Transport Area Working Group                                    G. White
Internet-Draft                                                 CableLabs
Intended status: Standards Track                              T. Fossati
Expires: December 30, 2019                                           ARM
                                                           June 28, 2019


 Identifying and Handling Non Queue Building Flows in a Bottleneck Link
                        draft-white-tsvwg-nqb-02

Abstract

   This draft proposes the definition of a standardized DiffServ code
   point (DSCP) to identify Non-Queue-Building flows (for example:
   interactive voice and video, gaming, machine to machine
   applications), along with a Per-Hop-Behavior (PHB) that provides a
   separate queue for such flows.

   The purpose of such a marking scheme is to enable networks to provide
   and utilize queues that are optimized to provide low latency and low
   loss for such Non-Queue-Building flows (e.g. shallow buffers,
   optimized media access parameters, etc.).

   This marking scheme and PHB has been developed primarily for use by
   access network segments, where queuing delays and queuing loss caused
   by Queue-Building protocols are manifested.  In particular,
   applications to cable broadband links and mobile network radio and
   core segments are discussed.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 30, 2019.






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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Non-Queue Building Flows  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   4.  Endpoint Marking and Queue Protection . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   5.  Non Queue Building PHB and DSCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   6.  End-to-end Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   7.  Relationship to L4S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   8.  Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     8.1.  DOCSIS Access Networks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     8.2.  Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     8.3.  WiFi Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   9.  Comparison to Existing Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   10. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   13. Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

1.  Introduction

   The vast majority of packets that are carried by broadband access
   networks are managed by an end-to-end congestion control algorithm,
   such as Reno, Cubic or BBR.  These congestion control algorithms
   attempt to seek the available capacity of the end-to-end path (which
   can frequently be the access network link capacity), and in doing so
   generally overshoot the available capacity, causing a queue to build-
   up at the bottleneck link.  This queue build up results in queuing
   delay that the application experiences as variable latency, and
   commonly results in packet loss as well.





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   In contrast to traditional congestion-controlled applications, there
   are a variety of relatively low data rate applications that do not
   materially contribute to queueing delay and loss, but are nonetheless
   subjected to it by sharing the same bottleneck link in the access
   network.  Many of these applications may be sensitive to latency or
   latency variation, as well as packet loss, and thus produce a poor
   quality of experience in such conditions.

   Active Queue Management (AQM) mechanisms (such as PIE [RFC8033],
   DOCSIS-PIE [RFC8034], or CoDel [RFC8289]) can improve the quality of
   experience for latency sensitive applications, but there are
   practical limits to the amount of improvement that can be achieved
   without impacting the throughput of capacity-seeking applications.

   This document considers differentiating between these two classes of
   traffic in bottleneck links and queuing them separately in order that
   both classes can deliver optimal quality of experience for their
   applications.

   A couple of preconditions need to be satisfied before we can move on
   from the status quo.  First, the packets must be efficiently
   identified so that they can be quickly assigned to the "right" queue.
   This is especially important with the rising popularity of encrypted
   and multiplexed transports, which has the potential of making deep
   inspection infeasible.  Second, the signal must be such that
   malicious or badly configured nodes can't abuse it.

2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

3.  Non-Queue Building Flows

   There are many applications that send traffic at relatively low data
   rates and/or in a fairly smooth and consistent manner such that they
   are highly unlikely to exceed the available capacity of the network
   path between source and sink.  These applications do not make use of
   network buffers, but nonetheless can be subjected to packet delay and
   delay variation as a result of sharing a network buffer with those
   that do make use of them.  Many of these applications are negatively
   affected by excessive packet delay and delay variation.  Such
   applications are ideal candidates to be queued separately from the
   capacity-seeking applications that are the cause of queue buildup,
   latency and loss.





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   These Non-queue-building (NQB) flows are typically UDP flows that
   send traffic at a lower data rate and don't seek the capacity of the
   link (examples: online games, voice chat, DNS lookups).  Here the
   data rate is essentially limited by the Application itself.  In
   contrast, Queue-building (QB) flows include traffic which uses the
   Traditional TCP or QUIC, with BBR or other TCP congestion
   controllers.

   There are a lot of great examples of applications that fall very
   neatly into these two categories, but there are also application
   flows that may be in a gray area in between (e.g. they are NQB on
   higher-speed links, but QB on lower-speed links).

4.  Endpoint Marking and Queue Protection

   This memo proposes that application endpoints apply a marking,
   utilizing the Diffserv field of the IP header, to packets of NQB
   flows that could then be used by the network to differentiate between
   QB and NQB flows.  It is important for such a marking to be
   universally agreed upon, rather than being locally defined by the
   network operator, such that applications could be written to apply
   the marking without regard to local network policies.

   Some questions that arise when considering endpoint marking are: How
   can an application determine whether it is queue building or not,
   given that the sending application is generally not aware of the
   available capacity of the path to the receiving endpoint?  Even in
   cases where an application is aware of the capacity of the path, how
   can it be sure that the available capacity (considering other flows
   that may be sharing the path) would be sufficient to result in the
   application's traffic not causing a queue to form?  In an unmanaged
   environment, how can networks trust endpoint marking, and why
   wouldn't all applications mark their packets as NQB?

   As an answer the last question, it is worthwhile to note that the NQB
   designation and marking would be intended to convey verifiable
   traffic behavior, not needs or wants.  Also, it would be important
   that incentives are aligned correctly, i.e. that there is a benefit
   to the application in marking its packets correctly, and no benefit
   for an application in intentionally mismarking its traffic.  Thus, a
   useful property of nodes that support separate queues for NQB and QB
   flows would be that for NQB flows, the NQB queue provides better
   performance (considering latency, loss and throughput) than the QB
   queue; and for QB flows, the QB queue provides better performance
   (considering latency, loss and throughput) than the NQB queue.

   Even so, it is possible that due to an implementation error or
   misconfiguration, a QB flow would end up getting mismarked as NQB, or



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   vice versa.  In the case of an NQB flow that isn't marked as NQB and
   ends up in the QB queue, it would only impact its own quality of
   service, and so it seems to be of lesser concern.  However, a QB flow
   that is mismarked as NQB would cause queuing delays for all of the
   other flows that are sharing the NQB queue.

   To prevent this situation from harming the performance of the real
   NQB flows, network elements that support differentiating NQB traffic
   SHOULD support a "queue protection" function that can identify QB
   flows that are mismarked as NQB, and reclassify those flows/packets
   to the QB queue.  This benefits the reclassified flow by giving it
   access to a large buffer (and thus lower packet loss rate), and
   benefits the actual NQB flows by preventing harm (increased latency
   variability) to them.  Such a function SHOULD be implemented in an
   objective and verifiable manner, basing its decisions upon the
   behavior of the flow rather than on application-layer constructs.

5.  Non Queue Building PHB and DSCP

   This section uses the DiffServ nomenclature of per-hop-behavior (PHB)
   to describe how a network node could provide better quality of
   service for NQB flows without reducing performance of QB flows.

   A node supporting the NQB PHB MUST provide a queue for non-queue-
   building traffic separate from the queue used for queue-building
   traffic.  This queue SHOULD support a latency-based queue protection
   mechanism that is able to identify queue-building behavior in flows
   that are classified into the queue, and to redirect flows causing
   queue build-up to a different queue.  One example algorithm can be
   found in Annex P of [DOCSIS-MULPIv3.1].

   While there may be some similarities between the characteristics of
   NQB flows and flows marked with the Expedited Forwarding (EF) DSCP,
   the NQB PHB would differ from the Expedited Forwarding PHB in several
   important ways.

   o  NQB traffic is not rate limited or rate policed.  Rather, the NQB
      queue would be expected to support a latency-based queue
      protection mechanism that identifies NQB marked flows that are
      beginning to cause latency, and redirects packets from those flows
      to the queue for QB flows.

   o  The node supporting the NQB PHB makes no guarantees on latency or
      data rate for NQB marked flows, but instead aims to provide a
      bound on queuing delay for as many such marked flows as it can,
      and shed load when needed.





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   o  EF is commonly used exclusively for voice traffic, for which
      additional functions are applied, such as admission control,
      accounting, prioritized delivery, etc.

   In networks that support the NQB PHB, it may be preferred to also
   include traffic marked EF (0b101110) in the NQB queue.  The choice of
   the 0x2A codepoint (0b101010) for NQB would conveniently allow a node
   to select these two codepoints using a single mask pattern of
   0b101x10.

6.  End-to-end Support

   In contrast to the existing standard DSCPs, which are typically only
   meaningful within a DiffServ Domain (e.g. an AS), this DSCP would be
   intended for end-to-end usage across the Internet.  Some network
   operators bleach the Diffserv field on ingress into their network
   [Custura], and in some cases apply their own DSCP for internal usage.
   Networks that support the NQB PHB SHOULD preserve the NQB DSCP when
   forwarding via an interconnect.

7.  Relationship to L4S

   The dual-queue mechanism described in this draft is intended to be
   compatible with [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-l4s-arch].

8.  Use Cases

8.1.  DOCSIS Access Networks

   Residential cable broadband Internet services are commonly configured
   with a single bottleneck link (the access network link) upon which
   the service definition is applied.  The service definition, typically
   an upstream/downstream data rate tuple, is implemented as a
   configured pair of rate shapers that are applied to the user's
   traffic.  In such networks, the quality of service that each
   application receives, and as a result, the quality of experience that
   it generates for the user is influenced by the characteristics of the
   access network link.

   To support the NQB PHB, cable broadband services MUST be configured
   to provide a separate queue for NQB traffic that shares the service
   rate shaping configuration with the queue for QB traffic.

8.2.  Mobile Networks

   Today's mobile networks are configured to bundle all flows to and
   from the Internet into a single "default" EPS bearer whose buffering
   characteristics are not compatible with low-latency traffic.  The



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   established behaviour is partly rooted in the desire to prioritise
   operators' voice services over competing over-the-top services.  Of
   late, said business consideration seems to have lost momentum and the
   incentives might now be aligned towards allowing a more suitable
   treatment of Internet real-time flows.

   To support the NQB PHB, the mobile network MUST be configured to give
   UEs a dedicated, low-latency, non-GBR, EPS bearer with QCI 7 in
   addition to the default EPS bearer.

   A packet carrying the NQB DSCP SHOULD be routed through the dedicated
   low-latency EPS bearer.  A packet that has no associated NQB marking
   SHOULD be routed through the default EPS bearer.

8.3.  WiFi Networks

   WiFi networking equipment compliant with 802.11e generally supports
   either four or eight transmit queues and four sets of associated CSMA
   parameters that are used to enable differentiated media access
   characteristics.  Implementations typically utilize the IP DSCP field
   to select a transmit queue.

   As discussed in [RFC8325], most implementations use a default DSCP to
   User Priority mapping that utilizes the most significant three bits
   of the DiffServ Field to select User Priority.  In the case of the
   0x2A codepoint, this would map to UP_5 which is in the "Video" Access
   Category (one level above "Best Effort").

   Systems that utilize [RFC8325], SHOULD map the 0x2A codepoint to UP_6
   in the "Voice" Access Category.

9.  Comparison to Existing Approaches

   Traditional QoS mechanisms focus on prioritization in an attempt to
   achieve two goals: reduced latency for "latency-sensitive" traffic,
   and increased bandwidth availability for "important" applications.
   Applications are generally given priority in proportion to some
   combination of latency-sensitivity and importance.

   Downsides to this approach include the difficulties in sorting out
   what priority level each application should get (making the value
   judgement as to relative latency-sensitivity and importance),
   associating packets to priority levels (configuring and maintaining
   lots of classifier state, or trusting endpoint markings and the value
   judgements that they convey), ensuring that high priority traffic
   doesn't starve lower priority traffic (admission control, weighted
   scheduling, etc. are possible solutions).  This solution can work in
   a managed network, where the network operator can control the usage



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   of the QoS mechanisms, but has not been adopted end-to-end across the
   Internet.  See also [Claffy] for an exhaustive treatment of the
   argument.

   Flow queueing (FQ) approaches (such as fq_codel [RFC8290]), on the
   other hand, achieve latency improvements by associating packets into
   "flow" queues and then prioritizing "sparse flows", i.e. packets that
   arrive to an empty flow queue.  Flow queueing does not attempt to
   differentiate between flows on the basis of value (importance or
   latency-sensitivity), it simply gives preference to sparse flows, and
   tries to guarantee that the non-sparse flows all get an equal share
   of the remaining channel capacity and are interleaved with one
   another.  As a result, FQ mechanisms could be considered more
   appropriate for unmanaged environments and general Internet traffic.

   Downsides to this approach include loss of low latency performance
   due to the possibility of hash collisions (where a sparse flow shares
   a queue with a bulk data flow), complexity in managing a large number
   of queues in certain implementations, and some undesirable effects of
   the Deficit Round Robin (DRR) scheduling.  The DRR scheduler enforces
   that each non-sparse flow gets an equal fraction of link bandwidth,
   which causes problems with VPNs and other tunnels, exhibits poor
   behavior with less-aggressive congestion control algorithms, e.g.
   LEDBAT [RFC6817], and could exhibit poor behavior with RTP Media
   Congestion Avoidance Techniques (RMCAT)
   [I-D.ietf-rmcat-cc-requirements].  In effect, the network element is
   making a decision as to what constitutes a flow, and then forcing all
   such flows to take equal bandwidth at every instant.

   The Dual-queue approach defined in this document achieves the main
   benefit of fq_codel: latency improvement without value judgements,
   without the downsides.

   The distinction between NQB flows and QB flows is similar to the
   distinction made between "sparse flow queues" and "non-sparse flow
   queues" in fq_codel.  In fq_codel, a flow queue is considered sparse
   if it is drained completely by each packet transmission, and remains
   empty for at least one cycle of the round robin over the active flows
   (this is approximately equivalent to saying that it utilizes less
   than its fair share of capacity).  While this definition is
   convenient to implement in fq_codel, it isn't the only useful
   definition of sparse flows.

   The Linux Heavy-Hitter Filter [HHF][Estan] qdisc and the Cisco
   Dynamic Packet Prioritization [DPP] feature both categorize
   application flows into "mice" and "elephants", and provide a separate
   queue that gives high priority to the "mice" flows.  In both of these
   implementations, the definition of a mice flow is one that falls



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   below a defined number of bytes or packets (respectively).  In
   essence, the first N bytes or packets of every new flow are queued
   separately, and given priority over other traffic.  The HHF
   implementation defaults to using 128KB for N, whereas the DPP
   documentation discusses using 120 packets.

   This approach is relatively simple to implement, but it is making the
   wrong distinction between flows.  To illustrate, an hour-long 60 kbps
   multiplayer online gaming flow sending 60 packets per second would be
   classified as an elephant after the first 17 seconds using HFF or 2
   seconds using DPP, whereas it should be considered as NQB for the
   entire duration.

   Other dual-queue approaches have been proposed, including some that
   pair a shallow buffer with a deep buffer, similar to what is
   described in this draft.  One such design is the "RD" mechanism in
   [Podlesny] which proposes that applications select either high rate
   or low delay, with one queue (the high-rate queue) being given a
   large buffer and a higher scheduling weight, and the other queue (the
   low-delay queue) being given a short buffer and lower scheduling
   weight.  This approach is somewhat similar to the NQB PHB, in regards
   to allowing the application to select between a deep buffer and a
   shallow one, but it places unnecessary restrictions on the scheduling
   between the two queues, and doesn't differentiate traffic based on
   behavior.  Further, the approach doesn't provide any safety valve to
   prevent malicious or misconfigured flows from causing excessive
   packet loss in the low delay queue.  Similarly, the "Loss-Latency
   Tradeoff" approach described in [I-D.fossati-tsvwg-lola] posits that
   applications should choose between a queue that provides low latency
   and potentially high loss (i.e. a shallow buffer), and one that
   provides low loss and potentially high latency (i.e. a deep buffer).
   This approach misses that both queuing latency and queuing loss are
   primarily byproducts of application sending behavior, and by properly
   segregating applications, no trade-off needs to be made.

10.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Bob Briscoe, Greg Skinner, Dave Taht, Toke Hoeiland-
   Joergensen and Luca Muscariello for their review comments.

11.  IANA Considerations

   This draft proposes the registration of a standardized DSCP = 0x2A to
   denote Non-Queue-Building behavior.







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12.  Security Considerations

   There is no incentive for an application to mismark its packets as
   NQB (or vice versa).  If a queue-building flow were to mark its
   packets as NQB, it could experience excessive packet loss (in the
   case that queue-protection is not supported by a node) or it could
   receive no benefit (in the case that queue-protection is supported).
   If a non-queue-building flow were to fail to mark its packets as NQB,
   it could suffer the latency and loss typical of sharing a queue with
   capacity seeking traffic.

   The NQB signal is not integrity protected and could be flipped by an
   on-path attacker.  This might negatively affect the QoS of the
   tampered flow.

13.  Informative References

   [Claffy]   Claffy, KC. and D. Clark, "Adding Enhanced Services to the
              Internet: Lessons from History", TPRC , 2015,
              <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/
              papers.cfm?abstract_id=2587262>.

   [Custura]  Custura, A., Venne, A., and G. Fairhurst, "Exploring DSCP
              modification pathologies in mobile edge networks", TMA ,
              2017.

   [DOCSIS-MULPIv3.1]
              Cable Television Laboratories, Inc., "MAC and Upper Layer
              Protocols Interface Specification, CM-SP-
              MULPIv3.1-I18-190422", April 22, 2019,
              <https://specification-search.cablelabs.com/
              CM-SP-MULPIv3.1>.

   [DPP]      Cisco, "Intelligent Buffer Management on Cisco Nexus 9000
              Series Switches White Paper", June 2017,
              <https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/
              switches/nexus-9000-series-switches/
              white-paper-c11-738488.html>.

   [Estan]    Estan, C. and G. Varghese, "New directions in traffic
              measurement and accounting: Focusing on the elephants,
              ignoring the mice", ACM Transactions on Computer
              Systems Vol.23, Iss.3, August 2003,
              <https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=859719>.

   [HHF]      Lam, T., "net-qdisc-hhf: Heavy-Hitter Filter (HHF) qdisc",
              December 2013, <https://lwn.net/Articles/577208/>.




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   [I-D.fossati-tsvwg-lola]
              Fossati, T., Fairhurst, G., Gutierrez, P., and M.
              Kuehlewind, "A Loss-Latency Trade-off Signal for the
              Mobile Network", draft-fossati-tsvwg-lola-00 (work in
              progress), December 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-rmcat-cc-requirements]
              Jesup, R. and Z. Sarker, "Congestion Control Requirements
              for Interactive Real-Time Media", draft-ietf-rmcat-cc-
              requirements-09 (work in progress), December 2014.

   [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-l4s-arch]
              Briscoe, B., Schepper, K., and M. Bagnulo, "Low Latency,
              Low Loss, Scalable Throughput (L4S) Internet Service:
              Architecture", draft-ietf-tsvwg-l4s-arch-03 (work in
              progress), October 2018.

   [Podlesny]
              Podlesny, M. and S. Gorinsky, "Rd Network Services:
              Differentiation Through Performance Incentives", SIGCOMM ,
              2008,
              <http://people.networks.imdea.org/~sergey_gorinsky/pdf/
              RD_Services_SIGCOMM_2008.pdf>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC6817]  Shalunov, S., Hazel, G., Iyengar, J., and M. Kuehlewind,
              "Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT)", RFC 6817,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6817, December 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6817>.

   [RFC8033]  Pan, R., Natarajan, P., Baker, F., and G. White,
              "Proportional Integral Controller Enhanced (PIE): A
              Lightweight Control Scheme to Address the Bufferbloat
              Problem", RFC 8033, DOI 10.17487/RFC8033, February 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8033>.

   [RFC8034]  White, G. and R. Pan, "Active Queue Management (AQM) Based
              on Proportional Integral Controller Enhanced PIE) for
              Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS)
              Cable Modems", RFC 8034, DOI 10.17487/RFC8034, February
              2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8034>.






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   [RFC8289]  Nichols, K., Jacobson, V., McGregor, A., Ed., and J.
              Iyengar, Ed., "Controlled Delay Active Queue Management",
              RFC 8289, DOI 10.17487/RFC8289, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8289>.

   [RFC8290]  Hoeiland-Joergensen, T., McKenney, P., Taht, D., Gettys,
              J., and E. Dumazet, "The Flow Queue CoDel Packet Scheduler
              and Active Queue Management Algorithm", RFC 8290,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8290, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8290>.

   [RFC8325]  Szigeti, T., Henry, J., and F. Baker, "Mapping Diffserv to
              IEEE 802.11", RFC 8325, DOI 10.17487/RFC8325, February
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8325>.

Authors' Addresses

   Greg White
   CableLabs

   Email: g.white@cablelabs.com


   Thomas Fossati
   ARM

   Email: Thomas.Fossati@arm.com
























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