Use of HTTP State Management
RFC 2964

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Network Working Group                                            K. Moore
Request for Comments: 2964                        University of Tennessee
BCP: 44                                                          N. Freed
Category: Best Current Practice                                  Innosoft
                                                             October 2000

                      Use of HTTP State Management

Status of this Memo

   This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the
   Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000).  All Rights Reserved.

IESG Note

   The IESG notes that this mechanism makes use of the .local top-level
   domain (TLD) internally when handling host names that don't contain
   any dots, and that this mechanism might not work in the expected way
   should an actual .local TLD ever be registered.

Abstract

   The mechanisms described in "HTTP State Management Mechanism" (RFC-
   2965), and its predecessor (RFC-2109), can be used for many different
   purposes.  However, some current and potential uses of the protocol
   are controversial because they have significant user privacy and
   security implications.  This memo identifies specific uses of
   Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) State Management protocol which
   are either (a) not recommended by the IETF, or (b) believed to be
   harmful, and discouraged.  This memo also details additional privacy
   considerations which are not covered by the HTTP State Management
   protocol specification.

1.  Introduction

   The HTTP State Management mechanism is both useful and controversial.
   It is useful because numerous applications of HTTP benefit from the
   ability to save state between HTTP transactions, without encoding
   such state in URLs.  It is controversial because the mechanism has
   been used to accomplish things for which it was not designed and is
   not well-suited.  Some of these uses have attracted a great deal of
   public criticism because they threaten to violate the privacy of web

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   users, specifically by leaking potentially sensitive information to
   third parties such as the Web sites a user has visited.  There are
   also other uses of HTTP State Management which are inappropriate even
   though they do not threaten user privacy.

   This memo therefore identifies uses of the HTTP State Management
   protocol specified in RFC-2965 which are not recommended by the IETF,
   or which are believed to be harmful and are therefore discouraged.

   This document occasionally uses terms that appear in capital letters.
   When the terms "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", and "MAY"
   appear capitalized, they are being used to indicate particular
   requirements of this specification.  A discussion of the meanings of
   the terms "MUST", "SHOULD", and "MAY" appears in [RFC-1123]; the
   terms "MUST NOT" and "SHOULD NOT" are logical extensions of this
   usage.

2.  Uses of HTTP State Management

   The purpose of HTTP State Management is to allow an HTTP-based
   service to create stateful "sessions" which persist across multiple
   HTTP transactions.  A single session may involve transactions with
   multiple server hosts.  Multiple client hosts may also be involved in
   a single session when the session data for a particular user is
   shared between client hosts (e.g., via a networked file system).  In
   other words, the "session" retains state between a "user" and a
   "service", not between particular hosts.

   It's important to realize that similar capabilities may also be
   achieved using the "bare" HTTP protocol, and/or dynamically-generated
   HTML, without the State Management extensions.  For example, state
   information can be transmitted from the service to the user by
   embedding a session identifier in one or more URLs which appear in
   HTTP redirects, or dynamically generated HTML; and the state
   information may be returned from the user to the service when such
   URLs appear in a GET or POST request.  HTML forms can also be used to
   pass state information from the service to the user and back, without
   the user being aware of this happening.

   However, the HTTP State Management facility does provide an increase
   in functionality over ordinary HTTP and HTML.  In practice, this
   additional functionality includes:

   (1)   The ability to exchange URLs between users, of resources
         accessed during stateful sessions, without leaking the state
         information associated with those sessions.  (e.g. "Here's the
         URL for the FooCorp web catalog entry for those sandals that
         you wanted.")

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   (2)   The ability to maintain session state without "cache-busting".
         That is, separating the session state from the URL allows a web
         cache to maintain only a single copy of the named resource.  If
         the state is maintained in session-specific URLs, the cache
         would likely have to maintain several identical copies of the
         resource.

   (3)   The ability to implement sessions with minimal server
         configuration and minimal protocol overhead, as compared to
         other techniques of maintaining session state.

   (4)   The ability to associate the user with session state whenever a
         user accesses the service, regardless of whether the user
         enters through a particular "home page" or "portal".

   (5)   The ability to save session information in stable storage, so
         that a "session" can be maintained across client invocations,
         system reboots, and client or system crashes.

2.1.  Recommended Uses

   Use of HTTP State Management is appropriate whenever it is desirable
   to maintain state between a user and a service across multiple HTTP
   transactions, provided that:

   (1)   the user is aware that session state is being maintained and
         consents to it,

   (2)   the user has the ability to delete the state associated with
         such a session at any time,

   (3)   the information obtained through the ability to track the
         user's usage of the service is not disclosed to other parties
         without the user's explicit consent, and

   (4)   session information itself cannot contain sensitive information
         and cannot be used to obtain sensitive information that is not
         otherwise available to an eavesdropper.

   This last point is important because cookies are usually sent in the
   clear and hence are readily available to eavesdroppers.

   An example of such a recommended use would be a "shopping cart",
   where the existence of the shopping cart is explicitly made known to
   the user, the user can explicitly "empty" his or her shopping cart
   (either by requesting that it be emptied or by purchasing those

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   items) and thus cause the shared state to be discarded, and the
   service asserts that it will not disclose the user's shopping or
   browsing habits to third parties without the user's consent.

   Note that the HTTP State Management protocol effectively allows a
   service provider to refuse to provide a service, or provide a reduced
   level of service, if the user or a user's client fails to honor a
   request to maintain session state.  Absent legal prohibition to the
   contrary, the server MAY refuse to provide the service, or provide a
   reduced level of service, under these conditions.  As a purely
   practical consideration, services designed to utilize HTTP State
   Management may be unable to function properly if the client does not
   provide it.  Such servers SHOULD gracefully handle such conditions
   and explain to the user why the full level of service is not
   available.

2.2.  Problematic Uses

   The following uses of HTTP State Management are deemed inappropriate
   and contrary to this specification:

2.2.1.  Leakage of Information to Third Parties

   HTTP State Management MUST NOT be used to leak information about the
   user or the user's browsing habits to other parties besides the user
   or service, without the user's explicit consent.  Such usage is
   prohibited even if the user's name or other externally-assigned
   identifier are not exposed to other parties, because the state
   management mechanism itself provides an identifier which can be used
   to compile information about the user.

   Because such practices encourage users to defeat HTTP State
   Management mechanisms, they tend to reduce the effectiveness of HTTP
   State Management, and are therefore considered detrimental to the
   operation of the web.

2.2.2.  Use as an Authentication Mechanism

   It is generally inappropriate to use the HTTP State Management
   protocol as an authentication mechanism.  HTTP State Management is
   not designed with such use in mind, and safeguards for protection of
   authentication credentials are lacking in both the protocol
   specification and in widely deployed HTTP clients and servers.  Most
   HTTP sessions are not encrypted and "cookies" may therefore be
   exposed to passive eavesdroppers.  Furthermore, HTTP clients and
   servers typically store "cookies" in cleartext with little or no
   protection against exposure.  HTTP State Management therefore SHOULD

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   NOT be used as an authentication mechanism to protect information
   from being exposed to unauthorized parties, even if the HTTP sessions
   are encrypted.

   The prohibition against using HTTP State Management for
   authentication includes both its use to protect information which is
   provided by the service, and its use to protect potentially sensitive
   information about the user which is entrusted to the service's care.
   For example, it would be inappropriate to expose a user's name,
   address, telephone number, or billing information to a client that
   merely presented a cookie which had been previously associated with
   the user.

   Similarly, HTTP State Management SHOULD NOT be used to authenticate
   user requests if unauthorized requests might have undesirable side-
   effects for the user, unless the user is aware of the potential for
   such side-effects and explicitly consents to such use.  For example,
   a service which allowed a user to order merchandise with a single
   "click", based entirely on the user's stored "cookies", could
   inconvenience the user by requiring her to dispute charges to her
   credit card, and/or return the unwanted merchandise, in the event
   that the cookies were exposed to third parties.

   Some uses of HTTP State Management to identify users may be
   relatively harmless, for example, if the only information which can
   be thus exposed belongs to the service, and the service will suffer
   little harm from the exposure of such information.

3.  User Interface Considerations for HTTP State Management

   HTTP State Management has been very controversial because of its
   potential to expose information about a user's browsing habits to
   third parties, without the knowledge or consent of the user.  While
   such exposure is possible, this is less a flaw in the protocol itself
   than a failure of HTTP client implementations (and of some providers
   of HTTP-based services) to protect users' interests.

   As implied above, there are other ways to maintain session state than
   using HTTP State Management, and therefore other ways in which users'
   browsing habits can be tracked.  Indeed, it is difficult to imagine
   how the HTTP protocol or an HTTP client could actually prevent a
   service from disclosing a user's "click trail" to other parties if
   the service chose to do so.  Protection of such information from
   inappropriate exposure must therefore be the responsibility of the
   service.  HTTP client implementations inherently cannot provide such
   protection, though they can implement countermeasures which make it
   more difficult for HTTP State Management to be used as the mechanism
   by which such information is exposed.

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   It is arguable that HTTP clients should provide more protection in
   general against inappropriate exposure of tracking information,
   regardless of whether the exposure were facilitated by use of HTTP
   State Management or by some other means.  However, issues related to
   other mechanisms are beyond the scope of this memo.

3.1.  Capabilities Required of an HTTP Client

   A user's willingness to consent to use of HTTP State Management is
   likely to vary from one service to another, according to whether the
   user trusts the service to use the information appropriately and to
   limit its exposure to other parties.  The user therefore SHOULD be
   able to control whether his client supports a service's request to
   use HTTP State Management, on a per-service basis.  In particular:

   (1)   Clients MUST NOT respond to HTTP State Management requests
         unless explicitly enabled by the user.

   (2)   Clients SHOULD provide an effective interface which allows
         users to review, and approve or refuse, any particular requests
         from a server to maintain state information, before the client
         provides any state information to the server.

   (3)   Clients SHOULD provide an effective interface which allows
         users to instruct their clients to ignore all requests from a
         particular service to maintain state information, on a per-
         service basis, immediately in response to any particular
         request from a server, before the client provides any state
         information to the server.

   (4)   Clients SHOULD provide an effective interface which allows a
         user to disable future transmission of any state information to
         a service, and/or discard any saved state information for that
         service, even though the user has previously approved a
         service's request to maintain state information.

   (5)   Clients SHOULD provide an effective interface which allows a
         user to terminate a previous request not to retain state
         management information for a given service.

3.2.  Limitations of the domain-match algorithm

   The domain-match algorithm in RFC-2965 section 2 is intended as a
   heuristic to allow a client to "guess" whether or not two domains are
   part of the same service.  There are few rules about how domain names
   can be used, and the structure of domain names and how they are
   delegated varies from one top-level domain to another (i.e. the
   client cannot tell which part of the domain was assigned to the

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   service).  Therefore NO string comparison algorithm (including the
   domain-match algorithm) can be relied on to distinguish a domain that
   belongs to a particular service, from a domain that belongs to
   another party.

   As stated above, each service is ultimately responsible for ensuring
   that user information is not inappropriately leaked to third parties.
   Leaking information to third parties via State Management by careful
   selection of domain names, or by assigning domain names to hosts
   maintained by third parties, is at least as inappropriate as leaking
   the same information by other means.

4.  Security Considerations

   This entire memo is about security considerations.

5.  Authors' Addresses

   Keith Moore
   University of Tennessee Computer Science Department
   1122 Volunteer Blvd, Suite 203
   Knoxville TN, 37996-3450

   EMail: moore@cs.utk.edu

   Ned Freed
   Innosoft International, Inc.
   1050 Lakes Drive
   West Covina, CA 81790

   EMail: ned.freed@innosoft.com

6.  References

   [RFC 1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
              Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989.

   [RFC 2965] Kristol, D. and L. Montulli, "HTTP State Management
              Mechanism", RFC 2965, October 2000.

   [RFC 2109] Kristol, D. and L. Montulli, "HTTP State Management
              Mechanism", RFC 2109, February 1997.

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7.  Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000).  All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.

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