Network Working Group                                    F. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                        The Boeing Company
Intended status: Standards Track                               A. Whyman
Expires: August 6, 2020                  MWA Ltd c/o Inmarsat Global Ltd
                                                        February 3, 2020


   Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI)
                               Interfaces
                  draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-16

Abstract

   Mobile nodes (e.g., aircraft of various configurations, terrestrial
   vehicles, seagoing vessels, mobile enterprise devices, etc.)
   communicate with networked correspondents over multiple access
   network data links and configure mobile routers to connect end user
   networks.  A multilink interface specification is therefore needed
   for coordination with the network-based mobility service.  This
   document specifies the transmission of IPv6 packets over Overlay
   Multilink Network (OMNI) Interfaces.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 6, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents



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   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI) Interface Model  . . . . . .   5
   5.  Maximum Transmission Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Frame Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  Link-Local Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  Address Mapping - Unicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   9.  Address Mapping - Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   10. Address Mapping for IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Messages  . . . .  13
   11. Conceptual Sending Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     11.1.  Multiple OMNI Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   12. Router Discovery and Prefix Registration  . . . . . . . . . .  15
   13. AR and MSE Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   14. Detecting and Responding to MSE Failures  . . . . . . . . . .  18
   15. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   16. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   17. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   18. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     18.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     18.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   Appendix A.  OMNI Option Extensions for Pseudo-DSCP Mappings  . .  22
   Appendix B.  Prefix Length Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   Appendix C.  VDL Mode 2 Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   Appendix D.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27

1.  Introduction

   Mobile Nodes (MNs) (e.g., aircraft of various configurations,
   terrestrial vehicles, seagoing vessels, mobile enterprise devices,
   etc.) often have multiple data links for communicating with networked
   correspondents.  These data links may have diverse performance, cost
   and availability properties that can change dynamically according to
   mobility patterns, flight phases, proximity to infrastructure, etc.
   MNs coordinate their data links in a discipline known as "multilink",
   in which a single virtual interface is configured over the underlying
   data link interfaces.





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   The MN configures a virtual interface (termed the "Overlay Multilink
   Network (OMNI) interface") as a thin layer over the underlying access
   network interfaces.  The OMNI interface is therefore the only
   interface abstraction exposed to the IPv6 layer and behaves according
   to the Non-Broadcast, Multiple Access (NBMA) interface principle,
   while underlying access network interfaces appear as link layer
   communication channels in the architecture.  The OMNI interface
   connects to a virtual overlay service known as the "OMNI link".  The
   OMNI link spans a worldwide Internetwork that may include private-use
   infrastructures and/or the global public Internet itself.

   Each MN receives a Mobile Network Prefix (MNP) for numbering
   downstream-attached End User Networks (EUNs) independently of the
   access network data links selected for data transport.  The MN
   performs router discovery over the OMNI interface (i.e., similar to
   IPv6 customer edge routers [RFC7084]) and acts as a mobile router on
   behalf of its EUNs.  The router discovery process is iterated over
   each of the OMNI interface's underlying access network data links in
   order to register per-link parameters (see Section 12).

   The OMNI interface provides a multilink nexus for exchanging inbound
   and outbound traffic via the correct underlying Access Network (ANET)
   interface(s).  The IPv6 layer sees the OMNI interface as a point of
   connection to the OMNI link.  Each OMNI link has one or more
   associated Mobility Service Prefixes (MSPs) from which OMNI link MNPs
   are derived.  If there are multiple OMNI links, the IPv6 layer will
   see multiple OMNI interfaces.

   The OMNI interface interacts with a network-based Mobility Service
   (MS) through IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) control message exchanges
   [RFC4861].  The MS provides Mobility Service Endpoints (MSEs) that
   track MN movements and represent their MNPs in a global routing or
   mapping system.

   This document specifies the transmission of IPv6 packets [RFC8200]
   and MN/MS control messaging over OMNI interfaces.

2.  Terminology

   The terminology in the normative references applies; especially, the
   terms "link" and "interface" are the same as defined in the IPv6
   [RFC8200] and IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) [RFC4861] specifications.
   Also, the Protocol Constants defined in Section 10 of [RFC4861] are
   used in their same format and meaning in this document.

   The following terms are defined within the scope of this document:

   Mobile Node (MN)



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      an end system with multiple distinct upstream data link
      connections that are managed together as a single logical unit.
      The MN's data link connection parameters can change over time due
      to, e.g., node mobility, link quality, etc.  The MN further
      connects a downstream-attached End User Network (EUN).  The term
      MN used here is distinct from uses in other documents, and does
      not imply a particular mobility protocol.

   End User Network (EUN)
      a simple or complex downstream-attached mobile network that
      travels with the MN as a single logical unit.  The IPv6 addresses
      assigned to EUN devices remain stable even if the MN's upstream
      data link connections change.

   Mobility Service (MS)
      a mobile routing service that tracks MN movements and ensures that
      MNs remain continuously reachable even across mobility events.
      Specific MS details are out of scope for this document.

   Mobility Service Prefix (MSP)
      an aggregated IPv6 prefix (e.g., 2001:db8::/32) advertised to the
      rest of the Internetwork by the MS, and from which more-specific
      Mobile Network Prefixes (MNPs) are derived.

   Mobile Network Prefix (MNP)
      a longer IPv6 prefix taken from the MSP (e.g.,
      2001:db8:1000:2000::/56) and assigned to a MN.  MNs sub-delegate
      the MNP to devices located in EUNs.

   Access Network (ANET)
      a data link service network (e.g., an aviation radio access
      network, satellite service provider network, cellular operator
      network, etc.) that provides an Access Router (AR) for connecting
      MNs to correspondents in outside Internetworks.  Physical and/or
      data link level security between the MN and AR are assumed.

   ANET interface
      a MN's attachment to a link in an ANET.

   Internetwork (INET)
      a connected network region with a coherent IP addressing plan that
      provides transit forwarding services for ANET MNs and INET
      correspondents.  Examples include private enterprise networks,
      ground domain aviation service networks and the global public
      Internet itself.

   INET interface
      a node's attachment to a link in an INET.



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   OMNI link
      a virtual overlay configured over one or more INETs and their
      connected ANETs.  An OMNI link can comprise multiple INET segments
      joined by bridges the same as for any link; the addressing plans
      in each segment may be mutually exclusive and managed by different
      administrative entities.

   OMNI interface
      a node's attachment to an OMNI link, and configured over one or
      more underlying ANET/INET interfaces.

   OMNI link local address (LLA)
      an IPv6 link-local address constructed as specified in Section 7,
      and assigned to an OMNI interface.

   Multilink
      an OMNI interface's manner of managing diverse underlying data
      link interfaces as a single logical unit.  The OMNI interface
      provides a single unified interface to upper layers, while
      underlying data link selections are performed on a per-packet
      basis considering factors such as DSCP, flow label, application
      policy, signal quality, cost, etc.  Multilinking decisions are
      coordinated in both the outbound (i.e.  MN to correspondent) and
      inbound (i.e., correspondent to MN) directions.

   L2
      The second layer in the OSI network model.  Also known as "layer-
      2", "link-layer", "sub-IP layer", "data link layer", etc.

   L3
      The third layer in the OSI network model.  Also known as "layer-
      3", "network-layer", "IPv6 layer", etc.

3.  Requirements

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

4.  Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI) Interface Model

   An OMNI interface is a MN virtual interface configured over one or
   more ANET interfaces, which may be physical (e.g., an aeronautical
   radio link) or virtual (e.g., an Internet or higher-layer "tunnel").
   The MN receives a MNP from the MS, and coordinates with the MS
   through IPv6 ND message exchanges.  The MN uses the MNP to construct



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   a unique OMNI LLA through the algorithmic derivation specified in
   Section 7 and assigns the LLA to the OMNI interface.

   The OMNI interface architectural layering model is the same as in
   [RFC7847], and augmented as shown in Figure 1.  The IP layer (L3)
   therefore sees the OMNI interface as a single network layer interface
   with multiple underlying ANET interfaces that appear as L2
   communication channels in the architecture.

                                     +----------------------------+
                                     |    Upper Layer Protocol    |
              Session-to-IP    +---->|                            |
              Address Binding  |     +----------------------------+
                               +---->|           IP (L3)          |
              IP Address       +---->|                            |
              Binding          |     +----------------------------+
                               +---->|       OMNI Interface       |
              Logical-to-      +---->|         (OMNI LLA)         |
              Physical         |     +----------------------------+
              Interface        +---->|  L2  |  L2  |       |  L2  |
              Binding                |(IF#1)|(IF#2)| ..... |(IF#n)|
                                     +------+------+       +------+
                                     |  L1  |  L1  |       |  L1  |
                                     |      |      |       |      |
                                     +------+------+       +------+

           Figure 1: OMNI Interface Architectural Layering Model

   The OMNI virtual interface model gives rise to a number of
   opportunities:

   o  since OMNI LLAs are uniquely derived from an MNP, no Duplicate
      Address Detection (DAD) messaging is necessary over the OMNI
      interface.

   o  ANET interfaces do not require any L3 addresses (i.e., not even
      link-local) in environments where communications are coordinated
      entirely over the OMNI interface.

   o  as ANET interface properties change (e.g., link quality, cost,
      availability, etc.), any active ANET interface can be used to
      update the profiles of multiple additional ANET interfaces in a
      single message.  This allows for timely adaptation and service
      continuity under dynamically changing conditions.

   o  coordinating ANET interfaces in this way allows them to be
      represented in a unified MS profile with provisions for mobility
      and multilink operations.



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   o  exposing a single virtual interface abstraction to the IPv6 layer
      allows for multilink operation (including QoS based link
      selection, packet replication, load balancing, etc.) at L2 while
      still permitting queuing at the L3 based on, e.g., DSCP, flow
      label, etc.

   o  L3 sees the OMNI interface as a point of connection to the OMNI
      link; if there are multiple OMNI links (i.e., multiple MS's), L3
      will see multiple OMNI interfaces.

   Other opportunities are discussed in [RFC7847].

   Figure 2 depicts the architectural model for a MN connecting to the
   MS via multiple independent ANETs.  When an ANET interface becomes
   active, the MN's OMNI interface sends native (i.e., unencapsulated)
   IPv6 ND messages via the underlying ANET interface.  IPv6 ND messages
   traverse the ground domain ANETs until they reach an Access Router
   (AR#1, AR#2, .., AR#n).  The AR then coordinates with a Mobility
   Service Endpoint (MSE#1, MSE#2, ..., MSE#m) in the INET and returns
   an IPv6 ND message response to the MN.  IPv6 ND messages traverse the
   ANET at layer 2; hence, the Hop Limit is not decremented.






























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                           +--------------+
                           |      MN      |
                           +--------------+
                           |OMNI interface|
                           +----+----+----+
                  +--------|IF#1|IF#2|IF#n|------ +
                 /         +----+----+----+        \
                /                 |                 \
               /    <---- Native  |  IP ---->        \
              v                   v                   v
           (:::)-.              (:::)-.              (:::)-.
      .-(::ANET:::)        .-(::ANET:::)        .-(::ANET:::)
        `-(::::)-'           `-(::::)-'           `-(::::)-'
          +----+               +----+               +----+
    ...   |AR#1|  ..........   |AR#2|   .........   |AR#n|  ...
   .      +-|--+               +-|--+               +-|--+     .
   .        |                    |                    |
   .        v                    v                    v        .
   .               <-----  Encapsulation ----->                .
   .                                                           .
   .      +-----+               (:::)-.                        .
   .      |MSE#2|           .-(::::::::)          +-----+      .
   .      +-----+       .-(:::   INET  :::)-.     |MSE#m|      .
   .                  (:::::    Routing  ::::)    +-----+      .
   .                     `-(::: System :::)-'                  .
   .  +-----+                `-(:::::::-'                      .
   .  |MSE#1|          +-----+               +-----+           .
   .  +-----+          |MSE#3|               |MSE#4|           .
   .                   +-----+               +-----+           .
   .                                                           .
   .                                                           .
   .       <----- Worldwide Connected Internetwork ---->       .
    ...........................................................

              Figure 2: MN/MS Coordination via Multiple ANETs

   After the initial IPv6 ND message exchange, the MN can send and
   receive unencapsulated IPv6 data packets over the OMNI interface.
   OMNI interface multilink services will forward the packets via ARs in
   the correct underlying ANETs.  The AR encapsulates the packets
   according to the capabilities provided by the MS and forwards them to
   the next hop within the worldwide connected Internetwork via optimal
   routes.








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5.  Maximum Transmission Unit

   All IPv6 interfaces MUST configure an MTU of at least 1280 bytes
   [RFC8200].  The OMNI interface configures its MTU based on the
   largest MTU among all underlying ANET interfaces.  The value MAY be
   overridden if an RA message with an MTU option is received.

   The OMNI interface returns internally-generated IPv6 Path MTU
   Discovery (PMTUD) Packet Too Big (PTB) messages [RFC8201] for packets
   admitted into the OMNI interface that are too large for the outbound
   underlying ANET interface.  Similarly, the OMNI interface performs
   PMTUD even if the destination appears to be on the same link since a
   proxy on the path could return a PTB message.  PMTUD therefore
   ensures that the OMNI interface MTU is adaptive and reflects the
   current path used for a given data flow.

   Applications that cannot tolerate loss due to MTU restrictions SHOULD
   refrain from sending packets larger than 1280 bytes, since dynamic
   path changes can reduce the path MTU at any time.  Applications that
   may benefit from sending larger packets even though the path MTU may
   change dynamically MAY use larger sizes.

6.  Frame Format

   The OMNI interface transmits IPv6 packets according to the native
   frame format of each underlying ANET interface.  For example, for
   Ethernet-compatible interfaces the frame format is specified in
   [RFC2464], for aeronautical radio interfaces the frame format is
   specified in standards such as ICAO Doc 9776 (VDL Mode 2 Technical
   Manual), for tunnels over IPv6 the frame format is specified in
   [RFC2473], etc.

7.  Link-Local Addresses

   OMNI interfaces assign IPv6 Link-Local Addresses (i.e., "OMNI LLAs")
   using the following constructs:

   o  IPv6 MN OMNI LLAs encode the most-significant 64 bits of a MNP
      within the least-significant 64 bits (i.e., the interface ID) of a
      Link-Local IPv6 Unicast Address (see: [RFC4291], Section 2.5.6).
      For example, for the MNP 2001:db8:1000:2000::/56 the corresponding
      LLA is fe80::2001:db8:1000:2000.

   o  IPv4-compatible MN OMNI LLAs are assigned as fe80::ffff:[v4addr],
      i.e., the most significant 10 bits of the prefix fe80::/10,
      followed by 70 '0' bits, followed by 16 '1' bits, followed by a
      32bit IPv4 address.  For example, the IPv4-Compatible MN OMNI LLA




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      for 192.0.2.1 is fe80::ffff:192.0.2.1 (also written as
      fe80::ffff:c000:0201).

   o  MSE OMNI LLAs are assigned from the range fe80::/96, and MUST be
      managed for uniqueness.  The lower 32 bits of the LLA includes a
      unique integer value between '1' and 'fffffffe', e.g., as in
      fe80::1, fe80::2, fe80::3, etc., fe80::ffff:fffe.  The address
      fe80:: is the link-local Subnet-Router anycast address [RFC4291]
      and the address fe80::ffff:ffff is reserved.  (Note that distinct
      OMNI link segments can avoid overlap by assignig MSE OMNI LLAs
      from unique fe80::/96 sub-prefixes.  For example, a first segment
      could assign from fe80::1000/116, a second from fe80::2000/116, a
      third from fe80::3000/116, etc.)

   Since the prefix 0000::/8 is "Reserved by the IETF" [RFC4291], no
   MNPs can be allocated from that block ensuring that there is no
   possibility for overlap between the above OMNI LLA constructs.

   Since MN OMNI LLAs are based on the distribution of administratively
   assured unique MNPs, and since MSE OMNI LLAs are guaranteed unique
   through administrative assignment, OMNI interfaces set the
   autoconfiguration variable DupAddrDetectTransmits to 0 [RFC4862].

8.  Address Mapping - Unicast

   OMNI interfaces maintain a neighbor cache for tracking per-neighbor
   state and use the link-local address format specified in Section 7.
   IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) [RFC4861] messages on MN OMNI interfaces
   observe the native Source/Target Link-Layer Address Option (S/TLLAO)
   formats of the underlying ANET interfaces (e.g., for Ethernet the S/
   TLLAO is specified in [RFC2464]).

   MNs such as aircraft typically have many wireless data link types
   (e.g. satellite-based, cellular, terrestrial, air-to-air directional,
   etc.) with diverse performance, cost and availability properties.
   The OMNI interface would therefore appear to have multiple L2
   connections, and may include information for multiple ANET interfaces
   in a single IPv6 ND message exchange.

   OMNI interfaces use an IPv6 ND option called the "OMNI option"
   formatted as shown in Figure 3:










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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |      Type     |     Length    | Prefix Length |R|N|  Reserved |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   ifIndex[1]  |   ifType[1]   | Reserved [1]  |Link[1]|QoS[1] |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P00|P01|P02|P03|P04|P05|P06|P07|P08|P09|P10|P11|P12|P13|P14|P15|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P16|P17|P18|P19|P20|P21|P22|P23|P24|P25|P26|P27|P28|P29|P30|P31|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P32|P33|P34|P35|P36|P37|P38|P39|P40|P41|P42|P43|P44|P45|P46|P47|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P48|P49|P50|P51|P52|P53|P54|P55|P56|P57|P58|P59|P60|P61|P62|P63|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   ifIndex[2]  |   ifType[2]   | Reserved [2]  |Link[2]|QoS[2] |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P00|P01|P02|P03|P04|P05|P06|P07|P08|P09|P10|P11|P12|P13|P14|P15|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P16|P17|P18|P19|P20|P21|P22|P23|P24|P25|P26|P27|P28|P29|P30|P31|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P32|P33|P34|P35|P36|P37|P38|P39|P40|P41|P42|P43|P44|P45|P46|P47|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P48|P49|P50|P51|P52|P53|P54|P55|P56|P57|P58|P59|P60|P61|P62|P63|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ...                            ...                            ...
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   ifIndex[N]  |   ifType[N]   | Reserved [N]  |Link[N]|QoS[N] |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P00|P01|P02|P03|P04|P05|P06|P07|P08|P09|P10|P11|P12|P13|P14|P15|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P16|P17|P18|P19|P20|P21|P22|P23|P24|P25|P26|P27|P28|P29|P30|P31|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P32|P33|P34|P35|P36|P37|P38|P39|P40|P41|P42|P43|P44|P45|P46|P47|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P48|P49|P50|P51|P52|P53|P54|P55|P56|P57|P58|P59|P60|P61|P62|P63|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   zero-padding (if necessary)                 |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |              Notification ID (present only if N=1)            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 3: OMNI Option Format

   In this format:

   o  Type is set to TBD.




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   o  Length is set to the number of 8 octet blocks in the option.

   o  Prefix Length is set according to the IPv6 source LLA type.  For
      MN OMNI LLAs, the value is set to the length of the embedded MNP.
      For MSE OMNI LLAs, the value is set to 128.

   o  R (the "Register/Release" bit) is set to '1' to register an MNP or
      set to '0' to release a registration.

   o  N (the "Notify" bit) is set to '1' if the option includes a
      trailing 4 byte "Notification ID" (see below); set to '0'
      otherwise.

   o  Reserved is set to the value '0' on transmission and ignored on
      reception.

   o  A set of N ANET interface "ifIndex-tuples" are included as
      follows:

      *  ifIndex[i] is set to an 8-bit integer value corresponding to a
         specific underlying ANET interface.  The first ifIndex-tuple
         MUST correspond to the ANET interface over which the message is
         sent.  IPv6 ND messages originating from a MN may include
         multiple ifIndex-tuples, and MUST number each with a distinct
         ifIndex value between '1' and '255' that represents a MN-
         specific 8-bit mapping for the actual ifIndex value assigned to
         the ANET interface by network management [RFC2863].  IPv6 ND
         messages originating from the MS include a single ifIndex-tuple
         with ifIndex set to the value '0'.

      *  ifType[i] is set to an 8-bit integer value corresponding to the
         underlying ANET interface identified by ifIndex.  The value
         represents an OMNI interface-specific 8-bit mapping for the
         actual IANA ifType value registered in the 'IANAifType-MIB'
         registry [http://www.iana.org].

      *  Reserved[i] is set to the value '0' on transmission and ignored
         on reception.

      *  Link[i] encodes a 4-bit link metric.  The value '0' means the
         link is DOWN, and the remaining values mean the link is UP with
         metric ranging from '1' ("lowest") to '15' ("highest").

      *  QoS[i] encodes the number of 4-byte blocks (between '0' and
         '15') of two-bit P[*] values that follow.  The first 4 blocks
         correspond to the 64 Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP)
         values P00 - P63 [RFC2474].  If additional 4-byte P[i] blocks
         follow, their values correspond to "pseudo-DSCP" values P64,



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         P65, P66, etc. numbered consecutively.  The pseudo-DSCP values
         correspond to ancillary QoS information defined for the
         specific OMNI interface (e.g., see Appendix A).

      *  P[*] includes zero or more per-ifIndex 4-byte blocks of two-bit
         Preferences.  Each P[*] field is set to the value '0'
         ("disabled"), '1' ("low"), '2' ("medium") or '3' ("high") to
         indicate a QoS preference level for ANET interface selection
         purposes.  The first four blocks always correspond to the 64
         DSCP values in consecutive order.  If one or more of the blocks
         are absent (e.g., for QoS values 0,1,2,3) the P[*] values for
         the missing blocks default to "medium".

   o  Zero-padding added if necessary to produce an integral number of 8
      octet blocks.

   o  Notification ID (present only if N = '1') contains the least-
      significant 32 bits of an MSE OMNI LLA to notify.  For example,
      for the LLA fe80::face:cafe the field contains 0xfacecafe.

9.  Address Mapping - Multicast

   The multicast address mapping of the native underlying ANET interface
   applies.  The mobile router on board the aircraft also serves as an
   IGMP/MLD Proxy for its EUNs and/or hosted applications per [RFC4605]
   while using the L2 address of the router as the L2 address for all
   multicast packets.

10.  Address Mapping for IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Messages

   Per [RFC4861], IPv6 ND messages may be sent to either a multicast or
   unicast link-scoped IPv6 destination address.  However, IPv6 ND
   messaging is coordinated between the MN and MS only without invoking
   other nodes on the ANET.

   For this reason, ANET links maintain unicast L2 addresses ("MSADDR")
   for the purpose of supporting MN/MS IPv6 ND messaging.  For Ethernet-
   compatible ANETs, this specification reserves one Ethernet unicast
   address TBD2.  For non-Ethernet statically-addressed ANETs, MSADDR is
   reserved per the assigned numbers authority for the ANET addressing
   space.  For still other ANETs, MSADDR may be dynamically discovered
   through other means, e.g., L2 beacons.

   MNs map the L3 addresses of all IPv6 ND messages they send (i.e.,
   both multicast and unicast) to an MSADDR instead of to an ordinary
   unicast or multicast L2 address.  In this way, all of the MN's IPv6
   ND messages will be received by MS devices that are configured to
   accept packets destined to MSADDR.  Note that multiple MS devices on



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   the link could be configured to accept packets destined to MSADDR,
   e.g., as a basis for supporting redundancy.

   Therefore, ARs MUST accept and process packets destined to MSADDR,
   while all other devices MUST NOT process packets destined to MSADDR.
   This model has well-established operational experience in Proxy
   Mobile IPv6 (PMIP) [RFC5213][RFC6543].

11.  Conceptual Sending Algorithm

   The MN's IPv6 layer selects the outbound OMNI interface according to
   standard IPv6 requirements when forwarding data packets from local or
   EUN applications to external correspondents.  The OMNI interface
   maintains default routes and neighbor cache entries for MSEs, and may
   also include additional neighbor cache entries created through other
   means (e.g., Address Resolution, static configuration, etc.).

   After a packet enters the OMNI interface, an outbound ANET interface
   is selected based on multilink parameters such as DSCP, application
   port number, cost, performance, message size, etc.  OMNI interface
   multilink selections could also be configured to perform replication
   across multiple ANET interfaces for increased reliability at the
   expense of packet duplication.

   OMNI interface multilink service designers MUST observe the BCP
   guidance in Section 15 [RFC3819] in terms of implications for
   reordering when packets from the same flow may be spread across
   multiple ANET interfaces having diverse properties.

11.1.  Multiple OMNI Interfaces

   MNs may associate with multiple MS instances concurrently.  Each MS
   instance represents a distinct OMNI link distinguished by its
   associated MSPs.  The MN configures a separate OMNI interface for
   each link so that multiple interfaces (e.g., omni0, omni1, omni2,
   etc.) are exposed to the IPv6 layer.

   Depending on local policy and configuration, an MN may choose between
   alternative active OMNI interfaces using a packet's DSCP, routing
   information or static configuration.  Interface selection based on
   per-packet source addresses is also enabled when the MSPs for each
   OMNI interface are known (e.g., discovered through Prefix Information
   Options (PIOs) and/or Route Information Options (RIOs)).

   Each OMNI interface can be configured over the same or different sets
   of ANET interfaces.  Each ANET distinguishes between the different
   OMNI links based on the MSPs represented in per-packet IPv6
   addresses.



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   Multiple distinct OMNI links can therefore be used to support fault
   tolerance, load balancing, reliability, etc.  The architectural model
   parallels Layer 2 Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs), where the MSPs
   serve as (virtual) VLAN tags.

12.  Router Discovery and Prefix Registration

   ARs process IPv6 ND messages destined to All-Routers multicast
   (ff02::2), Subnet-Router anycast (fe80::) and unicast IPv6 LLAs
   [RFC4291].  ARs configure the L2 address MSADDR (see: Section 10) and
   act as a proxy for MSE OMNI LLAs.

   MNs interface with the MS by sending RS messages with OMNI options.
   For each ANET interface, the MN sends an RS message with an OMNI
   option, with L2 destination address set to MSADDR and with L3
   destination address set to either a specific MSE OMNI LLA, link-local
   Subnet-Router anycast, or All-Routers multicast.  The MN discovers
   MSE OMNI LLAs either through an RA message response to an initial
   anycast/multicast RS or before sending an initial RS message.
   [RFC5214] provides example MSE address discovery methods, including
   information conveyed during data link login, name service lookups,
   static configuration, etc.

   The AR receives the RS messages and coordinates with the
   corresponding MSE in a manner outside the scope of this document.
   The AR returns an RA message with source address set to the MSE OMNI
   LLA, with an OMNI option and with any information for the link that
   would normally be delivered in a solicited RA message.  (Note that if
   all MSEs share common state, the AR can instead return an RA with
   source address set to link-local Subnet-Router anycast.)

   MNs configure OMNI interfaces that observe the properties discussed
   in the previous section.  The OMNI interface and its underlying
   interfaces are said to be in either the "UP" or "DOWN" state
   according to administrative actions in conjunction with the interface
   connectivity status.  An OMNI interface transitions to UP or DOWN
   through administrative action and/or through state transitions of the
   underlying interfaces.  When a first underlying interface transitions
   to UP, the OMNI interface also transitions to UP.  When all
   underlying interfaces transition to DOWN, the OMNI interface also
   transitions to DOWN.

   When an OMNI interface transitions to UP, the MN sends initial RS
   messages to register its MNP and an initial set of underlying ANET
   interfaces that are also UP.  The MN sends additional RS messages to
   refresh lifetimes and to register/deregister underlying ANET
   interfaces as they transition to UP or DOWN.




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   ARs return RA messages with configuration information in response to
   a MN's RS messages.  The RAs include a Router Lifetime value and any
   necessary options, such as:

   o  PIOs with (A; L=0) that include MSPs for the link [RFC8028].

   o  RIOs [RFC4191] with more-specific routes.

   o  an MTU option that specifies the maximum acceptable packet size
      for the OMNI link

   The AR coordinates with the MSE and sends immediate unicast RA
   responses without delay; therefore, the IPv6 ND MAX_RA_DELAY_TIME and
   MIN_DELAY_BETWEEN_RAS constants for multicast RAs do not apply.  The
   AR MAY send periodic and/or event-driven unsolicited RA messages, but
   is not required to do so for unicast advertisements [RFC4861].

   The MN sends RS messages from within the OMNI interface while using
   an UP underlying ANET interface as the outbound interface.  Each RS
   message is formatted as though it originated from the IPv6 layer, but
   the process is coordinated wholly from within the OMNI interface and
   is therefore opaque to the IPv6 layer.  The MN sends initial RS
   messages over an UP underlying interface with its OMNI LLA as the
   source.  The RS messages include an OMNI option with a valid Prefix
   Length as well as ifIndex-tuples appropriate for underlying ANET
   interfaces.  The AR processes RS message and conveys the OMNI option
   information to the MSE.

   When the MSE processes the OMNI information, it first validates the
   prefix registration information.  If the prefix registration was
   valid, the MSE injects the MNP into the routing/mapping system then
   caches the new Prefix Length, MNP and ifIndex-tuples.  The MSE then
   directs the AR to return an RA message to the MN with an OMNI option
   and with a non-zero Router Lifetime if the prefix registration was
   successful; otherwise, with a zero Router Lifetime.  If the MN's OMNI
   option included a Notification ID, the new MSE also notifies the
   former MSE.

   When the MN receives the RA message, it creates a default route with
   L3 next hop address set to the address found in the RA source address
   and with L2 address set to MSADDR.  The AR will then forward packets
   between the MN and the MS.

   The MN then manages its underlying ANET interfaces according to their
   states as follows:

   o  When an underlying ANET interface transitions to UP, the MN sends
      an RS over the ANET interface with an OMNI option.  The OMNI



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      option contains a first ifIndex-tuple with values specific to this
      ANET interface, and may contain additional ifIndex-tuples specific
      to other ANET interfaces.

   o  When an underlying ANET interface transitions to DOWN, the MN
      sends an RS or unsolicited NA message over any UP ANET interface
      with an OMNI option containing an ifIndex-tuple for the DOWN ANET
      interface with Link(i) set to '0'.  The MN sends an RS when an
      acknowledgement is required, or an unsolicited NA when reliability
      is not thought to be a concern (e.g., if redundant transmissions
      are sent on multiple ANET interfaces).

   o  When a MN wishes to release from a current MSE, it sends an RS or
      unsolicited NA message over any UP ANET interfaces with an OMNI
      option with R set to 0.  The corresponding MSE then withdraws the
      MNP from the routing/mapping system and (for RS responses) returns
      an RA message with an OMNI option and with Router Lifetime set to
      0.

   o  When a MN wishes to transition to a new MSE, it sends an RS or
      unsolicited NA message over any UP ANET interfaces with an OMNI
      option with R set to 1, with the new MSE OMNI LLA set in the
      destination address, and (optionally) with N set to 1 and a
      Notification ID included for the former MSE.

   o  When all of a MNs underlying interfaces have transitioned to DOWN
      (or if no further MN RS messages are received before Router
      Lifetime expires) the MSE withdraws the MNP the same as if it had
      received a message with an OMNI option with R set to 0.

   The MN is responsible for retrying each RS exchange up to
   MAX_RTR_SOLICITATIONS times separated by RTR_SOLICITATION_INTERVAL
   seconds until an RA is received.  If no RA is received over multiple
   UP ANET interfaces, the MN declares this MSE unreachable and tries a
   different MSE.

   The IPv6 layer sees the OMNI interface as an ordinary IPv6 interface.
   Therefore, when the IPv6 layer sends an RS message the OMNI interface
   returns an internally-generated RA message as though the message
   originated from an IPv6 router.  The internally-generated RA message
   contains configuration information (such as Router Lifetime, MTU,
   etc.) that is consistent with the information received from the RAs
   generated by the MS.

   Whether the OMNI interface IPv6 ND messaging process is initiated
   from the receipt of an RS message from the IPv6 layer is an
   implementation matter.  Some implementations may elect to defer the




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   IPv6 ND messaging process until an RS is received from the IPv6
   layer, while others may elect to initiate the process proactively.

13.  AR and MSE Resilience

   ANETs SHOULD deploy ARs in Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
   [RFC5798] configurations so that service continuity is maintained
   even if one or more ARs fail.  Using VRRP, the MN is unaware which of
   the (redundant) ARs is currently providing service, and any service
   discontinuity will be limited to the failover time supported by VRRP.
   Widely deployed public domain implementations of VRRP are available.

   MSEs SHOULD use high availability clustering services so that
   multiple redundant systems can provide coordinated response to
   failures.  As with VRRP, widely deployed public domain
   implementations of high availability clustering services are
   available.  Note that special-purpose and expensive dedicated
   hardware is not necessary, and public domain implementations can be
   used even between lightweight virtual machines in cloud deployments.

14.  Detecting and Responding to MSE Failures

   In environments where fast recovery from MSE failure is required, ARs
   SHOULD use proactive Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) in a
   manner that parallels Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)
   [RFC5880] to track MSE reachability.  ARs can then quickly detect and
   react to failures so that cached information is re-established
   through alternate paths.  Proactive NUD control messaging is carried
   only over well-connected ground domain networks (i.e., and not low-
   end aeronautical radio links) and can therefore be tuned for rapid
   response.

   ARs perform proactive NUD for MSEs for which there are currently
   active ANET MNs.  If an MSE fails, ARs can quickly inform MNs of the
   outage by sending multicast RA messages on the ANET interface.  The
   AR sends RA messages to the MN via the ANET interface with source
   address set to the MSEs OMNI LLA, destination address set to All-
   Nodes multicast (ff02::1) [RFC4291], and Router Lifetime set to 0.

   The AR SHOULD send MAX_FINAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS RA messages separated
   by small delays [RFC4861].  Any MNs on the ANET interface that have
   been using the (now defunct) MSE will receive the RA messages and
   associate with a new MSE.








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15.  IANA Considerations

   The IANA is instructed to allocate an official Type number TBD from
   the registry "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Option Formats" for the OMNI
   option.  Implementations set Type to 253 as an interim value
   [RFC4727].

   The IANA is instructed to allocate one Ethernet unicast address TBD2
   (suggest 00-00-5E-00-52-14 [RFC5214]) in the registry "IANA Ethernet
   Address Block - Unicast Use".

16.  Security Considerations

   Security considerations for IPv6 [RFC8200] and IPv6 Neighbor
   Discovery [RFC4861] apply.  OMNI interface IPv6 ND messages SHOULD
   include Nonce and Timestamp options [RFC3971] when synchronized
   transaction confirmation is needed.

   Security considerations for specific access network interface types
   are covered under the corresponding IP-over-(foo) specification
   (e.g., [RFC2464]).

17.  Acknowledgements

   The first version of this document was prepared per the consensus
   decision at the 7th Conference of the International Civil Aviation
   Organization (ICAO) Working Group-I Mobility Subgroup on March 22,
   2019.  Consensus to take the document forward to the IETF was reached
   at the 9th Conference of the Mobility Subgroup on November 22, 2019.
   Attendees and contributors included: Guray Acar, Danny Bharj,
   Francois D'Humieres, Pavel Drasil, Nikos Fistas, Giovanni Garofolo,
   Bernhard Haindl, Vaughn Maiolla, Tom McParland, Victor Moreno, Madhu
   Niraula, Brent Phillips, Liviu Popescu, Jacky Pouzet, Aloke Roy, Greg
   Saccone, Robert Segers, Michal Skorepa, Michel Solery, Stephane
   Tamalet, Fred Templin, Jean-Marc Vacher, Bela Varkonyi, Tony Whyman,
   Fryderyk Wrobel and Dongsong Zeng.

   The following individuals are acknowledged for their useful comments:
   Pavel Drasil, Zdenek Jaron, Michael Matyas, Madhu Niraula, Greg
   Saccone, Stephane Tamalet, Eric Vyncke.  Naming of the IPv6 ND option
   was discussed on the 6man mailing list.

   This work is aligned with the NASA Safe Autonomous Systems Operation
   (SASO) program under NASA contract number NNA16BD84C.

   This work is aligned with the FAA as per the SE2025 contract number
   DTFAWA-15-D-00030.




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18.  References

18.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2474]  Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,
              "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
              Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2474>.

   [RFC3971]  Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander,
              "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3971, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3971>.

   [RFC4191]  Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and
              More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, DOI 10.17487/RFC4191,
              November 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4191>.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

   [RFC4727]  Fenner, B., "Experimental Values In IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4,
              ICMPv6, UDP, and TCP Headers", RFC 4727,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4727, November 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4727>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.

   [RFC8028]  Baker, F. and B. Carpenter, "First-Hop Router Selection by
              Hosts in a Multi-Prefix Network", RFC 8028,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8028, November 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8028>.




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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8200]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

   [RFC8201]  McCann, J., Deering, S., Mogul, J., and R. Hinden, Ed.,
              "Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", STD 87, RFC 8201,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8201, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8201>.

18.2.  Informative References

   [RFC2225]  Laubach, M. and J. Halpern, "Classical IP and ARP over
              ATM", RFC 2225, DOI 10.17487/RFC2225, April 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2225>.

   [RFC2464]  Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet
              Networks", RFC 2464, DOI 10.17487/RFC2464, December 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2464>.

   [RFC2473]  Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in
              IPv6 Specification", RFC 2473, DOI 10.17487/RFC2473,
              December 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2473>.

   [RFC2863]  McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces Group
              MIB", RFC 2863, DOI 10.17487/RFC2863, June 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2863>.

   [RFC3819]  Karn, P., Ed., Bormann, C., Fairhurst, G., Grossman, D.,
              Ludwig, R., Mahdavi, J., Montenegro, G., Touch, J., and L.
              Wood, "Advice for Internet Subnetwork Designers", BCP 89,
              RFC 3819, DOI 10.17487/RFC3819, July 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3819>.

   [RFC4605]  Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, B., and H. Sandick,
              "Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) / Multicast
              Listener Discovery (MLD)-Based Multicast Forwarding
              ("IGMP/MLD Proxying")", RFC 4605, DOI 10.17487/RFC4605,
              August 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4605>.

   [RFC5213]  Gundavelli, S., Ed., Leung, K., Devarapalli, V.,
              Chowdhury, K., and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6",
              RFC 5213, DOI 10.17487/RFC5213, August 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5213>.



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   [RFC5214]  Templin, F., Gleeson, T., and D. Thaler, "Intra-Site
              Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)", RFC 5214,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5214, March 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5214>.

   [RFC5798]  Nadas, S., Ed., "Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
              Version 3 for IPv4 and IPv6", RFC 5798,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5798, March 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5798>.

   [RFC5880]  Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD)", RFC 5880, DOI 10.17487/RFC5880, June 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5880>.

   [RFC6543]  Gundavelli, S., "Reserved IPv6 Interface Identifier for
              Proxy Mobile IPv6", RFC 6543, DOI 10.17487/RFC6543, May
              2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6543>.

   [RFC7084]  Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., and B. Stark, "Basic
              Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers", RFC 7084,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7084, November 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7084>.

   [RFC7421]  Carpenter, B., Ed., Chown, T., Gont, F., Jiang, S.,
              Petrescu, A., and A. Yourtchenko, "Analysis of the 64-bit
              Boundary in IPv6 Addressing", RFC 7421,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7421, January 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7421>.

   [RFC7847]  Melia, T., Ed. and S. Gundavelli, Ed., "Logical-Interface
              Support for IP Hosts with Multi-Access Support", RFC 7847,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7847, May 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7847>.

Appendix A.  OMNI Option Extensions for Pseudo-DSCP Mappings

   Adaptation of the OMNI interface to specific Internetworks such as
   the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network with Internet Protocol
   Services (ATN/IPS) includes link selection preferences based on
   transport port numbers in addition to the existing DSCP-based
   preferences.  ATN/IPS nodes maintain a map of transport port numbers
   to additional "pseudo-DSCP" P[*] preference fields beyond the first
   64.  For example, TCP port 22 maps to pseudo-DSCP value P67, TCP port
   443 maps to P70, UDP port 8060 maps to P76, etc.  Figure 4 shows an
   example OMNI option with extended P[*] values beyond the base 64 used
   for DSCP mapping (i.e., for QoS values 5 or greater):





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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |      Type     |    Length     | Prefix Length |R|N| Reserved  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |    ifIndex    |    ifType     |     Flags     | Link  |QoS=5+ |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P00|P01|P02|P03|P04|P05|P06|P07|P08|P09|P10|P11|P12|P13|P14|P15|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P16|P17|P18|P19|P20|P21|P22|P23|P24|P25|P26|P27|P28|P29|P30|P31|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P32|P33|P34|P35|P36|P37|P38|P39|P40|P41|P42|P43|P44|P45|P46|P47|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P48|P49|P50|P51|P52|P53|P54|P55|P56|P57|P58|P59|P60|P61|P62|P63|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |P64|P65|P66|P67|P68|P69|P70|P71|P72|P73|P74|P75|P76|P77|P78|P79|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ...

               Figure 4: ATN/IPS Extended OMNI Option Format

Appendix B.  Prefix Length Considerations

   The 64-bit boundary in IPv6 addresses [RFC7421] determines the MN
   OMNI LLA format for encoding the most-significant 64 MNP bits into
   the least-significant 64 bits of the prefix fe80::/64 as discussed in
   Section 7.

   [RFC4291] defines the link-local address format as the most
   significant 10 bits of the prefix fe80::/10, followed by 54 unused
   bits, followed by the least-significant 64 bits of the address.  If
   the 64-bit boundary is relaxed through future standards activity,
   then the 54 unused bits can be employed for extended coding of MNPs
   of length /65 up to /118.

   The extended coding format would continue to encode MNP bits 0-63 in
   bits 64-127 of the OMNI LLA, while including MNP bits 64-117 in bits
   10-63.  For example, the OMNI LLA corresponding to the MNP
   2001:db8:1111:2222:3333:4444:5555::/112 would be
   fe8c:ccd1:1115:5540:2001:db8:1111:2222, and would still be a valid
   IPv6 LLA per [RFC4291].

Appendix C.  VDL Mode 2 Considerations

   ICAO Doc 9776 is the "Technical Manual for VHF Data Link Mode 2"
   (VDLM2) that specifies an essential radio frequency data link service
   for aircraft and ground stations in worldwide civil aviation air
   traffic management.  The VDLM2 link type is "multicast capable"



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   [RFC4861], but with considerable differences from common multicast
   links such as Ethernet and IEEE 802.11.

   First, the VDLM2 link data rate is only 31.5Kbps - multiple orders of
   magnitude less than most modern wireless networking gear.  Second,
   due to the low available link bandwidth only VDLM2 ground stations
   (i.e., and not aircraft) are permitted to send broadcasts, and even
   so only as compact layer 2 "beacons".  Third, aircraft employ the
   services of ground stations by performing unicast RS/RA exchanges
   upon receipt of beacons instead of listening for multicast RA
   messages and/or sending multicast RS messages.

   This beacon-oriented unicast RS/RA approach is necessary to conserve
   the already-scarce available link bandwidth.  Moreover, since the
   numbers of beaconing ground stations operating within a given spatial
   range must be kept as sparse as possible, it would not be feasible to
   have different classes of ground stations within the same region
   observing different protocols.  It is therefore highly desirable that
   all ground stations observe a common language of RS/RA as specified
   in this document.

   Note that links of this nature may benefit from compression
   techniques that reduce the bandwidth necessary for conveying the same
   amount of data.  The IETF lpwan working group is considering possible
   alternatives: [https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/lpwan/documents].

Appendix D.  Change Log

   << RFC Editor - remove prior to publication >>

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-15 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-16:

   o  New note on MSE OMNI LLA uniqueness assurance.

   o  General cleanup.

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-14 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-15:

   o  General cleanup.

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-13 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-14:

   o  General cleanup.





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   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-12 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-13:

   o  Minor re-work on "Notify-MSE" (changed to Notification ID).

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-11 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-12:

   o  Removed "Request/Response" OMNI option formats.  Now, there is
      only one OMNI option format that applies to all ND messages.

   o  Added new OMNI option field and supporting text for "Notify-MSE".

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-10 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-11:

   o  Changed name from "aero" to "OMNI"

   o  Resolved AD review comments from Eric Vyncke (posted to atn list)

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-09 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-10:

   o  Renamed ARO option to AERO option

   o  Re-worked Section 13 text to discuss proactive NUD.

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-08 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-09:

   o  Version and reference update

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-07 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-08:

   o  Removed "Classic" and "MS-enabled" link model discussion

   o  Added new figure for MN/AR/MSE model.

   o  New Section on "Detecting and responding to MSE failure".

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-06 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-07:

   o  Removed "nonce" field from AR option format.  Applications that
      require a nonce can include a standard nonce option if they want
      to.




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   o  Various editorial cleanups.

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-05 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-06:

   o  New Appendix C on "VDL Mode 2 Considerations"

   o  New Appendix D on "RS/RA Messaging as a Single Standard API"

   o  Various significant updates in Section 5, 10 and 12.

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-04 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-05:

   o  Introduced RFC6543 precedent for focusing IPv6 ND messaging to a
      reserved unicast link-layer address

   o  Introduced new IPv6 ND option for Aero Registration

   o  Specification of MN-to-MSE message exchanges via the ANET access
      router as a proxy

   o  IANA Considerations updated to include registration requests and
      set interim RFC4727 option type value.

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-03 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-04:

   o  Removed MNP from aero option format - we already have RIOs and
      PIOs, and so do not need another option type to include a Prefix.

   o  Clarified that the RA message response must include an aero option
      to indicate to the MN that the ANET provides a MS.

   o  MTU interactions with link adaptation clarified.

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-02 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-03:

   o  Sections re-arranged to match RFC4861 structure.

   o  Multiple aero interfaces

   o  Conceptual sending algorithm

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-01 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-02:




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   o  Removed discussion of encapsulation (out of scope)

   o  Simplified MTU section

   o  Changed to use a new IPv6 ND option (the "aero option") instead of
      S/TLLAO

   o  Explained the nature of the interaction between the mobility
      management service and the air interface

   Differences from draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-00 to draft-
   templin-atn-aero-interface-01:

   o  Updates based on list review comments on IETF 'atn' list from
      4/29/2019 through 5/7/2019 (issue tracker established)

   o  added list of opportunities afforded by the single virtual link
      model

   o  added discussion of encapsulation considerations to Section 6

   o  noted that DupAddrDetectTransmits is set to 0

   o  removed discussion of IPv6 ND options for prefix assertions.  The
      aero address already includes the MNP, and there are many good
      reasons for it to continue to do so.  Therefore, also including
      the MNP in an IPv6 ND option would be redundant.

   o  Significant re-work of "Router Discovery" section.

   o  New Appendix B on Prefix Length considerations

   First draft version (draft-templin-atn-aero-interface-00):

   o  Draft based on consensus decision of ICAO Working Group I Mobility
      Subgroup March 22, 2019.

Authors' Addresses

   Fred L. Templin (editor)
   The Boeing Company
   P.O. Box 3707
   Seattle, WA  98124
   USA

   Email: fltemplin@acm.org





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   Tony Whyman
   MWA Ltd c/o Inmarsat Global Ltd
   99 City Road
   London  EC1Y 1AX
   England

   Email: tony.whyman@mccallumwhyman.com












































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