Network Working Group                                       Luca Martini
Internet Draft                                             Eric C. Rosen
Expiration Date: November 2006                       Cisco Systems, Inc.

                                                             Giles Heron
                                                         Andrew G. Malis
                                                                 Tellabs


                                                                May 2006


   Encapsulation Methods for Transport of PPP/HDLC Over MPLS Networks


               draft-ietf-pwe3-hdlc-ppp-encap-mpls-09.txt

Status of this Memo

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Abstract

   A Pseudowire (PW) can be used to carry Point to Point Protocol (PPP),
   or High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protocol Data Units over an
   Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network without terminating the
   PPP/HDLC protocol. This enables service providers to offer "emulated"
   HDLC, or PPP link services over existing MPLS networks. This document
   specifies the encapsulation of PPP/HDLC Packet Data Units (PDUs)



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   within a pseudo wire.


Table of Contents

    1      Specification of Requirements  ..........................   2
    2      Introduction  ...........................................   2
    3      Applicability Statement  ................................   5
    4      General encapsulation method  ...........................   6
    4.1    The Control Word  .......................................   6
    4.2    MTU Requirements  .......................................   8
    5      Protocol-Specific Details  ..............................   9
    5.1    HDLC  ...................................................   9
    5.2    Frame Relay Port Mode  ..................................   9
    5.3    PPP  ....................................................  11
    6      Using an MPLS Label as the Demultiplexer Field  .........  11
    6.1    MPLS Shim EXP Bit Values  ...............................  11
    6.2    MPLS Shim S Bit Value  ..................................  12
    7      Congestion Control  .....................................  12
    8      IANA Considerations  ....................................  12
    9      Security Considerations  ................................  13
   10      Intellectual Property Statement  ........................  13
   11      Full Copyright Statement  ...............................  13
   12      Normative References  ...................................  14
   13      Informative References  .................................  14
   14      Author Information  .....................................  15
   15      Contributing Author Information  ........................  16





1. Specification of Requirements

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119


2. Introduction

   A PPP/HDLC Pseudowire (PW) allows PPP/HDLC Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
   to be carried over an MPLS network. In addressing the issues
   associated with carrying a PPP/HDLC PDU over an MPLS network, this
   document assumes that a Pseudowire (PW) has been set up by some means
   outside the scope of this document. This may be via manual
   configuration, or using the signaling protocol such as that defined
   in [CONTROL].



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   The following figure describes the reference models which are derived
   from [ARCH] to support the HDLC/PPP PW emulated services. The reader
   is also asummmed to be familiar with the content of the [ARCH]
   Document.

         |<-------------- Emulated Service ---------------->|
         |                                                  |
         |          |<------- Pseudo Wire ------>|          |
         |          |                            |          |
         |          |    |<-- PSN Tunnel -->|    |          |
         |          V    V                  V    V          |
         V   AC     +----+                  +----+    AC    V
   +-----+    |     | PE1|==================| PE2|     |    +-----+
   |     |----------|............PW1.............|----------|     |
   | CE1 |    |     |    |                  |    |     |    | CE2 |
   |     |----------|............PW2.............|----------|     |
   +-----+  ^ |     |    |==================|    |     | ^  +-----+
         ^  |       +----+                  +----+     | |  ^
         |  |   Provider Edge 1         Provider Edge 2  |  |
         |  |                                            |  |
   Customer |                                            | Customer
   Edge 1   |                                            | Edge 2
            |                                            |
            |                                            |
      native HDLC/PPP service                   native HDLC/PPP service


      Figure 1: PWE3 HDLC/PPP Interface Reference Configuration

   This document specifies the emulated PW encapsulation for PPP, and
   HDLC, however quality of service related issues are not discussed in
   this document. For the purpose of the discussion in this document PE1
   will be defined as the ingress router, and PE2 as the egress router.
   A layer 2 PDU will be received at PE1, encapsulated at PE1,
   transported, decapsulated at PE2, and transmitted out on the
   attachment circuit of PE2.

   The following reference model describes the termination point of each
   end of the PW within the PE:












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           +-----------------------------------+
           |                PE                 |
   +---+   +-+  +-----+  +------+  +------+  +-+
   |   |   |P|  |     |  |PW ter|  | PSN  |  |P|
   |   |<==|h|<=| NSP |<=|minati|<=|Tunnel|<=|h|<== From PSN
   |   |   |y|  |     |  |on    |  |      |  |y|
   | C |   +-+  +-----+  +------+  +------+  +-+
   | E |   |                                   |
   |   |   +-+  +-----+  +------+  +------+  +-+
   |   |   |P|  |     |  |PW ter|  | PSN  |  |P|
   |   |==>|h|=>| NSP |=>|minati|=>|Tunnel|=>|h|==> To PSN
   |   |   |y|  |     |  |on    |  |      |  |y|
   +---+   +-+  +-----+  +------+  +------+  +-+
           |                                   |
           +-----------------------------------+
                   ^        ^          ^
                   |        |          |
                   A        B          C

           Figure 2: PW reference diagram

   The PW terminates at a logical port within the PE, defined at point B
   in the above diagram. This port provides an HDLC Native Service
   Processing function that will deliver each PPP/HDLC packet that is
   received at point A, unaltered, to the point A in the corresponding
   PE at the other end of the PW.

   The Native Service Processing (NSP) function includes packet
   processing that is required for the PPP/HDLC packets that are
   forwarded to the PW termination point. Such functions may include bit
   stuffing, PW-PW bridging, L2 encapsulation, shaping, policing, etc.
   These functions are specific to the native packet technology , and
   may not be required for the PW emulation service.

   The points to the left of B, including the physical layer between the
   CE and PE, and any adaptation (NSP) functions between it and the PW
   terminations, are outside of the scope of PWE3 and are not defined
   here.

   "PW Termination", between A and B, represents the operations for
   setting up and maintaining the PW, and for encapsulating and
   decapsulating the PPP/HDLC packets as necessary to transmit them
   across the MPLS network.








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3. Applicability Statement

   PPP/HDLC transport over PW service is not intended to perfectly
   emulate the traditional PPP or HDLC service, but it can be used for
   some applications that require PPP or HDLC transport service.

   The applicability statements in [FRAME] also apply to the Frame Relay
   port mode PW described in this document.

   The following are notable differences between traditional PPP/HDLC
   service, and the protocol described in this document:

     - Packet ordering can be preserved using the OPTIONAL sequence
       field in the control word, however implementations are not
       required to support this feature.

     - The Quality of Service model for traditional PPP/HDLC links can
       be emulated, however this is outside the scope of this document.

     - A Frame Relay Port mode PW, or HDLC PW, does not process any
       packet relay status messages or alarms as described in [Q922]
       [Q933]

     - The HDLC Flags are processed locally in the PE connected to the
       attachment circuit.

   The HDLC mode is suitable for port to port transport of Frame Relay
   UNI or NNI traffic. Since all packets are passed in a largely
   transparent manner over the HDLC PW, any protocol which has HDLC-like
   framing may utilize the HDLC PW mode, including PPP, Frame-Relay,
   X.25, etc. Exceptions include cases where direct access to the HDLC
   interface is required, or modes which operate on the flags, Frame
   Check Sequence (FCS) , or bit/byte unstuffing that is performed
   before sending the HDLC PDU over the PW. An example of this is PPP
   Asynchronous-Control-Character-Map (ACCM) negotiation.

   For PPP since media-specific framing is not carried the following
   options will not operate correctly if the PPP peers attempt to
   negotiate them:

     - Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Alternatives
     - Address-and-Control-Field-Compression (ACFC)
     - Asynchronous-Control-Character-Map (ACCM)

   Note also that PW LSP Interface MTU negotiation as specified in
   [CONTROL] is not affected by PPP MRU advertisement. Thus if a PPP
   peer sends a PDU with a length in excess of that negotiated for the
   PW tunnel that PDU will be discarded by the ingress router.



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4. General encapsulation method

   This section describes the general encapsulation format for PPP and
   HDLC packets over MPLS pseudo wires.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               PSN Transport Header (As Required)              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                     Pseudo Wire Header                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                     Control Word                              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                     PPP/HDLC Service Payload                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Figure 3: General format for PPP/HDLC encapsulation over PSNs

   The PSN Transport Header depends on the particular tunneling
   technology in use. This header is used to transport the encapsulated
   PPP/HDLC information through the packet switched core.

   The Pseudo Wire Header identifies a particular PPP/HDLC service on a
   tunnel.  In case of MPLS the Pseudo Wire Header is the MPLS label at
   the bottom of the MPLS label stack.

   The Control Word is inserted before the PPP/HDLC service payload. It
   may contain a length and sequence number.


4.1. The Control Word

   There are four requirements that may need to be satisfied when
   transporting layer 2 protocols over an MPLS PSN:

        -i. Sequentiality may need to be preserved.
       -ii. Small packets may need to be padded in order to be
            transmitted on a medium where the minimum transport unit is
            larger than the actual packet size.
      -iii. Control bits carried in the header of the layer 2 packet may
            need to be transported.
       -iv. Creating an in-band associated channel for operation and
            maintenance communications.

   The Control Word defined in this section is based on the Generic PW
   MPLS Control Word as defined in [CW]. It provides the ability to
   sequence individual packets on the PW, avoidance of equal-cost



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   multiple-path load-balancing (ECMP) [RFC2992], and enables OAM
   mechanisms including [VCCV].

   [CW] states, "If a PW is sensitive to packet mis-ordering and is
   being carried over an MPLS PSN that uses the contents of the MPLS
   payload to select the ECMP path, it MUST employ a mechanism which
   prevents packet mis-ordering." This is necessary due to the fact that
   ECMP implementations may examine the first nibble after the MPLS
   label stack to determine whether the labeled packet is IP or not.
   Thus, if the PPP protocol number of an PPP packet carried over the PW
   without a control word present begins with 0x4 or 0x6, it could be
   mistaken for an IPv4 or IPv6 packet.  This could, depending on the
   configuration and topology of the MPLS network, lead to a situation
   where all packets for a given PW do not follow the same path. This
   may increase out-of-order packets on a given PW, or cause OAM packets
   to follow a different path than actual traffic.

   The features that the control word provides may not be needed for a
   given PPP/HDLC PW. For example, ECMP may not be present or active on
   a given MPLS network, strict packet sequencing may not be required,
   etc. If this is the case, the control word provides little value and
   is therefore optional.  Early PPP/HDLC PW implementations have been
   deployed that do not include a control word or the ability to process
   one if present. To aid in backwards compatibility, future
   implementations MUST be able to send and receive packets without the
   control word present.

   In all cases the egress PE MUST be aware of whether the ingress PE
   will send a control word over a specific PW. This may be achieved by
   configuration of the PEs, or by signaling, as defined in [CONTROL].

   The control word is defined as follows:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |0 0 0 0|0 0 0 0|Res|   Length  |     Sequence Number           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                   Figure 4: MPLS PWE3 Control Word

   In the above diagram the first 4 bits are set to 0 in indicate a CW
   [CW].

   The next 4 bits provide space for carrying protocol specific flags.
   These are not used for HDLC/PPP and they MUST be set to 0 when
   transmitting, and MUST be ignored upon receipt.




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   The next 2 bits are reserved for future use, and MUST be set to 0 on
   transmission and MUST be ignored on reception.

   The next 6 bits provide a length field, which is used as follows: If
   the packet's length (defined as the length of the layer 2 payload
   plus the length of the control word) is less than 64 bytes, the
   length field MUST be set to the packet's length. Otherwise the length
   field MUST be set to zero.  The value of the length field, if not
   zero, is used to remove any padding that may have been added by the
   MPLS network. If the control word is used, and padding was added to
   the packet while transiting the MPLS network, then when the packet
   reaches the egress PE the padding MUST be removed before forwarding
   the packet.

   The next 16 bits provide a sequence number that can be used to
   guarantee ordered packet delivery. The processing of the sequence
   number field is OPTIONAL.[CW]

   The sequence number space is a 16 bit, unsigned circular space. The
   sequence number value 0 is used to indicate an unsequenced
   packet.[CW]

   The procedures described in section 4 of [CW] MUST be followed to
   process the sequence number field.


4.2. MTU Requirements

   The network MUST be configured with an MTU that is sufficient to
   transport the largest encapsulation packets. When MPLS is used as the
   tunneling protocol, for example, this is likely to be 12 or more
   bytes greater than the largest packet size. The methodology described
   in [FRAG] MAY be used to fragment encapsulated packets that exceed
   the PSN MTU. However if [FRAG] is not used then if the ingress router
   determines that an encapsulated layer 2 PDU exceeds the MTU of the
   PSN tunnel through which it must be sent, the PDU MUST be dropped.

   If a packet is received on the attachment circuit that exceeds the
   interface MTU subTLV value [CONTROL], it MUST be dropped.  It is also
   recommended that PPP devices MUST NOT negotiate PPP MRUs larger than
   that of the AC MTU.










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5. Protocol-Specific Details

5.1. HDLC

   HDLC mode provides port to port transport of HDLC encapsulated
   traffic. The HDLC PDU is transported in its entirety, including the
   HDLC address, control and protocol fields, but excluding HDLC flags
   and the FCS. Bit/Byte stuffing is undone. The control word is
   OPTIONAL. If the control word is used then the flag bits in the
   control word are not used, and MUST be set to 0 when transmitting,
   and MUST be ignored upon receipt.

   When the PE detects a status change in the attachment circuit status,
   such as an attachment circuit physical link failure, or the AC is
   administratively disabled, the PE MUST send the appropriate PW status
   notification message that corresponds to the HDLC AC status. In a
   similar manner, the local PW status MUST also be reflected in a
   respective PW status notification message as described in [CONTROL].

   The PW of type 0x0006 "HDLC" will be used to transport HDLC packets.
   The IANA allocation registry of "Pseudowire Type" is defined in the
   IANA allocation document for PWs [BCP116] along with initial
   allocated values.


5.2. Frame Relay Port Mode

   Figure 5 illustrates the concept of frame relay port mode or many-
   to-one mapping which is an OPTIONAL capability.

   Figure 5a shows two frame relay devices physically connected with a
   frame relay UNI or NNI. Between their two ports P1 and P2, n frame
   relay VCs are configured.

   Figure 5b shows the replacement of the physical frame relay interface
   with a pair of PEs and a PW between them. The interface between a FR
   device and a PE is either a FR UNI or NNI. The set of n FR VCs
   between the two FR ports P1 and P2 which are controlled by the same
   signaling channel using DLCI=0, are mapped into one PW. The standard
   frame relay Link Management Interface (LMI) procedures happen
   directly between the CEs. Hence with port mode we have many-to-one
   mapping between FR VCs and a PW.









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              +------+                          +-------+
              | FR   |                          |   FR  |
              |device|         FR UNI/NNI       | device|
              |    [P1]------------------------[P2]     |
              |      |      carrying n FR VCs   |       |
              +------+                          +-------+

                 [Pn]: A port

            Figure 5a: FR interface between two FR devices

                   |<---------------------------->|
                    |                              |
                     +----+                  +----+
   +------+          |    |     One PW       |    |         +------+
   |      |          |    |==================|    |         |      |
   |  FR  |    FR    | PE1| carrying n FR VCs| PE2|    FR   |  FR  |
   |device|----------|    |                  |    |---------|device|
   | CE1  | UNI/NNI  |    |                  |    | UNI/NNI | CE2  |
   +------+          +----+                  +----+         +------+
          |                                                 |
          |<----------------------------------------------->|
                                  n FR VCs

         Figure 5b: Pseudo-wires replacing the FR interface


   FR VCs are not visible individually to a PE; there is no
   configuration of individual FR VC in a PE. A PE processes the set of
   FR VCs assigned to a port as an aggregate.

   FR port mode provides transport between two PEs of a complete FR
   frame using the same encapsulation as described above for HDLC mode.

   Although frame relay port mode shares the same encapsulation as HDLC
   mode, a different PW type is allocated in [BCP116]: 0x000F  Frame-
   Relay Port mode.

   All other aspects of this PW type are identical to the HDLC PW
   encapsulation described above.











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5.3. PPP

   PPP mode provides point to point transport of PPP encapsulated
   traffic, as specified in [PPP]. The PPP PDU is transported in its
   entirety, including the protocol field (whether compressed using
   Protocol Field Compression or not), but excluding any media-specific
   framing information, such as HDLC address and control fields or FCS.

   If the OPTIONAL control word is used then the flag bits in the
   control word are not used, and MUST be set to 0 when transmitting,
   and MUST be ignored upon receipt.

   When the PE detects a status change in the attachment circuit (AC)
   status, such as an attachment circuit physical link failure, or the
   AC is administratively disabled, the PE MUST send the appropriate PW
   status notification message that corresponds to the PPP AC status. It
   should be noted that PPP negotiation status is transparent to the PW,
   and MUST NOT be communicated to the remote MPLS PE. In a similar
   manner, the local PW status MUST also be reflected in a respective PW
   status notification message as described in [CONTROL].

   A PW of type 0x0007 "PPP" will be used to transport PPP packets.

   The IANA allocation registry of "Pseudowire Type" is defined in the
   IANA allocation document for PWs [BCP116] along with initial
   allocated values.


6. Using an MPLS Label as the Demultiplexer Field

   To use an MPLS label as the demultiplexer field, a 32-bit label stack
   entry [MPLSENCAP] is simply prepended to the emulated PW
   encapsulation, and hence will appear as the bottom label of an MPLS
   label stack. This label may be called the "PW label". The particular
   emulated PW identified by a particular label value must be agreed by
   the ingress and egress LSRs, either by signaling (e.g, via the
   methods of [CONTROL]) or by configuration. Other fields of the label
   stack entry are set as described below.


6.1. MPLS Shim EXP Bit Values

   If it is desired to carry Quality of Service information, the Quality
   of Service information SHOULD be represented in the EXP field of the
   PW label.  If more than one MPLS label is imposed by the ingress LSR,
   the EXP field of any labels higher in the stack MUST also carry the
   same value.




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6.2. MPLS Shim S Bit Value

   The ingress LSR, PE1, MUST set the S bit of the PW label to a value
   of 1 to denote that the PW label is at the bottom of the stack.


7. Congestion Control

   As explained in [ARCH], the PSN carrying the PW may be subject to
   congestion, with congestion characteristics depending on PSN type,
   network architecture, configuration, and loading. During congestion
   the PSN may exhibit packet loss that will impact the service carried
   by the PPP/HLDC PW.  In addition, since PPP/HDLC PWs carry an
   unspecified type of services across the PSN, they cannot behave in a
   TCP-friendly manner prescribed by [RFC2914]. In the presence of
   services that reduce transmission rate, PPP/HDLC PWs will thus
   consume more than their fair share and SHOULD be halted.

   Whenever possible, PPP/HDLC PWs should be run over traffic-engineered
   PSNs providing bandwidth allocation and admission control mechanisms.
   IntServ-enabled domains providing the Guaranteed Service (GS) or
   DiffServ-enabled domains using EF (expedited forwarding) are examples
   of traffic-engineered PSNs. Such PSNs will minimize loss and delay
   while providing some degree of isolation of the PPP/HDLC PW's effects
   from neighboring streams.

   The PEs SHOULD monitor for congestion (by using explicit congestion
   notification, [VCCV], or by measuring packet loss) in order to ensure
   that the service using the PPP/HDLC PW may be maintained. When
   significant congestion is detected the PPP/HDLC PW SHOULD be
   administratively disabled.  If the PW has been set up using the
   protocol defined in [CONTROL], then procedures specified in [CONTROL]
   for status notification can be used to disable packet transmission on
   the ingress PE from the egress PE. The PW may be restarted by manual
   intervention, or by automatic means after an appropriate waiting
   time.


8. IANA Considerations

   This document has no new IANA Actions. All necessary IANA actions
   have already been included in [BCP116].









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9. Security Considerations

   The PPP and HDLC pseudowire type is subject to all of the general
   security considerations discussed in [ARCH][CONTROL]. This document
   specifies only encapsulations, and not the protocols that may be used
   to carry the encapsulated packets across the MPLS network. Each such
   protocol may have its own set of security issues, but those issues
   are not affected by the encapsulations specified herein.


10. Intellectual Property Statement

   The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
   Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
   pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
   this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
   might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
   made any independent effort to identify any such rights.  Information
   on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
   found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
   assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
   attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
   such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
   specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
   http://www.ietf.org/ipr.

   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
   copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
   rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
   this standard.  Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-
   ipr@ietf.org.


11. Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
   contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
   retain all their rights.

   This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
   OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
   ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
   INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE



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   INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.


12. Normative References

   [CONTROL] "Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance using LDP",
        Martini, L., et al., draft-ietf-pwe3-control-protocol-16.txt,
        ( work in progress ), April 2005

   [MPLSENCAP] "MPLS Label Stack Encoding", E. Rosen, Y. Rekhter,
        D. Tappan, G. Fedorkow, D. Farinacci, T. Li, A. Conta. RFC3032

   [BCP116] Martini L., "IANA Allocations for pseudo Wire Edge to Edge
        Emulation (PWE3)", RFC4446, BCP116, April 2006

   [CW] "PWE3 Control Word for use over an MPLS PSN", S. Bryant,
        G. Swallow, D. McPherson, draft-ietf-pwe3-cw-06.txt, ( work in
        progress ), October 2005.

   [PPP] "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", RFC 1661.

   [FRAME] "Frame Relay over Pseudo-Wires",
        draft-ietf-pwe3-frame-relay-06.txt. December 2005,
        (work in progress )


13. Informative References

   [ARCH] "PWE3 Architecture" Bryant, et al.,RFC3985

   [FRAG] "PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly", A. Malis,W. M. Townsley,
        draft-ietf-pwe3-fragmentation-08.txt ( work in progress )
        February 2005

   [VCCV] Nadeau, T., et al."Pseudo Wire Virtual Circuit Connection
        Verification (VCCV)", Internet Draft
        draft-ietf-pwe3-vccv-08.txt, October 2005. (work in progress)

   [RFC2992] RFC-2992:  Analysis of an Equal-Cost Multi-Path
        Algorithm, C. Hopps, November 2000

   [RFC2914]  S. Floyd, "Congestion Control Principles" RFC 2914

   [Q922] ITU-T Recommendation Q.922 Specification for Frame Mode
        Basic call control, ITU Geneva 1995





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Internet Draft draft-ietf-pwe3-hdlc-ppp-encap-mpls-09.txt       May 2006


   [Q933] ITU-T Recommendation Q.933 Specification for Frame Mode
        Basic call control, ITU Geneva 2003


14. Author Information


   Luca Martini
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   9155 East Nichols Avenue, Suite 400
   Englewood, CO, 80112
   e-mail: lmartini@cisco.com


   Giles Heron
   Tellabs
   Abbey Place
   24-28 Easton Street
   High Wycombe
   Bucks
   HP11 1NT
   UK
   e-mail: giles.heron@tellabs.com


   Eric C. Rosen
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   1414 Massachusetts Avenue
   Boxborough, MA 01719
   E-mail: erosen@cisco.com


   Andrew G. Malis
   Tellabs
   90 Rio Robles Dr.
   San Jose, CA 95134
   e-mail: Andy.Malis@tellabs.com














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15. Contributing Author Information


   Yeongil Seo
   463-1 KT Technology Lab
   Jeonmin-dong Yusung-gu
   Daegeon, Korea
   email: syi1@kt.co.kr


   Toby Smith
   Laurel Networks, Inc.
   Omega Corporate Center
   1300 Omega Drive
   Pittsburgh, PA 15205
   e-mail: tob@laurelnetworks.com



































Martini, et al.                                                [Page 16]