Network Working Group J. Peterson
Internet-Draft Neustar
Intended status: Standards Track C. Wendt
Expires: January 13, 2022 Comcast
July 12, 2021
Connected Identity for STIR
draft-peterson-stir-rfc4916-update-04
Abstract
The SIP Identity header conveys cryptographic identity information
about the originators of SIP requests. The Secure Telephone Identity
Revisited (STIR) framework however provides no means for determining
the identity of the called party in a traditional telephone calling
scenario. This document updates prior guidance on the "connected
identity" problem to reflect the changes to SIP Identity that
accompanied STIR, and considers a revised problem space for connected
identity as a means of detecting calls that have been retargeted to a
party impersonating the intended destination, as well as the spoofing
of mid-dialog or dialog-terminating events by intermediaries or third
parties.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 13, 2022.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Connected Identity Problem Statement for STIR . . . . . . . . 4
4. Connected Identity in Provisional Dialogs . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Connected Identity in Mid-Dialog and Dialog-Terminating
Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Interaction with Divert PASSporT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Authorization Policy for Callers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. Pre-Association with Destinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9. Connected Identity and Conferencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
11. Updates to RFC4916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
12. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
14. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
15.1. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
15.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1. Introduction
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] initiates sessions,
and as a step in establishing sessions, it exchanges information
about the parties at both ends of a session. Users review
information about the calling party, for example, to determine
whether to accept communications initiated by a SIP, in the same way
that users of the telephone network assess "Caller ID" information
before picking up calls. This information may sometimes be consumed
by automata to make authorization decisions.
STIR [RFC8224] provides a cryptographic assurance of the identity of
calling parties in order to prevent impersonation, which is a key
enabler of unwanted robocalls, swatting, vishing, voicemail hacking,
and similar attacks (see [RFC7340]). There also exists a related
problem: the identity of the party who answers a call can differ from
that of the initial called party for various innocuous reasons such
as call forwarding, but in certain network environments, it is
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possible for attackers to hijack the route of a called number and
direct it to a resource controlled by the attacker. It can
potentially be difficult to determine why a call reached a target
other than the one originally intended, and whether the party
ultimately reached by the call is one that the caller should trust.
The lack of mutual authentication of parties moreover makes it
possible for outside attackers to inject forged messages (e.g. BYE)
into a SIP session.
The property of providing identity in the backwards direction of a
call is here called "connected identity." Previous work on connected
identity focused on fixing the core semantics of SIP. [RFC4916]
allowed a mid-dialog request, such as an UPDATE [RFC3311], to convey
identity in either direction within the context of an existing
INVITE-initiated dialog. In an update to the original [RFC3261]
behavior, [RFC4916] allowed that UPDATE to alter the From header
field value for requests in the backwards direction: previously
[RFC3261] required that the From header field values sent in requests
in the backwards direction reflect the To header field value of the
dialog-forming request, for various backwards-compatibility reasons.
Under the original [RFC3261] rules, if Alice sent a dialog-forming
request to Bob, then even if Bob's SIP service forwarded that dialog-
forming request to Carol, Carol would still be required to put Bob's
identity in the From header field value in any mid-dialog requests in
the backwards direction.
One of the original motivating use cases for [RFC4916] was the use of
connected identity with the SIP Identity [RFC4474] header field.
While a mid-dialog request in the backwards direction (e.g. UPDATE)
can be signed with Identity like any other SIP request, forwarded
requests would not be signable without the ability to change the mid-
dialog From header field value: Carol, say, would not be able to
furnish a key to sign for Bob's identity, if Carol wanted to sign
requests in the backwards direction. Carol would however be able to
sign for her own identity in the From header field value, if mid-
dialog requests in the backwards direction were permitted to vary
from the original To header field value.
With the obsolence of [RFC4474] by [RFC8224], this specification
updates [RFC4916] to reflect the changes to the SIP Identity header
and the revised problem space of STIR. It also explores some new
features that would be enabled by connected identity for STIR,
including the use of connected identity to prevent route hijacking
and to notify callers when an expected called party has successfully
been reached. This document also addresses concerns about applying
[RFC4916] connected identity to STIR discussed in the SIPBRANDY
framework [RFC8862].
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2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Connected Identity Problem Statement for STIR
The STIR problem statement [RFC7340] enumerates robocalling,
voicemail hacking, vishing, and swatting as problems with the modern
telephone network that are enabled, or abetted, by impersonation: by
the ability of a calling party to arbitrarily set the telephone
number that will be rendered to end users to identify the caller.
Today, sophisticated adversaries can redirect calls on the PSTN to
destinations other than the intended called party. For some call
centers, like those associated with financial institutions,
healthcare, and emergency services, an attacker could hope to gain
valuable information about people or to prevent some classes of
important services. Moreover, on the Internet, the lack of any
centralized or even federated routing system for telephone numbers
has resulted in deployments where the routing of calls is arbitrary:
calls to telephone numbers might be unceremoniously dumped on a PSTN
gateway, they might be sent to a default intermediary that makes
forwarding decisions based on a local flat file, various mechanisms
like private ENUM [RFC6116] might be consulted, or routing might be
determined in some other, domain-specific way. In short, there are
numerous attack surfaces that an adversary could explore to attempt
to redirect calls to a particular number to someplace other than the
intended destination.
Another motivating use case for connected identity is mid-dialog
requests, including BYE. The potential for an intermediary to
generate a forged BYE in the backwards direction has always been
built-in to the stateful dialog management of SIP. For example,
there is a class of mobile fraud attacks ("short-stopping") that rely
on intermediary networks making it appear as if a call has terminated
to one side, while maintaining that the call is still active to the
other, in order to create a billing discrepancy that could be
pocketed by the intermediary. If BYE requests in both directions of
a SIP dialog could be authenticated with STIR, just like dialog-
forming requests, then another impersonation vector leading to fraud
in the telephone network could be shut down.
There are however practical limits to what securing the signaling can
achieve. [RFC4916] rightly observed that once a SIP call has been
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answered, the called party can be replaced by a different party (with
a different identity) due to call transfer, call park and retrieval,
and so on. In some cases, due to the presence of a back-to-back user
agent, it can be effectively impossible for the calling party to know
that this has happened. The problem statement considered for STIR
focuses solely on signaling, not whether media from the connected
party should be rendered to the caller when a dialog has been
established. This specification does not consider further any
threats that arise from a substitution of media.
4. Connected Identity in Provisional Dialogs
[RFC4916] identified a means of sending Identity header field values
in the backwards direction before a final response to a dialog has
been received by the UAC. It relied on the use of the UPDATE method
to send the connected identity in the backwards direction after the
UAS had received and responded to a PRACK [RFC3262] from the UAC,
which would in turn have been triggered by a provisional 1xx response
sent earlier by the UAC. [RFC4916] permits the From header field of
the UPDATE to change the address of record of the recipient: if the
original INVITE had been sent with a To header field value of
"sip:bob@example.com", the UAS in its UPDATE could set the From
header field value to "sip:carol@example.com." For STIR, this is a
very important property, as Carol might not even possess a credential
that can legitimately sign for Bob.
Per [RFC3262], UAC's that require connected identity MUST thus send a
Require header field with the option tag 100rel in INVITEs in
addition to an Identity header field value containing a PASSporT.
UAS's that support this mechanism will first send a Require header
field with the option tag 100rel in 1xx class responses to INVITEs
that they receive, along with the necessary RSeq header field. The
UAC will send a PRACK when it receives the reliable 1xx response from
the UAS; the UAS, upon receiving a PRACK, responds with a 200 OK. At
this point, the terminating UA is free to send an UPDATE [RFC3311]
request in the backwards direction to the originating UA. This
update will contain an Identity header, with a PASSporT that signs
for the connected identity in its "orig" claim, which typically
corresponds to the From header field value of the UPDATE request. If
the PASSporT is valid, the originating UA will respond with an OK,
and may perform any behaviors associated with the updated identity
(see Section 7). Even if connected identity is not required by the
originator of an INVITE request, it can still be solicited if
available by sending the 100rel option tag in a Supported header
field when sending an INVITE with an Identity header, which will
trigger the preceding flow if the UAS supports connected identity.
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Usually, the updated Identity reflects a changed to the From header
field value. But in many operating environments, the From header
field value does not contain the identity of the caller that has been
asserted by the network, which is instead conveyed by the P-Asserted-
Identity header field [RFC3325]. The contents of PAID are not used
for dialog matching, and so in environments where PAID is used, it
can be altered more dynamically. However, in order for the connected
identity and a PASSporT to be conveyed in the backwards direction, a
provisional dialog still needs to be established, and an UPDATE sent:
in this case, it will be the UDPATE that contains the connected
identity in its P-Asserted-Identity header field value, and that
value will be signed by the PASSporT in its "orig" claim.
5. Connected Identity in Mid-Dialog and Dialog-Terminating Requests
The use of the connected identity mechanism here specified is not
limited to provisional dialog requests. Once a dialog has been
established with connected identity, any re-INVITEs from either the
originating and terminating side, as well as any BYE requests, MUST
contain Identity headers with valid PASSporTs based on the current
To/From header field values for the dialog. This prevents third-
parties from spoofing any mid-dialog requests in order to redirect
media or similarly interfere with communications, as well as
preventing denial of service teardowns by attackers.
Theoretically, any SIP requests in a dialog could be signed in this
fashion, though it is unclear how valuable it would be for some (e.g.
OPTIONS). Requests with specialized payloads such as INFO or
MESSAGE, however, would require additional specification for how
integrity protection for their bodies could be implemented. Some
work has been done toward that for MESSAGE (see
[I-D.peterson-stir-messaging]. This specification thus does not
mandate PASSporTs for any requests sent in a dialog other than
INVITE, UPDATE, and BYE.
It might seem tempting to require that, if an INVITE has been with an
Identity header containing a PASSporT, any CANCEL request received
for the dialog initiated by that INVITE must also contain an Identity
header with a PASSporT. However, CANCEL requests can also sent be
sent by stateful proxy servers engaged in parallel forking; for
example, when branches need to be canceled because a final response
has been received from a UAS. It is however REQUIRED by this
specification that if a UAC sends a CANCEL for its own PASSporT-
protected INVITE request, that it include an Identity header with a
valid PASSporT in the CANCEL. UAS policy will have to determine the
instances where it will accept unsigned CANCEL requests for a dialog
initiated with a signed INVITE.
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6. Interaction with Divert PASSporT
Many of the use cases that motivate connected identity involve
retargeting: when a call acquires a new target (in its Request-URI)
during transit, the terminating side needs a way to express to the
originating side which destination the INVITE reached. In STIR, the
"div PASSporT type [RFC8946] was created to securely record when a
call was retargeted from one destination to another. Those "div"
PASSporTs can be consumed on the terminating side by verification
services to determine that a call has reached its eventual
destination for the right reasons.
As specified in [RFC8946], the only way those diversion PASSporTs
will be seen by the calling party is if redirection is used (SIP 3XX
responses) instead of retargeting; while some network policies may
want to conceal service logic from the originating party, sending
redirections in the backwards direction is the only current defined
way for secure indications of redirection to be revealed to the
calling party. That in turn would allow the calling user agent to
have a strong assurance that legitimate entities in the call path
caused the request to reach a party that the caller did not
anticipate.
This specification introduces another alternative. When per
Section 4 the terminating side sends an UPDATE with an Identity
header containing a PASSporT for its current From (or PAID) header
field value, it MAY include in Identity header field values any "div"
PASSporTs it received in the INVITE that initiated this provisional
dialog. These "div" PASSporTs will enable the originating side to
receive a secure assurance that the call is being fielded by the
proper recipient per the routing of the call. Note however that
"div" is not universally supported, and thus calls may be retargeted
with generating a "div" PASSporT, so sending those PASSporTs in the
backwards direction cannot be mandated. Also note that this will
potentially reveal service logic to the called party.
7. Authorization Policy for Callers
In a traditional telephone call, the called party receives an
alerting signal and can make a decision about whether or not to pick
up a phone. They may have access to displayed information, like
"Caller ID", to help them arrive at an authorization decision. The
situation is more complicated for callers, however: callers typically
expect to be connected to the proper destination and are often
holding telephones in a position that would not enable them to see
displayed information, if any were available for them to review--and
moreover, their most direct response to a security breach would be to
hang up the call they were in the middle of placing.
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While this specification will not prescribe any user experience
associated with placing a call, it assumes that callers might have
some way to a set an authorization posture that will result in the
right thing happening when the connected identity is not expected.
This is analogous to a situation where SRTP negotiation fails because
the keys exchanges at the media layer do not match fingerprints
exchanged at the signaling layer: when a user requests
confidentiality services, and they are unavailable, media should not
be exchanged. Thus we assume that users have a way in their
interface to require this criticality, on a per-call basis, or
perhaps on a per-destination basis, that would cause their user agent
to send the INVITE with a Require for 100rel. Similarly, users will
not always place calls where the connected identity is crucial--but
when they do, they should have a way to tell their devices that the
call should not be completed if it arrives at an unexpected party.
Ultimately, authorization policy for called parties is difficult to
set, as calls can end up at unexpected places for legitimate reasons.
Some work has been done to make sure that secure diversion works with
STIR, as described in Section 6.
8. Pre-Association with Destinations
Any connected identity mechanism will work best if the user knows
before initiating a call that connected identity is supported by the
destination side. Not every institution that a user wants to connect
to securely will support STIR and connected identity out of the gate.
The user interface of modern smartphones support an address book from
which users select telephone numbers to dial. Even when dialing a
number manually, the interface frequently checks the address book and
will display to users any provisioned name for the target of the call
if one exists. Similarly, when clicking on a telephone number viewed
on a web page, or similar service, smartphones often prompt users
approve the access to the outbound dialer. These sorts of decision
points, when the user is still interacting with the user interface,
provide an opportunity to form a pre-association with the
destination, and potentially even to exchange STIR PASSporTs in order
to validate whether or not the expected destination can be reached
securely. Again, this is probably most meaningful for contacting
financial, government, or emergency services, for cases where
reaching an unintended destination may have serious consequences.
The establishment of media-less dialogs has long been specified as a
component of third-party call control in SIP [RFC3375], in which an
INVITE is sent with no SDP. Similar media-less dialogs have been
proposed for certain automata per [RFC5552]. In the STIR context, a
media-less dialog is established by sending an INVITE with an
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Identity header but no SDP. STIR-aware UAS's that support this
specification, upon receiving an INVITE with no SDP, carrying a
PASSporT with a 100rel in the Require header field value, SHOULD
follow the mechanism described in Section 4 to send a provisional
response and then an UPDATE carrying a PASSporT in the backwards
direction. The PASSporT received in the backwards direction could be
rendered to the originating user to help them decide if they want to
place the call.
[More TBD. In some environments, that may require the use of
mechanisms defined by [RFC8816].]
9. Connected Identity and Conferencing
The establishment of connected identity when there are more than two
parties in a session will depend on the conferencing mechanism used.
[More TBD.]
10. Examples
[TBD: Revise RFC4916 examples to show new Identity header present in
UPDATE and in a backwards-direction BYE.]
11. Updates to RFC4916
[TBD - ways that UPDATEs in the backwards direction can carry
additional information in support of the above]
In general, the guidance of RFC4916 remains valid for RFC8224.
The deprecation of the Identity-Info header has a number of
implications for RFC4916; all of the protocol examples need to be
updated to reflect that.
12. Acknowledgments
We would like to thank YOU for your contributions to this
specification.
13. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no request to IANA.
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14. Security Considerations
TBD.
15. References
15.1. Informative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.
[RFC3262] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Reliability of
Provisional Responses in Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP)", RFC 3262, DOI 10.17487/RFC3262, June 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3262>.
[RFC3311] Rosenberg, J., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
UPDATE Method", RFC 3311, DOI 10.17487/RFC3311, October
2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3311>.
[RFC3325] Jennings, C., Peterson, J., and M. Watson, "Private
Extensions to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for
Asserted Identity within Trusted Networks", RFC 3325,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3325, November 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3325>.
[RFC3375] Hollenbeck, S., "Generic Registry-Registrar Protocol
Requirements", RFC 3375, DOI 10.17487/RFC3375, September
2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3375>.
[RFC4474] Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for
Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4474,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4474, August 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4474>.
[RFC4916] Elwell, J., "Connected Identity in the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4916, DOI 10.17487/RFC4916, June
2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4916>.
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[RFC7159] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.
[RFC7340] Peterson, J., Schulzrinne, H., and H. Tschofenig, "Secure
Telephone Identity Problem Statement and Requirements",
RFC 7340, DOI 10.17487/RFC7340, September 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7340>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8224] Peterson, J., Jennings, C., Rescorla, E., and C. Wendt,
"Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 8224,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8224, February 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8224>.
[RFC8396] Peterson, J. and T. McGarry, "Managing, Ordering,
Distributing, Exposing, and Registering Telephone Numbers
(MODERN): Problem Statement, Use Cases, and Framework",
RFC 8396, DOI 10.17487/RFC8396, July 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8396>.
[RFC8816] Rescorla, E. and J. Peterson, "Secure Telephone Identity
Revisited (STIR) Out-of-Band Architecture and Use Cases",
RFC 8816, DOI 10.17487/RFC8816, February 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8816>.
[RFC8862] Peterson, J., Barnes, R., and R. Housley, "Best Practices
for Securing RTP Media Signaled with SIP", BCP 228,
RFC 8862, DOI 10.17487/RFC8862, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8862>.
[RFC8946] Peterson, J., "Personal Assertion Token (PASSporT)
Extension for Diverted Calls", RFC 8946,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8946, February 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8946>.
15.2. Informative References
[I-D.peterson-stir-messaging]
Peterson, J. and C. Wendt, "Messaging Use Cases and
Extensions for STIR", draft-peterson-stir-messaging-01
(work in progress), February 2021.
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[RFC5552] Burke, D. and M. Scott, "SIP Interface to VoiceXML Media
Services", RFC 5552, DOI 10.17487/RFC5552, May 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5552>.
[RFC6116] Bradner, S., Conroy, L., and K. Fujiwara, "The E.164 to
Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation
Discovery System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)", RFC 6116,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6116, March 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6116>.
Authors' Addresses
Jon Peterson
Neustar, Inc.
1800 Sutter St Suite 570
Concord, CA 94520
US
Email: jon.peterson@team.neustar
Chris Wendt
Comcast
One Comcast Center
Philadelphia, PA 19103
USA
Email: chris-ietf@chriswendt.net
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