Computer based instruction
RFC 313
Document | Type | RFC - Unknown (March 1972) | |
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Authors | |||
Last updated | 2013-03-02 | ||
RFC stream | Legacy stream | ||
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IESG | Responsible AD | (None) | |
Send notices to | (None) |
RFC 313
RFC 313 Computer Based Instruction March 1972 LANGUAGE PROCESSORS A basic characteristic of a large General Purpose Computer Network is that it is capable of providing support from various manufacturers' machines. That is, such a network can be comprised of a number of special purpose processors that can be distributed geographically and organizationally to locations where the best support exists for each process. This characteristic makes it possible to select and join the best match of capabilities for a complex application . It is no longer necessary to settle for a hardware/software system that does a reasonable job in most areas of the applications need. CBI is a complex application. In addition to a good management system and associated data base, it requires heavy text handling for lesson material, table lookup and branching logic for acting on the student selected answers to multiple choice questions, a student arithmetic problem solving language for drill and practice, simulation capability of both physical processes (for laboratory and circuit simulation), and of decision processes (for gaming experience), and a future need for natural language processors to permit evaluation of free form student responses. In addition, there may be need for heavy statistical and arithmetic processing for course, student, and instructor evaluation. Depending on the course, various mixes of languages to support the above activities will be needed. Some believe that the language required for presentation of course material and evaluation of student response (and associated appropriate action) may be heavily dependent on the type of course being given. As we develop a deeper understanding of the learning process, we are likely to require expansion of languages to provide new functions and perform processes not yet identified. To provide expandability of languages, Meta-compiler techniques can be applied. Meta-compilers are in an early stage of development; however, several are available on the network. In addition to facilitating language expansion with minimum effort while preserving the workability of code written in the previous versions of the changing language, the Meta-compiler can be made to produce either compiler or program object code that will operate on several different target machines. This feature can give both programs and, in some cases, compilers that are transportable across machines, eliminating the need to settle on a single manufacturer's hardware when it is expected that a CBI compiler or interpreter, or a course or set of courses is going to be used in a way that requires O'Sullivan [Page 6] RFC 313 Computer Based Instruction March 1972 substantial geographic distribution. Hardware decisions can be based on the most cost-effective hardware for the combinations to be run at one time. Use of Meta-compilers will permit the development and debugging of new course material in advance of the delivery of the system selected for operations, even though the selected machine is not yet represented in the large General Purpose Computer Network. Field test can also proceed before the selected hardware arrives. Experience to date in the use of Meta-compilers indicates that the use of their high order languages to implement compilers and interpreters result in dramatic savings in both turnaround time and the absolute cost of producing a finished language product. DIALOGUE SUPPORT SYSTEMS In a field developing as rapidly as CBI, and at a time when substantial implementation is about to take place, dialogue between theoreticians, developers, and users is an important issue. New tools for supporting dialogue among members of a distributed group are currently in experimental use in the ARPA network. These new techniques not only support dialogue more rapidly than the distribution of papers, notes, and memos, but in some cases tend to sharpen the thought process and yield a better result. The application of such facilities, when ready, will be helpful beyond the early planning stages or projects. After plans are set, during the development of a project, a broader group of experts will be able to be called on to work on problems and questions as they occur. Later, as the product is being field tested (especially if testing is distributed or separated from the evaluation group), these new tools can be used to allow the test implementors to interact with each other and with evaluators in a more timely manner than a post- mortum meeting, resolving problems and questions as they occur, and as a side benefit producing more complete documentation of test progress. After the tests, when the product is being used operationally, these same tools can provide an excellent vehicle for tapping the ideas, suggestions, and enrichments contributed by the more creative instructors, and facilitate acting on them more rapidly than is currently possible. Meanwhile, as these tools are being developed, present ARPA Network procedures for supporting the dialogue in a distributed group in more traditional ways may prove helpful. The Network Information Center (NIC), in addition to supporting the general ARPANET community, is O'Sullivan [Page 7] RFC 313 Computer Based Instruction March 1972 supporting special interest groups such as the Speech Understanding Research (SUR) group. The application of these procedures could establish a valuable link between the academic-nonprofit institutions working on CBI, the centers in the Armed Forces where development and operations are taking place, and members of the network community who have an intimate understanding of the network resources available. CONCLUSION This paper has argued that there are resources in a large General Purpose Computer Network that can be applied to CBI with high utility. The argument can be extended to suggest that large dedicated CBI systems can have greater utility to users (and in the other direction, greater use), if tied into a General Purpose Computer Network, with respect to current network capabilities, future network developments, and in some cases provide backup during periods of overload or system failure. There are certainly important CBI issues outstanding in areas of pedagogy, strategy, curriculum development, testing, etc. As CBI systems are developed there are important issues of control (of the development process, of the distribution of material, and of modification of those materials). However, these issues seem to be independent of the question of whether CBI takes advantage of the resources of a large General Purpose Network. There are important problems to be solved on the computer side dealing with better tools to handle and evaluate masses of data, language, and protocols for network utilization. However, there seems to be sufficient promise in what we know of present network capabilities to warrant serious consideration by the developers of CBI of how General Purpose Networks fit in, and by network people of how their resources apply to this important large application area. [This RFC was put into machine readable form for entry] [into the online RFC archives by Hélène Morin, Viagénie 10/99] O'Sullivan [Page 8]