Network Working Group                                        K. Kompella
Internet-Draft                                                B. Kothari
Intended status: Informational                              R. Cherukuri
Expires: January 14, 2010                               Juniper Networks
                                                           July 13, 2009


   Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks Using BGP for Auto-discovery and
                               Signaling
                   draft-kompella-l2vpn-l2vpn-03.txt

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Abstract

   Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs) based on Frame Relay or ATM
   circuits have been around a long time; more recently, Ethernet VPNs,
   including Virtual Private LAN Service, have become popular.
   Traditional L2VPNs often required a separate Service Provider
   infrastructure for each type, and yet another for the Internet and IP
   VPNs.  In addition, L2VPN provisioning was cumbersome.  This document
   presents a new approach to the problem of offering L2VPN services
   where the L2VPN customer's experience is virtually identical to that
   offered by traditional Layer 2 VPNs, but such that a Service Provider
   can maintain a single network for L2VPNs, IP VPNs and the Internet,
   as well as a common provisioning methodology for all services.






































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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     1.2.  Advantages of Layer 2 VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       1.2.1.  Separation of Administrative Responsibilities  . . . .  7
       1.2.2.  Migrating from Traditional Layer 2 VPNs  . . . . . . .  8
       1.2.3.  Privacy of Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       1.2.4.  Layer 3 Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       1.2.5.  PE Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       1.2.6.  Ease of Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     1.3.  Advantages of Layer 3 VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       1.3.1.  Layer 2 Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       1.3.2.  SP Routing as Added Value  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       1.3.3.  Class-of-Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     1.4.  Multicast Routing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     1.5.  Conventions used in this document  . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   2.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   3.  Operation of a Layer 2 VPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     3.1.  Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     3.2.  Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       3.2.1.  CE Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       3.2.2.  PE Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
       3.2.3.  Adding a New Site  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   4.  PE Information Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     4.1.  Circuit Status Vector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     4.2.  Generalizing the VPN Topology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   5.  Layer 2 Interworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   6.  Packet Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     6.1.  Layer 2 MTU  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     6.2.  Layer 2 Frame Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     6.3.  IP-only Layer 2 Interworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   8.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   9.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30












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1.  Introduction

   The earliest Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) were based on Layer 2
   circuits: X.25, Frame Relay and ATM (see [Kosiur]).  More recently,
   VPNs based on Ethernet Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) and
   Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) ([RFC4761] and [RFC4762]) have
   become quite popular.  All of these come under the classification of
   Layer 2 VPNs (L2VPNs), as the customer to Service Provider (SP) hand-
   off is at Layer 2.

   There are at least two factors that adversely affected the cost of
   offering L2VPNs.  The first is that the easiest way to offer a L2VPN
   of a given type of Layer 2 was over an infrastructure of the same
   type.  This approach required that the Service Provider build a
   separate infrastructure for each Layer 2 encapsulation -- e.g., an
   ATM infrastructure for ATM VPNs, an Ethernet infrastructure for
   Ethernet VPNs, etc.  In addition, a separate infrastructure was
   needed for the Internet and IP VPNs ([RFC4364], and possibly yet
   another for voice services.  Going down this path meant a
   proliferation of networks.

   The other is that each of these networks had different provisioning
   methodologies.  Furthermore, the provisioning of a L2VPN was fairly
   complex.  It is important to distinguish between a single Layer 2
   circuit, which connects two customer sites, and a Layer 2 VPN, which
   is a set of circuits that connect sites belonging to the same
   customer.  The fact that two different circuits belonged to the same
   VPN was typically known only to the provisioning system, not to the
   switches offering the service; this complicated the setting up, and
   subsequently, the troubleshooting, of a L2VPN.  Also, each switch
   offering the service had to be provisioned with the address of every
   other switch in the same VPN, requiring, in the case of full-mesh VPN
   connectivity, provisioning proportional to the square of the number
   of sites.  This made full-mesh L2VPN connectivity prohibitively
   expensive for the SP, and thus in turn for customers.  Finally, even
   setting up a individual circuit often required the provisioning of
   every switch along the path.

   Of late, there has been much progress in network "convergence",
   whereby Layer 2 traffic, Internet traffic and IP VPN traffic can be
   carried over a single, consolidated network infrastructure based on
   IP/MPLS tunnels; this is made possible by techniques such as those
   described in [RFC4448], [RFC4618], [RFC4619], and [RFC4717] for Layer
   2 traffic, and [RFC4364] for IP VPN traffic.  This development goes a
   long way toward addressing the problem of network profileration.
   This document goes one step further and shows how a Service Provider
   can offer Layer 2 VPNs using protocol and provisioning methodologies
   similar to that used for VPLS ([RFC4761]) and IP VPNs ([RFC4364]),



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   thereby achieving a significant degree of operational convergence as
   well.  In particular, all of these methodologies include the notion
   of a VPN identifier that serves to unify components of a given VPN,
   and the concept of auto-discovery, which simplifies the provisioning
   of dense VPN topologies (for example, a full mesh).  In addition,
   similar techniques are used in all of the above-mentioned VPN
   technologies to offer inter-AS and inter-provider VPNs (i.e., VPNs
   whose sites are connected to multiple Autonomous Systems (ASs) or
   service providers).

   Technically, the approach proposed here uses the concepts and
   solution and described in [RFC4761], which describes VPLS, a
   particular form of a Layer 2 VPN.  That document in turn borrowed
   much from [RFC4364].  This includes the use of BGP for auto-discovery
   and "demultiplexor" (see below) exchange, and the concepts of Route
   Distinguishers to make VPN advertisements unique, and Route Targets
   to control VPN topology.  In addition, all three documents share the
   idea that routers not directly connected to VPN customers should
   carry no VPN state, restricting the provisioning of individual
   connections to just the edge devices.  This is achieved by using
   tunnels to carry the data, with a demultiplexor that identifies
   individual VPN circuits.  These tunnels could be based on MPLS, GRE,
   or any other tunnel technology that offers a demultiplexing field;
   the signaling of these tunnels is outside the scope of this document.
   The specific approach taken here is to use an MPLS label as the
   demultiplexor.

   Layer 2 VPNs typically require that all sites in the VPN connect to
   the SP with the same Layer 2 encapsulation.  To ease this
   restriction, this document proposes a limited form of Layer 2
   interworking, by restricting the Layer 3 protocol to IP only (see
   Section 5).

   It may be instructive to compare the approach in [RFC4447] with the
   one described here, keeping in mind that the solution described
   therein does not include auto-discovery.

   The rest of this section discusses the relative merits of Layer 2 and
   Layer 3 VPNs.  Section 3 describes the operation of a Layer 2 VPN.
   Section 5 describes IP-only Layer 2 interworking.  Section 6
   describes how the L2 packets are transported across the SP network.

1.1.  Terminology

   The terminology used is from [RFC4761] and [RFC4364], and is briefly
   repeated here.  A "customer" is a customer of a Service Provider
   seeking to interconnect their various "sites" (each an independent
   network) at Layer 2 through the Service Provider's network, while



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   maintaining privacy of communication and address space.  The device
   in a customer site that connects to a Service Provider router is
   termed the CE (customer edge) device; this device may be a router or
   a switch.  The Service Provider router to which a CE connects is
   termed a PE.  A router in the Service Provider's network which
   doesn't connect directly to any CE is termed P. Every pair of PEs is
   connected by a "tunnel"; within a tunnel, VPN data is distinguished
   by a "demultiplexor", which in this document is an MPLS label.

   Each CE within a VPN is assigned a CE ID, a number that uniquely
   identifies a CE within an L2 VPN.  More accurately, the CE ID
   identifies a physical connection from the CE device to the PE, since
   a CE may be connected to multiple PEs (or multiply connected to a
   PE); in such a case, the CE would have a CE ID for each connection.
   A CE may also be part of many L2 VPNs; it would need one (or more) CE
   ID(s) for each L2 VPN of which it is a member.  The number space for
   CE IDs is scoped to a given VPN.

   In the case of inter-Provider L2 VPNs, there needs to be some
   coordination of allocation of CE IDs.  One solution is to allocate
   ranges for each SP.  Other solutions may be forthcoming.

   Within each physical connection from a CE to a PE, there may be
   multiple virtual circuits.  These will be referred to as Attachment
   Circuits (ACs), following [RFC4447].  Similarly, the entity that
   connects two attachment circuits across the Service Provider network
   is called a pseudo-wire (PW).

1.2.  Advantages of Layer 2 VPNs

   A Layer 2 VPN is one where a Service Provider provides Layer 2
   connectivity to the customer.  The Service Provider does not
   participate in the customer's Layer 3 network, in particular, in the
   routing, resulting in several advantages to the SP as a whole and to
   PE routers in particular.

1.2.1.  Separation of Administrative Responsibilities

   In a Layer 2 VPN, the Service Provider is responsible for Layer 2
   connectivity; the customer is responsible for Layer 3 connectivity,
   which includes routing.  If the customer says that host x in site A
   cannot reach host y in site B, the Service Provider need only
   demonstrate that site A is connected to site B. The details of how
   routes for host y reach host x are the customer's responsibility.

   Another important factor is that once a PE provides Layer 2
   connectivity to its connected CE, its job is done.  A misbehaving CE
   can at worst flap its interface, but route flaps in the customer



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   network have little effect on the SP network.  On the other hand, a
   misbehaving CE in a Layer 3 VPN can flap its routes, leading to
   instability of the PE router or even the entire SP network.  Thus,
   when offering a Layer 3 VPN, a SP should proactively protect itself
   from Layer 3 instability in the CE network.

1.2.2.  Migrating from Traditional Layer 2 VPNs

   Since "traditional" Layer 2 VPNs (i.e., real Frame Relay circuits
   connecting sites) are indistinguishable from tunnel-based VPNs from
   the customer's point-of-view, migrating from one to the other raises
   few issues.  Layer 3 VPNs, on the other hand, require a considerable
   re-design of the customer's Layer 3 routing architecture.
   Furthermore, with Layer 3 VPNs, special care has to be taken that
   routes within the traditional VPN are not preferred over the Layer 3
   VPN routes (the so-called "backdoor routing" problem, whose solution
   requires protocol changes that are somewhat ad hoc).

1.2.3.  Privacy of Routing

   In a Layer 2 VPN, the privacy of customer routing is a natural
   fallout of the fact that the Service Provider does not participate in
   routing.  The SP routers need not do anything special to keep
   customer routes separate from other customers or from the Internet;
   there is no need for per-VPN routing tables, and the additional
   complexity this imposes on PE routers.

1.2.4.  Layer 3 Independence

   Since the Service Provider simply provides Layer 2 connectivity, the
   customer can run any Layer 3 protocols they choose.  If the SP were
   participating in customer routing, it would be vital that the
   customer and SP both use the same Layer 3 protocol(s) and routing
   protocols.

   Note that IP-only Layer 2 interworking doesn't have this benefit as
   it restricts the Layer 3 to IP only.

1.2.5.  PE Scaling

   In the Layer 2 VPN scheme described below, each PE transmits a single
   small chunk of information about every CE that the PE is connected to
   to every other PE.  That means that each PE need only maintain a
   single chunk of information from each CE in each VPN, and keep a
   single "route" to every site in every VPN.  This means that both the
   Forwarding Information Base and the Routing Information Base scale
   well with the number of sites and number of VPNs.  Furthermore, the
   scaling properties are independent of the customer: the only germane



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   quantity is the total number of VPN sites.

   This is to be contrasted with Layer 3 VPNs, where each CE in a VPN
   may have an arbitrary number of routes that need to be carried by the
   SP.  This leads to two issues.  First, both the information stored at
   each PE and the number of routes installed by the PE for a CE in a
   VPN can be (in principle) unbounded, which means in practice that a
   PE must restrict itself to installing routes associated with the VPNs
   that it is currently a member of.  Second, a CE can send a large
   number of routes to its PE, which means that the PE must protect
   itself against such a condition.  Thus, the SP must enforce limits on
   the number of routes accepted from a CE; this in turn requires the PE
   router to offer such control.

   The scaling issues of Layer 3 VPNs come into sharp focus at a BGP
   route reflector (RR).  An RR cannot keep all the advertised routes in
   every VPN since the number of routes will be too large.  The
   following solutions/extensions are needed to address this issue:

   1.  RRs could be partitioned so that each RR services a subset of
   VPNs so that no single RR has to carry all the routes.

   2.  An RR could use a preconfigured list of Route-Targets for its
   inbound route filtering.  The RR may choose to perform Route Target
   Filtering, described in [RFC4684].

1.2.6.  Ease of Configuration

   Configuring traditional Layer 2 VPNs with dense topologies was a
   burden primarily because of the O(n*n) nature of the task.  If there
   are n CEs in a Frame Relay VPN, say full-mesh connected, n*(n-1)/2
   DLCI PVCs must be provisioned across the SP network.  At each CE,
   (n-1) DLCIs must be configured to reach each of the other CEs.
   Furthermore, when a new CE is added, n new DLCI PVCs must be
   provisioned; also, each existing CE must be updated with a new DLCI
   to reach the new CE.  Finally, each PVC requires state in every
   transit switch.

   In our proposal, PVCs are tunnelled across the SP network.  The
   tunnels used are provisioned independently of the L2VPNs, using
   signalling protocols (in case of MPLS, LDP or RSVP-TE can be used),
   or set up by configuration; and the number of tunnels is independent
   of the number of L2VPNs.  This reduces a large part of the
   provisioning burden.

   Furthermore, we assume that DLCIs at the CE edge are relatively
   cheap; and VPN labels in the SP network are cheap.  This allows the
   SP to "over-provision" VPNs: for example, allocate 50 CEs to a VPN



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   when only 20 are needed.  With this over-provisioning, adding a new
   CE to a VPN requires configuring just the new CE and its associated
   PE; existing CEs and their PEs need not be re-configured.  Note that
   if DLCIs at the CE edge are expensive, e.g. if these DLCIs are
   provisioned across a switched network, one could provision them as
   and when needed, at the expense of extra configuration.  This need
   not still result in extra state in the SP network, i.e. an
   intelligent implementation can allow overprovisioning of the pool of
   VPN labels.

1.3.  Advantages of Layer 3 VPNs

   Layer 3 VPNs ([RFC4364] in particular) offer a good solution when the
   customer traffic is wholly IP, customer routing is reasonably simple,
   and the customer sites connect to the SP with a variety of Layer 2
   technologies.

1.3.1.  Layer 2 Independence

   One major restriction in a Layer 2 VPN is that the Layer 2 medium
   with which the various sites of a single VPN connect to the SP must
   be uniform.  On the other hand, the various sites of a Layer 3 VPN
   can connect to the SP with any supported media; for example, some
   sites may connect with Frame Relay circuits, and others with
   Ethernet.

   This restriction of Layer 2 VPN is alleviated by the IP-only Layer 2
   interworking proposed in this document.  This comes at the cost of
   losing the Layer 3 independence.

   A corollary to this is that the number of sites that can be in a
   Layer 2 VPN is determined by the number of Layer 2 circuits that the
   Layer 2 technology provides.  For example, if the Layer 2 technology
   is Frame Relay with 2-octet DLCIs, a CE can connect to at most about
   a thousand other CEs in a VPN.

1.3.2.  SP Routing as Added Value

   Another problem with Layer 2 VPNs is that the CE router in a VPN must
   be able to deal with having N routing peers, where N is the number of
   sites in the VPN.  This can be alleviated by manipulating the
   topology of the VPN.  For example, a hub-and-spoke VPN architecture
   means that only one CE router (the hub) needs to deal with N
   neighbors.  However, in a Layer 3 VPN, a CE router need only deal
   with one neighbor, the PE router.  Thus, the SP can offer Layer 3
   VPNs as a value-added service to its customers.

   Moreover, with Layer 2 VPNs it is up to a customer to build and



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   operate the whole network.  With Layer 3 VPNs, a customer is just
   responsible for building and operating routing within each site,
   which is likely to be much simpler than building and operating
   routing for the whole VPN.  That, in turn, makes Layer 3 VPNs more
   suitable for customers who don't have sufficient routing expertise,
   again allowing the SP to provide added value.

   As mentioned later, multicast routing and forwarding is another
   value-added service that an SP can offer.

1.3.3.  Class-of-Service

   Class-of-Service issues have been addressed for Layer 3 VPNs.  Since
   the PE router has visibility into the network Layer (IP), the PE
   router can take on the tasks of CoS classification and routing.  This
   restriction on Layer 2 VPNs is again eased in the case of IP-only
   Layer 2 interworking, as the PE router has visibility into the
   network Layer (IP).

1.4.  Multicast Routing

   There are two aspects to multicast routing that we will consider.  On
   the protocol front, supporting IP multicast in a Layer 3 VPN requires
   PE routers to participate in the multicast routing instance of the
   customer, and thus keep some related state information.

   In the Layer 2 VPN case, the CE routers run native multicast routing
   directly.  The SP network just provides pipes to connect the CE
   routers; PEs are unaware whether the CEs run multicast or not, and
   thus do not have to participate in multicast protocols or keep
   multicast state information.

   On the forwarding front, in a Layer 3 VPN, CE routers do not
   replicate multicast packets; thus, the CE-PE link carries only one
   copy of a multicast packet.  Whether replication occurs at the
   ingress PE, or somewhere within the SP network depends on the
   sophistication of the Layer 3 VPN multicast solution.  The simple
   solution where a PE replicates packets for each of its CEs may place
   considerable burden on the PE.  More complex solutions may require
   VPN multicast state in the SP network, but may significantly reduce
   the traffic in the SP network by delaying packet replication until
   needed.

   In a Layer 2 VPN, packet replication occurs at the CE.  This has the
   advantage of distributing the burden of replication among the CEs
   rather than focusing it on the PE to which they are attached, and
   thus will scale better.  However, the CE-PE link will need to carry
   the multiple copies of multicast packets.  In the case of Virtual



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   Private LAN Service (a specific type of L2 VPN; see [RFC4761]),
   however, the CE-PE link need transport only one copy of a multicast
   packet.

   Thus, just as in the case of unicast routing, the SP has the choice
   to offer a value-added service (multicast routing and forwarding) at
   some cost (multicast state and packet replication) using a Layer 3
   VPN, or to keep it simple and use a Layer 2 VPN.

1.5.  Conventions used in this document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].





































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2.  Contributors

   The following contributed to this document.

   Manoj Leelanivas, Juniper Networks
   Quaizar Vohra, Juniper Networks
   Javier Achirica, Consultant
   Ronald Bonica, Juniper Networks
   Dave Cooper, Global Crossing
   Chris Liljenstolpe, Telstra
   Eduard Metz, KPN Dutch Telecom
   Hamid Ould-Brahim, Nortel
   Chandramouli Sargor
   Himanshu Shah, Ciena
   Vijay Srinivasan
   Zhaohui Zhang, Juniper Networks



































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3.  Operation of a Layer 2 VPN

   The following simple example of a customer with 4 sites connected to
   3 PE routers in a Service Provider network will hopefully illustrate
   the various aspects of the operation of a Layer 2 VPN.  For
   simplicity, we assume that a full-mesh topology is desired.

   In what follows, Frame Relay serves as the Layer 2 medium, and each
   CE has multiple DLCIs to its PE, each to connect to another CE in the
   VPN.  If the Layer 2 medium were ATM, then each CE would have
   multiple VPI/VCIs to connect to other CEs.  For PPP and Cisco HDLC,
   each CE would have multiple physical interfaces to connect to other
   CEs.  In the case of IP-only Layer 2 interworking, each CE could have
   a mix of one or more of the above Layer 2 mediums to connect to other
   CEs.

3.1.  Network Topology

   Consider a Service Provider network with edge routers PE0, PE1, and
   PE2.  Assume that PE0 and PE1 are IGP neighbors, and PE2 is more than
   one hop away from PE0.

   Suppose that a customer C has 4 sites S0, S1, S2 and S3 that C wants
   to connect via the Service Provider's network using Frame Relay.
   Site S0 has CE0 and CE1 both connected to PE0.  Site S1 has CE2
   connected to PE0.  Site S2 has CE3 connected to PE1 and CE4 connected
   to PE2.  Site S3 has CE5 connected to PE2.  (See Figure 1 below.)
   Suppose further that C wants to "over-provision" each current site,
   in expectation that the number of sites will grow to at least 10 in
   the near future.  However, CE4 is only provisioned with 9 DLCIs.
   (Note that the signalling mechanism discussed in Section 4 will allow
   a site to grow in terms of connectivity to other sites at a later
   point of time at the cost of additional signalling, i.e., over-
   provisioning is not a must but a recommendation).

   Suppose finally that CE0 and CE2 have DLCIs 100 through 109
   provisioned; CE1 and CE3 have DLCIs 200 through 209 provisioned; CE4
   has DLCIs 107, 209, 265, 301, 414, 555, 654, 777 and 888 provisioned;
   and CE5 has DLCIs 417-426.












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           S0                                                   S3
     ..............                                       ..............
     .            .                                       .            .
     .    +-----+ .                                       .            .
     .    | CE0 |-----------+                             .   +-----+  .
     .    +-----+ .         |                             .   | CE5 |  .
     .            .         |                             .   +--+--+  .
     .    +-----+ .         |                             .      |     .
     .    | CE1 |-------+   |                             .......|......
     .    +-----+ .     |   |                                   /
     .            .     |   |                                  /
     ..............     |   |                                 /
                        |   |         SP Network             /
                   .....|...|.............................../.....
                   .    |   |                              /     .
                   .  +-+---+-+       +-------+           /      .
                   .  |  PE0  |-------|   P   |--        |       .
                   .  +-+---+-+       +-------+  \       |       .
                   .   /    \                     \  +---+---+   .
                   .  |      -----+                --|  PE2  |   .
                   .  |           |                  +---+---+   .
                   .  |       +---+---+                 /        .
                   .  |       |  PE1  |                /         .
                   .  |       +---+---+               /          .
                   .  |            \                 /           .
                   ...|.............|.............../.............
                      |             |              /
                      |             |             /
                      |             |            /
          S1          |             |    S2     /
     ..............   |     ........|........../......
     .            .   |     .       |         |      .
     .    +-----+ .   |     .    +--+--+   +--+--+   .
     .    | CE2 |-----+     .    | CE3 |   | CE4 |   .
     .    +-----+ .         .    +-----+   +-----+   .
     .            .         .                        .
     ..............         ..........................


                    Figure 1: Example Network Topology

3.2.  Configuration

   The following sub-sections detail the configuration that is needed to
   provision the above VPN.  For the purpose of exposition, we assume
   that the customer will connect to the SP with Frame Relay circuits.

   While we focus primarily on the configuration that an SP has to do,



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   we touch upon the configuration requirements of CEs as well.  The
   main point of contact in CE-PE configuration is that both must agree
   on the DLCIs that will be used on the interface connecting them.

   If the PE-CE connection is Frame Relay, it is recommended to run LMI
   between the PE and CE.  For the case of ATM VCs, OAM cells may be
   used; for PPP and Cisco HDLC, keepalives may be used directly between
   CEs; however, in this case, PEs would not have visibility as to the
   liveness of customers circuits.

   In case of IP-only Layer 2 interworking, if CE1, attached to PE0,
   connects to CE3, attached to PE1, via a L2VPN circuit, the Layer 2
   medium between CE1 and PE0 is independent of the Layer 2 medium
   between CE3 and PE1.  Each side will run its own Layer 2 specific
   link management protocol, e.g., LMI, LCP, etc.  PE0 will inform PE1
   about the status of its local circuit to CE1 via the circuit status
   vector TLV defined in Section 4.  Similarly PE1 will inform PE0 about
   the status of its local circuit to CE3.

3.2.1.  CE Configuration

   Each CE that belongs to a VPN is given a "CE ID".  CE IDs must be
   unique in the context of a VPN.  For the example, we assume that the
   CE ID for CE-k is k.

   Each CE is configured to communicate with its corresponding PE with
   the set of DLCIs given above; for example, CE0 is configured with
   DLCIs 100 through 109.  In general, a CE is configured with a list of
   circuits, all with the same Layer 2 encapsulation type, e.g., DLCIs,
   VCIs, physical PPP interface etc.  (IP-only Layer 2 interworking
   allows a mix of Layer 2 encapsulation types).  The size of this list/
   set determines the number of remote CEs a given CE can communicate
   with.  Denote the size of this list/set as the CE's range.  A CE's
   range must be at least the number of remote CEs that the CE will
   connect to in a given VPN; if the range exceeds this, then the CE is
   over-provisioned, in anticipation of growth of the VPN.

   Each CE also "knows" which DLCI connects it to each other CE.  The
   methodology followed in this example is to use the CE ID of the other
   CE as an index into the DLCI list this CE has (with zero-based
   indexing, i.e., 0 is the first index).  For example, CE0 is connected
   to CE3 through its fourth DLCI, 103; CE4 is connected to CE2 by the
   third DLCI in its list, namely 265.  This is just the methodology
   used in the example below; the actual methodology used to pick the
   DLCI to be used is a local matter; the key factor is that CE-k may
   communicate with CE-m using a different DLCI from the DLCI that CE-m
   uses to communicate to CE-k, i.e., the SP network effectively acts as
   a giant Frame Relay switch.  This is very important, as it decouples



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   the DLCIs used at each CE site, making for much simpler provisioning.

3.2.2.  PE Configuration

   Each PE is configured with the VPNs in which it participates.  Each
   VPN is associated with one or more Route Target communities [RFC4360]
   which serve to define the topology of the VPN.  For each VPN, the PE
   must determine a Route Distinguisher (RD) to use; this may either be
   configured or chosen by the PE.  RDs do not have to be unique across
   the VPN.  For each CE attached to the PE in a given VPN, the PE must
   know the set of virtual circuits (DLCI, VCI/VPI or VLAN) connecting
   it to the CE, and a CE ID identifying the CE within the VPN.  CE IDs
   must be unique in the context of a given VPN.

3.2.3.  Adding a New Site

   The first step in adding a new site to a VPN is to pick a new CE ID.
   If all current members of the VPN are over-provisioned, i.e., their
   range includes the new CE ID, adding the new site is a purely local
   task.  Otherwise, the sites whose range doesn't include the new CE ID
   and wish to communicate directly with the new CE must have their
   ranges increased by allocating additional local circuits to
   incorporate the new CE ID.

   The next step is ensuring that the new site has the required
   connectivity.  This usually requires adding a new virtual circuit
   between the PE and CE; in most cases, this configuration is limited
   to the PE in question.

   The rest of the configuration is a local matter between the new CE
   and the PE to which it is attached.

   It bears repeating that the key to making additions easy is over-
   provisioning and the algorithm for mapping a CE-id to a DLCI which is
   used for connecting to the corresponding CE.  However, what is being
   over-provisioned is the number of DLCIs/VCIs that connect the CE to
   the PE.  This is a local matter between the PE and CE, and does not
   affect other PEs or CEs.













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4.  PE Information Exchange

   When a PE is configured with all the required information for a CE,
   it advertises to other PEs the fact that it is participating in a VPN
   via BGP messages, as per [RFC4761], section 3.  BGP was chosen as the
   means for exchanging L2 VPN information for two reasons: it offers
   mechanisms for both auto-discovery and signaling, and allows for
   operational convergence, as explained in Section 1.  A bonus for
   using BGP is a robust inter-AS solution for L2VPNs.

   There are two modifications to the formating of messages.  The first
   is that the set of Encaps Types carried in the L2-info extended
   community has been expanded to include those from Table 1.  The value
   of the Encaps Type field identifies the Layer 2 encapsulation, e.g.,
   ATM, Frame Relay etc.

   +-----------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+
   | Encaps    | Description                               | Reference |
   | Type      |                                           |           |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+
   | 0         | Reserved                                  | -         |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 1         | Frame Relay                               | RFC 4446  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 2         | ATM AAL5 SDU VCC transport                | RFC 4446  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 3         | ATM transparent cell transport            | RFC 4816  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 4         | Ethernet (VLAN) Tagged Mode               | RFC 4448  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 5         | Ethernet Raw Mode                         | RFC 4448  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 6         | Cisco HDLC                                | RFC 4618  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 7         | PPP                                       | RFC 4618  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 8         | SONET/SDH Circuit Emulation Service       | RFC 4842  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 9         | ATM n-to-one VCC cell transport           | RFC 4717  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 10        | ATM n-to-one VPC cell transport           | RFC 4717  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 11        | IP Layer 2 Transport                      | RFC 3032  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 15        | Frame Relay Port mode                     | RFC 4619  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 17        | Structure-agnostic E1 over packet         | RFC 4553  |
   |           |                                           |           |



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   | 18        | Structure-agnostic T1 (DS1) over packet   | RFC 4553  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 19        | VPLS                                      | RFC 4761  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 20        | Structure-agnostic T3 (DS3) over packet   | RFC 4553  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 21        | Nx64kbit/s Basic Service using            | RFC 5086  |
   |           | Structure-aware                           |           |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 25        | Frame Relay DLCI                          | RFC 4619  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 40        | Structure-agnostic E3 over packet         | RFC 4553  |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 41 (1)    | Octet-aligned payload for                 | RFC 4553  |
   |           | Structure-agnostic DS1 circuits           |           |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 42 (2)    | E1 Nx64kbit/s with CAS using              | RFC 5086  |
   |           | Structure-aware                           |           |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 43        | DS1 (ESF) Nx64kbit/s with CAS using       | RFC 5086  |
   |           | Structure-aware                           |           |
   |           |                                           |           |
   | 44        | DS1 (SF) Nx64kbit/s with CAS using        | RFC 5086  |
   |           | Structure-aware                           |           |
   +-----------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+

                           Table 1: Encaps Types

   Note (1): Allocation of a separate code point for Encaps Type
   eliminates the need for TDM payload size.

   Note (2): Having separate code points for Encaps Types 42-44 allows
   specifying the trunk framing (i.e, E1, T1 ESF or T1 SF) with CAS.

   The second is the introduction of TLVs (Type-Length-Value triplets)
   in the VPLS NLRI.  L2VPN TLVs can be added to extend the information
   carried in the NLRI, using the format shown in Figure 2.  In L2VPN
   TLVs, Type is 1 octet, Length is 2 octets and represents the size of
   the Value field in bits.


                  +------+--------+------------...-------+
                  | Type | Length | Value ...            |
                  +------+--------+------------...-------+

                         Figure 2: Format of TLVs





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                   +----------+-----------------------+
                   | TLV Type |      Description      |
                   +----------+-----------------------+
                   |     1    | Circuit Status Vector |
                   +----------+-----------------------+

                            Table 2: TLV Types

4.1.  Circuit Status Vector

   This sub-TLV carries the status of a L2VPN PVC between a pair of PEs.
   Note that a L2VPN PVC is bidirectional, composed of two simplex
   connection going in opposite directions.  A simplex connection
   consists of the 3 segments: 1) the local access circuit between the
   source CE and the ingress PE, 2) the tunnel LSP between the ingress
   and egress PEs, and 3) the access circuit between the egress PE and
   the destination CE.

   To monitor the status of a PVC, a PE needs to monitor the status of
   both simplex connections.  Since it knows that status of its access
   circuit, and the status of the tunnel towards the remote PE, it can
   inform the remote PE of these two.  Similarly, the remote PE can
   inform the status of its access circuit to its local CE and the
   status of the tunnel to the first PE.  Combining the local and the
   remote information, a PE can determine the status of a PVC.

   The basic unit of advertisement in L2VPN for a given CE is a label-
   block.  Each label within a label-block corresponds to a PVC on the
   CE.  The local status information for all PVCs corresponding to a
   label-block is advertised along with the NLRI for the label-block
   using the status vector TLV.  The Type field of this TLV is 1.  The
   Length field of the TLV specifies the length of the value field in
   bits.  The Value field of this TLV is a bit-vector, each bit of which
   indicates the status of the PVC associated with the corresponding
   label in the label-block.  Bit value 0 corresponds to the PVC
   associated with the first label in the label block, and indicates
   that the local circuit and the tunnel LSP to the remote PE is up,
   while a value of 1 indicates that either or both of them are down.
   The Value field is padded to the nearest octet boundary.

   If PE A receives an L2VPN NLRI, while selecting a label from a label-
   block (advertised by PE B, for remote CE m, and VPN X) for one of its
   local CE n (in VPN X) can also determine the status of the
   corresponding PVC (between CE n and CE m) by looking at the
   appropriate bit in the circuit status vector.






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4.2.  Generalizing the VPN Topology

   In the above, we assumed for simplicity that the VPN was a full mesh.
   To allow for more general VPN topologies, a mechanism based on
   filtering on BGP extended communities can be used (see Section 4).














































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5.  Layer 2 Interworking

   As defined so far in this document, all CE-PE connections for a given
   Layer 2 VPN must use the same Layer 2 encapsulation, e.g., they must
   all be Frame Relay.  This is often a burdensome restriction.  One
   answer is to use an existing Layer 2 interworking mechanism, for
   example, Frame Relay-ATM interworking.

   In this document, we take a different approach: we postulate that the
   network Layer is IP, and base Layer 2 interworking on that.  Thus,
   one can choose between pure Layer 2 VPNs, with a stringent Layer 2
   restriction but with Layer 3 independence, or a Layer 2 interworking
   VPNs, where there is no restriction on Layer 2, but Layer 3 must be
   IP.  Of course, a PE may choose to implement Frame Relay-ATM
   interworking.  For example, an ATM Layer 2 VPN could have some CEs
   connect via Frame Relay links, if their PE could translate Frame
   Relay to ATM transparent to the rest of the VPN.  This would be
   private to the CE-PE connection, and such a course is outside the
   scope of this document.

   For Layer 2 interworking as defined here, when an IP packet arrives
   at a PE, its Layer 2 address is noted, then all Layer 2 overhead is
   stripped, leaving just the IP packet.  Then, a VPN label is added,
   and the packet is encapsulated in the PE-PE tunnel (as required by
   the tunnel technology).  Finally, the packet is forwarded.  Note that
   the forwarding decision is made on the basis of the Layer 2
   information, not the IP header.  At the egress, the VPN label
   determines to which CE the packet must be sent, and over which
   virtual circuit; from this, the egress PE can also determine the
   Layer 2 encapsulation to place on the packet once the VPN label is
   stripped.

   An added benefit of restricting interworking to IP only as the Layer
   3 technology is that the provider's network can provide IP Diffserv
   or any other IP based QOS mechanism to the L2VPN customer.  The
   ingress PE can set up IP/TCP/UDP based classifiers to do DiffServ
   marking, and other functions like policing and shaping on the L2
   circuits of the VPN customer.  Note the division of labor: the CE
   determines the destination CE, and encodes that in the Layer 2
   address.  The ingress PE thus determines the egress PE and VPN label
   based on the Layer 2 address supplied by the CE, but the ingress PE
   can choose the tunnel to reach the egress PE (in the case that there
   are different tunnels for each CoS/DiffServ code point), or the CoS
   bits to place in the tunnel (in the case where a single tunnel
   carries multiple CoS/DiffServ code points) based on its own
   classification of the packet.





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6.  Packet Transport

   When a packet arrives at a PE from a CE in a Layer 2 VPN, the Layer 2
   address of the packet identifies to which other CE the packet is
   destined.  The procedure outlined above installs a route that maps
   the Layer 2 address to a tunnel (which identifies the PE to which the
   destination CE is attached) and a VPN label (which identifies the
   destination CE).  If the egress PE is the same as the ingress PE, no
   tunnel or VPN label is needed.

   The packet may then be modified (depending on the Layer 2
   encapsulation).  In case of IP-only Layer 2 interworking, the Layer 2
   header is completely stripped off till the IP header.  Then, a VPN
   label and tunnel encapsulation are added as specified by the route
   described above, and the packet is sent to the egress PE.

   If the egress PE is the same as the ingress, the packet "arrives"
   with no labels.  Otherwise, the packet arrives with the VPN label,
   which is used to determine which CE is the destination CE.  The
   packet is restored to a fully-formed Layer 2 packet, and then sent to
   the CE.

6.1.  Layer 2 MTU

   This document requires that the Layer 2 MTU configured on all the
   access circuits connecting CEs to PEs in a L2VPN be the same.  This
   can be ensured by passing the configured Layer 2 MTU in the Layer2-
   info extended community when advertising L2VPN label-blocks.  On
   receiving L2VPN label-block from remote PEs in a VPN, the MTU value
   carried in the Layer2-info extendend community should be compared
   against the configured value for the VPN.  If they don't match, then
   the label-block should be ignored.

   The MTU on the Layer 2 access links MUST be chosen such that the size
   of the L2 frames plus the L2VPN header does not exceed the MTU of the
   SP network.  Layer 2 frames that exceed the MTU after encapsulation
   MUST be dropped.  For the case of IP-only Layer 2 interworking the IP
   MTU on the Layer 2 access link must be chosen such that the size of
   the IP packet and the L2VPN header does not exceed the MTU of the SP
   network.

6.2.  Layer 2 Frame Format

   The modification to the Layer 2 frame depends on the Layer 2 type.
   This document requires that the encapsulation methods used in
   transporting of Layer 2 frames over tunnels be the same as described
   in [RFC4448], [RFC4618], [RFC4619], and [RFC4717], except in the case
   of IP-only Layer 2 Interworking which is described next.



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6.3.  IP-only Layer 2 Interworking


         +----------------------------+
         | Tunnel |  VPN  |    IP     |     VPN label is the
         | Encap  | Label |  Packet   |     demultiplexing field
         +----------------------------+

          Figure 3: Format of IP-only Layer 2 interworking packet

   At the ingress PE, an L2 frame's L2 header is completely stripped off
   and is carried over as an IP packet within the SP network (Figure 3).
   The forwarding decision is still based on the L2 address of the
   incoming L2 frame.  At the egress PE, the IP packet is encapsulated
   back in an L2 frame and transported over to the destination CE.  The
   forwarding decision at the egress PE is based on the VPN label as
   before.  The L2 technology between egress PE and CE is independent of
   the L2 technology between ingress PE and CE.

































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7.  Security Considerations

   RFC 4761, on which this document is based, has a detailed discussion
   of security considerations, most of which apply to this document as
   well.  No new security concerns are introduced in this document.














































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8.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Chaitanya Kodeboyina, Dennis
   Ferguson, Der-Hwa Gan, Dave Katz, Nischal Sheth, John Stewart, and
   Paul Traina for the enlightening discussions that helped shape the
   ideas presented here, and Ross Callon for his valuable comments.

   The idea of using extended communities for more general connectivity
   of a Layer 2 VPN was a contribution by Yakov Rekhter, who also gave
   many useful comments on the text; many thanks to him.









































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9.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to create two new registries: one for the Encaps
   Type field of the L2-info extended community, and the other for TLVs
   of the L2VPN NLRI.  Both of these are defined in Section 4; proposed
   values for these fields are also defined in the same section, in
   Table 1 and Table 2.












































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10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC4360]  Sangli, S., Tappan, D., and Y. Rekhter, "BGP Extended
              Communities Attribute", RFC 4360, February 2006.

   [RFC4364]  Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
              Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006.

   [RFC4446]  Martini, L., "IANA Allocations for Pseudowire Edge to Edge
              Emulation (PWE3)", BCP 116, RFC 4446, April 2006.

   [RFC4448]  Martini, L., Rosen, E., El-Aawar, N., and G. Heron,
              "Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Ethernet over MPLS
              Networks", RFC 4448, April 2006.

   [RFC4618]  Martini, L., Rosen, E., Heron, G., and A. Malis,
              "Encapsulation Methods for Transport of PPP/High-Level
              Data Link Control (HDLC) over MPLS Networks", RFC 4618,
              September 2006.

   [RFC4619]  Martini, L., Kawa, C., and A. Malis, "Encapsulation
              Methods for Transport of Frame Relay over Multiprotocol
              Label Switching (MPLS) Networks", RFC 4619,
              September 2006.

   [RFC4717]  Martini, L., Jayakumar, J., Bocci, M., El-Aawar, N.,
              Brayley, J., and G. Koleyni, "Encapsulation Methods for
              Transport of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) over MPLS
              Networks", RFC 4717, December 2006.

   [RFC4761]  Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "Virtual Private LAN Service
              (VPLS) Using BGP for Auto-Discovery and Signaling",
              RFC 4761, January 2007.

10.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4447]  Martini, L., Rosen, E., El-Aawar, N., Smith, T., and G.
              Heron, "Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance Using the Label
              Distribution Protocol (LDP)", RFC 4447, April 2006.

   [RFC4762]  Lasserre, M. and V. Kompella, "Virtual Private LAN Service
              (VPLS) Using Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) Signaling",
              RFC 4762, January 2007.



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   [RFC4684]  Marques, P., Bonica, R., Fang, L., Martini, L., Raszuk,
              R., Patel, K., and J. Guichard, "Constrained Route
              Distribution for Border Gateway Protocol/MultiProtocol
              Label Switching (BGP/MPLS) Internet Protocol (IP) Virtual
              Private Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4684, November 2006.

   [Kosiur]   Kosiur, D., "Building and Managing Virtual Private
              Networks", November 1996.











































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Authors' Addresses

   Kireeti Kompella
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, CA  94089
   US

   Email: kireeti@juniper.net


   Bhupesh Kothari
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, CA  94089
   US

   Email: bhupesh@juniper.net


   Rao Cherukuri
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, CA  94089
   US

   Email: cherukuri@juniper.net
























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