Network Working Group                                           D. Cheng
Internet-Draft                                       Huawei Technologies
Intended status: Informational                              M. Boucadair
Expires: January 4, 2013                                  France Telecom
                                                            July 3, 2012


                 Routing for IPv4-embedded IPv6 Packets
             draft-ietf-ospf-ipv4-embedded-ipv6-routing-03

Abstract

   This document describes routing packets destined to IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 addresses across IPv6 transit core using OSPFv3 with a separate
   routing table.

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   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 4, 2013.

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   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   described in the Simplified BSD License.




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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  The Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.2.  Routing Solution per RFC5565 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.3.  An Alternative Routing Solution with OSPFv3  . . . . . . .  4
     1.4.  OSPFv3 Routing with a Specific Topology  . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.  Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.1.  Deciding the IPv4-embedded IPv6 Topology . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.2.  Maintaining a Dedicated IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routing
           Table  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.3.  OSPFv3 Topology with a Separate Instance ID  . . . . . . .  7
     2.4.  OSPFv3 Topology with the Default Instance  . . . . . . . .  7
   3.  IP Packets Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.1.  Address Translation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   4.  Advertising IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routes  . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1.  Advertising IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routes into IPv6
           Transit Network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       4.1.1.  Routing Metrics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       4.1.2.  Forwarding Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.2.  Advertising IPv4 Addresses into Client Networks  . . . . .  9
   5.  Aggregation on IPv4 Addresses and Prefixes . . . . . . . . . .  9
   6.  Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   7.  MTU Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   8.  Backdoor Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   9.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   10. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12



















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1.  Introduction

   This document describes a routing scenario where IPv4 packets are
   transported over IPv6 network.

   In this document the following terminology is used:

   o  An IPv4-embedded IPv6 address denotes an IPv6 address which
      contains an embedded 32-bit IPv4 address constructed according to
      the rules defined in [RFC6052].

   o  IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets are packets of which destination
      addresses are IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses.

   o  AFBR (Address Family Border Router, [RFC5565]) refers to an edge
      router (PE), which supports both IPv4 and IPv6 address families,
      but the backbone network the PE connects to only supports IPv4 or
      IPv6 address family.

   o  AFXLBR (Address Family Translation Border Router) is defined in
      this document.  It refers to a border router that supports both
      IPv4 and IPv6 address families, located on the boundary of IPv4-
      only network and IPv6-only network, and is capable of performing
      IP header translation between IPv4 and IPv6 according to
      [RFC6145].

1.1.  The Scenario

   Due to exhaustion of public IPv4 addresses, there has been continuing
   effort within IETF on IPv6 transitional techniques.  In the course of
   transition, it is certain that networks based on IPv4 and IPv6
   technologies respectively, will co-exist at least for some time.  One
   scenario of the co-existence is that IPv4-only networks inter-
   connecting with IPv6-only networks, and in particular, when an IPv6-
   only network serves as a transit network that inter-connects several
   segregated IPv4-only networks.  In this scenario, IPv4 packets are
   transported over the IPv6 transit network between IPv4 networks.  In
   order to forward an IPv4 packet from a source IPv4 network to the
   destination IPv4 network, IPv4 reachability information must be
   exchanged between the IPv4 networks by some mechanisms.

   In general, running an IPv6-only network would reduce OPEX and
   optimize the operation comparing to IPv4-IPv6 dual-stack environment.
   Some solutions have been proposed to allow delivery of IPv4 services
   over an IPv6-only network.  This document focuses on an engineering
   techniques which aims to separate the routing table dedicated to
   IPv4-embedded IPv6 destination from native IPv6 ones.




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   Maintaining a separate routing table for IPv4-embedded IPv4 routes
   optimizes IPv4 packets forwarding process.  It also prevents any
   overload of the native IPv6 routing tables.  A separate routing table
   can be generated from a separate routing instance or a separate
   routing topology.

1.2.  Routing Solution per RFC5565

   The aforementioned scenario is described in [RFC5565], i.e.- IPv4-
   over-IPv6 scenario, where the network core is IPv6-only, and the
   inter-connected IPv4 networks are called IPv4 client networks.  The P
   routers in the core only support IPv6 but the AFBRs (Address Family
   Border Routers) support IPv4 on interface facing IPv4 client
   networks, and IPv6 on interface facing the core.  The routing
   solution defined in [RFC5565] for this scenario is to run i-BGP among
   AFBRs to exchange IPv4 routing information with each other, and the
   IPv4 packets are forwarded from one IPv4 client network to the other
   through a softwire using tunneling technology such as MPLS LSP, GRE,
   L2TPv3, etc.

1.3.  An Alternative Routing Solution with OSPFv3

   In this document, we propose an alternative routing solution for the
   scenario described in Section 1.1, where several segregated IPv4
   networks, called IPv4 client networks, are interconnected by an IPv6
   transit network.  We name the border node on the boundary of an IPv4
   client network and the IPv6 transit network as Address Family
   Translation Border Router (AFXLBR), which supports both IPv4 and IPv6
   address families, and is capable of translating an IPv4 packet to an
   IPv6 packet, and vice versa, according to [RFC6145].

   Since the scenario occurs most in a single ISP operating environment,
   an IPv6 prefix can be locally allocated and used to construct IPv4-
   embedded IPv6 addresses according to [RFC6052] by each AFXLBR.  The
   embedded IPv4 address or prefix belongs to an IPv4 client network
   that is connected to the AFXLBR.  An AFXLBR injects IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 addresses and prefixes into the IPv6 transit network using
   OSPFv3, and it also installs IPv4-embedded IPv6 routes advertised by
   other AFXLBRs.

   When an AFXLBR receives an IPv4 packet from a locally connected IPv4
   client network and destined to a remote IPv4 client network, it
   translates the IPv4 header to the relevant IPv6 header according to
   [RFC6145], and in that process, source and destination IPv4 address
   are translated into IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses, respectively,
   according to [RFC6052].  The resulting IPv6 packet is then forwarded
   to the AFXLBR that connects to the destination IPv4 client network.
   The remote AFXLBR derives the IPv4 source and destination addresses



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   from the IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses, respectively, according to
   [RFC6052], and translates the header of the received IPv6 packet to
   the relevant IPv4 header according to [RFC6145].  The resulting IPv4
   packet is then forwarded according to the IPv4 routing table
   maintained on the AFXLBR.

   There are use cases where the proposed routing solution is useful.
   One case is that some border nodes do not participate in i-BGP for
   routes exchange (one example is documented in
   [I-D.boucadair-softwire-dslite-v6only]), or i-BGP is not used at all.
   Another case is that tunnel mechanism is not used in the IPv6 transit
   network, or native IPv6 forwarding is preferred.  Note that with this
   routing solution, the IPv4 and IPv6 header translation that occurs at
   an AFXLBR in both diretions is stateless.

1.4.  OSPFv3 Routing with a Specific Topology

   In general, IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets can be forwarded just like
   native IPv6 packets with OSPFv3 running in the IPv6 transit network.
   However, this would require IPv4-embedded IPv6 routes to be flooded
   throughout the entire transit network and stored on every router.
   This is not desirable in the scaling perspective.  Moreover, since
   all IPv6 routes are stored in the same routing table, it is
   inconvenient to manage the resource required for routing and
   forwarding based on traffic category, if so desired.

   To improve the situation, a separate OSPFv3 routing table can be
   constructed that is dedicated to IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology, and
   that table is solely used for routing IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets in
   the IPv6 transit network.  The IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology include
   all the participating AFXLBR routers and a set of P routers for
   connectivity and routing paths.

   There are two methods to build a separate OSPFv3 routing table for
   IPv4-embedded IPv6 routes as follows:

   o  The first one is to run a separate OSPFv3 instance for IPv4-
      embedded IPv6 topology in the IPv6 transit network according to
      [RFC5838].

   o  The second one is to stay with the existing OSPFv3 instance that
      already operates in the transit network, but maintain a separate
      IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology, according to
      [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3].

   With either method, there would be a dedicated IPv4-embedded IPv6
   topology that is maintained on all participating AFXLBR and P
   routers, along with a dedicated IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing table.



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   The routing table is then used solely in the IPv6 transit network for
   IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets.

   It would be an operator's preference as which method is to be used.
   This document elaborates on how configuration is done for each method
   and related routing issues that is common to both.

   This document only focuses on unicast routing for IPv4-embedded IPv6
   packets using OSPFv3.


2.  Provisioning

2.1.  Deciding the IPv4-embedded IPv6 Topology

   Before making appropriate configuration in order to generate a
   separate OSPFv3 routing table for IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses and
   prefixes, decision must be made on the set of routers and their
   interfaces in the IPv6 transit network that should be on the IPv4-
   embedded IPv6 topology.

   For the purpose of this topology, all AFXLBRs that connect to IPv4
   client networks must be members of this topology, and also at least
   some of their network core facing interfaces along with some P
   routers in the IPv6 transit network would be on this topology.

   The IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology is a sub-topology of the entire IPv6
   transit network, and if all routers (including AFXLBRs and P-routers)
   and all their interfaces are included, the two topologies converge.
   In general, as more P routers and their interfaces are configured on
   this sub-topology, it would increase the inter-connectivity and
   potentially, there would be more routing paths across the transit
   network from one IPv4 client network to the other, at the cost that
   more routers need to participate the IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing.  In
   any case, the IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology must be continuous with no
   partitions.

2.2.  Maintaining a Dedicated IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routing Table

   In an IPv6 transit network, in order to maintain a separate IPv6
   routing table that contains routes for IPv4-embedded IPv6
   destinations only, OSPFv3 needs to use the mechanism defined either
   in [RFC5838] or in [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3] with required
   configuration, as described in the following sub-sections.







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2.3.  OSPFv3 Topology with a Separate Instance ID

   It is assumed that the scenario as described in this document is
   under a single ISP and as such, an OSPFv3 instance ID (IID) is
   allocated locally and used for an OSPFv3 operation dedicated to
   unicast IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing in an IPv6 transit network.  This
   IID is configured on each OSPFv3 interface of routers that
   participates in this routing instance.

   The range for a locally configured OSPFv3 IID is from 128 to 255,
   inclusively, and this number must be used to encode the "Instance ID"
   field in the OSPFv3 packet header on every router that executes this
   instance in the IPv6 transit network.

   In addition, the "AF" bit in the OSPFv3 Option field must be set.

   During the Hello packets processing, adjacency may only be
   established when received Hello packets contain the same Instance ID
   as configured on the receiving interface for OSPFv3 instance
   dedicated to the IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing.

   For more details, the reader is referred to [RFC5838].

2.4.  OSPFv3 Topology with the Default Instance

   Similar to that as described in the previous section, an OSPFv3
   multi-topology ID (MT-ID) is locally allocated and used for an OSPFv3
   operation including unicast IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing in an IPv6
   transit network.  This MTID is configured on each OSPFv3 interface of
   routers that participates in this routing topology.

   The range for a locally configured OSPFv3 MT-ID is from 32 to 255,
   inclusively, and this number must be used to encode the "MT-ID" field
   that is included in some of the extended LSAs as documented in
   [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3].

   In addition, the MT bit in the OSPFv3 Option field must be set.

   For more details, the reader is referred to
   [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3].


3.  IP Packets Translation

   When transporting IPv4 packets across an IPv6 transit network with
   the mechanism described above, an IPv4 packet is translated to an
   IPv6 packet at ingress AFXLBR, and the IPv6 packet is translated back
   to the original IPv4 packet at egress AFXLBR.  The IP packet



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   translation is accomplished in stateless manner according to rules
   specified in [RFC6145], with the address translation detail explained
   in the next sub-section.

3.1.  Address Translation

   Prior to the operation, an IPv6 prefix is allocated by the ISP and it
   is used to form IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses.

   The IPv6 prefix can either be a well-known IPv6 prefix (WKP) 64:
   ff9b::/96, or a network-specific prefix that is unique to the ISP;
   and for the later case, the IPv6 prefix length may be 32, 40, 48, 56
   or 64.  In either case, this IPv6 prefix is used during the address
   translation between an IPv4 address and an IPv4-embedded IPv6
   address, which is performed according to [RFC6052].

   During translation from an IPv4 header to an IPv6 header at an
   ingress AFXLBR, the source IPv4 address and destination IPv4 address
   are translated into the corresponding IPv6 source address and
   destination IPv6 address, respectively, and during translation from
   an IPv6 header to an IPv4 header at an egress AFXLBR, the source IPv6
   address and destination IPv6 address are translated into the
   corresponding IPv4 source address and destination IPv4 address,
   respectively.  Note that the address translation is accomplished in a
   stateless manner.


4.  Advertising IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routes

   In order to forward IPv4 packets to the proper destination across
   IPv6 transit network, IPv4 reachability needs to be disseminated
   throughout the IPv6 transit network and this work is performed by
   AFXLBRs that connect to IPv4 client networks using OSPFv3.

   With the scenario described in this document, i.e. - a set of AFXLBRs
   that inter-connect a bunch of IPv4 client networks with an IPv6
   transit network, we view that IPv4 networks and IPv6 networks belong
   to separate Autonomous Systems, and as such, these AFXLBRs are OSPFv3
   ASBRs.

4.1.  Advertising IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routes into IPv6 Transit Network

   IPv4 addresses and prefixes in an IPv4 client network are translated
   into IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses and prefixes, respectively, using
   the same IPv6 prefix allocated by the ISP and the method specified in
   [RFC6052].  These routes are then advertised by one or more attached
   ASBRs into the IPv6 transit network using AS External LSA [RFC5340],
   i.e. - with the advertising scope throughout the entire Autonomous



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   System.

4.1.1.  Routing Metrics

   By default, the metric in an AS External LSA that carries an IPv4-
   embedded IPv6 address or prefixes is a Type 1 external metric, which
   is then to be added to the metric of an intra-AS path during OSPFv3
   routes calculation.  By configuration on an ASBR, the metric can be
   set to a Type 2 external metric, which is considered much larger than
   that on any intra-AS path.  The detail is referred to OSPFv3
   specification [RFC5340].  In either case, an external metric may take
   the same value as in an IPv4 network (running OSPFv2 or others), but
   may also be specified based on some routing policy; the detail is
   outside of the scope of this document.

4.1.2.  Forwarding Address

   If the "Forwarding Address" field of an OSPFv3 AS External LSA is
   used to carry an IPv6 address, that must also be an IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 address where the embedded IPv4 address is the destination
   address in an IPv4 client network.  However, since an AFXLBR sits on
   the border of an IPv4 network and an IPv6 network, it is recommended
   that the "Forwarding Address" field not to be used by setting the F
   bit in the associated OSPFv3 AS-external-LSA to zero, so that the
   AFXLBR can make the forwarding decision based on its own IPv4 routing
   table.

4.2.  Advertising IPv4 Addresses into Client Networks

   IPv4-embedded IPv6 routes injected into the IPv6 transit network from
   one IPv4 client network may be advertised into another IPv4 client
   network, after the associated destination addresses and prefixes are
   translated back to IPv4 addresses and prefixes, respectively.  This
   operation is similar to the regular OSPFv3 operation, wherein an AS
   External LSA can be advertised in a non-backbone area by default.

   An IPv4 client network that does not want to receive such
   advertisement can be configured as a stub area or with other routing
   policy.

   For the purpose of this document, IPv4-embedded IPv6 routes must not
   be advertised into any IPv6 client networks that also connected to
   the IPv6 transit network.


5.  Aggregation on IPv4 Addresses and Prefixes

   In order to reduce the amount of AS External LSAs that are injected



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   to the IPv6 transit network, effort must be made to aggregate IPv4
   addresses and prefixes at each AFXLBR before advertising.


6.  Forwarding

   There are three cases in forwarding IP packets in the scenario as
   described in this document, as follows:

   1.  On an AFXLBR, if an IPv4 packet that is received on an interface
       connecting to an IPv4 client network with the destination IPv4
       address belong to another IPv4 client network, the header of the
       packet is translated to a corresponding IPv6 header as described
       in Section 3, and the packet is then forwarded to the destination
       AFXLBR that advertises the IPv4-embedded IPv6 address through the
       IPv6 transit network.

   2.  On an AFXLBR, if an IPv4-embedded IPv6 packet is received and the
       embedded destination IPv4 address is in its IPv4 routing table,
       the header of the packet is translated to a corresponding IPv4
       header as described in Section 3, and the packet is then
       forwarded accordingly.

   3.  On any router that is within the IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology
       located in the IPv6 transit network, if an IPv4-embedded IPv6
       packet is received and a route is found in the IPv4-embedded IPv6
       routing table, the packet is forwarded accordingly.

   The classification of IPv4-embedded IPv6 packet is according to the
   IPv6 prefix of the destination address, which is either the Well
   Known Prefix (i.e., 64:ff9b::/96) or locally allocated as defined in
   [RFC6052].


7.  MTU Issues

   In the IPv6 transit network, there is no new MTU issue introduced by
   this document.  If a separate OSPFv3 instance (per [RFC5838]) is used
   for IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing, the MTU handling in the transit
   network is the same as that of the default OSPFv3 instance.  If a
   separate OSPFv3 topology (according to [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3]) is
   used for IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing, the MTU handling in the transit
   network is the same as that of the default OSPFv3 topology.

   However, the MTU in the IPv6 transit network may be different than
   that of IPv4 client networks.  Since an IPv6 router will never
   fragment a packet, the packet size of any IPv4-embedded IPv6 packet
   entering the IPv6 transit network must be equal to or less than the



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   MTU of the IPv6 transit network.  In order to achieve this
   requirement, it is recommended that AFXLBRs to perform IPv6 path
   discovery among themselves and the resulting MTU, after taking into
   account of the difference between IPv4 header length and IPv6 header
   length, must be "propagated" into IPv4 client networks, e.g.-
   included in the OSPFv2 Database Description packet.

   The detail of passing the proper MTU into IPv4 client networks is
   beyond the scope of this document.


8.  Backdoor Connections

   In some deployments, IPv4 client networks are inter-connected across
   the IPv6 transit network, but also directly connected to each other.
   The "backdoor" connections between IPv4 client networks can certainly
   be used to transport IPv4 packets between IPv4 client networks.  In
   general, backdoor connections are prefered over the transportation
   over the IPv6 transit network, since there requires no address family
   translation.


9.  Security Considerations

   This document does not introduce any security issue than what has
   been identified in [RFC5838] and [RFC6052].


10.  IANA Considerations

   No new IANA assignments are required for this document.


11.  Acknowledgements

   Many thanks to Acee Lindem, Dan Wing and Joel Halpern for their
   comments.


12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [RFC5340]  Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPF
              for IPv6", RFC 5340, July 2008.

   [RFC6052]  Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
              Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,



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              October 2010.

   [RFC6145]  Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
              Algorithm", RFC 6145, April 2011.

12.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.boucadair-softwire-dslite-v6only]
              Boucadair, M., Jacquenet, C., Grimault, J., Kassi-Lahlou,
              M., Levis, P., Cheng, D., and Y. Lee, "Deploying Dual-
              Stack Lite in IPv6 Network",
              draft-boucadair-softwire-dslite-v6only-01 (work in
              progress), April 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3]
              Mirtorabi, S. and A. Roy, "Multi-topology routing in
              OSPFv3 (MT-OSPFv3)", draft-ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3-03 (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [RFC5565]  Wu, J., Cui, Y., Metz, C., and E. Rosen, "Softwire Mesh
              Framework", RFC 5565, June 2009.

   [RFC5838]  Lindem, A., Mirtorabi, S., Roy, A., Barnes, M., and R.
              Aggarwal, "Support of Address Families in OSPFv3",
              RFC 5838, April 2010.


Authors' Addresses

   Dean Cheng
   Huawei Technologies
   2330 Central Expressway
   Santa Clara, California  95050
   USA

   Email: dean.cheng@huawei.com


   Mohamed Boucadair
   France Telecom
   Rennes,   35000
   France

   Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com







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