ALTO WG D. Lachos
Internet-Draft C. Rothenberg
Intended status: Informational Unicamp
Expires: January 14, 2021 Q. Xiang
Y. Yang
Yale University
B. Ohlman
Ericsson Research
S. Randriamasy
Nokia Bell Labs
F. Boten
Sprint
LM. Contreras
Telefonica
J. Zhang
Tongji University
K. Gao
Sichuan University
July 13, 2020
Multi-domainn Information Exposure using ALTO
draft-lachos-alto-md-info-exposure-00
Abstract
A common setting in emerging applications (e.g., data-intensive
science applications, flexible inter-domain routing, multi-domain
service function chaining) is that the traffic from a source to a
destination traverses multiple networks domains. Such multi-domain
applications can benefit from network information exposure using
ALTO. This document summarizes the benefits of using such multi-
domain information and discusses the ALTO design issues for gathering
it. Besides, it also presents key design requirements to be
addressed in order to realize the proposal of providing multi-domain
information by ALTO services. Finally, another important objective
of this document is to begin discussions into the ALTO WG concerning
potential new items to be considered for the re-charter.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. What does "multi-domain information exposure" mean? . . . . . 3
3. What Information do Multi-domain applications need? . . . . . 5
3.1. Basic Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. What are the ALTO issues of gathering multi-domain
information? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Communication Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.1. Server-to-Client ALTO communication . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.2. Domain connectivity discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.3. ALTO server discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. Conceptual Query Interfaces and Data Representation . . . 8
4.2.1. Single-domain composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.2. Simple resource query language . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. Computation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3.1. Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3.2. Security and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. How to design a whole ALTO framework? . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1. ALTO servers communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2. Multi-domain Connectivity discovery . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3. Multi-domain ALTO Server discovery . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4. Unified resource representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.5. Flexible/Generic query language . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.6. Computation complexity optimization . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7. Security/Privacy Preserving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
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6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Introduction
Many multi-domain applications are emerging with the development of
new technologies, such as SDN, NFV, and 5G. Examples of such
applications include data-intensive science
applications [CMS][LCLS][LHC][SKA], multi-domain service function
chaining [NGMN-5G][SFC-MD][MD-ORCH-NFV][ETSI-ZSM], and flexible
inter-domain routing [SFP][SDX][RFC5575]. Such cross-domain
applications can benefit substantially from exposure of network
information to improve both applications performance and resource
consumption.
The Application-Layer Optimization Protocol (ALTO) [RFC7285] already
introduces basic mechanisms (e.g., modularity, dependency) and
abstractions (e.g., map services) for applications to take optimized
actions based on network information. However, exposing network
information to support multi-domain use cases introduces issues to be
considered in the current ALTO design.
This document provides a definition of multi-domain information
exposure (Section 2) and identifies the benefits of using it in
applications traversing multiple domains (Section 3). Next, it
elaborates key design requirements of ALTO for exposing multi-domain
information (Section 4). It then lists a set of mechanisms to design
a multi-domain ALTO framework (Section 5).
The overall rationale of this document is to arouse a discussion
about potential rechartering topics to handle multi-domain with ALTO.
2. What does "multi-domain information exposure" mean?
For the purposes of this document, a domain is considered to be a
separate administrative environment. Specifically, the multi-domain
approach involves multiple networks managed by different
administrative domains. Examples of such domains include, among
others, science networks, mobile operators, cloud service providers,
and transport network providers.
In multi-domain information exposure, multiple networks perform
exchange of information to handle applications traversing multiple
domains. For example, consider a collaboration network composed of
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three-member domains, as shown in Figure 1. An application (e.g., a
large data analysis system) wants to reserve bandwidth for two flows
f1: (S1, D1) and f2: (S2, D2). In this example, the traffic from a
source to a destination traverses multiple domains (A, B, and C), and
hence the application needs to retrieve multi-domain information
about topology and resources to take optimized allocation/placement
decisions.
.------------.
| Domain B |
.-------------. | 30 Gbps |
| Domain A | _____o............o---D1
S1 | | / '------------'
\ | 100 Gbps | /
\ o*************o/ .------------.
/ | | \ | Domain C |
/ | | \ | 30 Gbps |
S2 | | \____o............|---D2
'-------------' '------------'
---- 1 Tbps link
Figure 1: A collaboration network composed of three member domains.
The current ALTO base protocol is not designed for a multi-domain
setting of exposing network information. For example, consider P2P
applications (the first and main use case for the development of
ALTO [RFC7971]). Figure 2 depicts a tracker-based P2P application
with a global tracker (ALTO client) in domain A accessing ALTO
servers at two ISPs (domains B and C). The ALTO server in each
domain will provide only local information to ALTO clients, i.e., the
tracker will receive topology-/policy-related information of a single
domain (domain B or domain C). Due to the lack of information
exchange between different domains, ALTO servers will not be able to
expose information across multiple domains, i.e., the tracker will
not receive merged topology-/policy-related information from domain B
and domain C.
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,-------.
,---. ,-' `-. +-----------+
,-' `-. / domain B \ | Peer 1 |********
/ \ / +-------------+ \ | | *
/ domain A \ ++====>| ALTO Server | )+-----------+ *
/ \ || \ +------^------+ / +-----------+ *
; +-----------+ : || \ # / | Peer 2 | *
| | Tracker |<====++ `-. # ,-' | |****** *
| |ALTO Client| | `---#---' +-----------+ * *
| +-----------+<====++ ,---#---. * *
: * ; || ,-' # `-. +-----------+ * *
\ * / || / # \ | Peer 3 | * *
\ * / || / +------v------+ \ | |**** * *
\ * / ++====>| ALTO Server | )+-----------+ * * *
`-. * ,-' \ +-------------+ / +-----------+ * * *
`-*-' \ / | Peer 4 |** * * *
* `-. domain C,-' | | * * * *
* `-------' +-----------+ * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
*********************************************************
Legend:
*** Application protocol
=== ALTO protocol
### Multi-domain ALTO protocol (NOT EXISTS)
Figure 2: Global Tracker Accessing ALTO Server at Various Domains
(Adapted from [RFC7971]).
3. What Information do Multi-domain applications need?
Many types of network information are needed by cross-domain
applications to improve their performances, including network state
(e.g., loss, delay, ECN bit [RFC3168], INT [INT]), performance
metrics (e.g., throughput, max reservable Bandwidth), capability
information (e.g., delivery/acquisition protocol), locality (e.g.,
servers/domains location and paths), among others.
In our previous example (See Figure 1), before the application can
run a resource allocation algorithm to execute such submitted flows,
it needs to gather some information from the network domains:
o End-to-End cost across multiple domains
This cost may be expressed in terms of resource availability and
sharing (e.g., network bandwidth) for the set of requested flows
to be reserved. In our presented scenario, for example, both
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flows f1 and f2 are sharing the same network path in domain A. It
means that they share a common resource, the network bandwidth.
o Sequence of domains and candidate paths
In multi-domain use cases, each flow will consume networking
resources of multiple domains (if source node and destination node
are located in different domains). Therefore, the application
needs to discover a sequence of domains and candidate paths
between source nodes and destination nodes, i.e., which domains
are involved for the different traffic flows. In our example, the
multi-domain network paths for f1 and f2 are [A , B], and [A, C],
respectively.
3.1. Basic Formulation
Consider different services, for each domain, providing previous
information. Each service is defined as an object fi with a set of
network properties, such as:
o Path (fi.path): representing the sequence of network devices that
packets of flow fi will traverse.
o Available bandwidth (fi.abw): representing the bandwidth that flow
fi can request.
o Delay (fi.delay): representing the average delay of packets of
flow fi.
In our example, consider each ALTO server providing the bandwidth
property using a set of linear inequalities (See Figure 3). Where x1
and x2 represent the available bandwidth that can be reserved for
(S1, D1 ), and (S2, D2), respectively.
+-----------+---------------------- --------+
| DOMAIN | LINEAR INEQUALITIES |
+-----------+-------------------------------+
| Domain A | x1 + x2 <= 100 ....... (le11) |
+-----------+-------------------------------+
| Domain B | x1 <= 30 ....... (le21) |
+-----------+-------------------------------+
| Domain C | x2 <= 30 ........ (le31) |
+-----------+-------------------------------+
Figure 3: Bandwidth properties for the reservation request from
Figure 1.
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Each linear inequality represents a constraint on the reservable
bandwidths over different shared resources by the two flows. For
example, the inequality le11 indicates that both flows share a common
resource and that the sum of their bandwidths can not exceed 100
Gbps.
In a multi-domain setting, a network property to a flow fi may
involve properties of multiple networks, e.g.,:
o fi.md-abw: min(fi.abw[A] + fi.abw[B] + fi.abw[C])
o fi.md-path: fi.path[A] . fi.path[B] . fi.path[C]
o fi.md-delay: fi.delay[A] + fi.delay[B] + fi.delay[C]
The involved domains may exchange such multi-domain properties. They
also may apply composition mechanisms to create a unified
representation to reveal a compact multi-domain network resource
information. For example, taking a look at the set of previous
linear inequalities (See Figure 3), one can conclude that the
constraint le21 at domain B (x1 <= 30) and the constraint le31 at
domain C (x2 <= 30) can eliminate that at domain A (X1 + x2 <= 100).
ALTO servers may compose this information and remove the cross-domain
redundancy (e.g., using a classic compression algorithm [TELGEN83]).
Therefore, the compressed multi-domain set of linear inequalities is
reduced to two linear inequalities (i.e., le21 and le31).
4. What are the ALTO issues of gathering multi-domain information?
ALTO provides a generic framework to expose network information for
applications to improve their performance. In particular, ALTO
introduces generic mechanisms such as: (i) information resource
directory (IRD), (ii) information consistency (tag, dependency,
multi-info resources [ALTO-MULTIPART]), and (iii) information update
model (e.g., incremental update with server-sent events [ALTO-SSE]).
ALTO also introduces abstractions exposing network information to the
applications: (i) network and cost maps, (ii) a multi-cost
map [RFC8189], (iii) the path vector abstraction [ALTO-PATH], and
(iv) capability maps (e.g., CDNI [ALTO-CDNI] and unified property
Map [ALTO-PROP]). Another generic concept introduced is "filter", so
that information resources can be filtered (e.g., filtered network/
cost map). Besides, each individual information resource is provided
as a RESTful service with a very simple, but well-working grammar
(essentially JSON grammar [RFC7159]).
However, the multi-domain settings of exposing network information
arise key issues to be considered in the current ALTO design. Next,
we list several design issues of using ALTO to provide multi-domain
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information. Such issues can be roughly categorized in three
aspects: (i) communication mechanisms, (ii) conceptual query
interfaces and data representation, and (iii) computation model.
4.1. Communication Mechanisms
4.1.1. Server-to-Client ALTO communication
In multi-domain scenarios is not possible to optimize the traffic
with only locally available network information (i.e., server-to-
client ALTO communication). For example, compute costs for source/
destination pairs correctly if a source and/or a destination is
outside the domain it belongs to. Therefore, it also necessary
multi-ALTO server communication to allow exchanging detailed network
information from multiple domains. The ALTO protocol specification
states (See Section 3.1 of [RFC7285]) that "It may also be possible
for an ALTO server to exchange network information with other ALTO
servers (either within the same administrative domain or another
administrative domain with the consent of both parties) in order to
adjust exported ALTO". However, such a protocol is outside the scope
of the specification.
4.1.2. Domain connectivity discovery
The connectivity information is the reachability between source nodes
and the destination nodes. In order to find the resources sharing
between different source/destination pair, an application needs to
know which domains are involved in the data movement of each node
pair. Besides, a set of candidate paths needs to be computed in
order to know how to reach a remote destination node. The current
ALTO extensions do not have this feature.
4.1.3. ALTO server discovery
Once the multi-domain connectivity discovery is performed, an
application (as an ALTO client) needs to be aware of the presence and
the location of ALTO servers in order to get appropriate guidance.
These ALTO servers will be located in different network domains, so
that multi-domain ALTO server discovery mechanisms are needed.
4.2. Conceptual Query Interfaces and Data Representation
4.2.1. Single-domain composition
In the current ALTO framework, each domain can have its own
representation of the same network information. For example, suppose
that the path cost for member domain B (See Figure 1) is utilization
charge instead of available bandwidth. In this case, both values are
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not comparable together. Even, if all the member domains have the
same utilization charge property, there would not necessarily a
uniform form of billing because each member domain is autonomous.
Member domain A may charge using dollar, member domain B may charge
using euros, while member domain C may use some form of local units.
4.2.2. Simple resource query language
Applications need to express their objectives and requirements in a
query. For example, find the bandwidth the network can provide for
flow f1 (S1, D1) subject to reachability requirements (e.g., from S1
to D1), bi-direction symmetry (e.g., data traffic from S1 to D1 and
from D1 to S1), waypoint traversal (e.g., f2 must traverse one
middlebox m1), blacklist of devices (e.g., f1 should not pass a
certain device m2), link/node disjointness (e.g., f1 and f2 flows
being transmitted along two link-disjoint paths), and QoS metrics
(e.g., the bandwidth of the flow f1 needs to be at least 30 Gbps).
The current query interface in ALTO (e.g., filtered network/cost map)
can not express such flexible queries.
4.3. Computation Model
4.3.1. Scalability
The optimization problems specified by the applications can be
computationally expensive and time-consuming. For example, the
number of available paths for each flow is increased exponentially
with the number of domains involved. As such, the number of
available configurations for a set of flows would also increase
exponentially with both the network size and the number of flows.
4.3.2. Security and Privacy
The information provided by the ALTO base protocol is considered
coarse-grained in several recent multi-domain use cases. New ALTO
extensions have been designed to provide fine-grained network
information to the application. Using these ALTO extension services
for multi-domain scenarios would raise new security and privacy
concerns.
5. How to design a whole ALTO framework?
In order to address the aforementioned issues, this section
summarizes envisioned solutions and on-going efforts to allow ALTO to
expose network information across multiple domains. See Table 1 to
identify the relationship between the key design issues and their
corresponding mechanisms to consider in a multi-domain ALTO
framework.
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+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| FROM | TO |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Server-to-Client ALTO | ALTO servers communication |
| communication | |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Domain connectivity discovery | Multi-domain connectivity |
| | discovery |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| ALTO server discovery | Multi-domain ALTO server |
| | discovery |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Single-domain composition | Unified Resource Representation |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Simple resource query language | Generic/Flexible query language |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Scalability | Computation complexity |
| | optimization |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Security & Privacy | Security/Privacy preserving |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
Table 1: Issues of applying the current ALTO framework in the multi-
domain setting & solutions.
5.1. ALTO servers communication
ALTO servers may consider either a hierarchical or mesh architectural
deployment design [INTER-ALTO][MD-ANALY][MD-BROKER][MD-SFC]. When a
hierarchical architecture is used, ALTO servers in domain partitions
gather locally-available network information and send it to central
server, which in turn merges data and distributes ALTO services. In
a mesh deployment, ALTO servers may be set up in each domain
independently, connected to each other, and gathering the network
information from other domains.
5.2. Multi-domain Connectivity discovery
Multi-domain mechanisms combining domains sequence computation and
paths computation need to be defined, or standardized computation
protocols could be re-used. In the latter case, the IETF has a set
of well defined protocols, such as BGP [RFC4271], PCE ([RFC5441]
, [RFC6805]), or BGP-LS [RFC7752]. The BGP protocol, for instance,
provides multi-domain sequence computation to know how to reach a
destination just identifying the next hop for IP traffic delivery;
however, it does not advertise multiple alternative routes. BGP-LS
allows visibility of the network topology (real physical or
abstracted) and export traffic engineering information with external
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domains using the BGP routing protocol. Following the PCE-based
architecture [RFC4655] for computing optimal multi-domain end-to-end
paths, [RFC5441], [RFC6805] define mechanisms where a PCE entity
cooperates either with other PCE entities in adjacent domains or with
a parent PCE entity, respectively. A mix between BGP-LP and PCE may
also be considered, with the first one providing topology/link-state
network information, and with the second one making the necessary
path computations between domains.
5.3. Multi-domain ALTO Server discovery
The ALTO cross-domain server discovery document [RFC8686] specifies a
procedure for identifying ALTO servers outside of the ALTO client's
own network domain. Other mechanisms could also be leveraged, such
as those based on PCE or BGP architectures. For example, [RFC4674]
proposes a set of functional requirements to allow a path computation
client (PCC) to automatically and dynamically discover the location
of PCEs entities (including additional information about supported
capabilities) for each controller domain. Inline with those
requirements, [PROTO-BGP] is defining extensions to BGP to also carry
PCE discovery information. Specifically, this document extends BGP
to allow a PCE entities to advertise their location and some useful
information to a PCC for the PCE selection.
5.4. Unified resource representation
Therefore, multi-domain composition mechanisms are necessaries so
that network information from ALTO servers in multiple domains can
fit into a single and consistent "virtual" domain abstraction. ALTO
information services such as network maps, cost maps, unified entity
properties, network capabilities, and routing path abstractions (path
vectors) of individual domains need to follow a common semantic as
well as be consistently integrated to provide the abstraction of a
single, coherent network to the applications. ... design options of
multi-domain composition
mechanisms [UNI-REPRES][UNICORN][MERCATOR][MERCATOR-2].
5.5. Flexible/Generic query language
With a flexible/generic query language, the network can filter out a
large number of unqualified domains. The language specification
could be inspired by standard [GSM][NFV-NSD] or pre-
standard [SOCKET-INTENTS][IBN] mechanisms, implemented with a user-
friendly grammar (e.g., SQL-style query).
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5.6. Computation complexity optimization
Therefore, ALTO servers need to support mechanisms to improve the
scalability and performance (e.g., pre-computation and projection).
For example, the ALTO Routing State Abstraction extension
document [DRAFT-RSA] describes equivalent transformation algorithms
that can effectively reduce the redundancy in the network view as
much as possible while still providing the same information. Such
algorithms may be integrated with any ALTO service (e.g., path vector
extension) as a post-processing step.
5.7. Security/Privacy Preserving
ALTO needs mechanisms (with little overhead) that provide accurate
sharing network information, and at the same time, protects each
member domain. This privacy-preserving interdomain information
process may consider, for instance, a secure multi-party computation
(SMPC) protocol [MD-ANALY][MERCATOR].
6. IANA Considerations
This document includes no request to IANA.
7. Security Considerations
TBD.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC3168] Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>.
[RFC4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, J., and J. Ash, "A Path Computation
Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4655, August 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4655>.
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[RFC4674] Le Roux, J., Ed., "Requirements for Path Computation
Element (PCE) Discovery", RFC 4674, DOI 10.17487/RFC4674,
October 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4674>.
[RFC5441] Vasseur, JP., Ed., Zhang, R., Bitar, N., and JL. Le Roux,
"A Backward-Recursive PCE-Based Computation (BRPC)
Procedure to Compute Shortest Constrained Inter-Domain
Traffic Engineering Label Switched Paths", RFC 5441,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5441, April 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5441>.
[RFC5575] Marques, P., Sheth, N., Raszuk, R., Greene, B., Mauch, J.,
and D. McPherson, "Dissemination of Flow Specification
Rules", RFC 5575, DOI 10.17487/RFC5575, August 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5575>.
[RFC6805] King, D., Ed. and A. Farrel, Ed., "The Application of the
Path Computation Element Architecture to the Determination
of a Sequence of Domains in MPLS and GMPLS", RFC 6805,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6805, November 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6805>.
[RFC7159] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.
[RFC7285] Alimi, R., Ed., Penno, R., Ed., Yang, Y., Ed., Kiesel, S.,
Previdi, S., Roome, W., Shalunov, S., and R. Woundy,
"Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) Protocol",
RFC 7285, DOI 10.17487/RFC7285, September 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7285>.
[RFC7752] Gredler, H., Ed., Medved, J., Previdi, S., Farrel, A., and
S. Ray, "North-Bound Distribution of Link-State and
Traffic Engineering (TE) Information Using BGP", RFC 7752,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7752, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7752>.
[RFC7971] Stiemerling, M., Kiesel, S., Scharf, M., Seidel, H., and
S. Previdi, "Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO)
Deployment Considerations", RFC 7971,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7971, October 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7971>.
[RFC8189] Randriamasy, S., Roome, W., and N. Schwan, "Multi-Cost
Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO)", RFC 8189,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8189, October 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8189>.
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[RFC8686] Kiesel, S. and M. Stiemerling, "Application-Layer Traffic
Optimization (ALTO) Cross-Domain Server Discovery",
RFC 8686, DOI 10.17487/RFC8686, February 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8686>.
8.2. Informative References
[ALTO-CDNI]
Seedorf, J., Yang, Y., Ma, K., Peterson, J., and J. Zhang,
"Content Delivery Network Interconnection (CDNI) Request
Routing: CDNI Footprint and Capabilities Advertisement
using ALTO", draft-ietf-alto-cdni-request-routing-alto-11
(work in progress), April 2020.
[ALTO-MULTIPART]
Zhang, J. and Y. Yang, "Multiple ALTO Resources Query
Using Multipart Message", draft-zhang-alto-multipart-03
(work in progress), March 2020.
[ALTO-PATH]
Gao, K., Randriamasy, S., Yang, Y., and J. Zhang, "ALTO
Extension: Path Vector", draft-ietf-alto-path-vector-10
(work in progress), March 2020.
[ALTO-PROP]
Roome, W., Randriamasy, S., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., and K.
Gao, "Unified Properties for the ALTO Protocol", draft-
ietf-alto-unified-props-new-10 (work in progress),
November 2019.
[ALTO-SSE]
Roome, W. and Y. Yang, "ALTO Incremental Updates Using
Server-Sent Events (SSE)", draft-ietf-alto-incr-update-
sse-17 (work in progress), July 2019.
[CMS] The CMS Collaboration, "The CMS experiment at the CERN
LHC", 2008,
<https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08004>.
[DRAFT-RSA]
Gao, K., xinwang2014@hotmail.com, x., Xiang, Q., Gu, C.,
Yang, Y., and G. Chen, "Compressing ALTO Path Vectors",
draft-gao-alto-routing-state-abstraction-08 (work in
progress), March 2018.
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[ETSI-ZSM]
ETSI, "Zero Touch Network and Service Management", 2020,
<https://www.etsi.org/technologies/
zero-touch-network-service-management>.
[GSM] GSM Association, "Generic Network Slice Template", 2019,
<https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/wp-content/
uploads//NG.116-v2.0.pdf>.
[IBN] Clemm, A., Ciavaglia, L., Granville, L., and J. Tantsura,
"Intent-Based Networking - Concepts and Definitions",
draft-irtf-nmrg-ibn-concepts-definitions-01 (work in
progress), March 2020.
[INT] Kim, C., Sivaraman, A., Katta, N., Bas, A., Dixit, A., and
L. Wobker, "In-band network telemetry via programmable
dataplanes", Book Title ACM SIGCOMM, 2015.
[INTER-ALTO]
Dulinski, Z., Wydrych, P., and R. Stankiewicz, "Inter-ALTO
Communication Problem Statement", draft-dulinski-alto-
inter-problem-statement-02 (work in progress), July 2015.
[LCLS] SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, "The Linac Coherent
Light Source", 2020, <https://lcls.slac.stanford.edu/>.
[LHC] CERN: European Council for Nuclear Research, "The Large
Hadron Collider (LHC) Experiment", 2020,
<https://home.cern/topics/large-hadron-collider>.
[MD-ANALY]
Xiang, Q., Zhang, J., Le, F., Yang, Y., and H. Newman,
"Resource Orchestration for Multi-Domain, Exascale, Geo-
Distributed Data Analytics", draft-xiang-alto-multidomain-
analytics-03 (work in progress), March 2020.
[MD-BROKER]
Perez, D. and C. Rothenberg, "ALTO-based Broker-assisted
Multi-domain Orchestration", draft-lachosrothenberg-alto-
brokermdo-03 (work in progress), March 2020.
[MD-ORCH-NFV]
Katsalis, K., Nikaein, N., and A. Edmonds, "Multi-domain
orchestration for NFV: Challenges and research
directions", focus 189--195, 2016.
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[MD-SFC] Perez, D., Xiang, Q., Rothenberg, C., and Y. Yang, "Multi-
domain Service Function Chaining with ALTO", draft-lachos-
sfc-multi-domain-alto-00 (work in progress), March 2020.
[MERCATOR]
Xiang, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, T., Liu, J., Guok, C., Le, F.,
MacAuley, J., Newman, H., and R. Yang, "Fine-Grained,
Multi-Domain Network Resource Abstraction as a Fundamental
Primitive to Enable High-Performance, Collaborative Data
Sciences", Publisher IEEE, BookTitle SC18: International
Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking,
Storage and Analysis, Pages 58-70, 2018.
[MERCATOR-2]
Xiang, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, T., Liu, J., Guok, C., Le, F.,
MacAuley, J., Newman, H., and R. Yang, "Toward Fine-
Grained, Privacy-Preserving, Efficient Multi-Domain
Network Resource Discovery", Publisher IEEE, Journal IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Volume 37,
Number 8, Pages 1924-1940, 2019.
[NFV-NSD] ETSI ISG, "Network functions virtualisation (NFV);
management and orchestration; network service templates
specification", 2019,
<https://docbox.etsi.org/isg/nfv/open/Publications_pdf/
Specs-Reports/NFV-IFA%20014v3.3.1%20-%20GS%20-%20Network%2
0Service%20Templates%20Spec.pdf>.
[NGMN-5G] Alliance, NGMN, "5G White Paper", 2015,
<https://www.skatelescope.org/>.
[PROTO-BGP]
Dong, J., Chen, M., Dhody, D., Tantsura, J., Kumaki, K.,
and T. Murai, "BGP Extensions for Path Computation Element
(PCE) Discovery", draft-dong-pce-discovery-proto-bgp-07
(work in progress), July 2017.
[SDX] Gupta, A., Vanbever, L., Shahbaz, M., Donovan, S.,
Schlinker, B., Feamster, N., Rexford, J., Shenker, S.,
Clark, R., and E. Katz-Bassett, "Sdx: A software defined
internet exchange", focus 551--562, 2015.
[SFC-MD] Sun, G., Li, Y., Liao, D., and V. Chang, "Service function
chain orchestration across multiple domains: A full mesh
aggregation approach", Journal IEEE Transactions on
Network and Service Management, Volumen 15, Number 3,
Pages 1175--1191, Publisher IEEE, 2018.
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[SFP] Xiang, Q., Guok, C., Le, F., MacAuley, J., Newman, H., and
R. Yang, "SFP: Toward Interdomain Routing for SDN
Networks", focus 87--89, 2018.
[SKA] SKA Organisation, "The Square Kilometre Array", 2020,
<https://www.skatelescope.org/>.
[SOCKET-INTENTS]
Schmidt, P., Enghardt, T., Khalili, R., and A. Feldmann,
"Socket Intents: Leveraging Application Awareness for
Multi-Access Connectivity", Publisher ACM, Series CoNEXT
'13, Pages 295-300, 2013.
[TELGEN83]
Telgen, J., "Identifying redundant constraints and
implicit equalities in systems of linear constraints",
Journal Management Science, Volume 29, Number 10, Pages
1209--1222, Publisher INFORMS, 1983.
[UNI-REPRES]
Xiang, Q., Zhang, J., Le, F., and Y. Yang, "ALTO
Extension: Unified Resource Representation", draft-xiang-
alto-unified-representation-02 (work in progress), March
2020.
[UNICORN] Xiang, Q., Wang, T., Zhang, J., Newman, H., Yang, R., and
J. Liu, "Unicorn: Unified resource orchestration for
multi-domain, geo-distributed data analytics",
Journal Future Generation Computer Systems, Volumen 93,
Pages 188-197, 2019.
Authors' Addresses
Danny Alex Lachos Perez
University of Campinas
Av. Albert Einstein 400
Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970
Brazil
Email: dlachosp@dca.fee.unicamp.br
URI: https://intrig.dca.fee.unicamp.br/danny-lachos/
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Christian Esteve Rothenberg
University of Campinas
Av. Albert Einstein 400
Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970
Brazil
Email: chesteve@dca.fee.unicamp.br
URI: https://intrig.dca.fee.unicamp.br/christian/
Qiao Xiang
Yale University
51 Prospect Street
New Haven, CT
USA
Email: qiao.xiang@cs.yale.edu
Y. Richard Yang
Yale University
51 Prospect St
New Haven, CT
USA
Email: yang.r.yang@gmail.com
Borje Ohlman
Ericsson Research
S-16480 Stockholm
Sweden
Email: Borje.Ohlman@ericsson.com
Sabine Randriamasy
Nokia Bell Labs
Route de Villejust
NOZAY 91460
FRANCE
Email: Sabine.Randriamasy@nokia-bell-labs.com
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Farni Boten
Sprint
USA
Email: farni.weaver@sprint.com
Luis M. Contreras
Telefonica
Ronda de la Comunicacion, s/n
Madrid 28050
Spain
Email: luismiguel.contrerasmurillo@telefonica.com
URI: http://lmcontreras.com/
Jingxuan Jensen Zhang
Tongji University
4800 Caoan Road
Shanghai 201804
China
Email: jingxuan.n.zhang@gmail.com
Kai Gao
Sichuan University
Chengdu 610000
China
Email: kaigao@scu.edu.cn
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