Internet Engineering Task Force                            O. Troan, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                     Cisco
Intended status: Informational                                  D. Miles
Expires: September 30, 2011                               Alcatel-Lucent
                                                           S. Matsushima
                                                  SOFTBANK TELECOM Corp.
                                                              T. Okimoto
                                                                NTT West
                                                                 D. Wing
                                                                   Cisco
                                                          March 29, 2011


          IPv6 Multihoming without Network Address Translation
               draft-v6ops-multihoming-without-ipv6nat-00

Abstract

   Network Address and Port Translation (NAPT) works well for conserving
   global addresses and addressing multihoming requirements, because an
   IPv4 NAPT router implements three functions: source address
   selection, next-hop resolution and optionally DNS resolution.  For
   IPv6 hosts one approach could be the use of IPv6 NAT.  However, NAT
   should be avoided, if at all possible, to permit transparent host-to-
   host connectivity.  In this document, we analyze the use cases of
   multihoming.  We also describe functional requirements for
   multihoming without the use of NAT in IPv6 for hosts and small IPv6
   networks that would otherwise be unable to meet minimum IPv6
   allocation criteria.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 30, 2011.

Copyright Notice



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   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  IPv6 multihomed network scenarios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Classification of network scenarios for multihomed host  .  5
     3.2.  Multihomed network environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  Problem Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   4.  Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.1.  End-to-End transparency  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.2.  Policy providing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.3.  Scalability  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   5.  Problem statement and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.1.  Source address selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.2.  Next-hop selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.3.  DNS server selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   6.  Implementation approach  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     6.1.  Source address selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     6.2.  Next-hop selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     6.3.  DNS resolver selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   7.  Considerations for host without multi-prefix support . . . . . 14
     7.1.  IPv6 NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     7.2.  Co-exisitence consideration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   9.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   10. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18







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1.  Introduction

   IPv6 provides enough globally unique addresses to permit every
   conceivable host on the Internet to be uniquely addressed without the
   requirement for Network Address Port Translation (NAPT [RFC3022])
   offering a renaissance in host-to-host transparent connectivity.

   Unfortunately, this may not be possible due to the necessity of NAT
   even in IPv6, because of multihoming.  Though there are some
   mechanisms to implement multihoming, such as BGP multihoming
   [RFC4116] and SCTP based multihoming [RFC4960], there is no mechanism
   in IPv6 that serves as a replacement for NAT based multihoming in
   IPv4.  In IPv4, for a host or a small network, NAT based multihoming
   is easily deployable and already deployed technique.  The same
   situation that depends on NAT technique may be brought to the IPv6
   world.

   Whenever a host or small network (which does not meet minimum IPv6
   allocation criteria) is connected to multiple upstream networks IPv6
   address is assigned by each respective service provider resulting in
   hosts with more than one active IPv6 addresses.  As each service
   provided is allocated a different address space from its Internet
   Registry, it in-turn assigns a different address space to the end-
   user network or host.  For example, a remote access user's host or
   router may use a VPN to simultaneously connect to a remote network
   and retain a default route to the Internet for other purposes.

   In IPv4 a common solution to the multihoming problem is to employ
   NAPT on a border router and use private address space for individual
   host addressing.  The use of NAPT allows hosts to have exactly one IP
   address visible on the public network and the combination of NAPT
   with provider-specific outside addresses (one for each uplink) and
   destination-based routing insulates a host from the impacts of
   multiple upstream networks.  The border router may also implement a
   DNS cache or DNS policy to resolve address queries from hosts.

   It is our goal to avoid the IPv6 equivalent of NAT.  So, the goals
   for IPv6 multihoming definced in [RFC3582] do not exactly match the
   goals of us.  Also regardless of what the IPv6 NAT's specification
   is, we are trying to avoid any form of network address translation
   technique that may not be visible for either of the end hosts.  To
   reach this goal, mechanisms are needed for end-user hosts to have
   multiple address assignments and resolve issues such as which address
   to use for sourcing traffic to which destination:

   o  If multiple routers exist on a single link the host must
      appropriately select next-hop for each connected network.  Each
      router is in turn connected to a different service provider



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      network, which provides independent address assignment and DNS
      resolvers.  Routing protocols that would normally be employed for
      router-to-router network advertisement seem inappropriate for use
      by individual hosts.

   o  Source address selection also becomes difficult whenever a host
      has more than one address within the same address scope.  Current
      address selection criteria may result in hosts using an arbitrary
      or random address when sourcing upstream traffic.  Unfortunately,
      for the host, the appropriate source address is a function of the
      upstream network for which the packet is bound for.  If an
      upstream service provider uses IP anti-spoofing or uRPF, it is
      conceivable that the packets that have inappropriate source
      address for the upstream network would never reach their
      destination.

   o  In a multihomed environment, different DNS scopes or partitions
      may exist in each independent upstream network.  A DNS query sent
      to an arbitrary upstream resolver may result in incorrect or
      poisoned responses

   In short, while IPv6 facilitates hosts having more than one address
   in the same address scope, the application of this causes significant
   issues for a host from routing, source address selection and DNS
   resolution perspectives.  A possible consequence of assigning a host
   multiple identical-scoped addresses is severely impaired IP
   connectivity.

   If a host connects to a network behind an IPv4 NAPT, the host has one
   private address in the local network.  There is no confusion.  The
   NAT becomes the gateway of the host and forwards the packet to an
   appropriate network when it is multihomed.  It also operates a DNS
   cache server, which receives all DNS inquires, and gives a correct
   answer to the host.

   In this document, we identify the functions present in multihomed
   IPv4 NAPT environments and propose requirements that address
   multihomed IPv6 environments without using IPv6 NAT.


2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].






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   IPv6 NAT              The terms "NAT66" and "IPv6 NAT" refer to
                         [I-D.mrw-nat66].

   NAPT                  Network Address Port Translation as described
                         in [RFC3022].  In other contexts, NAPT is often
                         pronounced "NAT" or written as "NAT".

   Multihomed with multi-prefix (MHMP)  A host implementation which
                         supports the mechanisms described in this
                         document.  Namely source address selection
                         policy, next-hop selection and DNS selection
                         policy.


3.  IPv6 multihomed network scenarios

   In this section, we classify three scenarios of the multihoming
   environment.

3.1.  Classification of network scenarios for multihomed host

   Scenario 1:

   In this scenario, two or more routers are present on a single link
   shared with the host(s).  Each router is in turn connected to a
   different service provider network, which provides independent
   address assignment and DNS resolvers.  A host in this environment
   would be offered multiple prefixes and DNS resolvers advertised from
   the two different routers.


                                +------+       ___________
                                |      |      /           \
                            +---| rtr1 |=====/   network   \
                            |   |      |     \      1      /
               +------+     |   +------+      \___________/
               |      |     |
               | host |-----+
               |      |     |
               +------+     |   +------+       ___________
                            |   |      |      /           \
                            +---| rtr2 |=====/   network   \
                                |      |     \      2      /
                                +------+      \___________/

        Figure 1: single uplink, multiple next-hop, multiple prefix
                               (Scenario 1)




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   Figure 1 illustrates the host connecting to rtr1 and rtr2 via a
   shared link.  Networks 1 and 2 are reachable via rtr1 and rtr2
   respectively.  When the host sends packets to network 1, the next-hop
   to network 1 is rtr1.  Similarly, rtr2 is the next-hop to network 2.

   - e.g., broadband service (Internet, VoIP, IPTV, etc.)

   Scenario 2:

   In this scenario, a single gateway router connects the host to two or
   more upstream service provider networks.  This gateway router would
   receive prefix delegations from each independent service provider
   network and a different set of DNS resolvers.  The gateway in turn
   advertises the provider prefixes to the host, and for DNS, may either
   act as a lightweight DNS resolver/cache or may advertise the complete
   set of service provider DNS resolvers to the hosts.


                                     +------+       ___________
                                     |      |      /           \
                                 +---| rtr1 |=====/   network   \
                                 |   |      |     \      1      /
          +------+     +-----+   |   +------+      \___________/
          |      |     |     |   |
          | host |-----| GW  |---+
          |      |     | rtr |   |
          +------+     +-----+   |   +------+       ___________
                                 |   |      |      /           \
                                 +---| rtr2 |=====/   network   \
                                     |      |     \      2      /
                                     +------+      \___________/

         Figure 2: single uplink, single next-hop, multiple prefix
                               (Scenario 2)

   Figure 2 illustrates the host connected to GW rtr.  GW rtr connects
   to networks 1 and 2 via rtr1 and rtr2, respectively.  When the host
   sends packets to either network 1 or 2, the next-hop is GW rtr.  When
   the packets are sent to network 1 (network 2), GW rtr forwards the
   packets to rtr1 (rtr2).

   - e.g, Internet + VPN/ASP

   Scenario 3:

   In this scenario, a host has more than one active interface that
   connects to different routers and service provider networks.  Each
   router provides the host with a different address prefix and set of



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   DNS resolvers, resulting in a host with a unique address per link/
   interface.


                 +------+     +------+       ___________
                 |      |     |      |      /           \
                 |      |-----| rtr1 |=====/   network   \
                 |      |     |      |     \      1      /
                 |      |     +------+      \___________/
                 |      |
                 | host |
                 |      |
                 |      |     +------+       ___________
                 |      |     |      |      /           \
                 |      |=====| rtr2 |=====/   network   \
                 |      |     |      |     \      2      /
                 +------+     +------+      \___________/

       Figure 3: Multiple uplink, multiple next-hop, multiple prefix
                               (Scenario 3)

   Figure 3 illustrates the host connecting to rtr1 and rtr2 via a
   direct connection or a virtual link.  When the host sends packets
   network 1, the next-hop to network 1 is rtr1.  Similarly, rtr2 is the
   next-hop to network 2.

   - e.g., Mobile Wifi + 3G, ISP A + ISP B

3.2.  Multihomed network environment

   In an IPv6 multihomed network, a host is assigned two or more IPv6
   addresses and DNS resolvers from independent service provider
   networks.  When this multihomed host attempts to connect with other
   hosts, it may incorrectly resolve the next-hop router, use an
   inappropriate source address, or use a DNS response from an incorrect
   service provider that may result in impaired IP connectivity.

   Multihomed networks in IPv4 have been commonly implemented through
   the use of a gateway router with NAPT function (scenario 2 with
   NAPT).  An analysis of the current IPv4 NAPT and DNS functions within
   the gateway router should provide a baseline set of requirements for
   IPv6 multihomed environments.  A destination prefix/route is often
   used on the gateway router to separate traffic between the networks.








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                                     +------+       ___________
                                     |      |      /           \
                                 +---| rtr1 |=====/   network   \
                                 |   |      |     \      1      /
          +------+     +-----+   |   +------+      \___________/
          | IPv4 |     |     |   |
          | host |-----| GW  |---+
          |      |     | rtr |   |
          +------+     +-----+   |   +------+       ___________
                      (NAPT&DNS) |   |      |      /           \
          (private               +---| rtr2 |=====/   network   \
              address                |      |     \      2      /
                 space)              +------+      \___________/

   Figure 4: IPv4 Multihomed environment with Gateway Router performing
                                   NAPT

3.3.  Problem Statement

   A multihomed IPv6 host has one or more assigned IPv6 addresses and
   DNS resolvers from each upstream service provider, resulting in the
   host having multiple valid IPv6 addresses and DNS resolvers.  The
   host must be able to resolve the appropriate next-hop, the correct
   source address and DNS resolver to use based on the destination
   prefix.  To prevent IP spoofing, operators will often implement IP
   filters and uRPF to discard traffic with an inappropriate source
   address, making it essential for the host to correctly resolve these
   three criteria before sourcing the first packet.

   IPv6 has mechanisms for the provision of multiple routers on a single
   link and multiple address assignments to a single host.  However,
   when these mechanisms are applied to the three scenarios in
   Section 3.1 a number of connectivity issues are identified:

   Scenario 1:

   The host has been assigned an address from each router and recognizes
   both rtr1 and rtr2 as valid default routers (in the default routers
   list).

   o  The source address selection policy on the host does not
      deterministically resolve a source address.  Upstream uRPF or
      filter policies will discard traffic with source addresses that
      the operator did not assign.

   o  The host will select one of the two routers as the active default
      router.  No traffic is sent to the other router.




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   Scenario 2:

   The host has been assigned two different addresses from the single
   gateway router.  The gateway router is the only default router on the
   link.

   o  The source address selection policy on the host does not
      deterministically resolve a source address.  Upstream uRPF or
      filter policies will discard traffic with source addresses that
      the operator did not assign.

   o  The gateway router does not have a mechanism for determining which
      traffic should be sent to which network.  If the gateway router is
      implementing host functions (ie, processing RA) then two valid
      default routers may be recognized.

   Scenario 3:

   A host has two separate interfaces and on each interface a different
   address is assigned.  Each link has its own router.

   o  The host does not have enough information for determining which
      traffic should be sent to which upstream routers.  The host will
      select one of the two routers as the active default router, and no
      traffic is sent to the other router.

   o  The default address selection rules select the address assigned to
      the outgoing interface as the source address.  So, if a host has
      an appropriate routing table, an appropriate source address will
      be selected.

   All scenarios:

   o  The host may use an incorrect DNS resolver for DNS queries.


4.  Requirements

   This section describes requirements that any solution multi-address
   and multi-uplink architectures need to meet.

4.1.  End-to-End transparency

   End-to-end transparency is a basic concept of the Internet.
   [RFC4966] states, "One of the major design goals for IPv6 is to
   restore the end-to-end transparency of the Internet.  Therefore,
   because IPv6 is expected to remove the need for NATs and similar
   impediments to transparency, developers creating applications to work



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   with IPv6 may be tempted to assume that the complex mechanisms
   employed by an application to work in a 'NATted' IPv4 environment are
   not required."  The IPv6 multihoming solution SHOULD guarantee end-
   to-end transparency by avoiding IPv6 NAT.

4.2.  Policy providing

   The solution SHOULD have a function to provide a policy on sites/
   nodes.  In particular, in a managed environment such as enterprise
   networks, an administrator has to control all nodes in his or her
   network.

   The providing mechanisms should have:

   o  a function to distribute policies to nodes dynamically to update
      their behavior.  When the network environment changes and the
      nodes' behavior has to be changed, a network administrator can
      modify the behavior of the nodes.

   o  a function to control every node centrally.  A site administrator
      or a service provider could determine or could have an effect on
      the behavior at their users' hosts.

   o  a function to control node-specific behavior.  Even when multiple
      nodes are on the same subnet, the mechanism should be able to
      provide a method for the network administrator to make nodes
      behave differently.  For example, each node may have a different
      set of assigned prefixes.  In such a case, the appropriate
      behavior may be different.

4.3.  Scalability

   The solution will have to be able to manage a large number of sites/
   nodes.  In services for residential users, provider edge devices have
   to manage thousands of sites.  In such environments, sending packets
   periodically to each site may affect edge system performance.


5.  Problem statement and analysis

   The problems described in Section 3 can be classified into these
   three types:

   o  Wrong source address selection

   o  Wrong next-hop selection





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   o  Wrong DNS server selection

   This section reviews the problem statements presented above and the
   proposed functional requirements to resolve the issues.

5.1.  Source address selection

   A multihomed IPv6 host will typically have different addresses
   assigned from each service provider either on the same link
   (scenarios 1 & 2) or different links (scenario 3).  When the host
   wishes to send a packet to any given destination, the current source
   address selection rules [RFC3484] may not deterministically resolve
   the correct source address when the host addressing was via RA or
   DHCPv6.  [I-D.ietf-6man-addr-select-sol] describes the use of the
   policy table [RFC3484] to resolve this problem, but there is no
   mechanism defined to disseminate the policy table information to a
   host.  A proposal is in [I-D.ietf-6man-addr-select-opt] to provide a
   DHCPv6 mechanism for host policy table management.

   Again, by employing DHCPv6, the server could restrict address
   assignment (of additional prefixes) only to hosts that support policy
   table management.

   Scenario 1: "Host" needs to support the solution for this problem

   Scenario 2: "Host" needs to support the solution for this problem

   Scenario 3: If "Host" support the next-hop selection solution, there
   is no need to support the address selection functionality on the
   host.

5.2.  Next-hop selection

   A multihomed IPv6 host or gateway may have multiple uplinks to
   different service providers.  Here each router would use Router
   Advertisements [RFC4861] for distributing default route/next-hop
   information to the host or gateway router.

   In this case, the host or gateway router may select any valid default
   router from the default routers list, resulting in traffic being sent
   to the wrong router and discarded by the upstream service provider.
   Using the above scenarios as an example, whenever the host wishes to
   reach a destination in network 2 and there is no connectivity between
   networks 1 and 2 (as is the case for a walled-garden or closed
   service), the host or gateway router does not know whether to forward
   traffic to rtr1 or rtr2 to reach a destination in network 2.  The
   host or gateway router may choose rtr1 as the default router, and
   traffic fails to reach the destination server.  The host or gateway



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   router requires route information for each upstream service provider,
   but the use of a routing protocol between a host and router causes
   both configuration and scaling issues.  For IPv4 hosts, the gateway
   router is often pre-configured with static route information or uses
   of Classless Static Route Options [RFC3442] for DHCPv4.  Extensions
   to Router Advertisements through Default Router Preference and More-
   Specific Routes [RFC4191] provides for link-specific preferences but
   does not address per-host configuration in a multi-access topology
   because of its reliance on Router Advertisements.  A DHCPv6 option,
   such as that in [I-D.ietf-mif-dhcpv6-route-option], is preferred for
   host-specific configuration.  By employing a DHCPv6 solution, a
   DHCPv6 server could restrict address assignment (of additional
   prefixes) only to hosts that support more advanced next-hop and
   address selection requirements.

   Scenario 1: "Host" needs to support the solution for this problem

   Scenario 2: "GW rtr" needs to support the solution for this problem

   Scenario 3: "Host" needs to support the solution for this problem

5.3.  DNS server selection

   A multihomed IPv6 host or gateway router may be provided multiple DNS
   resolvers through DHCPv6 or RA [RFC6106].  When the host or gateway
   router sends a DNS query, it would normally choose one of the
   available DNS resolvers for the query.

   In the IPv6 gateway router scenario, the Broadband Forum [TR124]
   required that the query be sent to all DNS resolvers, and the gateway
   waits for the first reply.  In IPv6, given our use of specific
   destination-based policy for both routing and source address
   selection, it is desirable to extend a policy-based concept to DNS
   resolver selection.  Doing so can minimize DNS resolver load and
   avoid issues where DNS resolvers in different networks have
   connectivity issues, or the DNS resolvers are not publicly
   accessible.  In the worst case, a DNS query may be unanswered if sent
   towards an incorrect resolver, resulting in a lack of connectivity.

   An IPv6 multihomed host or gateway router should have the ability to
   select appropriate DNS resolvers for each service based on the domain
   space for the destination, and each service should provide rules
   specific to that network.  [I-D.ietf-mif-dns-server-selection]
   proposes a solution for DNS server selection policy providing
   solution with a DHCPv6 option.

   Scenario 1: "Host" needs to support the solution for this problem




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   Scenario 2: "GW rtr" needs to support the solution for this problem

   Scenario 3: "Host" needs to support the solution for this problem


6.  Implementation approach

   As mentioned in Section 5, in the multi-prefix environment, we have
   three problems in source address selection, next-hop selection, and
   DNS resolver selection.  In this section, possible solution
   mechanisms for each problem are introduced and evaluated against the
   requirements in Section 4.

6.1.  Source address selection

   Possible solutions and their evaluation are summarized in
   [I-D.ietf-6man-addr-select-sol].  When those solutions are examined
   against the requirements in Section 4, the proactive approaches, such
   as the policy table distribution mechanism and the routing system
   assistance mechanism, are more appropriate in that they can propagate
   the network administrator's policy directly.  The policy distribution
   mechanism has an advantage with regard to the host's protocol stack
   impact and the staticness of the assumed target network environment.

6.2.  Next-hop selection

   As for the source address selection problem, both a policy-based
   approach and a non policy-based approach are possible with regard to
   the next-hop selection problem.  Because of the same requirements,
   the policy propagation-based solution mechanism, whatever the policy,
   should be more appropriate.

   Routing information is a typical example of policy related to next-
   hop selection.  If we assume source address-based routing at hosts or
   intermediate routers, the pairs of source prefixes and next-hops can
   be another example of next-hop selection policy.

   The routing information-based approach has a clear advantage in
   implementation and is already commonly used.

   The existing proposed or standardized routing information
   distribution mechanisms are routing protocols, such as RIPng and
   OSPFv3, the router advertisement (RA) extension option defined in
   [RFC4191], the DHCPv6 route information option proposed in
   [I-D.ietf-mif-dhcpv6-route-option], and the [TR069] standardized at
   BBF.

   The RA-based mechanism has difficulty in per-host routing information



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   distribution.  The dynamic routing protocols such as RIPng are not
   usually used between the residential users and ISP networks because
   of their scalability implications.  The DHCPv6 mechanism does not
   have these difficulties and has the advantages of its relaying
   functionality.  It is commonly used and is thus easy to deploy.

   [TR069], mentioned above, is a possible solution mechanism for
   routing information distribution to customer-premises equipment
   (CPE).  It assumes, however, IP reachability to the Auto
   Configuration Server (ACS) is established.  Therefore, if the CPE
   requires routing information to reach the ACS, [TR069] cannot be used
   to distribute this information.

6.3.  DNS resolver selection

   As in the above two problems, a policy-based approach and non policy-
   based approach are possible.  In a non policy-based approach, a host
   or a home gateway router is assumed to send DNS queries to several
   DNS servers at once or to select one of the available servers.

   In the non policy-based approach, by making a query to a resolver in
   a different service provider to that which hosts the service, a user
   could be directed to unexpected IP address or receive an invalid
   response, and thus cannot connect to the service provider's private
   and legitimate service.  For example, some DNS servers reply with
   different answers depending on the source address of the DNS query,
   which is sometimes called split-horizon.  When the host mistakenly
   makes a query to a different provider's DNS to resolve a FQDN of
   another provider's private service, and the DNS resolver adopts the
   split-horizon configuration, the queried server returns an IP address
   of the non-private side of the service.  Another problem with this
   approach is that it causes unnecessary DNS traffic to the DNS
   resolvers that are visible to the users.

   The alternative of a policy-based approach is documented in
   [I-D.ietf-mif-dns-server-selection],where several pairs of DNS
   resolver addresses and DNS domain suffixes are defined as part of a
   policy and conveyed to hosts in a new DHCP option.  In an environment
   where there is a home gateway router, that router can act as a DNS
   proxy, interpret this option and distribute DNS queries to the
   appropriate DNS servers according to the policy.


7.  Considerations for host without multi-prefix support

   This section presents an alternative approach to mitigate the problem
   in a multihomed network.  This approach will help IPv6 hosts that are
   not capable of the enhancements for the source address selection



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   policy, next-hop selection policy, and DNS selection policy described
   in Section 6.

7.1.  IPv6 NAT

   In a typical IPv4 multihomed network deployment, IPv4 NAPT is
   practically used and it can eventually avoid assigning multiple
   addresses to the hosts and solve the next-hop selection problem.  In
   a similar fashion, IPv6 NAT can be used as a last resort for IPv6
   multihomed network deployments where one needs to assign a single
   IPv6 address to a host.


                                                       __________
                                                      /          \
                                                 +---/  Internet  \
                             gateway router      |   \            /
           +------+     +---------------------+  |    \__________/
           |      |     |   |        |  WAN1  +--+
           | host |-----|LAN| Router |--------|
           |      |     |   |        |NAT|WAN2+--+
           +------+     +---------------------+  |     __________
                                                 |    /          \
                                                 +---/    ASP     \
                                                     \            /
                                                      \__________/

                           Figure 5: Legacy Host

   The gateway router also has to support the two features, next-hop
   selection and DNS server selection, shown in Section 6.

   The implementation and issues of IPv6 NAT are out of the scope of
   this document.  They may be covered by another document under
   discussion [I-D.mrw-nat66].

7.2.  Co-exisitence consideration

   To allow the coexistence of non-MHMP hosts and MHMP hosts (i.e. hosts
   supporting multi-prefix with the enhancements for the source address
   selection), GW-rtr may need to treat those hosts separately.

   An idea to achieve this is that GW-rtr identifies the hosts, and then
   assigns single prefix to non-MHMP hosts and assigns multiple prefix
   to MHMP hosts.  In this case, GW-rtr can perform IPv6 NAT only for
   the traffic from MHMP hosts if its source address is not appropriate.

   Another idea is that GW-rtr assigns multiple prefix to the both



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   hosts, and it performs IPv6 NAT for the traffic from non-MHMP hosts
   if its source address is not appropriate.

   In scenario 1 and 3, the non-MHMP hosts can be placed behind the NAT
   box.  In this case, non-MHMP host can access the service through the
   NAT box.

   The implementation of identifying non-MHMP hosts and NAT policy is
   outside the scope of this document.


8.  Security Considerations

   This document requires that the solutions for MHMP should have a
   policy providing function.  So, new security risks can be introduced
   depending on what kind and what form of the policy.  The threats can
   be categorized in two parts: the policy receiver side and the policy
   distributer side.  A policy receiver may receive an evil policy from
   a policy distributor.  A policy distributor should expect some hosts
   in his network do not follow the distributed policy.  The security
   threats related to IPv6 multihoming are described in [RFC4218].


9.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.


10.  Contributors

   The following people contributed to this document: Akiko Hattori,
   Arifumi Matsumoto, Frank Brockners, Fred Baker, Tomohiro Fujisaki,
   Jun-ya Kato, Shigeru Akiyama, Seiichi Morikawa, Mark Townsley,
   Wojciech Dec, Yasuo Kashimura, Yuji Yamazaki.  This document has
   greatly benefited from inputs by Randy Bush, Brian Carpenter, and
   Teemu Savolainen.


11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-6man-addr-select-opt]
              Matsumoto, A., Fujisaki, T., and J. Kato, "Distributing
              Address Selection Policy using DHCPv6",
              draft-ietf-6man-addr-select-opt-00 (work in progress),
              December 2010.




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   [I-D.ietf-6man-addr-select-sol]
              Matsumoto, A., Fujisaki, T., and R. Hiromi, "Solution
              approaches for address-selection problems",
              draft-ietf-6man-addr-select-sol-03 (work in progress),
              March 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-mif-dhcpv6-route-option]
              Dec, W., Mrugalski, T., Sun, T., and B. Sarikaya, "DHCPv6
              Route Option", draft-ietf-mif-dhcpv6-route-option-01 (work
              in progress), March 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-mif-dns-server-selection]
              Savolainen, T. and J. Kato, "Improved DNS Server Selection
              for Multi-Homed Nodes",
              draft-ietf-mif-dns-server-selection-01 (work in progress),
              March 2011.

   [I-D.mrw-nat66]
              Wasserman, M. and F. Baker, "IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix
              Translation", draft-mrw-nat66-12 (work in progress),
              March 2011.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3484]  Draves, R., "Default Address Selection for Internet
              Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 3484, February 2003.

   [RFC4191]  Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and
              More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, November 2005.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              September 2007.

11.2.  Informative References

   [RFC3022]  Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
              Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
              January 2001.

   [RFC3442]  Lemon, T., Cheshire, S., and B. Volz, "The Classless
              Static Route Option for Dynamic Host Configuration
              Protocol (DHCP) version 4", RFC 3442, December 2002.

   [RFC3582]  Abley, J., Black, B., and V. Gill, "Goals for IPv6 Site-
              Multihoming Architectures", RFC 3582, August 2003.




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   [RFC4116]  Abley, J., Lindqvist, K., Davies, E., Black, B., and V.
              Gill, "IPv4 Multihoming Practices and Limitations",
              RFC 4116, July 2005.

   [RFC4218]  Nordmark, E. and T. Li, "Threats Relating to IPv6
              Multihoming Solutions", RFC 4218, October 2005.

   [RFC4960]  Stewart, R., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
              RFC 4960, September 2007.

   [RFC4966]  Aoun, C. and E. Davies, "Reasons to Move the Network
              Address Translator - Protocol Translator (NAT-PT) to
              Historic Status", RFC 4966, July 2007.

   [RFC6106]  Jeong, J., Park, S., Beloeil, L., and S. Madanapalli,
              "IPv6 Router Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration",
              RFC 6106, November 2010.

   [TR069]    The BroadBand Forum, "TR-069, CPE WAN Management Protocol
              v1.1, Version: Issue 1 Amendment 2", December 2007.

   [TR124]    The BroadBand Forum, "TR-124i2, Functional Requirements
              for Broadband Residential Gateway Devices (work in
              progress)", May 2010.


Authors' Addresses

   Ole Troan (editor)
   Cisco
   Bergen
   Norway

   Email: ot@cisco.com


   David Miles
   Alcatel-Lucent
   Melbourne
   Australia

   Email: david.miles@alcatel-lucent.com









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   Satoru Matsushima
   SOFTBANK TELECOM Corp.
   Tokyo
   Japan

   Email: satoru.matsushima@tm.softbank.co.jp


   Tadahisa Okimoto
   NTT West
   Osaka
   Japan

   Email: t.okimoto@rdc.west.ntt.co.jp


   Dan Wing
   Cisco
   170 West Tasman Drive
   San Jose
   USA

   Email: dwing@cisco.com




























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