The "data" URL scheme
RFC 2397

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Network Working Group                                      L. Masinter
Request for Comments: 2397                           Xerox Corporation
Category: Standards Track                                  August 1998

                         The "data" URL scheme

Status of this Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.

1. Abstract

   A new URL scheme, "data", is defined. It allows inclusion of small
   data items as "immediate" data, as if it had been included
   externally.

2. Description

   Some applications that use URLs also have a need to embed (small)
   media type data directly inline. This document defines a new URL
   scheme that would work like 'immediate addressing'. The URLs are of
   the form:

                    data:[<mediatype>][;base64],<data>

   The <mediatype> is an Internet media type specification (with
   optional parameters.) The appearance of ";base64" means that the data
   is encoded as base64. Without ";base64", the data (as a sequence of
   octets) is represented using ASCII encoding for octets inside the
   range of safe URL characters and using the standard %xx hex encoding
   of URLs for octets outside that range.  If <mediatype> is omitted, it
   defaults to text/plain;charset=US-ASCII.  As a shorthand,
   "text/plain" can be omitted but the charset parameter supplied.

   The "data:" URL scheme is only useful for short values. Note that
   some applications that use URLs may impose a length limit; for
   example, URLs embedded within <A> anchors in HTML have a length limit
   determined by the SGML declaration for HTML [RFC1866]. The LITLEN
   (1024) limits the number of characters which can appear in a single

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RFC 2397                 The "data" URL scheme               August 1998

   attribute value literal, the ATTSPLEN (2100) limits the sum of all
   lengths of all attribute value specifications which appear in a tag,
   and the TAGLEN (2100) limits the overall length of a tag.

   The "data" URL scheme has no relative URL forms.

3. Syntax

       dataurl    := "data:" [ mediatype ] [ ";base64" ] "," data
       mediatype  := [ type "/" subtype ] *( ";" parameter )
       data       := *urlchar
       parameter  := attribute "=" value

   where "urlchar" is imported from [RFC2396], and "type", "subtype",
   "attribute" and "value" are the corresponding tokens from [RFC2045],
   represented using URL escaped encoding of [RFC2396] as necessary.

   Attribute values in [RFC2045] are allowed to be either represented as
   tokens or as quoted strings. However, within a "data" URL, the
   "quoted-string" representation would be awkward, since the quote mark
   is itself not a valid urlchar. For this reason, parameter values
   should use the URL Escaped encoding instead of quoted string if the
   parameter values contain any "tspecial".

   The ";base64" extension is distinguishable from a content-type
   parameter by the fact that it doesn't have a following "=" sign.

4. Examples

   A data URL might be used for arbitrary types of data. The URL

                          data:,A%20brief%20note

   encodes the text/plain string "A brief note", which might be useful
   in a footnote link.

   The HTML fragment:

   <IMG
   SRC="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhMAAwAPAAAAAAAP///ywAAAAAMAAw
   AAAC8IyPqcvt3wCcDkiLc7C0qwyGHhSWpjQu5yqmCYsapyuvUUlvONmOZtfzgFz
   ByTB10QgxOR0TqBQejhRNzOfkVJ+5YiUqrXF5Y5lKh/DeuNcP5yLWGsEbtLiOSp
   a/TPg7JpJHxyendzWTBfX0cxOnKPjgBzi4diinWGdkF8kjdfnycQZXZeYGejmJl
   ZeGl9i2icVqaNVailT6F5iJ90m6mvuTS4OK05M0vDk0Q4XUtwvKOzrcd3iq9uis
   F81M1OIcR7lEewwcLp7tuNNkM3uNna3F2JQFo97Vriy/Xl4/f1cf5VWzXyym7PH
   hhx4dbgYKAAA7"
   ALT="Larry">

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RFC 2397                 The "data" URL scheme               August 1998

   could be used for a small inline image in a HTML document.  (The
   embedded image is probably near the limit of utility. For anything
   else larger, data URLs are likely to be inappropriate.)

   A data URL scheme's media type specification can include other
   parameters; for example, one might specify a charset parameter.

      data:text/plain;charset=iso-8859-7,%be%fg%be

   can be used for a short sequence of greek characters.

   Some applications may use the "data" URL scheme in order to provide
   setup parameters for other kinds of networking applications. For
   example, one might create a media type
           application/vnd-xxx-query

   whose content consists of a query string and a database identifier
   for the "xxx" vendor's databases. A URL of the form:

   data:application/vnd-xxx-
   query,select_vcount,fcol_from_fieldtable/local

   could then be used in a local application to launch the "helper" for
   application/vnd-xxx-query and give it the immediate data included.

5. History

   This idea was originally proposed August 1995. Some versions of the
   data URL scheme have been used in the definition of VRML, and a
   version has appeared as part of a proposal for embedded data in HTML.
   Various changes have been made, based on requests, to elide the media
   type, pack the indication of the base64 encoding more tightly, and
   eliminate "quoted printable" as an encoding since it would not easily
   yield valid URLs without additional %xx encoding, which itself is
   sufficient. The "data" URL scheme is in use in VRML, new applications
   of HTML, and various commercial products. It is being used for object
   parameters in Java and ActiveX applications.

6. Security

   Interpretation of the data within a "data" URL has the same security
   considerations as any implementation of the given media type.  An
   application should not interpret the contents of a data URL which is
   marked with a media type that has been disallowed for processing by
   the application's configuration.

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   Sites which use firewall proxies to disallow the retrieval of certain
   media types (such as application script languages or types with known
   security problems) will find it difficult to screen against the
   inclusion of such types using the "data" URL scheme.  However, they
   should be aware of the threat and take whatever precautions are
   considered necessary within their domain.

   The effect of using long "data" URLs in applications is currently
   unknown; some software packages may exhibit unreasonable behavior
   when confronted with data that exceeds its allocated buffer size.

7. References

   [RFC2396] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter,
               "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC
               2396, August 1998.

   [RFC1866]   Berners-Lee, T., and D. Connolly, "Hypertext Markup
               Language - 2.0.", RFC 1866, November 1995.

   [RFC2045]   Freed N., and N. Borenstein., "Multipurpose Internet Mail
               Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
               Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.

Author contact information:

   Larry Masinter
   Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
   3333 Coyote Hill Road
   Palo Alto, CA 94304

   EMail: masinter@parc.xerox.com

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RFC 2397                 The "data" URL scheme               August 1998

Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
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   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
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   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
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   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
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   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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