Using TLS in Applications                                    D. Margolis
Internet-Draft                                               Google, Inc
Intended status: Standards Track                              A. Brotman
Expires: November 13, 2016                                  Comcast, Inc
                                                         B. Ramakrishnan
                                                             Yahoo!, Inc
                                                                J. Jones
                                                          Microsoft, Inc
                                                               M. Risher
                                                             Google, Inc
                                                            May 13, 2016


                           SMTP TLS Reporting
                     draft-ietf-uta-smtp-tlsrpt-00

Abstract

   A number of protocols exist for establishing encrypted channels
   between SMTP Mail Transfer Agents, including STARTTLS [RFC3207], DANE
   [RFC6698], and SMTP MTA STS (TODO: Add ref).  These protocols can
   fail due to misconfiguration or active attack, leading to undelivered
   messages or delivery over unencrypted or unauthenticated channels.
   This document describes a reporting mechanism and format by which
   sending systems can share statistics and specific information about
   potential failures with recipient domains.  Recipient domains can
   then use this information to both detect potential attackers and
   diagnose unintentional misconfigurations.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 20, 2016.






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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Related Technologies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Reporting Policy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Example Reporting Policy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       3.1.1.  Report using MAILTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       3.1.2.  Report using HTTPS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Reporting Schema  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Result Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       4.1.1.  Success Type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       4.1.2.  Routing Failures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       4.1.3.  Negotiation Failures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       4.1.4.  Policy Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  Report Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   8.  Appendix 1: JSON Report Schema  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   9.  Appendix 2: Example JSON Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   10. Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11

1.  Introduction

   The STARTTLS extension to SMTP [RFC3207] allows SMTP clients and
   hosts to establish secure SMTP sessions over TLS.  The protocol
   design is based on "Opportunistic Security" (OS) [RFC7435], which
   provides interoperability for clients that do not support STARTTLS
   but means that any attacker who can delete parts of the SMTP session
   (such as the "250 STARTTLS" response) or redirect the entire SMTP
   session (perhaps by overwriting the resolved MX record of the
   delivery domain) can perform a downgrade or interception attack.



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   Because such "downgrade attacks" are not necessarily apparent to the
   receiving MTA, this document defines a mechanism for sending domains
   to report on failures at multiple parts of the MTA-to-MTA
   conversation.

   Recipient domains may also use the mechanisms defined by MTA-STS
   (TODO: Add ref) or DANE [RFC6698] to publish additional encryption
   and authentication requirements; this document defines a mechanism
   for sending domains that are compatible with MTA-STS or DANE to share
   success and failure statistics with recipient domains.

   Specifically, this document defines a reporting schema that covers
   failures in routing, STARTTLS negotiation, and both DANE [RFC6698]
   and MTA-STS (TODO: Add ref) policy validation errors, and standard
   TXT record that recipient domains can use to indicate where reports
   in this format should be sent.

   This document is intended as a companion to the specification for
   SMTP MTA Strict Transport Security (MTA-STS, TODO: Add ref).

1.1.  Terminology

   The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
   SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this
   document, are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   We also define the following terms for further use in this document:

   o  STS Policy: A definition of the expected TLS availability and
      behavior, as well as the desired actions for a given domain when a
      sending MTA encounters different results.

   o  TLSRPT Policy: A policy detailing the endpoint to which sending
      MTAs should deliver reports.

   o  Policy Domain: The domain against which an STS Policy is defined.

   o  Sending MTA: The MTA initiating the delivery of an email message.

2.  Related Technologies

   o  This document is intended as a companion to the specification for
      SMTP MTA Strict Transport Security (MTA-STS, TODO: Add ref).

   o  The Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP [RFC7469] contains a
      JSON-based definition for reporting individual pin validation
      failures.




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   o  The Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and
      Conformance (DMARC) [RFC7489] contains an XML-based reporting
      format for aggregate and detailed email delivery errors.

3.  Reporting Policy

   SMTP TLSRPT policies are distributed via DNS from the Policy Domain's
   zone, as TXT records (similar to DMARC policies) under the name
   "_smtp_tlsrpt".  For example, for the Policy Domain "example.com",
   the recipient's SMTP STS policy can be retrieved from
   "_smtp_tlsrpt.example.com".

   (Future implementations may move to alternate methods of policy
   discovery or distribution.  See the section _Future_ _Work_ for more
   discussion.)

   Policies consist of the following directives:

   o  "v": This value MUST be equal to "TLSRPT1".

   o  "rua": A URI specifying the endpoint to which aggregate
      information about policy failures should be sent (see the section
      _Reporting_ _Schema_ for more information).  Two URI schemes are
      supported: "mailto" and "https".

 * In the case of `https`, reports should be submitted via POST
   ([@!RFC2818]) to the specified URI.
 * In the case of `mailto`, reports should be submitted to the specified
   email address. When sending failure reports via SMTP, sending MTAs
   MUST NOT honor SMTP STS or DANE TLSA failures.

   o  "ruf": Future use.  (There may also be a need for enabling more
      detailed "forensic" reporting during initial stages of a
      deployment.  To address this, the authors consider the possibility
      of an optional additional "forensic reporting mode" in which more
      details--such as certificate chains and MTA banners--may be
      reported.  See the section _Future_ _Work_ for more details.)

3.1.  Example Reporting Policy

3.1.1.  Report using MAILTO

              _smtp_tlsrpt.mail.example.com. IN TXT \
                  "v=TLSRPT1;rua=mailto=reports@example.com"







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3.1.2.  Report using HTTPS

             _smtp_tlsrpt.mail.example.com. IN TXT \
                 "v=TLSRPT1; \
                 rua=https://reporting.example.com/v1/tlsrpt"

4.  Reporting Schema

   Aggregate reports contain the following fields:

   o  Report metadata:

      *  The organization responsible for the report

         +  Contact information for one or more responsible parties for
            the contents of the report

      *  A unique identifier for the report

      *  The reporting date range for the report

   o  Policy, consisting of:

      *  One of the following policy types:

         +  The SMTP MTA STS policy applied (as a string)

         +  The DANE TLSA record applied (as a string) * The literal
            string "no-policy-found", if neither a TLSA nor

                       MTA-STS policy could be found.

      *  The domain for which the policy is applied

      *  The MX host

      *  An identifier for the policy (where applicable)

   o  Aggregate counts, comprising result type, sending MTA IP,
      receiving MTA hostname, message count, and an optional additional
      information field containing a URI for recipients to review
      further information on a failure type.

   Note that the failure types are non-exclusive; an aggregate report
   MAY contain overlapping "counts" of failure types where a single send
   attempt encountered multiple errors.





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4.1.  Result Types

   The list of result types will start with the minimal set below, and
   is expected to grow over time based on real-world experience.  The
   initial set is:

4.1.1.  Success Type

   o  "success": This indicates that the sending MTA was able to
      successfully negotiate a policy-compliant TLS connection, and
      serves to provide a "heartbeat" to receiving domains that
      reporting is functional and tabulating correctly.

4.1.2.  Routing Failures

   o  "mx-mismatch": This indicates that the MX resolved for the
      recipient domain did not match the MX constraint specified in the
      policy.

   o  "certificate-host-mismatch": This indicates that the certificate
      presented by the receiving MX did not match the MX hostname.

4.1.3.  Negotiation Failures

   o  "starttls-not-supported": This indicates that the recipient MX did
      not support STARTTLS.

   o  "invalid-certificate": This indicates that the certificate
      presented by the receiving MX did not validate.

   o  "certificate-host-mismatch": This indicates that the certificate
      presented did not adhere to the constraints specified in the STS
      or DANE policy, e.g.  if the CN field did not match the hostname
      of the MX.

   o  "certificate-name-constraints-not-permitted": The certificate
      request contains a name that is not listed as permitted in the
      name constraints extension of the cert issuer.

   o  "certificate-name-constraints-excluded": The certificate request
      contains a name that is listed as excluded in the name constraints
      extension of the issuer.

   o  "expired-certificate": This indicates that the certificate has
      expired.






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4.1.4.  Policy Failures

4.1.4.1.  DANE-specific Policy Failures

   o  "tlsa-invalid": This indicates a validation error in the TLSA
      record associated with a DANE policy.

   o  "dnssec-invalid": This indicates a failure to authenticate DNS
      records for a Policy Domain with a published TLSA record.

4.1.4.2.  STS-specific Policy Failures

   o  "sts-invalid": This indicates a validation error for the overall
      MTA-STS policy.

   o  "webpki-invalid": This indicates that the MTA-STS policy could not
      be authenticated using PKIX validation.

5.  Report Delivery

   Note that, when sending failure reports via SMTP, sending MTAs MUST
   NOT honor SMTP STS or DANE TLSA failures.

6.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA considerations at this time.

7.  Security Considerations

   SMTP TLS Reporting provides transparency into misconfigurations or
   attempts to intercept or tamper with mail between hosts who support
   STARTTLS.  There are several security risks presented by the
   existence of this reporting channel:

   o  Flooding of the Aggregate report URI (rua) endpoint: An attacker
      could flood the endpoint and prevent the receiving domain from
      accepting additional reports.  This type of Denial-of-Service
      attack would limit visibility into STARTTLS failures, leaving the
      receiving domain blind to an ongoing attack.

   o  Untrusted content: An attacker could inject malicious code into
      the report, opening a vulnerability in the receiving domain.
      Implementers are advised to take precautions against evaluating
      the contents of the report.

   o  Report snooping: An attacker could create a bogus TLSRPT record to
      receive statistics about a domain the attacker does not own.
      Since an attacker able to poison DNS is already able to receive



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      counts of SMTP connections (and, absent DANE or MTA-STS policies,
      actual SMTP message payloads) today, this does not present a
      significant new vulnerability.

8.  Appendix 1: JSON Report Schema

   The JSON schema is derived from the HPKP JSON schema [RFC7469] (cf.
   Section 3)

           {
             "organization-name": organization-name,
             "date-range": {
               "start-datetime": date-time,
               "end-datetime": date-time
             },
             "contact-info": email-address,
             "report-id": report-id,
             "policy": {
               "policy-type": policy-type,
               "policy-string": policy-string,
               "policy-domain": domain,
               "mx-host": mx-host-pattern
             },
             "report-items": [
               {
                 "result-type": result-type,
                 "sending-mta-ip": ip-address,
                 "receiving-mx-hostname": receiving-mx-hostname,
                 "message-count": message-count,
                 "additional-information": additional-info-uri
               }
             ]
           }

                            JSON Report Format

   o  "organization-name": The name of the organization responsible for
      the report.  It is provided as a string.

   o  "date-time": The date-time indicates the start- and end-times for
      the report range.  It is provided as a string formatted according
      to Section 5.6, "Internet Date/Time Format", of [RFC3339].

   o  "email-address": The contact information for a responsible party
      of the report.  It is provided as a string formatted according to
      Section 3.4.1, "Addr-Spec", of [RFC5322].





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   o  "report-id": A unique identifier for the report.  Report authors
      may use whatever scheme they prefer to generate a unique
      identifier.  It is provided as a string.

   o  "policy-type": The type of policy that was applied by the sending
      domain.  Presently, the only two valid choices are "tlsa" and
      "sts".  It is provided as a string.

   o  "policy-string": The string serialization of the policy, whether
      TLSA record or STS policy.  Any linefeeds from the original policy
      MUST be replaced with [SP].  TODO: Help with specifics.

   o  "domain": The Policy Domain upon which the policy was applied.
      For messages sent to "user@example.com" this field would contain
      "example.com".  It is provided as a string.

   o  "mx-host-pattern": The pattern of MX hostnames from the applied
      policy.  It is provided as a string, and is interpreted in the
      same manner as the "Checking of Wildcard Certificates" rules in
      Section 6.4.3 of [RFC6125].

   o  "result-type": A value from the _Result Types_ section above.

   o  "ip-address": The IP address of the sending MTA that attempted the
      STARTTLS connection.  It is provided as a string representation of
      an IPv4 or IPv6 address in dot-decimal or colon-hexadecimal
      notation.

   o  "receiving-mx-hostname": The hostname of the receiving MTA MX
      record with which the sending MTA attempted to negotiate a
      STARTTLS connection.

   o  "message-count": The number of (attempted) messages that match the
      relevant "result-type" for this section.

   o  "additional-info-uri": An optional URI pointing to additional
      information around the relevant "result-type".  For example, this
      URI might host the complete certificate chain presented during an
      attempted STARTTLS session.

9.  Appendix 2: Example JSON Report










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   {
       "organization-name": "Company-X",
       "date-range": {
           "start-datetime": "2016-04-01T00:00:00Z",
           "end-datetime": "2016-04-01T23:59:59Z"
       },
       "contact-info": "sts-reporting@company-x.com",
       "report-id": "5065427c-23d3-47ca-b6e0-946ea0e8c4be",
       "policy": {
           "policy-type": "sts",
           "policy-string": "TODO: Add me",
           "policy-domain": "company-y.com",
           "mx-host": "*.mail.company-y.com"
       },
       "report-items": [{
           "result-type": "ExpiredCertificate",
           "sending-mta-ip": "98.136.216.25",
           "receiving-mx-hostname": "mx1.mail.company-y.com",
           "message-count": 100
       }, {
           "result-type": "StarttlsNotSupported",
           "sending-mta-ip": "98.22.33.99",
           "receiving-mx-hostname": "mx2.mail.company-y.com",
           "message-count": 200,
           "additional-information": "hxxps://reports.company-x.com/
                     report_info?id=5065427c-23d3#StarttlsNotSupported"
       }]
   }

   Example JSON report for a messages from Company-X to Company-Y, where
     100 messages were attempted to Company Y servers with an expired
   certificate and 200 messages were attempted to Company Y servers that
           did not successfully respond to the STARTTLS command.

10.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3207]  Hoffman, P., "SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over
              Transport Layer Security", RFC 3207, DOI 10.17487/RFC3207,
              February 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3207>.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
              Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.



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   [RFC5322]  Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322, DOI
              10.17487/RFC5322, October 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5322>.

   [RFC6125]  Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and
              Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity
              within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509
              (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer
              Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, DOI 10.17487/RFC6125, March
              2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6125>.

   [RFC6698]  Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
              of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August
              2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.

   [RFC7435]  Dukhovni, V., "Opportunistic Security: Some Protection
              Most of the Time", RFC 7435, DOI 10.17487/RFC7435,
              December 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7435>.

   [RFC7469]  Evans, C., Palmer, C., and R. Sleevi, "Public Key Pinning
              Extension for HTTP", RFC 7469, DOI 10.17487/RFC7469, April
              2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7469>.

   [RFC7489]  Kucherawy, M., Ed. and E. Zwicky, Ed., "Domain-based
              Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance
              (DMARC)", RFC 7489, DOI 10.17487/RFC7489, March 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7489>.

Authors' Addresses

   Daniel Margolis
   Google, Inc

   Email: dmargolis (at) google.com


   Alexander Brotman
   Comcast, Inc

   Email: alexander_brotman (at) cable.comcast (dot com)


   Binu Ramakrishnan
   Yahoo!, Inc

   Email: rbinu (at) yahoo-inc (dot com)




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   Janet Jones
   Microsoft, Inc

   Email: janet.jones (at) microsoft (dot com)


   Mark Risher
   Google, Inc

   Email: risher (at) google (dot com)









































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