Network Working Group                                          A. Lindem
Internet-Draft                                             Cisco Systems
Intended status: Standards Track                                J. Arkko
Expires: March 13, 2015                                         Ericsson
                                                       September 9, 2014


                       OSPFv3 Auto-Configuration
                draft-ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig-09.txt

Abstract

   OSPFv3 is a candidate for deployments in environments where auto-
   configuration is a requirement.  One such environment is the IPv6
   home network where users expect to simply plug in a router and have
   it automatically use OSPFv3 for intra-domain routing.  This document
   describes the necessary mechanisms for OSPFv3 to be self-configuring.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 13, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as



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   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  Requirements notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.2.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  OSPFv3 Default Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  OSPFv3 HelloInterval/RouterDeadInterval Flexibility  . . . . .  7
     3.1.  Wait Timer Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.  OSPFv3 Minimal Authentication Configuration  . . . . . . . . .  8
   5.  OSPFv3 Router ID Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   6.  OSPFv3 Adjacency Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   7.  OSPFv3 Duplicate Router ID Detection and Resolution  . . . . . 11
     7.1.  Duplicate Router ID Detection for Neighbors  . . . . . . . 11
     7.2.  Duplicate Router ID Detection for OSPFv3 Routers that
           are not Neighbors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       7.2.1.  OSPFv3 Router Auto-Configuration LSA . . . . . . . . . 11
       7.2.2.  Router-Hardware-Fingerprint TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     7.3.  Duplicate Router ID Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     7.4.  Change to RFC 2328 Section 13.4, 'Receiving
           Self-Originated LSA' Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   9.  Management Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   10. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19





















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1.  Introduction

   OSPFv3 [OSPFV3] is a candidate for deployments in environments where
   auto-configuration is a requirement.  Its operation is largely
   unchanged from the base OSPFv3 protocol specification [OSPFV3].

   The following aspects of OSPFv3 auto-configuration are described:

   1.  Default OSPFv3 Configuration

   2.  HelloInterval/RouterDeadInterval Flexibility

   3.  Unique OSPFv3 Router-ID generation

   4.  OSPFv3 Adjacency Formation

   5.  Duplicate OSPFv3 Router-ID Resolution

1.1.  Requirements notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC-KEYWORDS].

1.2.  Acknowledgments

   This specification was inspired by the work presented in the Homenet
   working group meeting in October 2011 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
   In particular, we would like to thank Fred Baker, Lorenzo Colitti,
   Ole Troan, Mark Townsley, and Michael Richardson.

   Arthur Dimitrelis and Aidan Williams did prior work in OSPFv3 auto-
   configuration in the expired "Autoconfiguration of routers using a
   link state routing protocol" IETF Draft.  There are many similarities
   between the concepts and techniques in this document.

   Thanks for Abhay Roy and Manav Bhatia for comments regarding
   duplicate router-id processing.

   Thanks for Alvaro Retana and Michael Barnes for comments regarding
   OSPFv3 Instance ID auto-configuration.

   Thanks to Faraz Shamim for review and comments.

   Thanks to Mark Smith for the requirement to reduce the adjacency
   formation delay in the back-to-back ethernet topologies that are
   prevalent in home networks.




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   Thanks to Les Ginsberg for document review and recommendations on
   OSPFv3 hardware fingerprint content.

   Thanks to Curtis Villamizar for document review and analysis of
   duplicate router-id resolution nuances.

   Thanks to Uma Chunduri for comments during OSPF WG last call.

   Special thanks go to Markus Stenberg for his implementation of this
   specification in Bird.

   Special thanks also go to David Lamparter for his implementation of
   this specification in Quagga.

   The RFC text was produced using Marshall Rose's xml2rfc tool.




































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2.  OSPFv3 Default Configuration

   For complete auto-configuration, OSPFv3 will need to choose suitable
   configuration defaults.  These include:

   1.  Area 0 Only - All auto-configured OSPFv3 interfaces MUST be in
       area 0.

   2.  OSPFv3 SHOULD be auto-configured on for IPv6 on all interfaces
       intended as general IPv6-capable routers.  Optionally, an
       interface MAY be excluded if it is clear that running OSPFv3 on
       the interface is not required.  For example, if manual
       configuration or another condition indicates that an interface is
       connected to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and there is no
       Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) [BGP] peering, there is typically
       no need to employ OSPFv3.  In fact, [IPv6-CPE] specifically
       requires that IPv6 Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) routers do
       not initiate any dynamic routing protocol by default on the
       router's WAN, i.e., ISP-facing, interface.  In home networking
       environments, an interface where no OSPFv3 neighbors are found
       but a DHCP IPv6 prefix can be acquired may be considered an ISP-
       facing interface and running OSPFv3 is unnecessary.

   3.  OSPFv3 interfaces will be auto-configured to an interface type
       corresponding to their layer-2 capability.  For example, Ethernet
       interfaces and vanilla Wi-Fi interfaces will be auto-configured
       as OSPFv3 broadcast networks and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
       interfaces will be auto-configured as OSPFv3 Point-to-Point
       interfaces.  Most extant OSPFv3 implementations do this already.
       Auto-configured operation over wireless networks requiring a
       point-to-multipoint (P2MP) topology and dynamic metrics based on
       wireless feedback is not within the scope of this document.
       However, auto-configuration is not precluded in these
       environments.

   4.  OSPFv3 interfaces MAY use an arbitrary HelloInterval and
       RouterDeadInterval as specified in Section 3.  Of course, an
       identical HelloInterval and RouterDeadInterval will still be
       required to form an adjacency with an OSPFv3 router not
       supporting auto-configuration [OSPFV3].

   5.  All OSPFv3 interfaces SHOULD be auto-configured to use an
       Interface Instance ID of 0 that corresponds to the base IPv6
       unicast address family instance ID as defined in [OSPFV3-AF].
       Similarly, if IPv4 unicast addresses are advertised in a separate
       auto-configured OSPFv3 instance, the base IPv4 unicast address
       family instance ID value, i.e., 64, SHOULD be auto-configured as
       the Interface Instance ID for all interfaces corresponding to the



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       IPv4 unicast OSPFv3 instance [OSPFV3-AF].


















































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3.  OSPFv3 HelloInterval/RouterDeadInterval Flexibility

   Auto-configured OSPFv3 routers will not require an identical
   HelloInterval and RouterDeadInterval to form adjacencies.  Rather,
   the received HelloInterval will be ignored and the received
   RouterDeadInterval will be used to determine OSPFv3 liveliness with
   the sending router.  In other words, the Neighbor Inactivity Timer
   (Section 10 of [OSPFV2]) for each neighbor will reflect that
   neighbor's advertised RouterDeadInterval and MAY be different from
   other OSPFv3 routers on the link without impacting adjacency
   formation.  A similar mechanism requiring additional signaling is
   proposed for all OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 routers [ASYNC-HELLO].

3.1.  Wait Timer Reduction

   In many situations, auto-configured OSPFv3 routers will be deployed
   in environments where back-to-back ethernet connections are utilized.
   When this is the case, an OSPFv3 broadcast interface will not come up
   until the other OSPFv3 router is connected and the routers will wait
   RouterDeadInterval seconds before forming an adjacency [OSPFV2].  In
   order to reduce this delay, an auto-configured OSPFv3 router MAY
   reduce the wait interval to a value no less than (HelloInterval + 1).
   Reducing the setting will slightly increase the likelihood of the
   Designated Router (DR) flapping but is preferable to the long
   adjacency formation delay.  Note that this value is not included in
   OSPFv3 Hello packets and does not impact interoperability.

























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4.  OSPFv3 Minimal Authentication Configuration

   In many deployments, the requirement for OSPFv3 authentication
   overrides the goal of complete OSPFv3 autoconfiguration.  Therefore,
   it is RECOMMENDED that OSPFv3 routers supporting this specification
   minimally offer an option to explicitly configure a single password
   for HMAC-SHA authentication as described in [OSPFV3-AUTH-TRAILER].
   When configured, the password will be used on all auto-configured
   interfaces with the Security Association Identifier (SA ID) set to 1
   and HMAC-SHA-256 used as the authentication algorithm.









































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5.  OSPFv3 Router ID Selection

   As OSPFv3 Router implementing this specification must select a unique
   Router ID.  A pseudo-random number SHOULD be used for the OSPFv3
   Router ID.  The generation should be seeded with a variable that is
   likely to be unique in the applicable OSPFv3 router deployment.  A
   good choice of seed would be some portion or hash of the Router-
   Hardware-Fingerprint as described in Section 7.2.2.

   Since there is a possibility of a Router ID collision, duplicate
   Router ID detection and resolution are required as described in
   Section 7 and Section 7.3.  OSPFv3 Routers SHOULD maintain the last
   successfully chosen Router ID in non-volatile storage to avoid
   collisions subsequent to when an autoconfigured OSPFv3 router is
   first added to the OSPFv3 routing domain.




































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6.  OSPFv3 Adjacency Formation

   Since OSPFv3 uses IPv6 link-local addresses for all protocol messages
   other than messages sent on virtual links (which are not applicable
   to auto-configuration), OSPFv3 adjacency formation can proceed as
   soon as a Router ID has been selected and the IPv6 link-local address
   has completed Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) as specified in IPv6
   Stateless Address Autoconfiguration [SLAAC].  Otherwise, the only
   changes to the OSPFv3 base specification are supporting
   HelloInterval/RouterDeadInterval flexibility as described in
   Section 3 and duplicate Router ID detection and resolution as
   described in Section 7 and Section 7.3.







































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7.  OSPFv3 Duplicate Router ID Detection and Resolution

   There are two cases of duplicate OSPFv3 Router ID detection.  One
   where the OSPFv3 router with the duplicate Router ID is directly
   connected and one where it is not.  In both cases, the duplicate
   resolution is for one of the routers to select a new OSPFv3 Router
   ID.

7.1.  Duplicate Router ID Detection for Neighbors

   In this case, a duplicate Router ID is detected if any valid OSPFv3
   packet is received with the same OSPFv3 Router ID but a different
   IPv6 link-local source address.  Once this occurs, the OSPFv3 router
   with the numerically smaller IPv6 link-local address will need to
   select a new Router ID as described in Section 7.3.  Note that the
   fact that the OSPFv3 router is a neighbor on a non-virtual interface
   implies that the router is directly connected.  An OSPFv3 router
   implementing this specification should assure that the inadvertent
   connection of multiple router interfaces to the same physical link is
   not misconstrued as detection of an OSPFv3 neighbor with a duplicate
   Router ID.

7.2.  Duplicate Router ID Detection for OSPFv3 Routers that are not
      Neighbors

   OSPFv3 Routers implementing auto-configuration, as specified herein,
   MUST originate an Auto-Configuration (AC) Link State Advertisement
   (LSA) including the Router-Hardware-Fingerprint Type-Length-Value
   (TLV).  The Router-Hardware-Fingerprint TLV contains a variable
   length value that has a very high probability of uniquely identifying
   the advertising OSPFv3 router.  An OSPFv3 router implementing this
   specification MUST compare a received self-originated Auto-
   Configuration LSA's Router-Hardware-Fingerprint TLV against its own
   router hardware fingerprint.  If the fingerprints are not equal,
   there is a duplicate Router ID conflict and the OSPFv3 Router with
   the numerically smaller router hardware fingerprint MUST select a new
   Router ID as described in Section 7.3.

   This new LSA is designated for information related to OSPFv3 Auto-
   configuration and, in the future, could be used other auto-
   configuration information, e.g., global IPv6 prefixes.  However, this
   is beyond the scope of this document.

7.2.1.  OSPFv3 Router Auto-Configuration LSA

   The OSPFv3 Auto-Configuration (AC) LSA has a function code of TBD and
   the S2/S1 bits set to 01 indicating Area Flooding Scope.  The U bit
   will be set indicating that the OSPFv3 AC LSA should be flooded even



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   if it is not understood.  The Link State ID (LSID) value will be a
   integer index used to discriminate between multiple AC LSAs
   originated by the same OSPFv3 Router.  This specification only
   describes the contents of an AC LSA with a Link State ID (LSID) of 0.




        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |            LS age             |1|0|1|          TBD            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                       Link State ID                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                       Advertising Router                      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                       LS sequence number                      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |        LS checksum            |            Length             |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +-                            TLVs                             -+
       |                             ...                               |


                    OSPFv3 Auto-Configuration (AC) LSA

   The format of the TLVs within the body of an AC LSA is the same as
   the format used by the Traffic Engineering Extensions to OSPF [TE].
   The LSA payload consists of one or more nested Type/Length/Value
   (TLV) triplets.  The format of each TLV is:


       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |              Type             |             Length            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                            Value...                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


                                TLV Format

   The Length field defines the length of the value portion in octets
   (thus a TLV with no value portion would have a length of 0).  The TLV
   is padded to 4-octet alignment; padding is not included in the length



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   field (so a 3-octet value would have a length of 3, but the total
   size of the TLV would be 8 octets).  Nested TLVs are also 32-bit
   aligned.  For example, a 1-byte value would have the length field set
   to 1, and 3 octets of padding would be added to the end of the value
   portion of the TLV.  Unrecognized types are ignored.

   The new LSA is designated for information related to OSPFv3 Auto-
   configuration and, in the future, can be used other auto-
   configuration information.

7.2.2.  Router-Hardware-Fingerprint TLV

   The Router-Hardware-Fingerprint TLV is the first TLV defined for the
   OSPFv3 Auto-Configuration (AC) LSA.  It will have type 1 and MUST be
   advertised in the LSID OSPFv3 AC LSA with an LSID of 0.  It SHOULD
   occur, at most, once and the first instance of the TLV will take
   precedence over subsequent TLV instances.  The length of the Router-
   Hardware-Fingerprint is variable but must be 32 octets or greater.

   The contents of the hardware fingerprint MUST be some combination of
   MAC addresses, CPU ID, or serial number(s) that provides an extremely
   high probability of uniqueness.  It is RECOMMENDED that one or more
   available universal tokens (e.g., IEEE 802 48-bit MAC addresses or
   IEEE EUI-64 Identifiers [EUI64]) associated with the OSPFv3 router be
   included in the hardware fingerprint.  It MUST be based on hardware
   attributes that will not change across hard and soft restarts.



       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |              1                |             >32               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           Router Hardware Fingerprint                         |
                              o
                              o
                              o
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


                  Router-Hardware-Fingerprint TLV Format








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7.3.  Duplicate Router ID Resolution

   The OSPFv3 Router selected to resolve the duplicate OSPFv3 Router ID
   condition must select a new OSPFv3 Router ID.  After selecting a new
   Router ID, all self-originated LSAs MUST be reoriginated, and any
   OSPFv3 neighbor adjacencies MUST be reestablished.  The OSPFv3 router
   retaining the Router ID causing the conflict will reoriginate or
   purge stale any LSAs as described in Section 13.4 [OSPFV2].

7.4.  Change to RFC 2328 Section 13.4, 'Receiving Self-Originated LSA'
      Processing

   RFC 2328 [OSPFV2], Section 13.4, describes the processing of received
   self-originated LSAs.  If the received LSA doesn't exist, the
   receiving router will purge it from the OSPF routing domain.  If the
   LSA is newer than the version in the Link State Database (LSDB), the
   receiving router will originate a newer version by advancing the LSA
   sequence number and reflooding.  Since it is possible for an auto-
   configured OSPFv3 router to choose a duplicate OSPFv3 Router ID,
   OSPFv3 routers implementing this specification should detect when
   multiple instances of the same self-originated LSA are purged or
   reoriginated since this is indicative of an OSPFv3 router with a
   duplicate Router ID in the OSPFv3 routing domain.  When this
   condition is detected, the OSPFv3 Router SHOULD delay self-originated
   LSA processing for LSAs that have recently been purged or reflooded.
   This specification recommends 10 seconds as the interval defining
   recent self-originated LSA processing and an exponential back off of
   1 to 8 seconds for the processing delay.  This additional delay
   should allow for the mechanisms described in Section 7 to resolve the
   duplicate OSPFv3 Router ID conflict.





















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8.  Security Considerations

   A unique OSPFv3 Interface Instance ID is used for auto-configuration
   to prevent inadvertent OSPFv3 adjacency formation, see Section 2

   The goals of security and complete OSPFv3 auto-configuration are
   somewhat contradictory.  When no explicit security configuration
   takes place, auto-configuration implies that additional devices
   placed in the network are automatically adopted as a part of the
   network.  However, auto-configuration can also be combined with
   password configuration (see Section 4) or future extensions for
   automatic pairing between devices.  These mechanisms can help provide
   an automatically configured, securely routed network.






































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9.  Management Considerations

   It is RECOMMENDED that OSPFv3 routers supporting this specification
   also allow explicit configuration of OSPFv3 parameters as specified
   in Appendix C of [OSPFV3].  This is in addition to the authentication
   key configuration recommended in Section 4.  However, it is
   acknowledged that there may be some deployment scenarios where manual
   authentication key configuration is not required.

   Since there is a small possibility of OSPFv3 Router ID collisions,
   manual configuration of OSPFv3 Router-IDs is RECOMMENDED in OSPFv3
   routing domains where route recovergence due to a router ID change is
   intolerable.






































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10.  IANA Considerations

   This specification defines an OSPFv3 LSA Type for the OSPFv3 Auto-
   Configuration (AC) LSA, as described in Section 7.2.1.  The value TBD
   will be allocated from the existing "OSPFv3 LSA Function Code"
   registry for the OSPFv3 Auto-Configuration LSA.

   This specification also creates a registry for OSPFv3 Auto-
   Configuration (AC) LSA TLVs.  This registry should be placed in the
   existing OSPFv3 IANA registry, and new values can be allocated via
   IETF Consensus or IESG Approval.

   Three initial values are allocated:

   o  0 is marked as reserved.

   o  1 is Router-Hardware-Fingerprint TLV (Section 7.2.2).

   o  65535 is an Auto-configuration-Experiment-TLV, a common value that
      can be used for experimental purposes.































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11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [OSPFV2]   Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", RFC 2328, April 1998.

   [OSPFV3]   Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPF
              for IPv6", RFC 5340, July 2008.

   [OSPFV3-AF]
              Lindem, A., Mirtorabi, S., Roy, A., Barnes, M., and R.
              Aggarwal, "Support of Address Families in OSPFv3",
              RFC 5838, April 2010.

   [OSPFV3-AUTH-TRAILER]
              Bhatia, M., Manral, V., and A. Lindem, "Supporting
              Authentication Trailer for OSPFv3", RFC 7166,
              February 2012.

   [RFC-KEYWORDS]
              Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [SLAAC]    Thomson, S., Narten, T., and J. Tatuya, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.

   [TE]       Katz, D., Yeung, D., and K. Kompella, "Traffic Engineering
              Extensions to OSPF", RFC 3630, September 2003.

11.2.  Informative References

   [ASYNC-HELLO]
              Anand, M., Grover, H., and A. Roy, "Asymmetric OSPF Hold
              Timer", draft-madhukar-ospf-agr-asymmetric-01.txt (work in
              progress).

   [BGP]      Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
              Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.

   [EUI64]    IEEE, "Guidelines for 64-bit Global Identifier (EUI-64)
              Registration Authority", IEEE Tutorial http://
              standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/tutorials/EUI64.html,
              March 1997.

   [IPv6-CPE]
              Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., and B. Stark, "Basic
              Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers", RFC 7084,
              November 2013.



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Authors' Addresses

   Acee Lindem
   Cisco Systems
   301 Midenhall Way
   Cary, NC  27513
   USA

   Email: acee@cisco.com


   Jari Arkko
   Ericsson
   Jorvas, 02420
   Finland

   Email: jari.arkko@piuha.net


































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