED F2 70 65 4C C7 44 C5 7C

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          :           }
          :         }
          :       }
          :     }
          :   }

4.2.  MESSAGE Request with Encrypted Body

   Below is an example of an encrypted text/plain message that says
   "Hello!".  The binary encrypted contents have been replaced with the
   block "BINARY BLOB 2".

   MESSAGE sip:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
   <allOneLine>
   Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 192.0.2.2:15001;
        branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-c276232b541dd527-1---d8754z-;
        rport=50741
   </allOneLine>
   Max-Forwards: 70
   To: <sip:kumiko@example.net>
   From: <sip:fluffy@example.com>;tag=7a2e3025
   Call-ID: MDYyMDhhODA3NWE2ZjEyYzAwOTZlMjExNWI2ZWQwZGM.
   CSeq: 3260 MESSAGE
   <allOneLine>
   Accept: multipart/signed, text/plain, application/pkcs7-mime,
           application/sdp, multipart/alternative
   </allOneLine>
   <allOneLine>
   Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;
                        filename=smime.p7
   </allOneLine>
   Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
   <allOneLine>
   Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime;smime-type=enveloped-data;
                 name=smime.p7m
   </allOneLine>
   Content-Length: 565

   *****************
   * BINARY BLOB 2 *
   *****************

   Following is the ASN.1 parsing of "BINARY BLOB 2".  Note that at
   address 454, the encryption is set to aes128-CBC.

    0  561: SEQUENCE {
    4    9:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER envelopedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 3)
   15  546:   [0] {

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   19  542:     SEQUENCE {
   23    1:       INTEGER 0
   26  409:       SET {
   30  405:         SEQUENCE {
   34    1:           INTEGER 0
   37  125:           SEQUENCE {
   39  112:             SEQUENCE {
   41   11:               SET {
   43    9:                 SEQUENCE {
   45    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
   50    2:                   PrintableString 'US'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   54   19:               SET {
   56   17:                 SEQUENCE {
   58    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
   63   10:                   UTF8String 'California'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   75   17:               SET {
   77   15:                 SEQUENCE {
   79    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
   84    8:                   UTF8String 'San Jose'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   94   14:               SET {
   96   12:                 SEQUENCE {
   98    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationName (2 5 4 10)
    103    5:                   UTF8String 'sipit'
          :                   }
          :                 }
    110   41:               SET {
    112   39:                 SEQUENCE {
    114    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
    119   32:                   UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
                                            Authority'
          :                   }
          :                 }
          :               }
    153    9:             INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4E
          :             }
    164   13:           SEQUENCE {
    166    9:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :               rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
    177    0:             NULL

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          :             }
    179  256:           OCTET STRING
          :             B9 12 8F 32 AB 4A E2 38 C1 E0 53 69 88 D6 25 E7
          :             40 03 B1 DE 79 21 A3 E8 23 5A 1B CB FB 58 F4 97
          :             48 A7 C8 F0 3D DF 41 A3 5A 90 32 70 82 FA B0 DE
          :             D8 94 7C 6C 2E 01 FE 33 BD 62 CB 07 4F 58 DE 6F
          :             EA 3F EF B4 FB 46 72 58 9A 88 A0 85 BC 23 D7 C8
          :             09 0B 90 8D 4A 5F 3F 96 7C AC D4 E2 19 E8 02 B6
          :             0E F3 0D F2 91 4A 67 A9 EE 51 6A 97 D7 86 6D EC
          :             78 6E C6 E0 83 7C E1 00 1F 5A 40 59 60 0C D7 EB
          :             A3 FB 04 B3 C9 A5 EB 79 ED B3 56 F8 F6 51 B2 5E
          :             58 E2 D8 17 28 33 A6 B8 35 8C 0E 14 7F 90 D0 7B
          :             03 00 6C 3D 81 29 F5 D7 E5 AC 75 5E E0 F0 DD E3
          :             3E B2 06 97 D6 49 A9 CB 38 08 F1 84 05 F5 C0 BC
          :             55 A6 D4 C9 D8 FD A4 AC 40 9F 9D 51 5B F7 3A C3
          :             C3 CD 3A E7 6D 21 05 D0 50 75 4F 14 D8 77 76 C6
          :             13 A6 48 12 7B 25 CC 22 5D 73 BD 40 E4 15 02 A2
          :             39 4A CB D9 55 08 A4 EE 4E 8A 5E BA C4 4A 46 9C
          :           }
          :         }
    439  124:       SEQUENCE {
    441    9:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
    452   29:         SEQUENCE {
    454    9:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :             aes128-CBC (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 1 2)
    465   16:           OCTET STRING
          :             CA 35 CA BD 1E 78 83 D9 20 6C 47 B9 9F DC 91 88
          :           }
    483   80:         [0]
          :           1B AE 12 C4 0E 55 96 AB 99 CC 1C 7F B5 98 A4 BF
          :           D2 D8 7F 94 BB B5 38 05 59 F2 38 A1 CD 29 75 17
          :           1D 63 1B 0B B0 2D 88 06 7F 78 80 F3 5A 3E DC 35
          :           BF 22 1E 03 32 59 98 DA FD 81 5F D9 41 63 3A 18
          :           FD B5 84 14 01 46 0B 40 EB 56 29 86 47 8B D1 EE
          :         }
          :       }
          :     }
          :   }

4.3.  MESSAGE Request with Encrypted and Signed Body

   In the example below, some of the header values have been split
   across multiple lines.  Where the lines have been broken, the
   <allOneLine> convention has been used.  This was only done to make it
   fit in the RFC format.  Specifically, the application/pkcs7-mime
   Content-Type line is one line with no whitespace between the "mime;"
   and the "smime-type".  The values are split across lines for
   formatting, but are not split in the real message.  The binary

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   encrypted content has been replaced with "BINARY BLOB 3", and the
   binary signed content has been replaced with "BINARY BLOB 4".

   MESSAGE sip:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
   <allOneLine>
   Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 192.0.2.2:15001;
        branch=z9hG4bK-d8754z-97a26e59b7262b34-1---d8754z-;
        rport=50742
   </allOneLine>
   Max-Forwards: 70
   To: <sip:kumiko@example.net>
   From: <sip:fluffy@example.com>;tag=379f5b27
   Call-ID: MjYwMzdjYTY3YWRkYzgzMjU0MGI4Mzc2Njk1YzJlNzE.
   CSeq: 5449 MESSAGE
   <allOneLine>
   Accept: multipart/signed, text/plain, application/pkcs7-mime,
           application/sdp, multipart/alternative
   </allOneLine>
   <allOneLine>
   Content-Type: multipart/signed;boundary=e8df6e1ce5d1e864;
                 micalg=sha1;protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"
   </allOneLine>
   Content-Length: 1455

   --e8df6e1ce5d1e864
   <allOneLine>
   Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime;smime-type=enveloped-data;
                 name=smime.p7m
   </allOneLine>
   <allOneLine>
   Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;
                        filename=smime.p7
   </allOneLine>
   Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

   *****************
   * BINARY BLOB 3 *
   *****************
   --e8df6e1ce5d1e864
   Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature;name=smime.p7s
   <allOneLine>
   Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;
                        filename=smime.p7s
   </allOneLine>
   Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary

   *****************
   * BINARY BLOB 4 *

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   *****************
   --e8df6e1ce5d1e864--

   Below is the ASN.1 parsing of "BINARY BLOB 3".

    0  561: SEQUENCE {
    4    9:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER envelopedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 3)
   15  546:   [0] {
   19  542:     SEQUENCE {
   23    1:       INTEGER 0
   26  409:       SET {
   30  405:         SEQUENCE {
   34    1:           INTEGER 0
   37  125:           SEQUENCE {
   39  112:             SEQUENCE {
   41   11:               SET {
   43    9:                 SEQUENCE {
   45    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
   50    2:                   PrintableString 'US'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   54   19:               SET {
   56   17:                 SEQUENCE {
   58    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
   63   10:                   UTF8String 'California'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   75   17:               SET {
   77   15:                 SEQUENCE {
   79    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
   84    8:                   UTF8String 'San Jose'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   94   14:               SET {
   96   12:                 SEQUENCE {
   98    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationName (2 5 4 10)
    103    5:                   UTF8String 'sipit'
          :                   }
          :                 }
    110   41:               SET {
    112   39:                 SEQUENCE {
    114    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
    119   32:                   UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
                                            Authority'
          :                   }

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          :                 }
          :               }
    153    9:             INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4E
          :             }
    164   13:           SEQUENCE {
    166    9:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :               rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
    177    0:             NULL
          :             }
    179  256:           OCTET STRING
          :             49 11 0B 11 52 A9 9D E3 AA FB 86 CB EB 12 CC 8E
          :             96 9D 85 3E 80 D2 7C C4 9B B7 81 4B B5 FA 13 80
          :             6A 6A B2 34 72 D8 C0 82 60 DA B3 43 F8 51 8C 32
          :             8B DD D0 76 6D 9C 46 73 C1 44 A0 10 FF 16 A4 83
          :             74 85 21 74 7D E0 FD 42 C0 97 00 82 A2 80 81 22
          :             9C A2 82 0A 85 F0 68 EF 9A D7 6D 1D 24 2B A9 5E
          :             B3 9A A0 3E A7 D9 1D 1C D7 42 CB 6F A5 81 66 23
          :             28 00 7C 99 6A B6 03 3F 7E F6 48 EA 91 49 35 F1
          :             FD 40 54 5D AC F7 84 EA 3F 27 43 FD DE E2 10 DD
          :             63 C4 35 4A 13 63 0B 6D 0D 9A D5 AB 72 39 69 8C
          :             65 4C 44 C4 A3 31 60 79 B9 A8 A3 A1 03 FD 41 25
          :             12 E5 F3 F8 47 CE 8C 42 D9 26 77 A5 57 AF 1A 95
          :             BF 05 A5 E9 47 F2 D1 AE DC 13 7E 1B 83 5C 8C C4
          :             1F 31 BC 59 E6 FD 6E 9A B0 91 EC 71 A6 7F 28 3E
          :             23 1B 40 E2 C0 60 CF 5E 5B 86 08 06 82 B4 B7 DB
          :             00 DD AC 3A 39 27 E2 7C 96 AD 8A E9 C3 B8 06 5E
          :           }
          :         }
    439  124:       SEQUENCE {
    441    9:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
    452   29:         SEQUENCE {
    454    9:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :             aes128-CBC (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 1 2)
    465   16:           OCTET STRING
          :             88 9B 13 75 A7 66 14 C3 CF CD C6 FF D2 91 5D A0
          :           }
    483   80:         [0]
          :           80 0B A3 B7 57 89 B4 F4 70 AE 1D 14 A9 35 DD F9
          :           1D 66 29 46 52 40 13 E1 3B 4A 23 E5 EC AB F9 35
          :           A6 B6 A4 BE C0 02 31 06 19 C4 39 22 7D 10 4C 0D
          :           F4 96 04 78 11 85 4E 7E E3 C3 BC B2 DF 55 17 79
          :           5F F2 4E E5 25 42 37 45 39 5D F6 DA 57 9A 4E 0B
          :         }
          :       }
          :     }
          :   }

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 25]
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   Below is the ASN.1 parsing of "BINARY BLOB 4".

    0  472: SEQUENCE {
    4    9:   OBJECT IDENTIFIER signedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 2)
   15  457:   [0] {
   19  453:     SEQUENCE {
   23    1:       INTEGER 1
   26   11:       SET {
   28    9:         SEQUENCE {
   30    5:           OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
   37    0:           NULL
          :           }
          :         }
   39   11:       SEQUENCE {
   41    9:         OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
          :         }
   52  420:       SET {
   56  416:         SEQUENCE {
   60    1:           INTEGER 1
   63  125:           SEQUENCE {
   65  112:             SEQUENCE {
   67   11:               SET {
   69    9:                 SEQUENCE {
   71    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
   76    2:                   PrintableString 'US'
          :                   }
          :                 }
   80   19:               SET {
   82   17:                 SEQUENCE {
   84    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     stateOrProvinceName (2 5 4 8)
   89   10:                   UTF8String 'California'
          :                   }
          :                 }
    101   17:               SET {
    103   15:                 SEQUENCE {
    105    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
    110    8:                   UTF8String 'San Jose'
          :                   }
          :                 }
    120   14:               SET {
    122   12:                 SEQUENCE {
    124    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationName (2 5 4 10)
    129    5:                   UTF8String 'sipit'
          :                   }
          :                 }
    136   41:               SET {

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    138   39:                 SEQUENCE {
    140    3:                   OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :                     organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
    145   32:                   UTF8String 'Sipit Test Certificate
                                            Authority'
          :                   }
          :                 }
          :               }
    179    9:             INTEGER 00 96 A3 84 17 4E EF 8A 4D
          :             }
    190    9:           SEQUENCE {
    192    5:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
    199    0:             NULL
          :             }
    201   13:           SEQUENCE {
    203    9:             OBJECT IDENTIFIER
          :               rsaEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
    214    0:             NULL
          :             }
    216  256:           OCTET STRING
          :             6E 51 AC 24 2E BA 7C A1 EE 80 A8 55 BC D4 64 5D
          :             E5 29 09 5F B2 AF AA 6F 91 D2 97 79 32 5B AF CA
          :             FE A1 73 FC E5 57 4E C6 3B 67 35 AA E4 78 1E 59
          :             93 EE 67 63 77 1E 7A 82 BC 1E 26 0F 39 75 0C A6
          :             26 92 01 6A B7 5D F0 C0 2C 51 46 FB A7 36 44 E3
          :             64 C6 11 CB 0B 6B FD F3 6D 7C FD 3E AE 2E 91 BB
          :             78 9E F4 1B A1 20 68 B9 DE D3 E3 0C FC F7 14 9A
          :             2C 64 AB 27 52 BD 52 EC 27 88 14 BD DB C3 54 C7
          :             EA 48 DB 07 E9 9B 2E C8 BE 62 A2 76 83 53 37 E8
          :             02 4B D1 86 E9 DF 2E BD 93 39 EC 2F 01 53 A0 7F
          :             1A B9 A6 31 FC E7 91 1C DB 22 4A 67 83 94 B2 4E
          :             28 A9 CD DE 4A 04 6A E0 86 90 7B 58 5F DB 7A 96
          :             96 A0 25 61 C2 58 A2 28 E5 B3 B2 F1 6D 51 06 9C
          :             78 61 0D D8 3A A7 9F A3 B5 87 0B 80 11 C2 A9 1A
          :             E5 17 1C EB 82 55 AB CD 04 E7 D9 5B 11 E8 B7 47
          :             FE FD CC B7 DB 47 6F 77 85 9E 24 D8 11 E1 E4 7D
          :           }
          :         }
          :       }
          :     }
          :   }

5.  Observed Interoperability Issues

   This section describes some common interoperability problems.  These
   were observed by the authors at SIPit interoperability events.
   Implementers should be careful to verify that their systems do not
   introduce these common problems, and, when possible, make their

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 27]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   clients forgiving in what they receive.  Implementations should take
   extra care to produce reasonable error messages when interacting with
   software that has these problems.

   Some SIP clients incorrectly only do SSLv3 and do not support TLS.
   See Section 26.2.1 of [RFC3261].

   Many SIP clients were found to accept expired certificates with no
   warning or error.  See Section 4.1.2.5 of [RFC5280].

   When used with SIP, TLS and S/MIME provide the identity of the peer
   that a client is communicating with in the Subject Alternative Name
   in the certificate.  The software checks that this name corresponds
   to the identity the server is trying to contact.  Normative text
   describing path validation can be found in Section 7 of [RFC5922] and
   Section 6 of [RFC5280].  If a client is trying to set up a TLS
   connection to good.example.com and it gets a TLS connection set up
   with a server that presents a valid certificate but with the name
   evil.example.com, it will typically generate an error or warning of
   some type.  Similarly with S/MIME, if a user is trying to communicate
   with sip:fluffy@example.com, one of the items in the Subject
   Alternate Name set in the certificate will need to match according to
   the certificate validation rules in Section 23 of [RFC3261] and
   Section 6 of [RFC5280].

   Some implementations used binary MIME encodings while others used
   base64.  It is advisable that implementations send only binary and
   are prepared to receive either.  See Section 3.2 of [RFC5621].

   In several places in this document, the messages contain the encoding
   for the SHA-1 digest algorithm identifier.  The preferred form for
   encoding as set out in Section 2 of [RFC3370] is the form in which
   the optional AlgorithmIdentifier parameter field is omitted.
   However, [RFC3370] also says the recipients need to be able to
   receive the form in which the AlgorithmIdentifier parameter field is
   present and set to NULL.  Examples of the form using NULL can be
   found in Section 4.2 of [RFC4134].  Receivers really do need to be
   able to receive the form that includes the NULL because the NULL
   form, while not preferred, is what was observed as being generated by
   most implementations.  Implementers should also note that if the
   algorithm is MD5 instead of SHA-1, then the form that omits the
   AlgorithmIdentifier parameters field is not allowed and the sender
   has to use the form where the NULL is included.

   The preferred encryption algorithm for S/MIME in SIP is AES as
   defined in [RFC3853].

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 28]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Observed S/MIME interoperability has been better when UAs did not
   attach the senders' certificates.  Attaching the certificates
   significantly increases the size of the messages, which should be
   considered when sending over UDP.  Furthermore, the receiver cannot
   rely on the sender to always send the certificate, so it does not
   turn out to be useful in most situations.

   Please note that the certificate path validation algorithm described
   in Section 6 of [RFC5280] is a complex algorithm for which all of the
   details matter.  There are numerous ways in which failing to
   precisely implement the algorithm as specified in Section 6 of
   [RFC5280] can create a security flaw, a simple example of which is
   the failure to check the expiration date that is already mentioned
   above.  It is important for developers to ensure that this validation
   is performed and that the results are verified by their applications
   or any libraries that they use.

6.  Additional Test Scenarios

   This section provides a non-exhaustive list of tests that
   implementations should perform while developing systems that use
   S/MIME and TLS for SIP.

   Much of the required behavior for inspecting certificates when using
   S/MIME and TLS with SIP is currently underspecified.  The non-
   normative recommendations in this document capture the current
   folklore around that required behavior, guided by both related
   normative works such as [RFC4474] (particularly, Section 13.4 Domain
   Names and Subordination) and informative works such as [RFC2818],
   Section 3.1.  To summarize, test plans should:

   o  For S/MIME secured bodies, ensure that the peer's URI (address-of-
      record, as per [RFC3261], Section 23.3) appears in the
      subjectAltName of the peer's certificate as a
      uniformResourceIdentifier field.

   o  For TLS, ensure that the peer's hostname appears as described in
      [RFC5922].  Also:

      *  ensure an exact match in a dNSName entry in the subjectAltName
         if there are any dNSNames in the subjectAltName.  Wildcard
         matching is not allowed against these dNSName entries.  See
         Section 7.1 of [RFC5922].

      *  ensure that the most specific CommonName in the Subject field
         matches if there are no dNSName entries in the subjectAltName
         at all (which is not the same as there being no matching

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 29]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

         dNSName entries).  This match can be either exact, or against
         an entry that uses the wildcard matching character '*'.

      The peer's hostname is discovered from the initial DNS query in
      the server location process [RFC3263].

   o  IP addresses can appear in subjectAltName ([RFC5280]) of the
      peer's certificate, e.g., "IP:192.168.0.1".  Note that if IP
      addresses are used in subjectAltName, there are important
      ramifications regarding the use of Record-Route headers that also
      need to be considered.  See Section 7.5 of [RFC5922].  Use of IP
      addresses instead of domain names is inadvisable.

   For each of these tests, an implementation will proceed past the
   verification point only if the certificate is "good".  S/MIME
   protected requests presenting bad certificate data will be rejected.
   S/MIME protected responses presenting bad certificate information
   will be ignored.  TLS connections involving bad certificate data will
   not be completed.

   1.   S/MIME : Good peer certificate

   2.   S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (peer URI does not appear in
        subjectAltName)

   3.   S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (valid authority chain does not
        end at a trusted CA)

   4.   S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (incomplete authority chain)

   5.   S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (the current time does not fall
        within the period of validity)

   6.   S/MIME : Bad peer certificate (certificate, or certificate in
        authority chain, has been revoked)

   7.   S/MIME : Bad peer certificate ("Digital Signature" is not
        specified as an X509v3 Key Usage)

   8.   TLS : Good peer certificate (hostname appears in dNSName in
        subjectAltName)

   9.   TLS : Good peer certificate (no dNSNames in subjectAltName,
        hostname appears in Common Name (CN) of Subject)

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   10.  TLS : Good peer certificate (CN of Subject empty, and
        subjectAltName extension contains an iPAddress stored in the
        octet string in network byte order form as specified in RFC 791
        [RFC0791])

   11.  TLS : Bad peer certificate (no match in dNSNames or in the
        Subject CN)

   12.  TLS : Bad peer certificate (valid authority chain does not end
        at a trusted CA)

   13.  TLS : Bad peer certificate (incomplete authority chain)

   14.  TLS : Bad peer certificate (the current time does not fall
        within the period of validity)

   15.  TLS : Bad peer certificate (certificate, or certificate in
        authority chain, has been revoked)

   16.  TLS : Bad peer certificate ("TLS Web Server Authentication" is
        not specified as an X509v3 Key Usage)

   17.  TLS : Bad peer certificate (Neither "SIP Domain" nor "Any
        Extended Key Usage" specified as an X509v3 Extended Key Usage,
        and X509v3 Extended Key Usage is present)

7.  Acknowledgments

   Many thanks to the developers of all the open source software used to
   create these call flows.  This includes the underlying crypto and TLS
   software used from openssl.org, the SIP stack from
   www.resiprocate.org, and the SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence
   Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE) Instant Messaging and Presence
   Protocol (IMPP) agent from www.sipimp.org.  The TLS flow dumps were
   done with SSLDump from http://www.rtfm.com/ssldump.  The book "SSL
   and TLS" [EKR-TLS] was a huge help in developing the code for these
   flows.  It's sad there is no second edition.

   Thanks to Jim Schaad, Russ Housley, Eric Rescorla, Dan Wing, Tat
   Chan, and Lyndsay Campbell, who all helped find and correct mistakes
   in this document.

   Vijay Gurbani and Alan Jeffrey contributed much of the additional
   test scenario content.

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 31]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

8.  Security Considerations

   Implementers must never use any of the certificates provided in this
   document in anything but a test environment.  Installing the CA root
   certificates used in this document as a trusted root in operational
   software would completely destroy the security of the system while
   giving the user the impression that the system was operating
   securely.

   This document recommends some things that implementers might test or
   verify to improve the security of their implementations.  It is
   impossible to make a comprehensive list of these, and this document
   only suggests some of the most common mistakes that have been seen at
   the SIPit interoperability events.  Just because an implementation
   does everything this document recommends does not make it secure.

   This document does not show any messages to check certificate
   revocation status (see Sections 3.3 and 6.3 of [RFC5280]) as that is
   not part of the SIP call flow.  The expectation is that revocation
   status is checked regularly to protect against the possibility of
   certificate compromise or repudiation.  For more information on how
   certificate revocation status can be checked, see [RFC2560] (Online
   Certificate Status Protocol) and [RFC5055] (Server-Based Certificate
   Validation Protocol).

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC0791]          Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
                      September 1981.

   [RFC2560]          Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A., Galperin, S.,
                      and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key
                      Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol
                      - OCSP", RFC 2560, June 1999.

   [RFC3261]          Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G.,
                      Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley,
                      M., and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation
                      Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.

   [RFC3263]          Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session
                      Initiation Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers",
                      RFC 3263, June 2002.

   [RFC3370]          Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
                      Algorithms", RFC 3370, August 2002.

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 32]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   [RFC3428]          Campbell, B., Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H.,
                      Huitema, C., and D. Gurle, "Session Initiation
                      Protocol (SIP) Extension for Instant Messaging",
                      RFC 3428, December 2002.

   [RFC3853]          Peterson, J., "S/MIME Advanced Encryption Standard
                      (AES) Requirement for the Session Initiation
                      Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3853, July 2004.

   [RFC4474]          Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for
                      Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
                      Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4474, August 2006.

   [RFC5055]          Freeman, T., Housley, R., Malpani, A., Cooper, D.,
                      and W. Polk, "Server-Based Certificate Validation
                      Protocol (SCVP)", RFC 5055, December 2007.

   [RFC5246]          Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer
                      Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
                      August 2008.

   [RFC5280]          Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen,
                      S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509
                      Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and
                      Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile",
                      RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [RFC5621]          Camarillo, G., "Message Body Handling in the
                      Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 5621,
                      September 2009.

   [RFC5652]          Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)",
                      STD 70, RFC 5652, September 2009.

   [RFC5751]          Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose
                      Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2
                      Message Specification", RFC 5751, January 2010.

   [RFC5922]          Gurbani, V., Lawrence, S., and A. Jeffrey, "Domain
                      Certificates in the Session Initiation Protocol
                      (SIP)", RFC 5922, June 2010.

   [RFC5923]          Gurbani, V., Mahy, R., and B. Tate, "Connection
                      Reuse in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
                      RFC 5923, June 2010.

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 33]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   [RFC5924]          Lawrence, S. and V. Gurbani, "Extended Key Usage
                      (EKU) for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) X.509
                      Certificates", RFC 5924, June 2010.

   [X.509]            International Telecommunications Union,
                      "Information technology - Open Systems
                      Interconnection - The Directory: Public-key and
                      attribute certificate frameworks",
                      ITU-T Recommendation X.509 (2005), ISO/
                      IEC 9594-8:2005.

   [X.683]            International Telecommunications Union,
                      "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation
                      One (ASN.1): Parameterization of ASN.1
                      specifications", ITU-T Recommendation X.683
                      (2002), ISO/IEC 8824-4:2002, 2002.

9.2.  Informative References

   [EKR-TLS]          Rescorla, E., "SSL and TLS - Designing and
                      Building Secure Systems", Addison-Wesley, ISBN
                      0-201-61598-3, 2001.

   [RFC2818]          Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.

   [RFC4134]          Hoffman, P., "Examples of S/MIME Messages",
                      RFC 4134, July 2005.

   [RFC4475]          Sparks, R., Hawrylyshen, A., Johnston, A.,
                      Rosenberg, J., and H. Schulzrinne, "Session
                      Initiation Protocol (SIP) Torture Test Messages",
                      RFC 4475, May 2006.

   [RFC4514]          Zeilenga, K., "Lightweight Directory Access
                      Protocol (LDAP): String Representation of
                      Distinguished Names", RFC 4514, June 2006.

   [ssldump-manpage]  Rescorla, E., "SSLDump manpage",
                      <http://www.rtfm.com/ssldump/Ssldump.html>.

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 34]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

Appendix A.  Making Test Certificates

   These scripts allow you to make certificates for test purposes.  The
   certificates will all share a common CA root so that everyone running
   these scripts can have interoperable certificates.  WARNING - these
   certificates are totally insecure and are for test purposes only.
   All the CAs created by this script share the same private key to
   facilitate interoperability testing, but this totally breaks the
   security since the private key of the CA is well known.

   The instructions assume a Unix-like environment with openssl
   installed, but openssl does work in Windows too.  OpenSSL version
   0.9.8j was used to generate the certificates used in this document.
   Make sure you have openssl installed by trying to run "openssl".  Run
   the makeCA script found in Appendix A.1; this creates a subdirectory
   called demoCA.  If the makeCA script cannot find where your openssl
   is installed you will have to set an environment variable called
   OPENSSLDIR to whatever directory contains the file openssl.cnf.  You
   can find this with a "locate openssl.cnf".  You are now ready to make
   certificates.

   To create certificates for use with TLS, run the makeCert script
   found in Appendix A.2 with the fully qualified domain name of the
   proxy you are making the certificate for, e.g., "makeCert
   host.example.net domain eku".  This will generate a private key and a
   certificate.  The private key will be left in a file named
   domain_key_example.net.pem in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format.
   The certificate will be in domain_cert_example.net.pem.  Some
   programs expect both the certificate and private key combined
   together in a Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #12 format
   file.  This is created by the script and left in a file named
   example.net.p12.  Some programs expect this file to have a .pfx
   extension instead of .p12 -- just rename the file if needed.  A file
   with a certificate signing request, called example.net.csr, is also
   created and can be used to get the certificate signed by another CA.

   A second argument indicating the number of days for which the
   certificate should be valid can be passed to the makeCert script.  It
   is possible to make an expired certificate using the command
   "makeCert host.example.net 0".

   Anywhere that a password is used to protect a certificate, the
   password is set to the string "password".

   The root certificate for the CA is in the file
   root_cert_fluffyCA.pem.

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   For things that need DER format certificates, a certificate can be
   converted from PEM to DER with "openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM
   -out cert.der -outform DER".

   Some programs expect certificates in PKCS #7 format (with a file
   extension of .p7c).  You can convert these from PEM format to PKCS #7
   with "openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile cert.pem -certfile demoCA/
   cacert.pem -outform DER -out cert.p7c".

   IE (version 8), Outlook Express (version 6), and Firefox (version
   3.5) can import and export .p12 files and .p7c files.  You can
   convert a PKCS #7 certificate to PEM format with "openssl pkcs7 -in
   cert.p7c -inform DER -outform PEM -out cert.pem".

   The private key can be converted to PKCS #8 format with "openssl
   pkcs8 -in a_key.pem -topk8 -outform DER -out a_key.p8c".

   In general, a TLS client will just need the root certificate of the
   CA.  A TLS server will need its private key and its certificate.
   These could be in two PEM files, a single file with both certificate
   and private key PEM sections, or a single .p12 file.  An S/MIME
   program will need its private key and certificate, the root
   certificate of the CA, and the certificate for every other user it
   communicates with.

A.1.  makeCA script

   #!/bin/sh
   set -x

   rm -rf demoCA

   mkdir demoCA
   mkdir demoCA/certs
   mkdir demoCA/crl
   mkdir demoCA/newcerts
   mkdir demoCA/private
   # This is done to generate the exact serial number used for the RFC
   echo "4902110184015C" > demoCA/serial
   touch demoCA/index.txt

   # You may need to modify this for where your default file is
   # you can find where yours in by typing "openssl ca"
   for D in /etc/ssl /usr/local/ssl /sw/etc/ssl /sw/share/ssl; do
     CONF=${OPENSSLDIR:=$D}/openssl.cnf
     [ -f ${CONF} ] && break
   done

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   CONF=${OPENSSLDIR}/openssl.cnf

   if [ ! -f $CONF  ]; then
       echo "Can not find file $CONF - set your OPENSSLDIR variable"
       exit
   fi

   cp $CONF openssl.cnf

   cat >> openssl.cnf  <<EOF
   [ sipdomain_cert ]
   subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
   basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
   subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
   authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
   keyUsage = nonRepudiation,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment
   extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth,1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20

   [ sipdomain_req ]
   basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
   subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
   subjectKeyIdentifier=hash

   [ sipuser_cert ]
   subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
   basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
   subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
   authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
   keyUsage = nonRepudiation,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment
   extendedKeyUsage=emailProtection,1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20

   [ sipuser_req ]
   basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
   subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
   subjectKeyIdentifier=hash

   [ sipdomain_noeku_cert ]
   subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
   basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
   subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
   authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
   keyUsage = nonRepudiation,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment

   [ sipdomain_noeku_req ]
   basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
   subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
   subjectKeyIdentifier=hash

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   [ sipuser_noeku_cert ]
   subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
   basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
   subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
   authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
   keyUsage = nonRepudiation,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment

   [ sipuser_noeku_req ]
   basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
   subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
   subjectKeyIdentifier=hash

   EOF

   cat > demoCA/private/cakey.pem <<EOF
   -----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIFDjBABgkqhkiG9w0BBQ0wMzAbBgkqhkiG9w0BBQwwDgQIlwtc771DlNUCAggA
   MBQGCCqGSIb3DQMHBAhRD3Z1i2TavwSCBMgXoXo0H/dTplHwnqfW7Uh1dr776z7B
   lsNxlenMA6lYmALF/4E1tqOE2/aEbr8W3wTVjNpew9r5TBsbA1I9/FMMe+USc1ra
   5pIdDLx7ynzHvxcUWJ1xbWGeLcEmXGOvzkwW/oOg49Yq1ce1GtlLSV2L7Wi93TUQ
   Q8i5l0X0xjx7cB7kaHTOTyaN0sxUE3qlQ2sXTbbHWUfIaNpEZUI5ITrDUflfMnxb
   RogQGv+5owsM7zwzfyGz3QocM9WaZwKFOEOqBvEfGaaZ9ml+cn1Rz/1Id7tSBlRH
   3ucN2mGdEVIUvzSACZ9LPuIO7WBGM56enDRsqZji4WfqDHdXa4gkJKqPEJeBnLVA
   jxCmLJSyikM25kHDm8LWuOckO/Rk+7999h13Qv1Ynm7yCincorqdlTrAdmq1Z8Tj
   QPgXioTlx6++6yxiDCV7Mwkydox31K9y/Tf2cZ//dWuf/lfMaaq8HfpSNl4RKqsz
   ufL41K5sCzPRIugUdooUQSGPC0JgcskPcifT6zvrI62KLPFVrwG5HT9PdevQvC6O
   VgglxbEGJ7I4vllzmY62/0LtQKIA6bh8pszvvmHjGo9s+f+p7KJVYygEHNEmRTm+
   8M2owk67033sV6IClDOAdRL8siTHmcmM+r1x9VVIppsDrzjqQqYVGYBbjEJW8eQp
   t7kAjuN48tDD1mS8E6DstPv/6S0AjzAqCbjkuPJ0WU5fD1cY+iTpo9vcunohcj+i
   KVXsM34wOsBpMBjFQ+Aww5bsIkEV1liOYLav1F7/BvP2s0gc3puM5W35y1cbKLu2
   ThJV7mIWoV770aQYpJba0UAk9OzBVEvPNahrDI1NucbEkFrhN2pfnOs7k4UvrjiK
   uknKrm3gocDOdstyMZX81Beyj06NhpcJH+bOSvROk/d68aAsapy6qS9hLijNNbcd
   itQ/fo+1o9MDujT/huj7ZFqdzNM3KA6vxf0kmmVM+GJbYke+cjXk6WB80lF9lYcB
   0pWPd+fgwFL252FUoFcjvUWFXkvbR1+IMkv6sNdKcXHHazAE6nl6yPl9bVwCaS1I
   WNqEfHntblNZbeW+3qH8ov1ZXVCqEmaHkajSAhFJKXCgpSXaIx2FSntzpVFbRpnw
   Yd9eml9xwgE3l9aRuvR6p61fd051LzCh7KjvorV1CemPUT6YRBamFNCBoT7cqjhE
   kqMQfowKkMEY0p2dzMnGzsSPKk10nI53RgPyD/8FT5dPuq073SyjxTKhAbvl+kVl
   lrfZ6b7P/UKwLBCT3bLG6uU/Es84euWN+U2JXIADPoCcVeWrUqkf4j368c2Z8Zdd
   A27X4ZJ+q+YfsFNiOA7vshHi3Am3gBzQhEEGsRdzgkf8qmtlRGhq/823GEexoUfu
   8SiOOjoU08HGAkTtPWjV5+0C6Q6RW9SmNMwz7msZHoKTQ8kz2LKXUwb6DBwWcw6/
   UTUgzVXqhA8HmjsnVe9ftDKL66v9zlp4RVRdDzm4TYUybYh5uigFbjJFLlnJnJho
   TcnusHO80Cxgs64khLRzM46Oi+JSEPv7o7zHcfWNOVtNW908EKCubtEDZtnQn9VC
   0Sky9R/WzunaLlG3LZ3BRUhWpyyvdNxlNq3ie4tcRMlXIEe14UZN0sPCKZY//NEn
   BEc=
   -----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
   EOF

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   cat > demoCA/cacert.pem <<EOF
   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIDtTCCAp2gAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pMMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDEyNzE4MzYwNVoYDzIxMTEwMTAzMTgzNjA1WjBwMQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECAwKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBwwIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoMBXNpcGl0MSkwJwYDVQQLDCBTaXBpdCBUZXN0IENlcnRpZmlj
   YXRlIEF1dGhvcml0eTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAKsf
   kWHxHMXNpnsWm7cUeeQwnpjQ7Ae3vXfX0fVbLOLu5rGw8IX6pbzLzM9pLE/8UO+d
   MSvAWer7ZG8fVac9/XDSVtsUmReScKwm+DRBcNnAA5FqutERj6wSMd65GXCNXad9
   ixnMQD+u/94f25SzRndsrq7/PtaEW8LeCyZl0JHHcEvHCkq/x5cE3bpYR8vgKyN2
   h2XFVTQQqycfHPgwPbCbyqKBcky9YP73If4L2wvb6VsBNtQoFWt569CRGyFZuA6q
   v9WxbHA3oz+lfQ6VRvb2WGeDdUI3GAukQTmyL2yALHjspQ++nBD4wAsNc5meDdeX
   UMvMRTQjSUGFIiStKcMCAwEAAaNQME4wHQYDVR0OBBYEFJVFfl8r6mWYEpEE82PH
   aJpYFncnMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFJVFfl8r6mWYEpEE82PHaJpYFncnMAwGA1UdEwQF
   MAMBAf8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAAZfnq6gmry1uVt+lzPM32OYmJTLDWap
   g+iqWCpZoZ5HMaavXD+iJYb43wWSt9tpoWlyh2bFqzWJATcZyXTrCdE/iHskE0LK
   LftF5sxL+CF48/WX7AmSJKLw5pSNl0oAlAC9JbgXLFJTXcxcSKShHS32UFUTpNOy
   ovTxuW1IXlzz3uD8WQmh2RRhZb/YP7m6LnztXCSba8qqX/HBHrCo2oIP+0xxO017
   OMjjiioZNEQmC+rwRzhGKGUE4gFS3ew95fVTdHd0dW3G2cIKrDu4mFxVUzR0Uqgm
   sS8wItCLt/Og3WgHM9Wut4GylFhyTnzGci+9bGn7tReoKo3XLJEGyAw=
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

   EOF

   # uncomment the following lines to generate your own key pair

   # openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -passin pass:password \
   #     -passout pass:password -set_serial 0x96a384174eef8a4c \
   #     -sha1 -x509 -keyout demoCA/private/cakey.pem \
   #     -out demoCA/cacert.pem -days 36500 -config ${CONF} <<EOF
   # US
   # California
   # San Jose
   # sipit
   # Sipit Test Certificate Authority
   #
   #
   # EOF

   # either randomly generate a serial number, or set it manually
   # hexdump -n 4 -e '4/1 "%04u"' /dev/random > demoCA/serial
   echo 96a384174eef8a4d > demoCA/serial

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RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile demoCA/cacert.pem \
           -outform DER -out demoCA/cacert.p7c

   cp demoCA/cacert.pem root_cert_fluffyCA.pem

A.2.  makeCert script

  #!/bin/sh
  set -x

  # Make a symbolic link to this file called "makeUserCert"
  # if you wish to use it to make certs for users.

  # ExecName=$(basename $0)
  #
  # if [ ${ExecName} == "makeUserCert" ]; then
  #   ExtPrefix="sipuser"
  # elif [ ${ExecName} == "makeEkuUserCert" ]; then
  #   ExtPrefix="sipuser_eku"
  # elif [ ${ExecName} == "makeEkuCert" ]; then
  #   ExtPrefix="sipdomain_eku"
  # else
  #   ExtPrefix="sipdomain"
  # fi

  if [  $# == 3  ]; then
    DAYS=36500
  elif [ $# == 4 ]; then
    DAYS=$4
  else
    echo "Usage: makeCert test.example.org user|domain eku|noeku [days]"
    echo "       makeCert alice@example.org [days]"
    echo "days is how long the certificate is valid"
    echo "days set to 0 generates an invalid certificate"
    exit 0
  fi

  ExtPrefix="sip"${2}

  if [ $3 == "noeku" ]; then
    ExtPrefix=${ExtPrefix}"_noeku"
  fi

  DOMAIN=`echo $1 | perl -ne '{print "$1\n" if (/(\w+\..*)$/)}'   `
  USER=`echo $1 | perl -ne '{print "$1\n" if (/(\w+)\@(\w+\..*)$/)}'   `
  ADDR=$1
  echo "making cert for $DOMAIN ${ADDR}"

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 40]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

  if [ $2 == "user" ]; then
    CNVALUE=$USER
  else
    CNVALUE=$DOMAIN
  fi

  rm -f ${ADDR}_*.pem
  rm -f ${ADDR}.p12

  case ${ADDR} in
  *:*) ALTNAME="URI:${ADDR}" ;;
  *@*) ALTNAME="URI:sip:${ADDR},URI:im:${ADDR},URI:pres:${ADDR}" ;;
  *)   ALTNAME="DNS:${DOMAIN},URI:sip:${ADDR}" ;;
  esac

  rm -f demoCA/index.txt
  touch demoCA/index.txt
  rm -f demoCA/newcerts/*

  export ALTNAME

  openssl genrsa  -out ${ADDR}_key.pem 2048
  openssl req -new  -config openssl.cnf -reqexts ${ExtPrefix}_req \
          -sha1 -key ${ADDR}_key.pem \
          -out ${ADDR}.csr -days ${DAYS} <<EOF
  US
  California
  San Jose
  sipit

  ${CNVALUE}

  EOF

  if [ $DAYS == 0 ]; then
  openssl ca -extensions ${ExtPrefix}_cert -config openssl.cnf \
      -passin pass:password -policy policy_anything \
      -md sha1 -batch -notext -out ${ADDR}_cert.pem \
      -startdate 990101000000Z \
      -enddate 000101000000Z \
       -infiles ${ADDR}.csr
  else
  openssl ca -extensions ${ExtPrefix}_cert -config openssl.cnf \
      -passin pass:password -policy policy_anything \
      -md sha1 -days ${DAYS} -batch -notext -out ${ADDR}_cert.pem \
       -infiles ${ADDR}.csr
  fi

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 41]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

  openssl pkcs12 -passin pass:password \
      -passout pass:password -export \
      -out ${ADDR}.p12 -in ${ADDR}_cert.pem \
      -inkey ${ADDR}_key.pem -name ${ADDR} -certfile demoCA/cacert.pem

  openssl x509 -in ${ADDR}_cert.pem -noout -text

  case ${ADDR} in
  *@*) mv ${ADDR}_key.pem user_key_${ADDR}.pem; \
       mv ${ADDR}_cert.pem user_cert_${ADDR}.pem ;;
  *)   mv ${ADDR}_key.pem domain_key_${ADDR}.pem; \
       mv ${ADDR}_cert.pem domain_cert_${ADDR}.pem ;;
  esac

Appendix B.  Certificates for Testing

   This section contains various certificates used for testing in PEM
   format.

B.1.  Certificates Using EKU

   These certificates make use of the EKU specification described in
   [RFC5924].

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 42]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Fluffy's user certificate for example.com:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIEGTCCAwGgAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pNMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzE5MzIxN1oYDzIxMTEwMTE0MTkzMjE3WjBWMQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MQ8wDQYDVQQDEwZmbHVmZnkwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3
   DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCjLFkM6bzk7NOe+5kC7LE2OrfTHU3DOrauUL1f
   VQh3jH6k6fBoMSiPIzJWGcMil6dt/aciKgG1r2G9X37BFOWYKbQ0TjiKJu4N2tsn
   uXjWrKwEeDKYwnXnarctszzj65el74tZQlAXe/6nga83p+fjH7CN0HIvbBRCxgFo
   4Y/9Vk19zxbcqgVhCwrKyuxR7FNuPSsAgP41GwYKYROIC0TzzP0rDrSiC6CXhBQu
   7ivjL8EanoaaeGqiTFeT5wEm01YNvbAv+NrHPAHcyy0xjGzGXLRj6LKiQBG/rfht
   EgGXHUf4ahWL+yeWc0RGNNckHM9WjdS+1pRb8KZn493PtPLVAgMBAAGjgc0wgcow
   UQYDVR0RBEowSIYWc2lwOmZsdWZmeUBleGFtcGxlLmNvbYYVaW06Zmx1ZmZ5QGV4
   YW1wbGUuY29thhdwcmVzOmZsdWZmeUBleGFtcGxlLmNvbTAJBgNVHRMEAjAAMB0G
   A1UdDgQWBBSFlwm401U3JIrc3uORcuQiz5iHUjAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBSVRX5fK+pl
   mBKRBPNjx2iaWBZ3JzALBgNVHQ8EBAMCBeAwHQYDVR0lBBYwFAYIKwYBBQUHAwQG
   CCsGAQUFBwMUMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4IBAQCoqY/YiguI7f9Pv+XNj557uOby
   LKrjI1uacV79IKPd2dPB8ujwvnfbM8yKe0+RK43W9xTDjeBg0zRQvL5nIs31dHv0
   mmiiUiuBL0bTCZ8lwyDoENXvOHvRF9Tx11RnVvETzy/8i4P8FOcBglmDzLGN8Mfa
   TrHczFTPbDtHR1mH2Rbsr6/hEhMjHgrb9bX/XasVDuMlkQAOkNvYBxGQgQE6SKiq
   nrBi0zbwDLcvpxeSUjYpFArWZYZnc3RuqjzuRzgeyG4GgYUcLvC2BH1sONuBnLgH
   4we+9S8JaGMEa4cONrmho/vIMAygY41tqwr4RLB4GRo4fvpqodRLS3V1v28J
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 43]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Fluffy's private key for user certificate for example.com:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEpQIBAAKCAQEAoyxZDOm85OzTnvuZAuyxNjq30x1Nwzq2rlC9X1UId4x+pOnw
   aDEojyMyVhnDIpenbf2nIioBta9hvV9+wRTlmCm0NE44iibuDdrbJ7l41qysBHgy
   mMJ152q3LbM84+uXpe+LWUJQF3v+p4GvN6fn4x+wjdByL2wUQsYBaOGP/VZNfc8W
   3KoFYQsKysrsUexTbj0rAID+NRsGCmETiAtE88z9Kw60ogugl4QULu4r4y/BGp6G
   mnhqokxXk+cBJtNWDb2wL/jaxzwB3MstMYxsxly0Y+iyokARv634bRIBlx1H+GoV
   i/snlnNERjTXJBzPVo3UvtaUW/CmZ+Pdz7Ty1QIDAQABAoIBAH+bSvjiQir1WnnW
   YM78s4mpWeDr5chrvjmMQsyu/zQe11u4551T9FgcOl1DQGtpFjLaTz5Ug4nGYjVq
   3QG6ieL5mkfddDH2R+zl3sWuMmYQG2ZTaZ41VWdo+V/v8Ap+T9YhA2UGiwQSoA/3
   R0PLN3lTaws8nE+hwiaGGsweujBvcaIJu4RQrGHRHaeEplU+tfjcHHElfzUAmKyM
   cMgF8IpdUcA1pyHe3Pyc0oGnLyEVnv291xGWQfWT7nqf7K0QDLA6+TvbG3fGEYIw
   WK4DMraUbZ66Jlnj1XfADoxWOTsygV+KYhZcbwjBWAUSOSduAtfwa6b72OnWd28J
   8KYvrXECgYEA1eCJZZSavxhlfxqsWC/WdQ8S3SimI62KSLrN3bI0RO/60KiU2ap3
   16ZhNLq8t3DjpkWiZrukixs2odsU7k3z6q+qm++P0TUwL7z3Bri0FimqUeVSYgAf
   ZmFgGz7wLAM29zhv0hTZjGrrwMlNSyJ2tjyqpiO1XqkbdBpPBxKPrdcCgYEAw09f
   4M2QKQBFzjecPeQpwJqnh8cuoHS+2CNLYGjlmjd/zAUgVF2+WPA1R1DmjAqJ9iwh
   15Yx3CbknpKbfhfilmHkcGyA+fjQaisq/NzN3Ya0FP9Waht0FoBsAHt9X5xFwXH6
   YBKUrqoPF5DAy427EL1nsIRa+LtoPaTdqpphFzMCgYEAlgSOO0s2FA43uyTpeF3t
   rmQpVilaB7KFSaiGGBgUY7p0koF9DwRsVT4l9sd48a7kb09ur2K08sHe2z8BenoB
   Oj+HiyNJHHSTXRjNqNBLuTP2fMU+uPDfFX/92n6WFjkXB+d1P8VSJxUkUjCg36/H
   1uHMzQZFBKXXVOPTROG3GDcCgYEAoPFmq8QZOIA+BbnzqVi8QzfuN8geFyE9JrSm
   55JpKdT0HbZXts3tDjMbZGI5KUuB9nbViGb/PVBbcoSTV6vtD0kpyq7O9a5gaCyc
   ZvS5PARFn0vt9NAcsHIxDZC1drU7EjaPQN3u4aPHff7NsK9haGD78gyPPoqIUsvp
   0i0XNtsCgYEAxIUikI+5wXIrnC1FUt0gt6+4T0zc7qEO0EpQRtktZ/1saNXEhA6N
   EUqWLJMOnClhp72V5IvXsKgjxU8VpgIZeHIIt5jZb8XMmBiSQxiVTf6rp3s8PqlM
   EtXfh7TdJzKuRP7d0g2uG4boJMFf590nqNjrxj9VeSxEWUrSK3YG/h8=
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 44]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Kumiko's user certificate for example.net:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIEGTCCAwGgAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pOMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzE5MzIxN1oYDzIxMTEwMTE0MTkzMjE3WjBWMQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MQ8wDQYDVQQDEwZrdW1pa28wggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3
   DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDL5odVdA3gFf/MuGIqbMY8Kl7g7kUfexWkpXbT
   ptxlxf2D8hzUX8/PUn2XXcTbP019DqA+MkMiX4NNGpDZyeoIrcquKUXK7UQlRoKy
   Q6Va11DijHTqdPTWFIrRhbRUhPjj0WvG1AFPYRRG/IZfRQcH8Aw1w8XSp614m1mY
   9XwL5LuHNimAgjADHMrSk1obmHws0thU9nV0t1UG1SA1lA32JZX81bqKDg3Tq1Ho
   fsKU3GwoBZG507lVG5bcV2ByA5HnCFpFeDTDYE23197USLhqRtIqrxxr64SFo9Dn
   P0mYH6e3lRveAZhdKIbCHgGaKqIr7+SZDnLdCyKDrFSPC/lbAgMBAAGjgc0wgcow
   UQYDVR0RBEowSIYWc2lwOmt1bWlrb0BleGFtcGxlLm5ldIYVaW06a3VtaWtvQGV4
   YW1wbGUubmV0hhdwcmVzOmt1bWlrb0BleGFtcGxlLm5ldDAJBgNVHRMEAjAAMB0G
   A1UdDgQWBBQ02bNX/rnbbYoEy6wU7oyst63WbDAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBSVRX5fK+pl
   mBKRBPNjx2iaWBZ3JzALBgNVHQ8EBAMCBeAwHQYDVR0lBBYwFAYIKwYBBQUHAwQG
   CCsGAQUFBwMUMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4IBAQCTN2SNTLUcvgtVnBi3RBRtD0+p
   aiFPtWQ+YWbyCG/+NetesegCwi7xBOgSK+GxUWpTVuDW5smyTTZyvrMQhpkckcyO
   KvuUVz0/yK67oSume1vo75KY8BvgfeZXZG4PjqqelJ3czB0XLfeb6KFmtoiHQ/R7
   4i/O9+MhB3Zoeg5bm5f2g9ljYwRbD1Uav/aH9WeGEX992d9XJ/bpGGPrAdgmV3jo
   KDFKh8ys1yfmM3xVdU0qPtos2nlzGNaqoceeFZoYaMf8uTzoaan6KZkQDTiMDRpt
   YKxyS721re/840FwDvt67w+GIfFf7ISrAlkHwroYt0NMnLv610rka8qnVvaQ
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 45]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Kumiko's private key for user certificate for example.net:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAy+aHVXQN4BX/zLhiKmzGPCpe4O5FH3sVpKV206bcZcX9g/Ic
   1F/Pz1J9l13E2z9NfQ6gPjJDIl+DTRqQ2cnqCK3KrilFyu1EJUaCskOlWtdQ4ox0
   6nT01hSK0YW0VIT449FrxtQBT2EURvyGX0UHB/AMNcPF0qeteJtZmPV8C+S7hzYp
   gIIwAxzK0pNaG5h8LNLYVPZ1dLdVBtUgNZQN9iWV/NW6ig4N06tR6H7ClNxsKAWR
   udO5VRuW3FdgcgOR5whaRXg0w2BNt9fe1Ei4akbSKq8ca+uEhaPQ5z9JmB+nt5Ub
   3gGYXSiGwh4BmiqiK+/kmQ5y3Qsig6xUjwv5WwIDAQABAoIBAHCXmrGgRS0xWLBW
   PLbKm+iLSRsR14+bqwbg663SHTAB1Yzvu+W2Bo2oMnvMJrEe0o407l2J6bJoZZvF
   CKmKqrYiKaJkXgrBW/jtZ6xCWGPCNAL1pnX1IWG5tDIgj8SALOO4N7hyR0rrA4Rz
   W0vuVQSYFFX4BhvdxZesyRwCqn3x0pPSff95Ad+vuJd5CYuFZCuyGkszQ3fi+Nia
   Gqs01EuyolEv72rsw2E5+wtx3qXB8Z4HXr+Yq9NbE8lp2CWd1Uh1qIHl8kwWmnIG
   V3oLKiIowV+M6Zx/uzwAMF0Rdn5kET+b5DOlIksUAAa8LZsf95rOvkLgw7aZaj5e
   sXhAdGECgYEA8930YqU2+AcEkjC5hygw1M/X5k/IcvZp0a8/in2hJW7iZgGh0AFE
   jjxuoIVXbxSf9cZ+M6g76Svww9ecmovLArqbhFaLfbZCsrLeEAhQtGcu3wv7o6px
   N0EbbF5FmOK7qaQ1Sgqj0NF5zP2JsrxGNoRmgFFwVdcpP/3Jp/IlZEsCgYEA1guI
   /7I8h9og1dmTPzMpvpnANdRF/iuMX9AE4LNRp09Hjx0B7Vuat1ABtx09/ZN1hLhZ
   BTZ5R2R2RjbzSHXZ3FdoMgSx9Q3qa+xuPel4RcppHNjdYkPDhPLnOUwQBqFL6kyU
   nTEF+k6VIZvNsmGbB6wpHU1cjDAZUx71p6W49TECgYAMHpa7pExUDT076rH9tpCe
   sume544lsHtX0WbOAipVCuqzeRdKmBWJIBW7YoUS3yqH82JoPM8lamqfwQJmZ9Yh
   /5YlAIwUJk+wQ9VnZJJmNM6OhTDvVFQmE9VCEHlS/Mmox6FiWZ8EjLSJ7HvAZzzy
   Dqhtbh6wFW5WYM15zD3xewKBgQCRmIkY/QGFm0+Ih5ZMgB3eI7GGLB1sNe0nY1Ve
   Dzv0pc3UQHQGI7CLDuYLy91V9o8St17+V76JXIHDYy97U4bdBau/kkgGm++gd9PJ
   U11Xg8aaM73rUJLXhW7ZH68rA16jQnI4tpcNW5S/pr51n0UYI/hXkT7psPIZA08w
   OV8lkQKBgQDaGzCYC/6WumGJUerVCzZd/H6+E3ntZmtz273c8+wV89oRtZzUoJY4
   bVNrYFs9iKFxLtNGRECEU2VzDXHUAguqe05rbzPudAZ4wSsrNchUyw8LkIXHDckt
   pVLs0vhRK2gW/W2I+p2exSPQPt3Uy8tT6IsB9ZbNg/H4D160heHkuQ==
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 46]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Domain certificate for example.com:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIID9DCCAtygAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pPMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzE5MzIxN1oYDzIxMTEwMTE0MTkzMjE3WjBbMQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MRQwEgYDVQQDEwtleGFtcGxlLmNvbTCCASIwDQYJ
   KoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAN10BgIQwucEH7yMtiTnm5SjSDeFnm2D
   EoRQGo5IsfqGjKeAub5S7KbKY0eErfZ0hYIWfk42QAp0LCCpag5qfzXPcHFjfelD
   Z4FM6rUet0yjNQh7IQ0qcwdjnY11vx/UjuZnYHX36gp6bJCvkkXgYgWaihCY3HxU
   i+RhlTsE/BBQ74BFul6El3bBICXBkh2JCvdVYmT66GmiYkxn0wjZYbU9FlS2t0SN
   WSuQ1On7x32HWMMSrDN4AFC6BwWzuQEaY1Vs4XrsoweuOwKDoWngw9wtYemy47Nx
   yKbP2vs+mcflcbnJF9TtvKBHVAmMbm1TmizJaMZv8T2RGiRDd32RaUsCAwEAAaOB
   ozCBoDAnBgNVHREEIDAeggtleGFtcGxlLmNvbYYPc2lwOmV4YW1wbGUuY29tMAkG
   A1UdEwQCMAAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFMwGWVuLXtYN8gVNG2hUHvz5QxkXMB8GA1UdIwQY
   MBaAFJVFfl8r6mWYEpEE82PHaJpYFncnMAsGA1UdDwQEAwIF4DAdBgNVHSUEFjAU
   BggrBgEFBQcDAQYIKwYBBQUHAxQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAGqa0dsAS5CG
   sFPqbzAxiR6bCRS9b7kCqm9Y7jADuKH9s0Fy/7MNy3anF8ZXOAYT5fPkMBdN95e1
   83Tpgfj0VaMN9YI4w5hDUh+EzRq0o0WfPeIx/cuire1gffrSqkkvQamAAbvttnXJ
   l2l/DJFg8cRaNuhcrOGo55pV5eDNAfTek/Q4bMFx0v3NG10l65B7MUHnNw7lwAFI
   kfc03cYfdOY0NObNkw8/zpStkdnicrGfHdOlfV7ipFbFsXFNEApdplbmVx9IpVx1
   Z+qrNT72tvrB84rBgHEyGGwztfoWWhbhoWwZZ/VFaGRvsjHc41oastSHiZb9h7o4
   TgoZBwNLm7E=
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 47]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Private key for domain certificate for example.com:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEpQIBAAKCAQEA3XQGAhDC5wQfvIy2JOeblKNIN4WebYMShFAajkix+oaMp4C5
   vlLspspjR4St9nSFghZ+TjZACnQsIKlqDmp/Nc9wcWN96UNngUzqtR63TKM1CHsh
   DSpzB2OdjXW/H9SO5mdgdffqCnpskK+SReBiBZqKEJjcfFSL5GGVOwT8EFDvgEW6
   XoSXdsEgJcGSHYkK91ViZProaaJiTGfTCNlhtT0WVLa3RI1ZK5DU6fvHfYdYwxKs
   M3gAULoHBbO5ARpjVWzheuyjB647AoOhaeDD3C1h6bLjs3HIps/a+z6Zx+VxuckX
   1O28oEdUCYxubVOaLMloxm/xPZEaJEN3fZFpSwIDAQABAoIBAB9s231ni4Dk4OwM
   u7w48acCFLlsSLMZqoMEKwCN6FO4zDTo23LaqaJxje0UMuuKVXfEYWAP6r6RBcIM
   yHQLQMoOCdLNX4y+d+2tUJErLq+9aUUu093ebDxcMntkfh6yNyUS/mk/KQMbpFRT
   1dn8oWxSJc19I6yxArkB7/9UEcDut6vzdbz+agXpHZH4Tje5OWZQXkHzsYobM8Y8
   c2XwudP1zdQtvOrrOeirexxpOQf4CBQnBxoGmbae9Wf27Kw2bBm5+blZFgdqNxoh
   6Q3rJ9EDyWkrVMAq9a67a59wST1ymyC0c6FmfToCMGlgoMPHcEdvuNYPWd2322oK
   ZdfsawECgYEA+AewMiTdhAE+9TId2qilLQV+y8bdTHQ9rSqW9SF+q5ShOpZa79ER
   asuDuqxU+TiewS0ircrkIyzQmCc1fnfBJh5y6GukpUk8HdLLkA29fV3ZJe+Y4ZbL
   b4TEy/RxEECQREgtnQiaw08yOlT1dobNwxzVsi3mrhtOpfbPBERZUSsCgYEA5JG2
   aGRCkyzASGAnZmqqXCP/pImU+tJb2OCgQ6/3gsxi/l91LwtRhFgx/ptYCgZWlpbz
   +mpnDqexKtowldbjorrUADw84zG4u9d+uWOCXEpCVIEu4DZsRURdy3OzpK1vJaUm
   NLgBiDj8JkUFrXTi4Rzx1Xysf6ndWAxDPDdI+GECgYEAoyFrYY+dohSvs9UijY4e
   FV5n5t8E7iQF7L72SoOdLHy1DjOV2+VF71erbDusJ751q9hj1qp7Iid3ips/M87P
   2qJsMTGbOJrST0s1V6mx16LCD5Fmm/jyFIbeaMZ9FpNgT4ipd38RSyPrhTIbv7kp
   3Ao7AtXtwtVzBPUvcz8A/8ECgYEAw2ps2F13qdql3nsO1Ho3gqVoaGUUUUlOK2MI
   wjYM1/AkZrR4PKthm1PIEpT/tTpsBz2yBBO6XoYya5+10DWz0yoGHNljeR7GgRqh
   hqC0EHGQuizkRd9hu+rSgiI+oXmCQF4tBv+Wl7+YnKOAUidP3gTgIZUA6fjxe9io
   FzBxG6ECgYEAyAHvSeqqwmdotdpWgR3Fk1CmtH7ZPnF2rsuRBaBoYnWtU619ote+
   +Bmd4fBUB9tQOzUC9desRtoK3+wlJKHEPjm/0FxtQQi9ogHEn4e6P9jOwXJNkSsa
   GjGUfzQ3Vm2baeNMg7sH8C5mQ9nskDuCzdlVAB2bMp23oPl6cvPIb0E=
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 48]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Domain certificate for example.net:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIID9DCCAtygAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pQMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzE5MzIxOFoYDzIxMTEwMTE0MTkzMjE4WjBbMQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MRQwEgYDVQQDEwtleGFtcGxlLm5ldDCCASIwDQYJ
   KoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAOwsdgPVSPMweLWsBDHUSXJS6Vk6pu6K
   sVg8IWMf1g0TWTPc5jUAQlWlLNtmN4gcSzq5z1ecvf3rLMomJPZaWbektTTg1KZl
   2wQgyP+vx/Hf1BByj3s2DE/KZoLnQjFQawHHMc+kCtSa6dCFTmD9nA5cYDVxNmKG
   Kz/+5HYxe6ByI6NZGNlSB8ADPULcFg6UchO06JvrGFt1n9tAtMf5C31+YYGpqXBl
   qZOV8Wo0Gp6Vlnd4LrvDZkwjpQ/o7EuFbiK34Gvh3cuh9EkMbk+IPgVv7ohjWPDl
   6WygTkE2VXHDhhdN4MXPKyenXX35sB52fNytN+2qM8bo4QPfTZlGrx0CAwEAAaOB
   ozCBoDAnBgNVHREEIDAeggtleGFtcGxlLm5ldIYPc2lwOmV4YW1wbGUubmV0MAkG
   A1UdEwQCMAAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFNiNYjKOu6f046JHy28GDRVMeR7sMB8GA1UdIwQY
   MBaAFJVFfl8r6mWYEpEE82PHaJpYFncnMAsGA1UdDwQEAwIF4DAdBgNVHSUEFjAU
   BggrBgEFBQcDAQYIKwYBBQUHAxQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAHUzR2H2IWrQ
   ls3iqNlG7815mOjm9mgQX6WP2ILwBOTOqtPJ9uE2XZU9qw6d9vdcbAgLpp4Em4T7
   Whcs0zVTrgKpWjDlho/boRS1gP2Qu9I86zJzf2R3mhTHUsbpxIwMCcHQg/fdIIeP
   5Ar8R5DZXx/Q9zdQLE+cjMSjxo7q7uOV8DRkgMpYtp7BURg5ZXhnkAhEHxa3/SbU
   YGfy3PzRoAMQmRZieAXArsIxEfkaC4Dtox/D4XLvY7njBFv8H6wqlvQyDsKXWlUH
   8dS9i/3wFEpQtymUUeXwk8gzf2ytT6hgrX70s6BLy/IeRU+wLJ3k5YZpopQZjDm1
   fNQG/O8TJlQ=
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 49]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Private key for domain certificate for example.net:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEogIBAAKCAQEA7Cx2A9VI8zB4tawEMdRJclLpWTqm7oqxWDwhYx/WDRNZM9zm
   NQBCVaUs22Y3iBxLOrnPV5y9/essyiYk9lpZt6S1NODUpmXbBCDI/6/H8d/UEHKP
   ezYMT8pmgudCMVBrAccxz6QK1Jrp0IVOYP2cDlxgNXE2YoYrP/7kdjF7oHIjo1kY
   2VIHwAM9QtwWDpRyE7Tom+sYW3Wf20C0x/kLfX5hgampcGWpk5XxajQanpWWd3gu
   u8NmTCOlD+jsS4VuIrfga+Hdy6H0SQxuT4g+BW/uiGNY8OXpbKBOQTZVccOGF03g
   xc8rJ6ddffmwHnZ83K037aozxujhA99NmUavHQIDAQABAoIBABfBYR2BlpTfi0S6
   yLE6aSjWriILhD76NFxrr/AIg79M8uwEjCNIo2N5+ckXvv4x2l9N0U0+tt2Tii3L
   KGyfKecO6isncjxKgn0nzw/o3nO1z97Xpxb9mL9t3GHOYRoUvK6xGpGILo60BlCz
   F+8pk0jegc7eVFoUpMULHm/FCmpY30N5cvCHcAE/ncW49bZmH3gQ+cmr5UcKKDUY
   baJyLd8Q1f+uSmtrfYZzRT5c+4wmrBUjv3w9poMJuEo4slRaDnyeKJPSNR/6/LJk
   tqnqgNif9cj9wqF6hWA23dDmmU/kSRtn1KOz5XmV9Jbo4Fu64Fvn/m/hj5Og4CP9
   hZUWIQECgYEA+nV2pzspCfS7jSebVnvjChvqJ0nJAilSqCmrSQIT5PRmO+GQs6UT
   PVN4GE0Ms8TTJyvxVkpoagQ36VLw/Wr0jUm+Z+dv1TIlFWTas8RNmdZHMv0LvfEe
   Qu2fTI68l2d/L9GBMUCYa/sucX5E9q+3LC+Qo9jw8ehWjQZsWYER4dsCgYEA8WYX
   AqDdKjHRqu2h248gZsuogiZq05iuzXhk2VTQoiM92mu8m1Htak+eov3/3wojqxuw
   TAQbf/t8EfQ7LIGjaKqAua7mgG/aNB6MGGwdpBAPUZDL+DuKfbDbzTOL/IuaW0Fp
   40RC0Up5nTU9wzIKB7a6n5S5R0KXxiGUIphfcGcCgYA6IYdPmziUOfxJ79ZrBUgV
   8ZKwWbzQxpyLsVgzEsthSaRs45a9S2QiyLvIECIRm25S2i0ilRSU/rOncPvEJc3q
   +SG7Zgkb146p34WvUbGdMhHGcNsH0+3tJM/jagG1tmzbwWmV7+MwtNT7vI3vH6uJ
   EuUkUlbiHsXv53zAbWekHwKBgBy5HwfLCEXbA62o9NdhImPY28YQuClRQ4tjReyu
   MNz6AIQayahZiTxbGO8f9fAeDrxvYPzKiFMkI1EnlFrpWf48O3DcpMSninklIVpO
   kwBQgOIdrods3j+yaZTzCzcTjVxKXkUSfDjW+b2A9kZhj9v3HCGc2qbl/5Utraio
   JMMFAoGAHb+k+C4e8WrW+jXbbG/DgAkSokK5vZwZLHeWBig9bEi626xN/oFEQVXp
   zqwyNo6zQaofmS6anT6P2M7NClSGJxh27eBTiTLp1NCXlGTWAQEtXmYtvnAZNzXC
   5Ur0wvS5bLx0nbhJwN8ZBwzJhYup0kU3pn99GcF+vkj5Eg7Zftg=
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 50]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

B.2.  Certificates NOT Using EKU

   These certificates do not make use of the EKU specification described
   in [RFC5924].  Most existing certificates fall in this category.

   Fluffy's user certificate for example.com:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIID+jCCAuKgAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pRMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzE5MzIxOFoYDzIxMTEwMTE0MTkzMjE4WjBWMQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MQ8wDQYDVQQDEwZmbHVmZnkwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3
   DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQC6VyOIP6UANXy766KHiYDxyOpYEFboLJv6SEtw
   UWQoZS3hQurFidOu4gkCspblzaMoty7lnUexbFxUKdbJOWGMcB2hrezJ+6rwJPK/
   bF5YDijVtVqMRd5lv/Ni5yzteHfrMszWnz3t+ojgak4XTjBJmP2RO0T67GUpEbFV
   sDeYtWi+G1ebDAR6bf6Jdba2K6DnmkxT5Rr6oYJHIApYbubk28asBQN6EGBBgPEO
   RReJYrjoJR/rBDDe1bxK+ONdFXPlwjI/TRPMpvUYraWgTjJ18tXISgF1htaa/Y1K
   YP79Yun2Nl/3UQcPIc/C6CXBs3yAUK3qQO1G6C5pXH9KMMlNAgMBAAGjga4wgasw
   UQYDVR0RBEowSIYWc2lwOmZsdWZmeUBleGFtcGxlLmNvbYYVaW06Zmx1ZmZ5QGV4
   YW1wbGUuY29thhdwcmVzOmZsdWZmeUBleGFtcGxlLmNvbTAJBgNVHRMEAjAAMB0G
   A1UdDgQWBBT7CTXlQ5GKWvxGZNY24mmmVuEnRDAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBSVRX5fK+pl
   mBKRBPNjx2iaWBZ3JzALBgNVHQ8EBAMCBeAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAKL9
   wUWGRhCQdhjzY4bx0R5Kwz+NHvsb8rjlPqfdcbNujBCw+rD+/uux0G3HwW+Mraj5
   U2tUehwz87k6SgdqADzL/CP2mjzCJo5uDhi+tzjeg6ZklTSZYQrL3FSv/AgcUfFI
   9HuCGkix/htaoEMy2zNZnZOjdtFME9w7wb3GxxqWTUzl9TToloCXYmLeQo/jwuad
   40ybun1P5CWkO5Md2Y5zuNfCsRRz5lLYtAVfANtLBfeFV+S87AwrrdeITT+iyB7H
   Jj+t24U4IMC8MttcHBlPPBuRVc2kmhNEQuTzelCsldXgY2+kn8ItnLdv1mvLpXA2
   2Y41CPLCSj9AlqqZL9I=
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 51]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Fluffy's private key for user certificate for example.com:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEogIBAAKCAQEAulcjiD+lADV8u+uih4mA8cjqWBBW6Cyb+khLcFFkKGUt4ULq
   xYnTruIJArKW5c2jKLcu5Z1HsWxcVCnWyTlhjHAdoa3syfuq8CTyv2xeWA4o1bVa
   jEXeZb/zYucs7Xh36zLM1p897fqI4GpOF04wSZj9kTtE+uxlKRGxVbA3mLVovhtX
   mwwEem3+iXW2tiug55pMU+Ua+qGCRyAKWG7m5NvGrAUDehBgQYDxDkUXiWK46CUf
   6wQw3tW8SvjjXRVz5cIyP00TzKb1GK2loE4ydfLVyEoBdYbWmv2NSmD+/WLp9jZf
   91EHDyHPwuglwbN8gFCt6kDtRuguaVx/SjDJTQIDAQABAoIBABtIBLi+8K5eJlvw
   /MOxOwKrMrwf8ElftppnGTxhfjN31MbFIFA5hJd3GnCdqwAMIlYks6YEZ+mu/rmH
   wp2FXCXOiFgSebd8tCMilbO27v0fXZUkTxR4aj4lY0HYrLg7yfrSXjER8WQ1KPMK
   PVKmLOWpk34+2jOOhqUDpR3xhcJClQ81fC1hKe2JoixNDoPdfM3azTq8QUPLQD2I
   mjww1IH1677G5o/6qMloOM0Feqv/3cUWiRmvPv4eyGHdNtuFXKFpB4DQQMQL7TD8
   FoOHBymHIOzSSF+gYgBFOb0YNgu2CqZrfED9cf0rRotrbXf6tM+akclxfHhkfKaa
   JPZosbUCgYEA4MaetKsa7azhEYMc4TK0xhhV5Hi6lj1xR/6h++uYF0OIOBjM9yU3
   5n6vLpyghNbW2bK08OIWPO0F4syvyKYR2elmUDraH29DKAtRLEkU9K82RG4AmXmk
   G6ZsWOfx6Jf35OnAKVj/7aN9jc4K1v6EFyQGYEXbp4I0fhFfbJBAe28CgYEA1Dmx
   iKJD+jWW9ypHk51YJ3r+a5qPPNVmjGKQQje3Y6+rSlxmW0hMwXoCBOYRwhHBRA//
   SxH93PZ8rECjNkhxp6Ao87X2Gcol5U6kH+rwfd/3+SsHqPrugaDIwNlgkcu8VRrP
   8uP2CgJoDBi5UY2UR97GVK98x8k2Sf6kDT32mQMCgYB/KH3R8VY7jOiKcqTc1UWl
   J1E3/gB4S+wQ8YELth0FVCP0sDsLuZdlItfRw7OfUraa01k/SHeSIfiJdIghN6mz
   oDFMQ+7vh47zUWurZPCg95n4nk5ihIkNR1nV9elJTudjLcWS3pFyC2JU3XIObE+n
   k66zufFoUuWFSCi2juibqwKBgCT6RHe1JjkDe2FniX8r7D88y/W9wXVtDWgqiE4x
   XQ/OfP8A6IjBKTaQ5qcp2zBAXbdZPjc7VEta21A8FvQPXVZCrsAAFXha4413zVsO
   WYblLlTI7ZXA2yvU8wW/Gnds00zU1iTRGX6W+sAY0rll/M8k/tOknA5HfeEYsEbq
   Y/w3AoGASjoC9Fjy2aBvH8SQaimn/Rx3hOFR4myOGWtHxrXmezoO2YdcMO1d8rlz
   A/sQRvVofHRwyoaIkZkALprEGyxEqCdMmEs1h9xYAcxfW23RfqC39DYb9RTrRkwa
   ArJmcEdRESOsIYhhXGfE1QMGiwj1UXMWeYcLtqQKWiLLDTYYfQE=
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 52]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Kumiko's user certificate for example.net:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIID+jCCAuKgAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pSMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzE5MzIxOFoYDzIxMTEwMTE0MTkzMjE4WjBWMQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MQ8wDQYDVQQDEwZrdW1pa28wggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3
   DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDE/QVN7nxDDu5ov6b0cmHIFH93KhNbTEyCisir
   i4OeUBiCv9dgRgPBXffrIIVQdIlCoDeLDusHdsC9EfFWvg+pRlKVEDgwccO0F5AV
   bq3MK2Njma5I0lwpIa0RXYQ0K//oX/+jZeakhFty/R9yer0KaXWdLRd6KtncISui
   z9rFhlTB9lHg6vNJUN9+Xonbcs7siXbj3qZdhb7oipI4PoQlXVetyu+SzAVe6MsU
   5lwLmpQpIzQdSsJyxaAsW+AsyxunhWWiPZ888UM4vXjacZuj8GvJ8w2XjgJilQvV
   s8ojWMKnAGLaR7grTBmGQ90e6+cg7hWuoGBlQA0R0h8zWQz5AgMBAAGjga4wgasw
   UQYDVR0RBEowSIYWc2lwOmt1bWlrb0BleGFtcGxlLm5ldIYVaW06a3VtaWtvQGV4
   YW1wbGUubmV0hhdwcmVzOmt1bWlrb0BleGFtcGxlLm5ldDAJBgNVHRMEAjAAMB0G
   A1UdDgQWBBR6WwH61Ul7BIWeiKM35fMAiE9xazAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBSVRX5fK+pl
   mBKRBPNjx2iaWBZ3JzALBgNVHQ8EBAMCBeAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAKE8
   y9YyoZlkFw4WxPalK087sSEveKBfzh4TuYQf5YcSIPw0coZGj/gNxn1juiYhE93G
   F+Si/hJM0M6cc7SLB5Spq06Tt3PyPBIOZOWk9koh92kDI3axSr6II9Plsvp+Xsrl
   bz5Zy8njy/YZrk/qOaHqQ5J6nPNp5qwF+ns2t+5Zl88Lli5nkBgOXFOuE0RIkcdF
   CUFRUj026GxAILR6wUThOzfq55Azwl5Y9Y9QmEjFhkbYLls00HxcJdnt+6Sdm/vN
   MeMJZdTzp1x+8pfPhJgHoyz7nkAxhgzC9RT33ra33BNkMQ6esRlQONJ+ZRsRLhHP
   O7+kvXvmj9AAsA291wY=
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 53]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Kumiko's private key for user certificate for example.net:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAxP0FTe58Qw7uaL+m9HJhyBR/dyoTW0xMgorIq4uDnlAYgr/X
   YEYDwV336yCFUHSJQqA3iw7rB3bAvRHxVr4PqUZSlRA4MHHDtBeQFW6tzCtjY5mu
   SNJcKSGtEV2ENCv/6F//o2XmpIRbcv0fcnq9Cml1nS0XeirZ3CEros/axYZUwfZR
   4OrzSVDffl6J23LO7Il2496mXYW+6IqSOD6EJV1XrcrvkswFXujLFOZcC5qUKSM0
   HUrCcsWgLFvgLMsbp4Vloj2fPPFDOL142nGbo/BryfMNl44CYpUL1bPKI1jCpwBi
   2ke4K0wZhkPdHuvnIO4VrqBgZUANEdIfM1kM+QIDAQABAoIBADuLR+kwp3sVrlcX
   Z34IfSofmBALNeKpA4+KJ/JCr7xQ9bfACXhecZAnuWLnZ6TUNRFgoKl2DvEookYE
   gHD57n36dcf9KR7rpH5xiOoRlJNcoiRfNeFpRNZiCZBwNiAXFLnHGtznVnpwT7xI
   axMNqsrU6epi0O/quAPkOu5x6e0+j+j3ZauI4EfD1w2R6moBMUtATauZEEyLuC9A
   6bFz2AFDchPVLwSjNMu0tAJc8Fss8xKls9HUXGS22eUfHxWfkCGwChuW60obGmas
   E7GS7h4g9QvvQ4hGSVy9/MmQ88GmT0LynOyzFBCpuwjOQTHwsD674ldMSL4kXYVK
   jcnTAkkCgYEA4bjN2ILis3uWTjvTNnrmWn1QoZBZDhg1LuNs5o1XtOJ7CdkckUvs
   nqqQYOzNk/9N8vUs12ds3csXHypuuGrJwAVf648RSPDUUQ2XOoPSL9NeuZt5V1fT
   1VyVWanKCBZ5sztISNVPt7Pu8DtGLHch4S/7M+gEUQB1Ogz7fyJHvFsCgYEA32mE
   6lN67aHkqMLa06ZI9JIk/3SsFIPpjwZ4tk+sQCqEzawPvkT7qF2+U8lVt0XXKJZL
   aexsopsULCGS86TEAPoYtjjk91p6ZZj8mgRZLU55g+gRdTpAFhXMgIctU7U6cDIw
   SPa6UxJp9XCa/Gf6YLfas9VBhc/8OC7I4ygjLDsCgYEAgAG7yuM/CSY3MRrARw8f
   f4W9qkIgHtwfnP2gjobtjEk8GXOkvcle4QQ9aJoiY6HPZM8hpO6kUIuSCzyXGcKF
   s33Yzc+Or9zTqzuX3blQA4tNFtlS0POf0En28KhXSIrmbXxbG+LMmJNUF6yluSW+
   cuQxA1i6ye0Gjes63Phl0i0CgYEAuEcILGQpTGMyAYWgC93n5Vu6ir+IxO89sgyL
   ew1irhakLiWTYsTxsyGHwQKb4i0IWOEHWVp7DPDPhcs3tCIezhN8WKm7KtAFj1HO
   YZfemsFU99lutPwUKmNWqFlXqOkeR7cOHtDsRWM15Q45uKJnYmmkSptHjYFNsGXe
   q4fK40sCgYBoAYtsLfMlqt7s3htx4hZSMFbLP/iMGW2DMMAzDW+Xxsvw86ibrcWY
   8c3hbohuJBpyAzba4QoR2G+gtRmodLca+tQFMrObETHFglNCY+WoHRSNRImbCS8w
   dsszPgHWf1nrxBLBiDFlHZwSqbZtLyBjPlHJ+fTiPNo6UTx8aDQ4Pw==
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 54]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Domain certificate for example.com:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIID1TCCAr2gAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pTMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzE5MzIxOVoYDzIxMTEwMTE0MTkzMjE5WjBbMQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MRQwEgYDVQQDEwtleGFtcGxlLmNvbTCCASIwDQYJ
   KoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAKEVuYyZlaqfqks9u9yWQRp9WfI+VsQg
   GpJH3vAfastElCdxlBV7+R2CaQ/GnXDnE0lAC5SiKRcvPHq5OLx1VnDADMWmcXBv
   wK5n1zN+7MUCy/MISMr7E2Nd+py8Ft3XhjWDIuUljAh4HDO4fxS/BFy8zozADxvP
   OfpE40EABF5aj7e+xjtkErdkMybAcSYyo53IHP3wDPxmMzCsOw/fi8bfy9j1GiUD
   uz01F9qT/Opz9K1snxgT1IK6GRlktG4JawSiohW1QbARfj9//hR7ZgeB0gO6LLGX
   cGXdl87JdA4ZHMZNinN4Cv8ctZYSQZ3dbt1pRRbGtq7elPskiinDuUkCAwEAAaOB
   hDCBgTAnBgNVHREEIDAeggtleGFtcGxlLmNvbYYPc2lwOmV4YW1wbGUuY29tMAkG
   A1UdEwQCMAAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFFNu6jHPsItA+vy/Jqv81MW7wLJpMB8GA1UdIwQY
   MBaAFJVFfl8r6mWYEpEE82PHaJpYFncnMAsGA1UdDwQEAwIF4DANBgkqhkiG9w0B
   AQUFAAOCAQEANH+wX56VJd0vVB9+Mef1xItWrSQUyNYZZCBq+y/5vIoOp6Chaupn
   xjTjWf50zg6CK8yKBWq8pGlG45GTUx+uCx+nVIbHpyTT5+YDDUzlIhhAUzIOOB33
   Fd/XI/1PK5p5ftuJIYXU0rGuaoH8ud/p2nhIf9mwicUHxViTX3PUwlFC7eMbevBo
   8/dMYnHb2i40ug6hsiYggsmQDbhHLVLo/yqkpvgzPLSSlkXS4sv2oIoJ/ISuSjhP
   QkQ7mh7h01ct/LOa53qWfbCVogQDhMEqPTVdPm+JzTrMlWeZdrk4KbnXGp64Jtpu
   xTVI4GcVAGWUT0cmpspDmHbPOKm5kcltkg==
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 55]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Private key for domain certificate for example.com:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAoRW5jJmVqp+qSz273JZBGn1Z8j5WxCAakkfe8B9qy0SUJ3GU
   FXv5HYJpD8adcOcTSUALlKIpFy88erk4vHVWcMAMxaZxcG/ArmfXM37sxQLL8whI
   yvsTY136nLwW3deGNYMi5SWMCHgcM7h/FL8EXLzOjMAPG885+kTjQQAEXlqPt77G
   O2QSt2QzJsBxJjKjncgc/fAM/GYzMKw7D9+Lxt/L2PUaJQO7PTUX2pP86nP0rWyf
   GBPUgroZGWS0bglrBKKiFbVBsBF+P3/+FHtmB4HSA7ossZdwZd2Xzsl0Dhkcxk2K
   c3gK/xy1lhJBnd1u3WlFFsa2rt6U+ySKKcO5SQIDAQABAoIBABI9gIZAOedZLxJY
   Cja/ON4EBbRdhLuumvOnecIc/J3JxTD2Nnt8T0gdJUJpDhjjwZZQzz7kYdzDN4j6
   Akeszb30sT2MTFob/WiCT6cAH1VrrKZ3cK6zYY2l7aPj1H8IUaUrlT73UnT/DMp6
   gMFbo+XQZ18evFc8zubc+BK7KsN4Nb6/zMhw+PXEiyg2EGDN1Fo4TMhxPD4wBIMU
   8oLlE8A6GKimxAk3gMuIiS6Ruau2HpGkjkkHkAx/yzU1s8BCMoLDJjyyH19PRISr
   n0VFfe0gM0aZpdZ/94ynFPdMnBXTq8BabT09eiycuLKlL0g/ERmj6jIImGSYRWED
   GzlzX0UCgYEA0FDUek2uLhyltXwlzhDTldyuItiYZq/MeXaq2eA96zhJlD6aX+55
   PQIxEEfhgTNf4e4cKjXQSD7aixy7jp/kFGowFRlB4pwbLDuhlniYSxa8Kv0OpJM4
   DTAGue4QFZId5Z43KH755Ub7tjrCEIdQnij44DA3gPnjqXk973pdyVcCgYEAxfUx
   /zMXgTp7HxW+QHZD7xXEs4Fp1xjzL5BaHoJnM7WbmkWvUvcMaEE/i9RqpyGlXRiN
   jX6KBZ9UVgh/B0/AcYMa3DImTa0+Uie9kN7jTi5pzvIUAdFh+RyQ4tULWr5cgrzv
   PjGG9tXMthuIbILSumVEwvC+P6Ksi1r4xp1ezl8CgYEArF51sk2clqM1qpnzXjMm
   IJbdsA+w6ycD9m1uqaGXGo8UswmqCz70KrspheM0gQfVisjPnU2x7lWz1/AKcdVz
   kEDdUFf54FxzT4J4Dl3zBg7l3FxQRXVbp+3ZYvfNb0vcWSc1VNjcRg8aMIsmES8m
   UfhtFnRPOPWMn6qmyQVjnTkCgYB/3zlinkBKq9ooZEU3Iq4TXL5pLemOloFQcjCk
   kJvVnTRcXTM5pngPSEaiLp6OQ3+sOVYG1nyV0SwLPwW/VVb8fDH3lzWC66vcKeuc
   Dz5JnFWg5mLiIbzly/wTaochIOJlWWI5jIigHc9Uu0hOv9sbqJrYSea6+Hv4sNUO
   h01chQKBgQCKLEH7vWQX8fkw+yKnmvAFoZ5H3IHUQw/WYsoCOVnWoY+vowcuuTTt
   cbW1VkrtEjJPuYeEPa5NI2kmsNUZGrKCpx/3uq2JfMVopJzJN9biFM4ulcKqf9ie
   hiVIFVVmxq+dVmXBgXCknhYK1Mnt9b3BK6mDqerQjK1TKryqAJ2QpQ==
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 56]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Domain certificate for example.net:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIID1TCCAr2gAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pUMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzE5MzIxOVoYDzIxMTEwMTE0MTkzMjE5WjBbMQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MRQwEgYDVQQDEwtleGFtcGxlLm5ldDCCASIwDQYJ
   KoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAKoWx8g1KbnGX2YEOXrbod2pbR0fpkYW
   V7O/tIWHddl+ACLlqqNPKSmIqwAFbZ2uf7S95OkXhkgRJGw3BugftUJS7zDhqVqi
   dgPLMUPrdzpFazeh/AwBjc0wNBz/6tkUXrm7y/FwwzaCoKw+8Qm4Ibn2E3bNqWlm
   iyKOXnYt4LGmy6J5e64hfQ3Vqe0ze5cfLKcpBbjF/TF75utbnH25zE0C/o1b+x1f
   dwyDjsH0NN+A1ZFrI2NdleVAuH6F2vx4ctwZUzUJXyXezFmw5SRzhtWkb0iHO0ER
   Ne7hCHLCv2Z6/GfIuHirCsGtNKSQIC6k74MyD7D75nltnLVgJ7Oxt28CAwEAAaOB
   hDCBgTAnBgNVHREEIDAeggtleGFtcGxlLm5ldIYPc2lwOmV4YW1wbGUubmV0MAkG
   A1UdEwQCMAAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFC1TKpLjuKa/dPumVbeFXEW4UR6EMB8GA1UdIwQY
   MBaAFJVFfl8r6mWYEpEE82PHaJpYFncnMAsGA1UdDwQEAwIF4DANBgkqhkiG9w0B
   AQUFAAOCAQEAJry8LukecUv4DUs5u/s6IymyqDLpeNvm94yrIIk/eRW72Jtr9rf5
   6zF0Pd/+NzDXRYPe99HQgF3EKYndKIfnRUStJzIqiba2UszypDVRTQ6W9cH9e/1q
   FdCjjeoVkRvnGo91S8DkgWM4boNRUgZtYwP+1I8hR+0717tp0f4fKjYX+NxPe30r
   WzbLYXFDEiPndEgcxHc84Eeupit7VBQm7jxtF+XbaVGiLPGKCiYqdVS08h2ZakRK
   8T3xL8Ecs4/rQn7PNPyEfS52R8hC70r66aAxZqLbKNpth/SZ3/hdeAyJ/NnFMW1J
   uq3kB5YAJSwMYAUXaQhB1BvxKzXqstzJHQ==
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 57]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Private key for domain certificate for example.net:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEowIBAAKCAQEAqhbHyDUpucZfZgQ5etuh3altHR+mRhZXs7+0hYd12X4AIuWq
   o08pKYirAAVtna5/tL3k6ReGSBEkbDcG6B+1QlLvMOGpWqJ2A8sxQ+t3OkVrN6H8
   DAGNzTA0HP/q2RReubvL8XDDNoKgrD7xCbghufYTds2paWaLIo5edi3gsabLonl7
   riF9DdWp7TN7lx8spykFuMX9MXvm61ucfbnMTQL+jVv7HV93DIOOwfQ034DVkWsj
   Y12V5UC4foXa/Hhy3BlTNQlfJd7MWbDlJHOG1aRvSIc7QRE17uEIcsK/Znr8Z8i4
   eKsKwa00pJAgLqTvgzIPsPvmeW2ctWAns7G3bwIDAQABAoIBAHIjpV+B5YVITL59
   +UCr4JyKVLGlioQf/CygafjtZTVVa6v/aRn8Rkgb8XyrJ9sXvZVBlTqiUbdM4Z9I
   8faVSKLAWsj3thkfSojTMzU77x+IdCG6LxSzekAGqAIJ7sRL+iEzl/Fm1WlgEYhl
   GIWILgHH01n3O0eCy72dwmAV+2Hazn8eBggkWxMp0fblRC9pVh0FCo+jy1lHasjL
   oOBkH51lbmZ4PUuUY072j2665gPm7i0nr25igef842JkbqAV8rAoNlQ26Y7tYLEw
   6QyLv0odeb0rHZ8IEzahWAdmIPGCIUcFM7RmyInOatGA0dVEU3uYnkUQQVOi/JTx
   46CCMbECgYEA4c1Dv/IVz9pdW1o/0MaJ94zfeg7Pgn5DRXnNMjCsSxVHSMINwlUl
   BcYozs77vWbIuXiXO2xQe9mGA2ss3+vNxB0eu6EBQ/fK16cQQQH52nXdrV1sqnkN
   5B5elFKcZKPfNVWrg0BC6csDndTcHp9STIKsxWkesLzC3Vz5UXZMsocCgYEAwNYV
   +SsCIQGLT8ZZfKyE2nHqRUFknKc/tWQJop5gnE4ws3Lql3SNyCUQr/sDYelxQDE3
   6COm197JcZ7jggDq7grigIxMznRxLMeG7bb7FfwPE/SKV0H5uagEB7ktFl8xIJKt
   yOCK1ulillQjToSs4uetHLRXKCDSEpRiSw7wRdkCgYEAkDKBXYa/nykYDUqpDi57
   1PbFkDD9G5x+YVPTUoX6wUgpabFjEANHzVQqo0dTRDTrYmY8Tdpx22WiS3SaB7WS
   hfcCtVewczM++lDZ9GnKoVQ76IaM6qC72j36sEXBUhPEa072ZK8ZDCx1dsmEeJnN
   +MZKhxcGXl9tIehJ31foyukCgYB9AUs1PwAeTVX13OrduyhUQ0xOoNmMA491Euh8
   FpciPD2t1mzkyZWvjPeIXPwQWLglmMJZJeNeRPnpQcrR165zqXKzSj/wBePn12BM
   cTXLRp6vnPKhJg+wno4eQ5hKzGKYbv1hHs5iCuDx+pD4sWExpmW+Gdn2FXCYwsAF
   UCXJ4QKBgAKSrm8Y5xQhd8RAMg9JZLGUpPnmTKNU98f3fUFnX7jZEZETasnn18vd
   65x04h58cohJJkNxqeL6k3lc3Mw0pzZrvsIha3ZMEoJPCgwBa8zLzrR13YQin6yf
   +bAmfTDmhigpORB36ODY4B1kcwxKzQ0n3XAtlrL7NRV5wHr2ejkY
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

B.3.  Certificate Chaining with a Non-Root CA

   Following is a certificate for a non-root CA in example.net.  The
   certificate was signed by the root CA shown in Section 2.1.  As
   indicated in Sections 4.2.1.9 and 4.2.1.3 [RFC5280], "cA" is set in
   Basic Constraints, and "keyCertSign" is set in Key Usage.  This
   identifies the certificate holder as a signing authority.

   Version: 3 (0x2)
   Serial Number:
       96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:52
   Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
            OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
   Validity
       Not Before: Feb  7 20:21:13 2011 GMT
       Not After : Jan 14 20:21:13 2111 GMT
   Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 58]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

            OU=Test CA for example.net, CN=example.net
   Subject Public Key Info:
       Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
       RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
           Modulus (2048 bit):
               00:d4:46:65:51:f8:84:1c:b5:93:47:a5:15:14:06:
               ec:dc:2a:77:93:11:5e:75:14:d2:88:54:bd:16:50:
               dd:41:3f:7e:2a:e4:26:d5:a3:33:b0:5e:37:1d:e5:
               96:37:1c:1c:69:80:a4:ef:fd:22:78:d7:ce:d3:c3:
               de:96:fb:87:30:88:bc:06:14:80:5d:f3:ab:d7:64:
               3e:07:31:dc:97:c5:d6:19:26:bc:7d:0b:f8:de:5e:
               f9:0f:dc:9a:45:0f:28:8d:dd:fa:15:56:d5:35:17:
               28:80:d2:fc:1f:d6:95:95:42:0e:2c:47:38:53:ad:
               fd:0e:24:fd:a3:43:33:83:52:65:54:da:48:d8:dc:
               86:42:d5:26:ac:1d:52:54:08:52:e5:3f:4a:76:95:
               77:8d:c6:f2:33:f0:18:87:c8:fc:5b:54:5d:dd:65:
               f1:5c:f5:c8:f4:36:54:8a:b6:7b:6f:f8:55:f8:d8:
               d8:df:a9:7b:40:45:4c:92:0f:aa:b2:2c:a1:a8:64:
               d5:99:22:1e:28:78:a0:d8:e5:51:64:3f:03:14:a9:
               12:47:61:84:d6:b0:69:1a:6b:a3:6e:d8:ca:ce:43:
               50:ad:57:96:2b:87:15:d9:c2:11:03:b0:82:d4:f0:
               80:bf:dd:44:f4:f6:39:0a:2b:e3:4d:d3:f5:e7:aa:
               34:e5
           Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
   X509v3 extensions:
       X509v3 Basic Constraints:
           CA:TRUE
       X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
           72:70:CF:66:1E:23:A5:38:FC:6F:40:8F:86:8A:AF:E0:B9:6F:E9:C3
       X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
           95:45:7E:5F:2B:EA:65:98:12:91:04:F3:63:C7:68:9A:58:16:77:27

       X509v3 Key Usage:
           Certificate Sign
       Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   70:73:c0:65:9c:2f:09:39:39:d6:a4:5b:95:e7:7b:43:34:b5:
   b9:b2:5d:76:eb:ef:87:e0:25:b6:68:ab:ee:f8:f7:85:c4:21:
   47:bb:6c:68:62:ff:f8:84:1e:44:5a:30:4e:ce:97:91:cc:3d:
   43:4a:8b:b7:25:26:08:63:c6:71:4a:c1:94:35:81:66:de:23:
   9d:e3:37:de:31:80:ed:58:b7:07:a7:ea:87:d3:cc:da:1b:62:
   c9:82:c2:17:e6:2d:20:e4:b2:69:14:cb:05:43:34:6f:b5:2c:
   60:d8:44:43:f9:e6:e9:3d:7c:54:a2:b9:d9:1e:7d:67:bb:3f:
   32:31:0d:c1:88:78:a8:67:39:f5:d2:3e:08:f7:38:84:a6:8f:
   c2:3e:00:ce:5f:b4:c8:da:a1:b5:2f:c2:89:60:a4:3a:2b:be:
   98:e0:44:34:af:ec:7f:73:26:f1:94:5b:39:09:b9:9f:93:c2:
   9d:7a:96:2f:82:66:c8:4d:f6:db:87:00:8e:bc:2a:b9:51:73:
   6c:cc:ff:e5:31:25:b1:4a:d0:9a:a9:c3:65:35:21:89:76:3d:
   39:f8:84:42:a6:03:0e:b5:c9:2f:5d:18:bc:9d:b9:82:f6:83:

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 59]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   dd:2b:29:6c:8d:2c:8c:47:d4:7d:be:de:32:13:85:92:32:bc:
   61:62:6b:e5

   Robert's certificate was signed by the non-root CA in example.net:

   Version: 3 (0x2)
   Serial Number:
       96:a3:84:17:4e:ef:8a:53
   Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
            OU=Test CA for example.net,
            CN=example.net
   Validity
       Not Before: Feb  7 20:21:13 2011 GMT
       Not After : Jan 14 20:21:13 2111 GMT
   Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit, CN=robert
   Subject Public Key Info:
       Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
       RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
           Modulus (2048 bit):
               00:d3:dc:14:69:6b:71:09:2c:0b:0f:9d:95:08:c1:
               64:20:66:ef:9f:9c:30:06:30:39:eb:14:16:da:19:
               cc:41:4d:b1:cf:f8:53:5b:a5:0d:76:ec:97:ba:16:
               10:9f:ed:57:b5:fb:6d:4b:9f:8f:d0:9f:0e:15:a7:
               3e:88:c4:e4:ef:35:d1:63:91:20:68:18:f4:8e:3b:
               b4:0f:03:3e:a0:00:d6:c3:26:e7:57:8e:21:92:a3:
               7a:2d:21:44:48:db:01:b9:54:e8:dc:d6:e3:d1:b3:
               f2:4b:26:0f:3f:d4:99:63:e4:7e:14:0a:b2:73:1c:
               5f:3b:41:36:e9:9a:70:be:f7:4f:08:6b:4a:db:44:
               02:e8:bb:50:66:2c:98:94:45:9e:7e:01:0e:9d:c3:
               a9:03:b7:28:15:28:c3:cd:a2:ad:ab:07:f6:ff:69:
               f4:ec:ba:7f:4b:bd:9b:28:8c:0d:87:e2:66:d1:24:
               34:e5:77:be:89:f1:c9:76:4c:37:34:3a:bc:d9:9c:
               36:f5:28:60:01:29:5c:f4:1e:7a:15:19:34:81:1c:
               cf:1a:06:5c:0f:f9:81:67:dc:50:09:e2:a8:d7:9d:
               9f:35:6e:ff:a6:a8:80:74:6c:f8:a1:0a:f3:bb:2b:
               b6:51:8c:21:bc:06:72:59:d0:95:42:d3:02:2c:ce:
               f9:23
           Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
   X509v3 extensions:
       X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
           URI:sip:robert@example.net, URI:im:robert@example.net,
              URI:pres:robert@example.net
       X509v3 Basic Constraints:
           CA:FALSE
       X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
           A6:42:BD:62:0D:6B:BF:EE:67:D4:C7:BC:09:3F:0B:3A:12:AB:19:CE
       X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 60]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

           72:70:CF:66:1E:23:A5:38:FC:6F:40:8F:86:8A:AF:E0:B9:6F:E9:C3

       X509v3 Key Usage:
           Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
       X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
           E-mail Protection, 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.20
       Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
   25:99:ea:1a:1e:96:6d:4e:b1:9c:5a:43:77:ea:3a:a7:a1:b7:
   22:db:b9:d4:9a:1e:17:f7:13:2e:b2:ca:80:dd:c9:a5:db:61:
   41:c6:8b:65:ae:0e:fc:9a:46:77:16:e0:e2:3d:1d:20:3c:e5:
   d5:e0:b8:03:41:4f:e7:69:bf:e0:4c:dd:cc:c4:51:b1:da:2f:
   ad:58:e1:ed:c6:5b:04:ea:1e:af:9a:89:cd:be:60:3c:9a:30:
   51:7f:99:5a:6b:5c:8f:5a:d4:b8:ce:b5:8b:31:74:70:b3:cc:
   5c:04:90:d8:8d:b6:75:55:fb:c1:d8:e8:db:cf:3d:80:e4:8d:
   2f:7e:b9:2b:a2:9e:9f:1e:6f:d0:4e:6e:f7:f0:a6:61:3b:9e:
   9b:4b:78:6b:84:37:ad:93:19:0d:7f:46:5a:18:74:89:8b:a8:
   1a:75:bf:db:df:25:43:4b:57:ab:a1:19:2e:7c:7b:b9:b5:50:
   ef:2c:1f:5c:18:8f:6c:66:83:61:eb:25:a3:21:81:2c:61:3b:
   ee:8c:18:1a:89:9a:29:0d:5c:5b:38:f3:71:3d:61:f0:3f:80:
   33:90:f2:60:53:48:fb:7a:65:c9:5f:1f:a3:e8:75:42:42:f5:
   ad:db:60:29:c6:0f:3c:68:00:7a:2b:38:db:c7:17:b9:4e:d8:
   90:d8:52:bc

   Certificate for CA for example.net in PEM format:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIDzzCCAregAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pSMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMHAxCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIDApDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHDAhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UECgwFc2lwaXQxKTAnBgNVBAsMIFNpcGl0IFRlc3QgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUg
   QXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTExMDIwNzIwMjExM1oYDzIxMTEwMTE0MjAyMTEzWjB9MQsw
   CQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpv
   c2UxDjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MSAwHgYDVQQLExdUZXN0IENBIGZvciBleGFtcGxl
   Lm5ldDEUMBIGA1UEAxMLZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IB
   DwAwggEKAoIBAQDURmVR+IQctZNHpRUUBuzcKneTEV51FNKIVL0WUN1BP34q5CbV
   ozOwXjcd5ZY3HBxpgKTv/SJ4187Tw96W+4cwiLwGFIBd86vXZD4HMdyXxdYZJrx9
   C/jeXvkP3JpFDyiN3foVVtU1FyiA0vwf1pWVQg4sRzhTrf0OJP2jQzODUmVU2kjY
   3IZC1SasHVJUCFLlP0p2lXeNxvIz8BiHyPxbVF3dZfFc9cj0NlSKtntv+FX42Njf
   qXtARUySD6qyLKGoZNWZIh4oeKDY5VFkPwMUqRJHYYTWsGkaa6Nu2MrOQ1CtV5Yr
   hxXZwhEDsILU8IC/3UT09jkKK+NN0/XnqjTlAgMBAAGjXTBbMAwGA1UdEwQFMAMB
   Af8wHQYDVR0OBBYEFHJwz2YeI6U4/G9Aj4aKr+C5b+nDMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFJVF
   fl8r6mWYEpEE82PHaJpYFncnMAsGA1UdDwQEAwICBDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOC
   AQEAcHPAZZwvCTk51qRbled7QzS1ubJdduvvh+Altmir7vj3hcQhR7tsaGL/+IQe
   RFowTs6Xkcw9Q0qLtyUmCGPGcUrBlDWBZt4jneM33jGA7Vi3B6fqh9PM2htiyYLC
   F+YtIOSyaRTLBUM0b7UsYNhEQ/nm6T18VKK52R59Z7s/MjENwYh4qGc59dI+CPc4
   hKaPwj4Azl+0yNqhtS/CiWCkOiu+mOBENK/sf3Mm8ZRbOQm5n5PCnXqWL4JmyE32
   24cAjrwquVFzbMz/5TElsUrQmqnDZTUhiXY9OfiEQqYDDrXJL10YvJ25gvaD3Ssp
   bI0sjEfUfb7eMhOFkjK8YWJr5Q==
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 61]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Private key for CA for example.net:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEA1EZlUfiEHLWTR6UVFAbs3Cp3kxFedRTSiFS9FlDdQT9+KuQm
   1aMzsF43HeWWNxwcaYCk7/0ieNfO08PelvuHMIi8BhSAXfOr12Q+BzHcl8XWGSa8
   fQv43l75D9yaRQ8ojd36FVbVNRcogNL8H9aVlUIOLEc4U639DiT9o0Mzg1JlVNpI
   2NyGQtUmrB1SVAhS5T9KdpV3jcbyM/AYh8j8W1Rd3WXxXPXI9DZUirZ7b/hV+NjY
   36l7QEVMkg+qsiyhqGTVmSIeKHig2OVRZD8DFKkSR2GE1rBpGmujbtjKzkNQrVeW
   K4cV2cIRA7CC1PCAv91E9PY5CivjTdP156o05QIDAQABAoIBADp/7/pIH7h9vcn3
   z7hGNE50kaGBHuPrSh3yJG4a+O67XbzaRW2I3XzUaiIeHGixoY7duha9Txu4dbJc
   f2JijR4uAIs4aSv7NDdW09VNw3o8NkWWLEnV288Eo2Tgqc8wXz/BleL9nCJWcH4Y
   Jw1rKKwKmTdQpVBCWcPlI9UzduXQdZfBbrsL6+OZ+F3kbvUwYAVhhUuBS9sf4Xib
   5GA2CDLPm433giOS3yr9KigpcLvbhAhMiPTXJ6i65m9xGGCcjhxP/drOH0cNczRD
   yW0FCbaNRJUg9kEVu+n3uG1aVfOnU7RqcblFXgO7ea7G+mfp3Cfm744kvFEXz04k
   8WLW6gECgYEA9lK9mKhMUeB1+xPJB4Za5QvrFc7nLt8ee7/aTNcyMI0l3uXyPDPj
   TNEfgaRobptmwd2HVtXjlQ54fE+pE+qS8dOORh2VFoWi91zI4C8WnM/6j5P+QiXY
   tcZDPF22bmsSW7uaQyaOhUfIMhzox1BbUH5q5YrcA5DmmQtaxcIZ+IECgYEA3J07
   6DamIgy0eJO2GKHU/Hy8RvQZgauzCtmqmLQrWZeOmx9hORe1a71QU5F6Y3HQRcTD
   RDDdJua9Y8BJ0WTkasbRgxjmHQlf4pUdT6ycfWgISbcCNFTosgPH+/OZPEh4DKlO
   rbldUzHPuZdo2Q72KtSPMk+ikny2lCZ9cm2mKmUCgYEAsGoX4fJ/HpDMzrKf4qTG
   Co8bojXZ+wbPVT/Vf/0LtBwTCG3VrGpZG5YWo4n1RWpFEQmwuW9cnE+N2TJQXLQ+
   47Vpiyv6r/OsAM9SCsWOw2ZtBFGw4v0qFR3W37AaTUCgGFTnKbq+jhQX/FQaH02c
   6KxxsM5fvqoTjX7FVycp5IECgYA4Tq1WpHQcpq99Qv4sJUnuM4v+dBj6fq9Q6qNf
   HEUgNc2BDC5NWx7D4+rXmX7qWMc2t3S7N9mKL0RRbGeq2RxvoFUjJ7y71oOxmiuE
   BWNfoqjS37HhV3aY0Nw/EzqeJ0T0vlXFg1Utgb4p+VoaZHYyElSGG8s7pjcXcwd7
   qD7L/QKBgQCeDLKx5T1d/EqwW8KNK5qD/5lG/T0zu3MCDlzCjfs2BHMasv5RALd+
   unMMANDElPHOFs7fSmCfspN8Y7+W15/k9WugpwQfST2Y8dSRVdPFp1FRt8u25yX2
   mdRbU3vJSiAqPEEpKpBolXPxLOeLGvoTHFWSazgmCPIKKxq0wL+0+w==
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 62]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Robert's certificate:

   -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
   MIIEJjCCAw6gAwIBAgIJAJajhBdO74pTMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMH0xCzAJBgNV
   BAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpDYWxpZm9ybmlhMREwDwYDVQQHEwhTYW4gSm9zZTEO
   MAwGA1UEChMFc2lwaXQxIDAeBgNVBAsTF1Rlc3QgQ0EgZm9yIGV4YW1wbGUubmV0
   MRQwEgYDVQQDEwtleGFtcGxlLm5ldDAgFw0xMTAyMDcyMDIxMTNaGA8yMTExMDEx
   NDIwMjExM1owVjELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAgTCkNhbGlmb3JuaWExETAP
   BgNVBAcTCFNhbiBKb3NlMQ4wDAYDVQQKEwVzaXBpdDEPMA0GA1UEAxMGcm9iZXJ0
   MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA09wUaWtxCSwLD52VCMFk
   IGbvn5wwBjA56xQW2hnMQU2xz/hTW6UNduyXuhYQn+1XtfttS5+P0J8OFac+iMTk
   7zXRY5EgaBj0jju0DwM+oADWwybnV44hkqN6LSFESNsBuVTo3Nbj0bPySyYPP9SZ
   Y+R+FAqycxxfO0E26ZpwvvdPCGtK20QC6LtQZiyYlEWefgEOncOpA7coFSjDzaKt
   qwf2/2n07Lp/S72bKIwNh+Jm0SQ05Xe+ifHJdkw3NDq82Zw29ShgASlc9B56FRk0
   gRzPGgZcD/mBZ9xQCeKo152fNW7/pqiAdGz4oQrzuyu2UYwhvAZyWdCVQtMCLM75
   IwIDAQABo4HNMIHKMFEGA1UdEQRKMEiGFnNpcDpyb2JlcnRAZXhhbXBsZS5uZXSG
   FWltOnJvYmVydEBleGFtcGxlLm5ldIYXcHJlczpyb2JlcnRAZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQw
   CQYDVR0TBAIwADAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUpkK9Yg1rv+5n1Me8CT8LOhKrGc4wHwYDVR0j
   BBgwFoAUcnDPZh4jpTj8b0CPhoqv4Llv6cMwCwYDVR0PBAQDAgXgMB0GA1UdJQQW
   MBQGCCsGAQUFBwMEBggrBgEFBQcDFDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAJZnqGh6W
   bU6xnFpDd+o6p6G3Itu51JoeF/cTLrLKgN3JpdthQcaLZa4O/JpGdxbg4j0dIDzl
   1eC4A0FP52m/4EzdzMRRsdovrVjh7cZbBOoer5qJzb5gPJowUX+ZWmtcj1rUuM61
   izF0cLPMXASQ2I22dVX7wdjo2889gOSNL365K6Kenx5v0E5u9/CmYTuem0t4a4Q3
   rZMZDX9GWhh0iYuoGnW/298lQ0tXq6EZLnx7ubVQ7ywfXBiPbGaDYesloyGBLGE7
   7owYGomaKQ1cWzjzcT1h8D+AM5DyYFNI+3plyV8fo+h1QkL1rdtgKcYPPGgAeis4
   28cXuU7YkNhSvA==
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 63]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   Robert's private key:

   -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
   MIIEowIBAAKCAQEA09wUaWtxCSwLD52VCMFkIGbvn5wwBjA56xQW2hnMQU2xz/hT
   W6UNduyXuhYQn+1XtfttS5+P0J8OFac+iMTk7zXRY5EgaBj0jju0DwM+oADWwybn
   V44hkqN6LSFESNsBuVTo3Nbj0bPySyYPP9SZY+R+FAqycxxfO0E26ZpwvvdPCGtK
   20QC6LtQZiyYlEWefgEOncOpA7coFSjDzaKtqwf2/2n07Lp/S72bKIwNh+Jm0SQ0
   5Xe+ifHJdkw3NDq82Zw29ShgASlc9B56FRk0gRzPGgZcD/mBZ9xQCeKo152fNW7/
   pqiAdGz4oQrzuyu2UYwhvAZyWdCVQtMCLM75IwIDAQABAoIBAAv+Q3GMUYPRaHbj
   1tH+EKr86MfCUb2n8T9rjbefCj8QJOa/CgkAGPkIf7ZbFWnYR8TXjOJhEAUhW+zB
   4PphGwynoUjfqFP8RavfmVvYNS1dnsrBYwtD0oa4lmwDnBf7vec99Ui7KX5vj2HN
   r8NPR7et8a00xdFaY9G46WDkC0nkH8AqMMymY/Vu2KpH0f01hTpFLmxS7We+d3Uq
   mva15GUc8+EL079uphokchr4E0036Ce4luCnqQfOUAKcXCMYK27lG5uue620IXLE
   CqeevZPEn8eqWhSNGl981CF15AEb0tApMcMwrfcbpnQMHQuyQHm2XVewgF0gQGLn
   UA0i6NECgYEA9TrFg3Kuw1Vfi+kztX6IMjW07YgN443NtB/9+sXKoc0Iz6LoPbOT
   VHSVqHHpjicicBUyUa77Kr61HAv7AV0s2FRHAb3M7wOVYGkT52+12o4FH6EMU42G
   ISAcsS4vCfHhYq1T0hC91bIY1XXxuBrpo0yb1RkEaSALHN6arAEgWccCgYEA3Sod
   gEcahQEnu5P8UY5j9yFaBRqVxdQKWnO2trkfLkyVgtvn7ES31EGojVHg23nr5IsK
   IpwFgBiQvEGUgV3dR0Jc5sZTETOweWBLebC/CtZfnhBcCNx8jwX5m/CtTzMHuxVs
   VJ1WpUDn+K7+G8KIK0+Kp5QdOCxXptHRLkGPBcUCgYAVgCulFL8B3VBdQfsIpKlo
   TZEpak5dbydj7ZIlFIZpnUJyggP+tOnr87TTafliP0gjr5gT1VWsL8BNTzeYrQSr
   iugW3P9EzXmhVFUsa3z0RpNobIRaJwRljx0046m4I37xWeUJe/JI9C59OLQSwjlN
   2f+ntWPPm8GdrF6/SfH+LQKBgQCyDaf2kEf/cHCmiXuHxVUhrs4kccTGofE75RDi
   hqNdyPZNhfFvu9srnTivnY2j5MJPGsksF+Qtvpk3lqySghkVt43HlT9nB/A5p5bb
   /7muZexQ+ua9k5UMKElOjDNbIcBFk/fFH26UWG7pPSkC/FhYVg9Q3uOvR7PBcAYy
   cUFN6QKBgBw2k5SDvun41wNV4wxGEli9ia+i4lzg8pwJ1DUxnOcDvlDGzAzCNtW9
   wPoR+jvhK6V6X1mI0tqqcYZ07pC3CJBEtAckHj2Ik+ZAEjQMf+eH62Rcv6Sbozq0
   5dFCBZwzIe2IQomg3J8+OyILSs/uzFkjGjloJIrP+OtPKSrfR+/Y
   -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Appendix C.  Message Dumps

   This section contains a base64-encoded, gzipped, compressed tar file
   of various Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) messages used in this
   document.  Saving the data in a file foo.tgz.b64 then running a
   command like "openssl base64 -d -in foo.tgz.b64 | tar xfz -" would
   recover the CMS messages and allow them to be used as test vectors.

   -- BEGIN MESSAGE ARCHIVE --
   H4sIAIpaUE0CA+ybeUATxx7HCSCIHIpoqSIQvFECu5tsDhAEDATQhCsQExTZ
   JBtIyGUSIEREREU8i1ZRqVYERVHUCqKiUBWP1vusXCJeeIv3LfpCaRUpSF8f
   tJXH/JPdmd3fTjYz8/n+fr8JT6LEKSVCCYqTKCMd+YhKp/0LAABEAgHb8Eki
   wp98NhSIQACxIAhDBACGIRDCAiCBQCTqYAGdv6HEKFWIQtsVrkKISD9zXVvt
   jd8F++HzCyl0r+BgD5oXVimUO0fHSITRMndUjUjkYtRRiqqwwb4BTpAjYNoj
   VIg4/37mxBwTgAUp2iNHyBFyBmEAAF24CkTKi3LVUKJoBO5YHJ9MggkaHAUi
   CxASgSvAc3kwgQDgQBzu9zYXhVymULnCAImgfQAdUeO8ZYo4RMFXOmNJ2hqm
   zBk7quV+uZn28FbIJL+1C8QxAkH8h3aeTOLmokIiXXkIWSAgEHimPcYgYjHO
   l+qMZYui49gsdpw/ky9mM33V2mOAwWTDdCpPQ6eFSugsuppOjYbZIraj9rZg

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 64]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   dLIzlkwg4bG/vSfTHh48HipXOWMlMWKVUI4oVE5KYaQU5TtgVaha5SQXI0Kp
   AxaRy8VCHqISyqRO8miekoRrmGOf1iv5cocmZhCxClVItU2xqPbJMqkKlapw
   zHg5+sdnuXBlMVI+ooh3JQkAIoULAhRAwKMIINBForUujnRVRiGgi1whU8l4
   MrHrwD92p8EQoopRoAM/PmwcKo1URWlffsPbN+2BwzW33rxfH79xkxbtOFAK
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   UCmXKYUN92gNqFQIL0qirXeJQqR8sbYnrgp0coxQoX1/AqEYbc3KZ78AkIw5
   b2A0IsUn5YUpxlA3MxlzSFu1XxeDAY0AQ4NuI830dPsDxh8vwYDJmCztJd9r
   LwGmAnLQGDAy0AvRN7DQDQkGLQDzhpPuJr8OUaFAppAKEdAc6NlQa2jSPRiR
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   RsQC4fra+ID+26b6nduvt7rf1KzYZQUngRPcselYuGo/vwK/OP3EcL3lUgeT
   5wu+dX+cWmm/2bjU7NU50VKHeGmpK/cGM9cqT1D11U6qWM9q8sq6I/fo3247
   9cwy/tDPu53Wi8dePMXNftLfavB1d8Eo/9kpe41EmjERI9+Wu45kWR6brjci
   VDg9+bX60llnp9fZh+7Mu2VCtCq+WG8137EnZmvFFX0zRsCSmISSCuPqja+J
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   IwCJhFAQMgEGuS1zHk/+SHVlC1h3hgEi2MhugA+QYBgEmoJe2QLpG3vVeA+I
   UPAEPMBtwnt/JkdCp3pB/iyGlvehIgY1WsPWeEbRWUFiOjWEwKB6qTmSEAKH
   GfiB91oT5I+8bw7HX9HYeZaFJvO/g9R/2/Of9Ef9D+Hhrvn/N+v/Vmdka15A
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   u4b1ewyC5s1GzZ/Pt/LaHLkhZNaNd2YF9k604RuOKkWaQTtOVP5UOGTKnAvB
   MxPUO5e9HvBypdFIe7tcIT/uSkuD8v/A/2/kfyP7USlPES9Xofx2VgBt8R/C
   k5rxn6it6uJ/J+A/SsaDFDJERPB8PpEIEFvhP9wh/Af5EB8gkD7hv8gXr5X7
   AIMZDdI1gQCbFaLVAtEgg+YXxWCFxPmz6ABd5B3F0PA+8B8PEYF/iv//A9L+
   FNHagm6DLZfG1UGlvcQVlcaiYpkc5eO0SwTyKYklf1QSMBFupKYu+BGJepnJ
   ugO1VTa6GB0tHVdo6bhUe/hP0zGoBSjuo1ZeP9XrMm7+knrDUIfaOajutiR+
   1V3a4n2njLBOoePccHmXneaWvBeZ59noD3vlpzFMfBpaqZd229hH1D1sCMOD
   o7vxgaEUfRl33svcUzD95IYZc0PDjqzPej56ZblXwcnKhcJdgUOTVdhizi77
   bUfNr48KjZ0gsN+jCs1aBizgpe9Q7xy1et+m11+dHXyROEVgrS80Of1457vt
   tW/N3Q5gfpyvd9ku0U6j/7Vmh5GqICyaIApP8JwVysod4jd9p/skL/eTD49W
   SZ2KU4vU5iWxo75POZTx3bDM5IlOg3fnw7OKlDdWzJb1DU3LNfd5GRYb/dB6
   q+y8dkzcwoTffGNyxsvum+OjgIQmUgawNjCKSPHBoHr6GF39XrzBx9SKM6eD
   a4oSrqXTD71KCoistLQITlMeYfRj+XKQKK/oVeHiy2nwiITFQZutH/DpQeqc
   vbIj9dH1R+Zd35uQs2ZJfI11vQnV+q7sweLwNN7g0irbvoHyN18Pm7tpV/GI
   rJudnr7/Lv531A6Atv1/uLn/D+DBLv53Av5rf08eAIJ8PAUPCAQAoRX+4zuE
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   Ju+L8P/xRATSyis+Hw8QBGSY3E7+P6HR/29uvR39/7ZM/3v9//JP/f8j2qpD
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   Px3yBTlMLzydGtWw/w/mMDlCjihKxKD6SdgSLzWHqm1j8sX+tI/7/2ACgfJv

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 65]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   5T+fCBJhlEQgg1wuiof57cJ/kADDjQKgufkOCxh0dJzjC4lBMFqAcvKdjFmr
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Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 66]
RFC 6216                  SIP Secure Call Flows               April 2011

   wNSEMOLlFDBVBGMnFhJsYAABZ4LuJUwkJZCgoQQDdcB7Gv768/VRHG01vNNt
   emZ7DOdvjHOoX11ffrLl2/wL8wbDIgAAAAAAAAAAAJBchjiJbgB4AAA=
   -- END MESSAGE ARCHIVE --

Authors' Addresses

   Cullen Jennings
   Cisco Systems
   170 West Tasman Drive
   Mailstop SJC-21/2
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Phone: +1 408 421 9990
   EMail: fluffy@cisco.com

   Kumiko Ono
   Columbia University
   1214 Amsterdam Avenue
   MC 0401
   New York, NY 10027
   USA

   EMail: kumiko@cs.columbia.edu

   Robert Sparks
   Tekelec
   17210 Campbell Road
   Suite 250
   Dallas, TX  75252
   USA

   EMail: Robert.Sparks@tekelec.com

   Brian Hibbard (editor)
   Tekelec
   17210 Campbell Road
   Suite 250
   Dallas, TX  75252
   USA

   EMail: Brian.Hibbard@tekelec.com

Jennings, et al.              Informational                    [Page 67]