6MAN                                                     P. Thubert, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                             Cisco Systems
Intended status: Informational                            April 26, 2019
Expires: October 28, 2019


              IPv6 Neighbor Discovery on Wireless Networks
                 draft-thubert-6man-ipv6-over-wireless-00

Abstract

   This document describes how the original IPv6 Neighbor Discovery and
   Wireless ND (WiND) can be applied on various abstractions of wireless
   media.

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 28, 2019.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  IP Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     2.1.  Physical Broadcast Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     2.2.  MAC-Layer Broadcast Emulations  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.3.  Mapping the IPv6 Link Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.4.  Mapping the IPv6 Subnet Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  IPv6 Over Wireless  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.1.  Case of LPWANs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.2.  Case of Infrastructure BSS and ESS  . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.3.  Case of Mesh Under Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.4.  Case of DMC radios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.4.1.  Using IPv6 ND only  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.4.2.  Using Wireless ND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   6.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

1.  Introduction

2.  IP Models

2.1.  Physical Broadcast Domain

   At the physical (PHY) Layer, a broadcast domain is the set of all
   peers that may receive a datagram that one sends over an interface.
   This set can comprise a single peer on a serial cable used as point-
   to-point (P2P) link.  It may also comprise multiple peer nodes on a
   broadcast radio or a shared physical resource such as the legacy
   Ethernet shared wire.

   On WLAN and WPAN radios, the physical broadcast domain is defined by
   a particular transmitter, as the set of nodes that can receive what
   this transmitter is sending.  Litterally every datagram defines its
   own broadcast domain since the chances of reception of a given
   datagram are statistical.  In average and in stable conditions, the
   broadcast domain of a particular node can be still be seen as mostly
   constant and can be used to define a closure of nodes on which an
   upper-layer abstraction can be built.

   A PHY-layer communication can be established between 2 nodes if their
   physical broadcast domains overlap.




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   On WLAN and WPAN radios, this property is usually reflexive, meaning
   that if B can receive a datagram from A, then A can receive a
   datagram from B.  But there can be asymmetries due to power levels,
   interferers near one of the receivers, or differences in the quality
   of the hardware (e.g., cristals, PAs and antennas) that may affect
   the balance to the point that the connectivity becomes mostly uni-
   directional, e.g., A to B but not practically not B to A.  It takes a
   particular effort to place a set of devices in a fashion that all
   their physical broadcast domains fully overlap, and it can not be
   assumed in the general case.  In other words, the property of radio
   connectivity is generally not transitive, meaning that A may talk to
   B and B may talk to C does not necessarily imply that A can talk to
   C.

   We define MAC-Layer Direct Broadcast (DMC) a transmission mode where
   the broadcast domain that is usable at the MAC layer is directly the
   physical broadcast domain.  IEEE 802.15.4 [IEEE802154] and IEEE
   802.11 [IEEE80211] OCB (for Out of the Context of a BSS) are examples
   of DMC radios.  This constrasts with a number of MAC-layer Broadcast
   Emulation schemes that are described in the next section.

2.2.  MAC-Layer Broadcast Emulations

   While a physical broadcast domain is constrained to a single shared
   wire, Ethernet Briging emulates the broadcast properties of that wire
   over a whole physical mesh of Ethernet links.  For the upper layer,
   the qualities of the shared wire are essentially conserved, with a
   reliable and cheap broadcast operation over a closure of nodes
   defined by their connectivity to the emulated wire.

   In large switched fabrics, overlay techniques enable a limited
   connectivity between nodes that are known to a mapping server.  The
   emulated broadcast domain is configured to the system, e.g., with a
   VXLAN network identifier (VNID).  Broadcast operations on the overlay
   can be emulated but can become very expensive, and it makes sense to
   proactively install the relevant state in the mapping server as
   opposed to rely on reactive broadcast lookups.

   An IEEE Std 802.11 Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) also
   provides a closure of nodes as defined by the broadcast domain of a
   central Access Point (AP).  The AP relays both unicast and broadcast
   packets and ensures a reflexive and transitive emulation of the
   shared wire between the associated nodes, with the capability to
   signal link-up/link-down to the upper layer.  Within an
   Infrastructure BSS, the physical broadcast domain of the AP serves as
   emulated broadcast domain for all the nodes that are associated to
   the AP.  Broadcast packets are relayed by the AP and are not
   acknowledged.  For that reason, special efforts are made to ensure



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   that all nodes in the BSS receive the broadcast transmission.  To
   achieve this, the transmission is sent at the highest power and
   slowest PHY speed.  This translates into maximum co-channel
   interferences for others and longest occupancy of the medium, for a
   duration that can be 100 times that of a unicast.  For that reason,
   upper layer protocols should tend to avoid the use of broadcast when
   operating over Wi-Fi.

   In an IEEE Std 802.11 Infrastructure Extended Service Set (ESS), the
   process of the association also prepares a bridging state proactively
   at the AP, so as to avoid the reactive broadcast lookup that takes
   place in the process of transparent bridging over a spanning tree.
   This model provides a more reliable operation than the reactive
   transparent bridging and avoid the need of multicast, and it is only
   logical that IPv6 ND evolved towards proposes similar methods at
   Layer-3 for its operation.

   in some cases of WLAN and WPAN radios, a mesh-under technology (e.g.,
   a IEEE 802.11s or IEEE 802.15.10) provides meshing services that are
   similar to bridgeing, and the broadcast domain is well defined by the
   membership of the mesh.  Mesh-Under emulates a broadcast domain by
   flooding the broadcast packets at Layer-2.  When operating on a
   single frequency, this operation is known to interfere with itself,
   forcing deployment to introduce delays that dampen the collisions.
   All in all, the mechanism is slow, inefficient and expensive.

   Going down the list of cases above, the cost of a broadcast
   transmissions becomes increasingly expensive, and there is a push to
   rethink the upper-layer protocols so as to reduce the depency on
   broadcast operations.

   There again, a MAC-layer communication can be established between 2
   nodes if their MAC-layer broadcast domains overlap.  In the absence
   of a MAC-layer emulation such as a mesh-under or an Infrastructure
   BSS, the MAC-layer broadcast domain is congruent with that of the
   PHY-layer and inherits its properties for reflexivity and
   transitivity.  IEEE 802.11p, which operates Out of the Context of a
   BSS (DMC radios) is an example of a network that does not have a MAC-
   Layer broadcast domain emulation, which means that it will exhibit
   mostly reflexive and mostly non-transitive transmission properties.

2.3.  Mapping the IPv6 Link Abstraction

   IPv6 defines a concept of Link, Link Scope and Link-Local Addresses
   (LLA), an LLA being unique and usable only within the Scope of a
   Link.  The IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) [RFC4861][RFC4862] Duplicate
   Adress Detection (DAD) process leverages a multicast transmission to
   ensure that an IPv6 address is unique as long as the owner of the



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   address is connected to the broadcast domain.  It must be noted that
   in all the cases in this specification, the Layer-3 multicast
   operation is always a MAC_Layer broadcast for the lack of a Layer-2
   multicast operation that could handle a possibly very large number of
   groups in order to make the unicast efficient.  This means that for
   every multicast packet regardless of the destination group, all nodes
   will receive the packet and process it all the way to Layer-3.

   On wired media, the Link is often confused with the physical
   broadcast domain because both are determined by the serial cable or
   the Ethernet shared wire.  Ethernet Bridging reinforces that illusion
   by provising a MAC-Layer broadcast domain that emulates a physical
   broadcast domain over the mesh of wires.  But the difference shows on
   legacy Non-Broadcast Multi-Access (NBMA) such as ATM and Frame-Relay,
   on shared links and on newer types of NBMA networks such as radio and
   composite radio-wires networks.  It also shows when private VLANs or
   Layer-2 cryptography restrict the capability to read a frame to a
   subset of the connected nodes.

   In mesh-under and Infrastructure BSS, the IP Link extends beyond the
   physical broadcast domain to the emulated MAC-Layer broadcast domain.
   Relying on Multicast for the ND operation remains feasible but
   becomes detrimental to unicast traffic, energy-inefficient and
   unreliable, and its use is discouraged.

   On DMC radios, IP Links between peers come and go as the individual
   physical broadcast domains of the transmitters meet and overlap.  The
   DAD operation cannot provide once and for all guarantees on the
   broadcast domain defined by one radio transmitter if that transmitter
   keeps meeting new peers on the go.  The nodes may need to form new
   LLAs to talk to one another and the scope where LLA uniqueness can be
   dynamically checked is that pair of nodes.  As long as there's no
   conflict a node may use the same LLA with multiple peers but it has
   to revalidate DAD with every new peer node.  In practice, each pair
   of nodes defines a temporary P2P link, which can be modeled as a sub-
   interface of the radio interface.

   Wireless Neighbor Discovery (WiND)
   [RFC6775][RFC8505][I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router][I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd]
   defines a new ND operation that derives from the IEEE 802.11
   Infrastructure mode.  For LLAs, DAD is performed between
   communicating pairs of nodes.  It is carried out as part of a
   registration process that is based on a NS/NA exchange that
   transports an Extended Address Registration Option (EARO).  During
   that process, the DAD is validated and a Neighbor Cache Entry (NCE)
   is populated with a single unicast exchange.





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2.4.  Mapping the IPv6 Subnet Abstraction

   IPv6 also defines a concept of Subnet for Glocal and Unique Local
   Addresses.  Addresses in a same Subnet share a same prefix and by
   extension, a node belongs to a Subnet if it has an interface with an
   address on that Subnet.  A Subnet prefix is Globally Unique so it is
   sufficient to validate that an address that is formed from a Subnet
   prefix is unique within that Subnet to guarantee that it is globally
   unique.  IPv6 aggregation relies on the property that a packet from
   the outside of a Subnet can be routed to any router that belongs to
   the Subnet, and that this router will be able to either resolve the
   destination MAC address and deliver the packet, or route the packet
   to the destination within the Subnet.  If the Subnet is known as
   onlink, then any node may also resolve the destination MAC address
   and deliver the packet, but if the Subnet is not onlink, then a host
   that does not have an NCE for the destination will need to pass the
   packet to a router.

   On IEEE Std. 802.3, a Subnet is often congruent with an IP Link
   because both are determined by the physical attachment to an Ethernet
   shared wire or an IEEE Std. 802.1 bridged broadcast domain.  In that
   case, the connectivity over the Link is transitive, the Subnet can
   appear as onlink, and any node can resolve a destination MAC address
   of any other node directly using IPv6 Neighbor Discovery.

   But an IP Link and an IP Subnet are not always congruent.  In a
   shared Link situation, a Subnet may encompass only a subset of the
   nodes connected to the Link.  In Route-Over Multi-Link Subnets
   (MLSN), routers federate the Links between nodes that belong to the
   Subnet, the Subnet is not onlink and it extends beyond any of the
   federated Links.

   The DAD and lookup procedures in IPv6 ND expects that a node in a
   Subnet is reachable within the broadcast domain of any other node in
   the Subnet when that other node attempts to form an address that
   would be a duplicate or attempts to resolve the MAC address of this
   node.  This is why ND is only applicable for P2P and transit links,
   and requires extensions for other topologies.

   WiND extends IPv6 ND for Hub-and-Spoke MLSN (e.g., a central and some
   peripheral nodes in Bluetooth low energy (BTLE)[RFC7668]) and Route-
   Over MLSN (e.g., [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture] leveraging [RFC6550])
   topologies.

   In the Hub-and-Spoke case, each Hub-Spoke pair is a distinct IP Link,
   and a Subnet can be mapped on a collection of Links that are
   connected to the Hub. The Subnet prefix is associated to the Hub.
   Acting as 6LR, the Hub advertises the prefix as not-onlink to the



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   spokes in RA messages Prefix Information Options (PIO).  Acting as
   6LNs, the Spokes autoconfigure addresses from that prefix and
   register them to the Hub with a corresponding lifetime.  Acting as a
   6LBR, the Hub maintains a binding table of all the registered IP
   addresses and rejects duplicate registrations, thus ensuring a DAD
   protection for a registered address even if the registering node is
   sleeping.  Acting as 6LR, the Hub also maintains an NCE for the
   registered addresses and can deliver a packet to any of them for
   their respective lifetimes.  It can be observed that this design
   builds a form of Layer-3 Infrastructure BSS.

   A Route-Over MLSN is considered as a collection of Hub-and-Spoke
   where the Hubs form a connected dominating set of the member nodes of
   the Subnet, and IPv6 routing takes place between the Hubs within the
   Subnet.  A single logical 6LBR is deployed to serve the whole mesh.
   The registration in [RFC8505] is abstract to the routing protocol and
   provides enough information to feed a routing protocol such as RPL
   [draft unaware leaf].  In a degraded mode, all the Hubs are connected
   to a same high speed backbone such as an Ethernet bridging domain
   where IPv6 ND is operated.  In that case, it is possible to federate
   the Hub, Spoke and Backbone nodes as a single Subnet, operating IPv6
   ND proxy operations [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router] at the Hubs,
   acting as 6BBRs.  It can be observed that this latter design builds a
   form of Layer-3 Infrastructure ESS.

3.  IPv6 Over Wireless

3.1.  Case of LPWANs

   LPWANs are by nature so constrained that the addresses and Subnets
   are fully pre-configured and operate as P2P or Hub-and-Spoke.  This
   saves the steps of neighbor Discovery and enables a very efficient
   stateful compression of the IPv6 header.

3.2.  Case of Infrastructure BSS and ESS

   In contrast to IPv4, IPv6 enables a node to form multiple addresses,
   some of them temporary to elusive, and with a particular attention
   paid to privacy.  Addresses may be formed and deprecated
   asynchronously to the association.  Even if the knowledge of IPv6
   addresses used by a STA can be obtained by snooping protocols such as
   IPv6 ND and DHCPv6, or by observing data traffic sourced at the STA,
   such methods provide only an imperfect knowledge of the state of the
   STA at the AP.  This may result in a loss of connectivity for some
   IPv6 addresses, in particular for addresses rarely used and in a
   situation of mobility.  This may also result in undesirable remanent
   state in the AP when a STA ceases to use an IPv6 address.  It results




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   that snooping protocols is not a recommended technique and that it
   should only be used as last resort.

   The recommended alternate is to use the IPv6 Registration method
   speficied in p.  By that method, the AP exposes its capability to
   proxy ND to the STA in Router Advertisement messages.  In turn, the
   STA may request proxy ND services from the AP for one or more IPv6
   addresses, using an Address Registration Option.  The Registration
   state has a lifetime that limits unwanted state remanence in the
   network.  The registration is optionally secured using
   [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd] to prevent address theft and impersonation.  The
   registration carries a sequence number, which enables a fast mobility
   without a loss of connectivity.

   The ESS mode requires a proxy ND operation at the AP.  The proxy ND
   operation must cover Duplicate Address Detection, Neighbor
   Unreachability Detection, Address Resolution and Address Mobility to
   transfer a role of ND proxy to the AP where a STA is associated
   following the mobility of the STA.  The proxy ND specification
   associated to the address registration is
   [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router].  With that specification, the AP
   participates to the protocol as a Backbone Router, typically
   operating as a bridging proxy though the routing proxy operation is
   also possible.  As a bridging proxy, the proxy replies to NS lookups
   with the MAC address of the STA, and then bridges packets to the STA
   normally; as a routing proxy, it replies with its own MAC address and
   then routes to the STA at the IP layer.  The routing proxy reduces
   the need to expose the MAC address of the STA on the wired side, for
   a better stability and scalability of the bridged fabric.

3.3.  Case of Mesh Under Technologies

   The Mesh-Under provides a broadcast domain emulation with reflexive
   and Transitive properties and defines a transit Link for IPv6
   operations.  It results that the model for IPv6 operation is similar
   to that of a BSS, with the root of the mesh operating an Access Point
   does in a BSS/ESS.  While it is still possible to operate IPv6 ND,
   the inefficiencies of the flooding operation make the IPv6 ND
   operations even less desirable than in a BSS, and the use of WiND is
   highly recommended.

3.4.  Case of DMC radios

   IPv6 over DMC radios uses P2P Links that can be formed and maintained
   when a pair of DMC radios transmitters are in range from one another.






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3.4.1.  Using IPv6 ND only

   By definition, DMC radios uses IEEE Std. 802.11 transmissions but
   does not provide the BSS functions.

   It is possible to form P2P IP Links between each individual pairs of
   nodes and operate IPv6 ND over those Links with Link Local addresses.
   DAD must be performed for all addresses on all P2P IP Links.

   If special deployment care is taken so that the physical broadcast
   domains of a collection of the nodes fully overlap, then it is also
   possible to build an IP Subnet within that collection of nodes and
   operate IPv6 ND.

   The model can be stretched beyond the scope of IPv6 ND if an external
   mechanism avoids duplicate addresses and if the deployment ensures
   the connectivity between peers.  This can be achieved for instance in
   a Hub-and-Spoke deployment if the Hub is the only router in the
   Subnet and the Prefix is advertised as not onlink.

3.4.2.  Using Wireless ND

   Though this can be achieved with IPv6 ND, WiND is the recommended
   approach since it uses more unicast communications which are more
   reliable and less impacting for other users of the medium.

   Router and Hosts respectively send a compressed RA/NA with a SLLAO at
   a regular period.  The period can be indicated in a RA as in an RA-
   Interval Option [RFC6275].  If available, the message can be
   transported in a compressed form in a beacon, e.g., in OCB Basic
   Safety Messages (BSM) that are nominally sent every 100ms.  An active
   beaconing mode is possible whereby the Host sends broadcast RS
   messages to which a router can answer with a unicast RA.

   A router that has Internet connectivity and is willing to serve as an
   Internet Access may advertise itself as a default router [RFC4191] in
   its RA.  The NA/RA is sent over an Unspecified Link where it does not
   conflict to anyone, so DAD is not necessary at that stage.

   The receiver instantiates a Link where the sender's address is not a
   duplicate.  To achieve this, it forms an LLA that does not conflict
   with that of the sender and registers to the sender using [RFC 8505].
   If the sender sent an RA(PIO) the receiver can also autoconfigure an
   address from the advertised prefix and register it.







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       6LoWPAN Node        6LR
        (RPL leaf)       (router)
            |               |
            |   LLN link    |
            |               |
            |  IPv6 ND RS   |
            |-------------->|
            |----------->   |
            |------------------>
            |  IPv6 ND RA   |
            |<--------------|
            |               |
            |  NS(EARO)     |
            |-------------->|
            |               |
            |  NA(EARO)     |
            |<--------------|
            |               |

                    Figure 1: Initial Registration Flow

   The lifetime in the registration should start with a small value
   (X=RMin, TBD), and exponentially grow with each reregistration to a
   mlarger value (X=Rmax, TBD).  The IP Link is considered down when
   (X=NbBeacons, TDB) expected messages are not received in a row.  It
   must be noted that the Link flapping does not affect the state of the
   registration and when a Link comes back up, the active -lifetime not
   elapsed- registrations are still usable.  Packets should be held or
   destroyed when the Link is down.

   P2P Links may be federated in Hub-and-Spoke and then in Route-Over
   MLSNs as described above.  More details on the operation of WiND and
   RPL over the MLSN can be found in section 3.1, 3.2, 4.1 and 4.2.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture].

















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       6LoWPAN Node        6LR             6LBR            6BBR
        (RPL leaf)       (router)         (root)
            |               |               |               |
            |  6LoWPAN ND   |6LoWPAN ND+RPL | 6LoWPAN ND    | IPv6 ND
            |   LLN link    |Route-Over mesh|Ethernet/serial| Backbone
            |               |               |               |
            |  IPv6 ND RS   |               |               |
            |-------------->|               |               |
            |----------->   |               |               |
            |------------------>            |               |
            |  IPv6 ND RA   |               |               |
            |<--------------|               |               |
            |               |    <once>     |               |
            |  NS(EARO)     |               |               |
            |-------------->|               |               |
            | 6LoWPAN ND    | Extended DAR  |               |
            |               |-------------->|               |
            |               |               |  NS(EARO)     |
            |               |               |-------------->|
            |               |               |               | NS-DAD
            |               |               |               |------>
            |               |               |               | (EARO)
            |               |               |               |
            |               |               |  NA(EARO)     |<timeout>
            |               |               |<--------------|
            |               | Extended DAC  |               |
            |               |<--------------|               |
            |  NA(EARO)     |               |               |
            |<--------------|               |               |
            |               |               |               |

        Figure 2: Initial Registration Flow over Multi-Link Subnet

   An example Hub-And-Spoke is an OCB Road-Side Unit (RSU) that owns a
   prefix, provides Internet connectivity using that prefix to On-Board
   Units (OBUs) within its physical broadcast domain.  An example of
   Route-Over MLSN is a collection of cars in a parking lot operating
   RPL to extend the connectivity provided by the RSU beyond its
   physical broadcast domain.  Cars may then operate NEMO [RFC3963] for
   their own prefix using their address derived from the prefix of the
   RSU as CareOf Address.

4.  IANA Considerations

   This specification does not require IANA action.






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5.  Security Considerations

   This specification refers to the security sections of IPv6 ND and
   WiND, respectively.

6.  Acknowledgments

   Many thanks to the participants of the 6lo WG where a lot of the work
   discussed here happened.  Also ROLL, 6TiSCH, and 6LoWPAN.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd]
              Thubert, P., Sarikaya, B., Sethi, M., and R. Struik,
              "Address Protected Neighbor Discovery for Low-power and
              Lossy Networks", draft-ietf-6lo-ap-nd-12 (work in
              progress), April 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router]
              Thubert, P., Perkins, C., and E. Levy-Abegnoli, "IPv6
              Backbone Router", draft-ietf-6lo-backbone-router-11 (work
              in progress), February 2019.

   [RFC3963]  Devarapalli, V., Wakikawa, R., Petrescu, A., and P.
              Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol",
              RFC 3963, DOI 10.17487/RFC3963, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3963>.

   [RFC4191]  Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and
              More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, DOI 10.17487/RFC4191,
              November 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4191>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.

   [RFC6275]  Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
              Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, DOI 10.17487/RFC6275, July
              2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6275>.




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   [RFC8200]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

   [RFC8505]  Thubert, P., Ed., Nordmark, E., Chakrabarti, S., and C.
              Perkins, "Registration Extensions for IPv6 over Low-Power
              Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Neighbor
              Discovery", RFC 8505, DOI 10.17487/RFC8505, November 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8505>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture]
              Thubert, P., "An Architecture for IPv6 over the TSCH mode
              of IEEE 802.15.4", draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-20 (work
              in progress), March 2019.

   [IEEE80211]
              "IEEE Standard 802.11 - IEEE Standard for Information
              Technology - Telecommunications and information exchange
              between systems Local and metropolitan area networks -
              Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium
              Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
              Specifications.".

   [IEEE802154]
              IEEE standard for Information Technology, "IEEE Std.
              802.15.4, Part. 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)
              and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate
              Wireless Personal Area Networks".

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

   [RFC4389]  Thaler, D., Talwar, M., and C. Patel, "Neighbor Discovery
              Proxies (ND Proxy)", RFC 4389, DOI 10.17487/RFC4389, April
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4389>.

   [RFC4903]  Thaler, D., "Multi-Link Subnet Issues", RFC 4903,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4903, June 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4903>.








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   [RFC6550]  Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J.,
              Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur,
              JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for
              Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6550>.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C.
              Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over
              Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
              RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.

   [RFC7668]  Nieminen, J., Savolainen, T., Isomaki, M., Patil, B.,
              Shelby, Z., and C. Gomez, "IPv6 over BLUETOOTH(R) Low
              Energy", RFC 7668, DOI 10.17487/RFC7668, October 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7668>.

Author's Address

   Pascal Thubert (editor)
   Cisco Systems, Inc
   Building D
   45 Allee des Ormes - BP1200
   MOUGINS - Sophia Antipolis  06254
   FRANCE

   Phone: +33 497 23 26 34
   Email: pthubert@cisco.com






















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