Network Working Group                                          J. Levine
Internet-Draft                                      Taughannock Networks
Intended status: Informational                                P. Hoffman
Expires: May 12, 2013                                     VPN Consortium
                                                        November 8, 2012


     Variants in Second-Level Names Registered in Top Level Domains
                      draft-levine-tld-variant-04

Abstract

   Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) provides a
   method to map a subset of names written in Unicode into the DNS.
   Because of Unicode decisions, appearance, language and writing system
   conventions, and historical reasons, it often has been asserted that
   there is more than one way to write what competent readers and
   writers think of as the same host name; the different ways of writing
   are often called "variants".  This document surveys the approaches
   that top level domains have taken to the registration and
   provisioning of domain names that have variants.  This document is
   not a product of the IETF, does not propose any method to make
   variants work "correctly", and is not an introduction to
   internationalization or IDNA.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 12, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal



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   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Base Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.  Domain Practices of gTLDs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.1.  AERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.2.  ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.3.  BIZ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.4.  CAT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.5.  COM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.6.  COOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.7.  INFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.8.  JOBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.9.  MOBI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.10. MUSEUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.11. NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.12. NET  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.13. ORG  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.14. POST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.15. PRO  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.16. TEL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.17. TRAVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.18. XXX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   5.  Domain Practices of ccTLDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.1.  BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.2.  BR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.3.  CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.4.  CN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.5.  ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.6.  EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.7.  GR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.8.  IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.9.  IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.10. JP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.11. KR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.12. MY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.13. NZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12



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     5.14. PL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.15. RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.16. RU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.17. SA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.18. SE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.19. TW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.20. UA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.21. VE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.22. XN--90A3AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.23. XN--MGBERP4A5D4AR  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   6.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18




































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1.  Introduction

   Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) [RFC5890]
   allows host names in the DNS [RFC1035] to contain characters from the
   Unicode repertoire.  Some Unicode characters are considered to be
   "variants" of one another.  Because of the 20th century reform of
   Chinese writing, there is often more than one representation of what
   Chinese speakers think of as the same character.  Some languages
   written in Latin characters with accents and diacritical marks, known
   as decorated characters, allow the decorations to be omitted in some
   situations; for example, French sometimes omits accents on capital
   letters, depending on country and culture.  Due to the difficulty of
   representing decorated characters in ASCII systems, many users have
   informally used undecorated characters in DNS host names, even when
   they are not linguistically equivalent to the decorated versions.

   There is no single agreed-on definition of "variant".  In IDN Variant
   TLDs [VARIANTTLDS], ICANN says that variants "occur when a single
   conceptual character can be identified with two or more different
   Unicode Code Points with graphic representations that may be visually
   similar".  In ICANN's IDN Variant Issues Project report [VIPREPORT],
   it says in part "There is today no fully accepted definition for what
   may constitute a variant relationship between top-level labels".  RFC
   3743 [RFC3743] (an Informational RFC, not the product of the IETF),
   say that the idea of variants is "wherein one conceptual character
   can be identified with several different Code Points in character
   sets for computer use".

   The proper handing of variant names has been a topic of extensive
   debate and research, with little consensus reached on how to handle
   them, or even what characters are variants of each other.  Many
   people would like variant names to behave "the same", for a diverse
   range of meanings of "same."  In some cases it is a textual
   similarity, such as variants having corresponding DNS records, in
   some it is functional similarity, such as variant names resolving to
   the same web server, while in others it is user experience
   similarity, such as names resolving to web sites which while not
   identical are perceived by human users as equivalent.

   This document provides a snapshot of variant handling in the top
   level domains contracted by ICANN, so-called gTLDs (generic TLDs) and
   sTLDs (sponsored TLDs), as of late 2012.  We chose those domains
   because ICANN requires each TLD to describe its IDN and variant
   practices, and the TLD zone files are available for inspection, to
   verify what actually goes into the zones.  This document also
   contains a small sampling of so-called ccTLDs (country code TLDs, the
   TLDs that consist of two ASCII letters) for which we could find
   information.



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   Since "variant" can mean vastly different things to different people,
   there is also no agreement about when when two zones are supposed to
   "behave the same".  Also, the gTLDs and sTLDs might have different
   views of what variants are and are not required to report to ICANN
   about their policies.


2.  Terminology

   We use some terminology that has become fairly well agreed when
   discussing variant names.

   Bundle:  The IDN practices documents (see below) can identify sets of
      code points that are considered variants of each other using
      Language Variant Tables, defined in [RFC3743].  A set of names in
      which the characters in each position are variants is known as a
      bundle, or more technically as an "IDL Package".  The variant
      rules vary among languages, and for the same language can vary
      among TLDs.  Many languages do not define variant characters, and
      hence do not have bundles.

   Preferred variant:  When a Language Variant Table defines sets of
      variant characters, one character in each set is sometimes
      designated as preferred.  In a bundle, a variant that consists
      entirely of preferred characters is a preferred variant.
      Preferred variants are specific to both languages and countries.
      For example, in some Chinese-speaking countries, the preferred
      variant is simplified characters, while in others it is
      traditional characters.

   Allocated:  A name is allocated if if sponsorship of that label in
      some zone has been granted.  This is similar to what many people
      refer to as "registered".

   Active:  A name is active it appears as an owner name in a zone.
      Most allocated names are active, but some are not.

   Blocked:  Some names cannot be registered at all.  For example, some
      registries allow one name in a bundle to be registered, and block
      the rest.

   Withheld:  Some names can only be allocated under certain conditions.
      For example, some registries permit only the registrant of one
      name in a bundle to register or activate other names in the same
      bundle.






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   Parallel NS:  Multiple names in a bundle are provisioned in the TLD
      with identical NS records, so they all are handled by the same
      name servers.

   DNAME aliasing:  The DNAME [RFC6672] DNS record creates a shadow tree
      of DNS records, roughly as though there were a CNAME in the shadow
      tree pointing to each name in the target tree.  DNAMEs have been
      used both as second-level names, to provide resolution for several
      names in a bundle, and as first-level names, to provide resolution
      for every name under a TLD.


3.  Base Documents

   ICANN has published a variety of documents on variant management.
   The most important are the "Guidelines for the Implementation of
   Internationalized Domain Names" issued in Version 1.0 [G1] and
   Version 3.0 [G3].

   ICANN says that TLDs are supposed to register an IDN practices
   document with IANA for each language and/or script in which the TLD
   accepts IDN registrations, to be entered in the IANA Repository of
   IDN Practices [IANAIDN].  The practices document lists the Unicode
   characters allowed in names in the language or script, which
   characters are considered equivalent, and which of an equivalent
   group is preferred.  Some TLDs have been more diligent than others at
   keeping the registry up to date.  Also, some TLDs have tables for a
   few languages and scripts, while others (notably .COM, .NET, and
   .NAME) have a large set of tables, including some for languages and
   scripts that are no longer spoken or used, such as Runic and Ogham.
   The authors also note that many of the tables in the IANA registry
   are clearly out of date, containing URLs of policy pages that no
   longer exist and contact information for people who have left the
   registry.

   Some of the ICANN agreements with each TLD [ICANNAGREE] describe the
   TLD's IDN practices, but most don't.


4.  Domain Practices of gTLDs

   This list covers the most of the current set of gTLDs.  In most
   cases, the authors have also checked the zone files for the gTLD to
   verify or augment the policy description.







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4.1.  AERO

   The .AERO TLD has no IDNs, and no rules or practices for them.

4.2.  ASIA

   The .ASIA domain accepts registrations in many Asian languages.  They
   have IANA tables for Japanese, Korean, and Chinese.  The IANA tables
   refer to their CJK IDN policies [ASIACJK], which say that applied-for
   and preferred IDN variants are "active and included in the zone."  No
   IDN publication mechanism is described in the documentation, but
   since the zone file contains no DNAMEs, they must be using parallel
   NS for variants.

4.3.  BIZ

   ICANN gave the registry (Neustar) non-specific permission to register
   IDNs in a letter in 2004 [TWOMEY04A].  The IDN rules were apparently
   discussed with ICANN, but not defined; see Appendix 9 of the registry
   agreement [ICANNBIZ9].

   They have about a dozen IANA tables.  No IDN publication mechanism is
   described, but from inspection it appears that variants are blocked.

4.4.  CAT

   The IDN rules are described in Appendix S Part VII.2 [ICANNCATS] of
   the ICANN agreement.  "Registry will take a very cautious approach in
   its IDN offerings.  IDNs will be bundled with the equivalent ASCII
   domains."  The only language is Catalan.  No IDN publication
   mechanism is described.

   Appendix S includes "The list of non-ASCII-characters for Catalan
   language and their ASCII equivalent for the purposes of the defined
   service" which implicitly describes bundles.  The bundles consist of
   names with accented and unaccented vowels, U+00E7 ("c with cedilla")
   and a plain c, and the Catalan "ela geminada" written as two l's
   separated by a U+00B7 ("middle dot") and the three characters "l-l".

   When a registrant registers an IDN, the registry also includes the
   ASCII version.  From inspection of the zone file, the ASCII version
   is provisioned with NS, and the IDN is a DNAME alias of the ASCII
   version.

4.5.  COM

   ICANN and Verisign have extensive correspondence about IDNs and
   variants, including letters to ICANN from Ben Turner [TURNER03] and



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   Ed Lewis [LEWIS03].

   The IANA registry has tables for several dozen languages, including
   archaic languages such as hieroglyphics and Aramaic.  Verisign
   publishes documents describing Scripts and Languages [VRSNLANG],
   Character Variants [VRSNCHAR], Registration Rules [VRSNRULES], and
   additional registration logic [VRSNADDL].

   In Chinese, variants are blocked (see [VRSNADDL]).  In other
   languages there is no bundling or blocking.

4.6.  COOP

   The .COOP TLD has no IDNs, and no rules or practices for them.

4.7.  INFO

   The IANA registry has tables for Danish, Hungarian, Lithuanian,
   Latvian, and Swedish from 2005.  The domain also has names in Greek,
   Russian, Arabic, and other languages but no IANA tables.

   The registry agreement Appendix 9 [ICANNINFO9] refers to a 2003
   letter from Paul Twomey [TWOMEY03] that refers to blocking variants.

4.8.  JOBS

   The .JOBS TLD has no IDNs, and no rules or practices for them.

4.9.  MOBI

   The zone file has about 22,000 IDNs.  The domain has no tables at
   IANA.  The registry agreement Appendix S [ICANNMOBIS] says that IDNs
   are provisioned according to [G1].

4.10.  MUSEUM

   The zone file has many IDNs, but spot checks find that many are lame
   or dead.  A 2004 letter from Paul Twomey [TWOMEY04] refers to [G1].

   The registry has a detailed policy page [MUSEUMPOLICY].  IDNs are
   accepted in Latin and Hebrew scripts, with plans for Arabic, Chinese,
   Japanese, Korean, Cyrillic, and Greek.  They do no bundling or
   blocking, but names that may be confusable due to visual similarity
   are not allowed, apparently determined by manual inspection, which is
   practical due to the very small size of the domain.






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4.11.  NAME

   The NAME TLD is managed the same as .COM.

4.12.  NET

   The NET TLD is managed the same as .COM.

4.13.  ORG

   A 2003 letter from Paul Twomey [TWOMEY03A] refers to [G1].  The
   registry has a list of IDN languages [PIRIDN], all written in Latin
   script.  The practices for some but not all are registered with IANA,
   Since none of the languages do bundling, there is presumably no
   blocking.

4.14.  POST

   The .POST TLD appears to have no registrations at all yet.

4.15.  PRO

   The .PRO TLD has no IDNs, and no rules or practices for them.

4.16.  TEL

   The zone has many IDNs.  It is probably operating according to a 2004
   letter from Paul Twomey [TWOMEY04A] to Neustar which did not mention
   specific TLDs.  Its policy page [TELPOLICY] has links to IDN
   practices for 17 languages, all but one of which are registered with
   IANA.  None of the Latin scripts do bundling or blocking.  The
   Japanese practices say that variants are blocked.  The Chinese
   practices document says:

      Therefore, in addition to the blocking mechanism, bundling is also
      implemented for the Chinese language IDNs.  When registering a
      Chinese language IDN (primary domain name) up to two additional
      variant domain names will be automatically registered.  The first
      variant will consist entirely of simplified Chinese characters
      that correspond to those comprising the primary domain name.  The
      second variant will consist exclusively of traditional Chinese
      characters that correspond to those comprising the primary domain
      name.

      The primary domain name together with the requested variants
      constitutes a bundle on which all operations are atomic.  For
      example, if the registrant adds a name server to the primary
      domain name, all names in the bundle will be associated with that



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      new name server.

   The zone has no DNAME records, so the second paragraph strongly
   suggests parallel NS.

   The .TEL TLD, intended as an online directory, does not allow
   registrants to enter arbitrary RR's in the zone.  Nearly all names
   have NS records pointing to Telnic's own name servers.  The A records
   all point to Telnic's own web server that shows directory
   information.  NAPTR records provide the telephone number of
   registrants for whom they have one.  Users can only directly
   provision MX records.  Except that there are 16 domains, none of
   which are IDNs, that point to random other name servers and mostly
   appear to be parked.

4.17.  TRAVEL

   The .TRAVEL TLD has no IDNs, and no rules or practices for them.

4.18.  XXX

   The .XXX TLD has no IDNs, and no rules or practices for them.


5.  Domain Practices of ccTLDs

   Some ccTLDs publish their IDN policies.  This section is a non-
   exhaustive sampling of some of those policies.  Note that few ccTLDs
   make their zone files available, so the authors could not validate
   the policies by looking in the zone files.

5.1.  BG

   The .BG TLD (for Bugaria) publishes a policy page [BGPOLICY].  It has
   published an IDN table for the Bulgarian and Russian languages in
   [IANAIDN].  The policy does not mention variants.

5.2.  BR

   The .BR TLD (for Brazil) publishes a policy page [BRPOLICY].  It has
   published an IDN table for the Portuguese language in [IANAIDN].  The
   policy says that it will block registration of variants.

5.3.  CL

   The .CL TLD (for Chile) publishes a policy page [CLPOLICY].  It has
   published an IDN table for the Latin script in [IANAIDN].  The policy
   says that variants are not considered for registration.



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5.4.  CN

   The .CN TLD (for China) publishes its policy as [RFC4713].  It has
   published an IDN table for the Chinese laguage in [IANAIDN].  The
   policy says that variants are "added into the zone file", presumably
   as NS records.

5.5.  ES

   The .ES TLD (for Spain) publishes an IDN Area page [ESIDN].  It
   allows ten accented vowels, U+00E7 ("c with cedilla"), U+00F1 ("n
   with tilde"), and the Catalan "ela geminada" written as two l's
   separated by a U+00B7 ("middle dot").  There are no published IDN
   tables, and there appears to be no variant policy.

5.6.  EU

   The .EU TLD (for Europe) publishes a policy page [EUPOLICY].  It has
   published IDN tables for three scripts in [IANAIDN].  There appears
   to be no variant policy.

5.7.  GR

   The .GR TLD (for Greece) publishes a policy page [GRPOLICY].  The
   policy says that all variants of name uder .GR are assigned to the
   domain owner, with the zone pointing the NS records of all the
   variants to the name server of the "main form" of the registered
   name.  It does not publish IDN tables in [IANAIDN].

5.8.  IL

   The .IL TLD (for Israel) publishes a policy page [ILPOLICY].  It has
   published an IDN table for the Hebrew language in [IANAIDN].  There
   appears to be no variant policy.

5.9.  IR

   The .IR TLD (for Iran) publishes a policy page [IRPOLICY].  It has
   published an IDN table for the Persian language in [IANAIDN].  The
   IDN table says that it will block registration of variants.  However,
   the policy document says that no IDNs can be registered in .IR.

5.10.  JP

   The .JP TLD (for Japan) publishes a policy page [JPPOLICY].  It has
   published an IDN table for the Japanese language in [IANAIDN].  Each
   code point in that table defines no variants, which means there are
   no variants in registration or resolution..



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5.11.  KR

   The .KR TLD (for Korea) appears to only publish its policy as an IDN
   table for the Korean language in [IANAIDN].  The policy in that table
   does not discuss variants.

5.12.  MY

   The .MY TLD (for Malaysia) appears to only publish its policy as an
   IDN table for the Jawi language in [IANAIDN]; however, IANA lists
   that as a table for the "Malay microlanguage".  The policy in that
   table does not discuss variants.

5.13.  NZ

   The .NZ TLD (for New Zealand) publishes a policy page [NZPOLICY].  It
   has published IDN tables for the Latin script in [IANAIDN].  The
   policy does not discuss variants.

5.14.  PL

   The .PL TLD (for Poland) publishes a policy page [PLPOLICY].  It has
   published IDN tables for numerous European languages in [IANAIDN].
   The policy says that it will block registration of "look-alike"
   variants.

5.15.  RS

   The .RS TLD (for Serbia) publishes a policy page [RSPOLICY].  It has
   published IDN tables for the Serbian and Russian languages, and the
   Latin script, in [IANAIDN].  The policy does not discuss variants.

5.16.  RU

   The .RU TLD (for Russia) appears to only publish its policy as an IDN
   table for the Russian language in [IANAIDN].  The policy in that
   table does not discuss variants.

5.17.  SA

   The .SA TLD (for Saudi Arabia) publishes a policy page [SAPOLICY].
   It has published an IDN table for the Arabic language in [IANAIDN].
   The policy permits the registration of variants, but it is not clear
   whether others can register names with variants if the owner of a
   name has not registered them.






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5.18.  SE

   The .SE TLD (for Sweden) publishes a policy page [SEPOLICY].  It has
   published IDN tables for the Swedish and Yiddish languages, and the
   Latin script, in [IANAIDN].  The policy does not discuss variants.

5.19.  TW

   The .TW TLD (for Taiwan) appears to only publish its policy as an IDN
   table for the Chinese language in [IANAIDN].  The policy in that
   table does not discuss variants.

5.20.  UA

   The .UA TLD (for Ukraine) publishes a policy page [UAPOLICY].  It has
   published an IDN table for the Cyrillic script in [IANAIDN].  The
   policy does not discuss variants.

5.21.  VE

   The .VE TLD (for Venezuela) appears to only publish its policy as an
   IDN table for the Spanish language in [IANAIDN].  The policy in that
   table does not discuss variants.

5.22.  XN--90A3AC

   The .XN--90A3AC TLD (for Serbia) (U+0441 U+0440 U+0431) publishes a
   policy page [RSIDNPOLICY].  It has published IDN tables for the
   Cyrillic script in [IANAIDN].  The policy does not discuss variants.

5.23.  XN--MGBERP4A5D4AR

   The .XN--MGBERP4A5D4AR TLD (for Saudi Arabia) (U+0627 U+0644 U+0633
   U+0639 U+0648 U+062F U+064A U+0629) appears to only publish its
   policy as an IDN table for the Arabic script in [IANAIDN].  The
   policy permits the registration of variants, but it is not clear
   whether others can register names with variants if the owner of a
   name has not registered them.


6.  Acknowledgements

   Many people contributed to this document, particularly Marc Blanchet,
   Jordi Iparraguirre, Nacho Amadoz, Dennis Tan, Andrew Sullivan [[ and
   more to be listed ##### ]].






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7.  IANA Considerations

   This document discusses some of what is in an IANA registry, but
   otherwise has no IANA considerations, so this section should be
   removed before publication as an RFC.


8.  Security Considerations

   There are many potential security considerations for various methods
   of dealing with IDN variants.  However, this document is only a
   catalog of current variant policies, not of whether or not they are
   good or bad ideas from a security standpoint.  The documents in the
   Terminology section earlier have a little discusion of security
   considerations for IDN variants.


9.  References

   [ASIACJK]  DotAsia Organisation, ".ASIA CJK (Chinese Japanese Korean)
              IDN Policies", May 2011, <http://dot.asia/policies/
              DotAsia-CJK-IDN-Policies-COMPLETE--2011-05-04.pdf>.

   [BGPOLICY]
              Register.bg, "Terms And Conditions For Domain Name
              Registration And Support In The .Bg Zone And The Sub-
              Zones", August 2011,
              <https://www.register.bg/user/static/rules/en/index.html>.

   [BRPOLICY]
              Registro.br, "Domains in .br", September 2011,
              <http://registro.br/dominio/regras.html>.

   [CLPOLICY]
              NIC Chile, "Syntax Rules For Domain Names Under .CL",
              August 2005, <http://www.nic.cl/CL-IDN-policy.html>.

   [ESIDN]    Red.es, "IDN area", <http://www.nic.es/section/
              index.action?sec=1127&request_locale=en>.

   [EUPOLICY]
              EURid, ".eu Domain Name Registration Terms and
              Conditions", December 2009,
              <http://link.eurid.eu/trm-con>.

   [G1]       ICANN, "Guidelines for the Implementation of
              Internationalized Domain Names, Version 1.0", <http://
              www.icann.org/en/resources/idn/



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              idn-guidelines-20jun03-en.htm>.

   [G3]       ICANN, "Guidelines for the Implementation of
              Internationalized Domain Names, Version 3.0", <http://
              www.icann.org/en/resources/idn/
              idn-guidelines-02sep11-en.htm>.

   [GRPOLICY]
              Foundation for Reaserch and Technology - Hellas,
              "Registration of Domain Names [.gr] In Greek Characters",
              2007, <https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/gr_char.jsp?lang=en>.

   [IANAIDN]  IANA, "Repository of IDN Practices",
              <http://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables>.

   [ICANNAGREE]
              ICANN, "ICANN Registry agreements",
              <http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries>.

   [ICANNBIZ9]
              ICANN, "Appendix 9 of ICANN .BIZ Registry agreement",
              Dec 2006, <http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/
              registries/biz/appendix-09-08dec06-en.htm>.

   [ICANNCATS]
              ICANN, "Appendix S of ICANN .CAT Registry agreement",
              Mar 2006, <http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/
              registries/cat/cat-appendixs-22mar06-en.htm>.

   [ICANNINFO9]
              ICANN, "Appendix 9 of ICANN .INFO Registry agreement",
              Dec 2006, <http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agreements/info/
              appendix-09-08dec06.htm>.

   [ICANNMOBIS]
              ICANN, "Appendix S of ICANN .MOBI Registry agreement",
              Nov 2005, <http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/
              registries/mobi/mobi-appendixs-23nov05-en.htm>.

   [ILPOLICY]
              Israel Internet Association, "Rules for the Allocation of
              Domain Names Under the Israel Country Code Top Level
              Domain ("IL ")", August 2010,
              <http://www.isoc.org.il/domains/il-domain-rules.html>.

   [IRPOLICY]
              IPM/IRNIC, "Internationalized Domain Names in IR",
              August 2010,



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              <http://www.nic.ir/Internationalized_Domain_Names>.

   [JPPOLICY]
              JPRS, "Technology bylaws regarding generic domain name
              registration JP", July 2012,
              <http://jprs.jp/doc/rule/saisoku-1-wideusejp.html>.

   [LEWIS03]  Lewis, E., "Letter from Ed Lewis to Paul Twomey",
              Oct 2003, <http://www.icann.org/en/news/correspondence/
              lewis-to-twomey-13oct03-en.htm>.

   [MUSEUMPOLICY]
              Musedoma, "Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) in .museum
              - Policies and terms of use", Jan 2009,
              <http://about.museum/idn/idnpolicy.html>.

   [NZPOLICY]
              .nz Registry Services, "Internationalised Domain Names
              (IDN)", July 2010, <http://nzrs.net.nz/dns/idn>.

   [PIRIDN]   Public Interest Registry, "Expanding Multi-Lingual Options
              in Domain Name Versatility", Jan 2009,
              <http://www.pir.org/idn>.

   [PLPOLICY]
              NASK (PL-TLD), "Registering Internationalized Domain Names
              under .PL", July 2012,
              <http://www.dns.pl/IDN/idn-registration-policy.txt>.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.

   [RFC3743]  Konishi, K., Huang, K., Qian, H., and Y. Ko, "Joint
              Engineering Team (JET) Guidelines for Internationalized
              Domain Names (IDN) Registration and Administration for
              Chinese, Japanese, and Korean", RFC 3743, April 2004.

   [RFC4713]  Lee, X., Mao, W., Chen, E., Hsu, N., and J. Klensin,
              "Registration and Administration Recommendations for
              Chinese Domain Names", RFC 4713, October 2006.

   [RFC5890]  Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
              Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
              RFC 5890, August 2010.

   [RFC6672]  Rose, S. and W. Wijngaards, "DNAME Redirection in the
              DNS", RFC 6672, June 2012.




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   [RSIDNPOLICY]
              RNIDS, "Internationalized Domain Names(IDN) in xn--90a3ac
              ccTLD", October 2011, <http://www.rnids.rs/data/DOKUMENTI/
              idn-srb-policy-termsofuse-v1.4-eng.pdf>.

   [RSPOLICY]
              RNIDS, "General Terms And Conditions For Registration of
              .rs Domain Names", June 2009, <http://www.rnids.rs/data/
              DOKUMENTI/Opsti%20akti/list0029_en.pdf>.

   [SAPOLICY]
              Saudi Network Information Center, "Permitted Characters
              and Symbols", December 2010, <http://nic.sa/docs/
              Saudi_Domain_Name_Registration_Regulation_V3.0_EN.pdf>.

   [SEPOLICY]
              .SE (The Internet Infrastructure Foundation),
              "Registration instructions", 2012,
              <https://www.iis.se/english/register/idn/>.

   [TELPOLICY]
              Telnic, ".TEL Policies", Jan 2007,
              <http://www.telnic.org/policies.html>.

   [TURNER03]
              Turner, B., "Letter from Ben Turner to Paul Twomey",
              Nov 2003, <http://www.icann.org/en/news/correspondence/
              turner-to-twomey-17nov03-en.htm>.

   [TWOMEY03]
              Twomey, P., "Letter from Paul Twomey to Ram Mohan",
              Aug 2003, <http://www.icann.org/en/news/correspondence/
              twomey-to-mohan-19aug03-en.htm>.

   [TWOMEY03A]
              Twomey, P., "Letter from Paul Twomey to Edward Viltz",
              Oct 2003, <http://www.icann.org/en/news/correspondence/
              twomey-to-viltz-21oct03-en.htm>.

   [TWOMEY04]
              Twomey, P., "Letter from Paul Twomey to Cary Karp",
              Jan 2004, <http://www.icann.org/en/news/correspondence/
              twomey-to-karp-20jan04-en.htm>.

   [TWOMEY04A]
              Twomey, P., "Letter from Paul Twomey to Richard Tindal",
              July 2004, <http://www.icann.org/en/correspondence/
              twomey-to-tindal-29jul04.pdf>.



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   [UAPOLICY]
              UA ccTLD, "Registration Schedule of IDN-domains",
              October 2010, <http://www.hostmaster.ua/idn/>.

   [VARIANTTLDS]
              ICANN, "IDN Variant TLDs",
              <http://www.icann.org/en/resources/idn/variant-tlds>.

   [VIPREPORT]
              ICANN, "A Study of Issues Related to the Management of IDN
              Variant TLDs (Integrated Issues Report)", <http://
              www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/
              idn-vip-integrated-issues-final-clean-20feb12-en.pdf>.

   [VRSNADDL]
              Verisign, "Additional Logic", <http://www.verisigninc.com/
              en_US/products-and-services/domain-name-services/
              domain-information-center/idn-code-points/
              additional-logic/index.xhtml>.

   [VRSNCHAR]
              Verisign, "Character Variants", <http://
              www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/
              domain-name-services/domain-information-center/
              idn-resources/character-variants/index.xhtml>.

   [VRSNLANG]
              Verisign, "Scripts and Languages", <http://
              www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/
              domain-name-services/domain-information-center/
              idn-resources/scripts-languages/index.xhtml>.

   [VRSNRULES]
              Verisign, "Registration Rules", <http://
              www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/
              domain-name-services/domain-information-center/
              idn-code-points/registration-rules/index.xhtml>.


Authors' Addresses

   John Levine
   Taughannock Networks

   Email: standards@taugh.com






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   Paul Hoffman
   VPN Consortium

   Email: paul.hoffman@vpnc.org>















































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