NFSv4                                                     D. Noveck, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                    NetApp
Updates: 5661 (if approved)                                     C. Lever
Intended status: Standards Track                                  ORACLE
Expires: December 11, 2018                                  June 9, 2018


               NFSv4.1 Update for Multi-Server Namespace
                  draft-ietf-nfsv4-mv1-msns-update-01

Abstract

   This document presents necessary clarifications and corrections
   concerning features related to the use of location-related attributes
   in NFSv4.1.  These include migration, which transfers responsibility
   for a file system from one server to another, and facilities to
   support trunking by allowing discovery of the set of network
   addresses to use to access a file system.  This document updates
   RFC5661.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 11, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must



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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Summary of Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.3.  Relationship of this Document to RFC5661  . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  Changes to Section 11 of RFC5661  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.1.  Multi-Server Namespace (as updated) . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.2.  Location-related Terminology (to be added)  . . . . . . .  10
     4.3.  Location Attributes (as updated)  . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.4.  Re-organization of Sections 11.4 and 11.5 of RFC5661  . .  13
     4.5.  Uses of Location Information (as updated) . . . . . . . .  13
       4.5.1.  Combining Multiple Uses in a Single Attribute (to be
               added)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       4.5.2.  Location Attributes and Trunking (to be added)  . . .  15
       4.5.3.  Location Attributes and Connection Type Selection (to
               be added) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       4.5.4.  File System Replication (as updated)  . . . . . . . .  16
       4.5.5.  File System Migration (as updated)  . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.5.6.  Referrals (as updated)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.5.7.  Changes in a Location Attribute (to be added) . . . .  19
   5.  Re-organization of Section 11.7 of RFC5661  . . . . . . . . .  20
   6.  Overview of File Access Transitions (to be added) . . . . . .  20
   7.  Effecting Network Endpoint Transitions (to be added)  . . . .  21
   8.  Effecting File System Transitions (as updated)  . . . . . . .  22
     8.1.  File System Transitions and Simultaneous Access (as
           updated)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     8.2.  Filehandles and File System Transitions (as updated)  . .  23
     8.3.  Fileids and File System Transitions (as updated)  . . . .  24
     8.4.  Fsids and File System Transitions (as updated)  . . . . .  25
       8.4.1.  File System Splitting (as updated)  . . . . . . . . .  25
     8.5.  The Change Attribute and File System Transitions (as
           updated)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     8.6.  Write Verifiers and File System Transitions (as updated)   26
     8.7.  Readdir Cookies and Verifiers and File System Transitions
           (as updated)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     8.8.  File System Data and File System Transitions (as updated)  27
     8.9.  Lock State and File System Transitions (as updated) . . .  28
   9.  Transferring State upon Migration (to be added) . . . . . . .  29
     9.1.  Transparent State Migration and pNFS (to be added)  . . .  29
   10. Client Responsibilities when Access is Transitioned (to be
       added)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30



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     10.1.  Client Transition Notifications (to be added)  . . . . .  31
     10.2.  Performing Migration Discovery (to be added) . . . . . .  33
     10.3.  Overview of Client Response to NFS4ERR_MOVED (to be
            added) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     10.4.  Obtaining Access to Sessions and State after Migration
            (to be added)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     10.5.  Obtaining Access to Sessions and State after Network
            Address Transfer (to be added) . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
   11. Server Responsibilities Upon Migration (to be added)  . . . .  40
     11.1.  Server Responsibilities in Effecting Transparent State
            Migration (to be added)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     11.2.  Server Responsibilities in Effecting Session Transfer
            (to be added)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
   12. Changes to RFC5661 outside Section 11 . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     12.1.  (Introduction to) Multi-Server Namespace  (as updated) .  45
     12.2.  Server Scope (as updated)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     12.3.  Revised Treatment of NFS4ERR_MOVED . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     12.4.  Revised Discussion of Server_owner changes . . . . . . .  48
     12.5.  Revision to Treatment of EXCHANGE_ID . . . . . . . . . .  49
   13. Operation 42: EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Client ID (as
       updated)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
   14. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
   15. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
   16. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
     16.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
     16.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
   Appendix A.  Classification of Document Sections  . . . . . . . .  72
   Appendix B.  Updates to RFC5661 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77

1.  Introduction

   This document defines the proper handling, within NFSv4.1, of the
   location-related attributes fs_locations and fs_locations_info and
   how necessary changes in those attributes are to be dealt with.  The
   necessary corrections and clarifications parallel those done for
   NFSv4.0 in [RFC7931] and [I-D.cel-nfsv4-mv0-trunking-update].

   A large part of the changes to be made are necessary to clarify the
   handling of Transparent State Migration in NFSv4.1, which was omitted
   in [RFC5661].  Many of the issues dealt with in [RFC7931] need to be
   addressed in the context of NFSv4.1.

   Another important issue to be dealt with concerns the handling of
   multiple entries within location-related attributes that represent
   different ways to access the same file system.  Unfortunately
   [RFC5661], while recognizing that these entries can represent



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   different ways to access the same file system, confuses the matter by
   treating network access paths as "replicas", making it difficult for
   these attributes to be used to obtain information about the network
   addresses to be used to access particular file system instances and
   engendering confusion between two different sorts of transition:
   those involving a change of network access paths to the same file
   system instance and those in which there is shift between two
   distinct replicas.

   When location information is used to determine the set of network
   addresses to access a particular file system instance (i.e. to
   perform trunking discovery), clarification is needed regarding the
   interaction of trunking and transitions between file system replicas,
   including migration.  Unfortunately [RFC5661], while it provided a
   method of determining whether two network addresses were connected to
   the same server, did not address the issue of trunking discovery,
   making it necessary to address it in this document.

2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  Preliminaries

3.1.  Terminology

   While most of the terms related to multi-server namespace issues are
   appropriately defined in the replacement for Section 11 in [RFC5661]
   and appear in Section 4.2 below, there are a number of terms used
   outside that context that are explained here.

   In this document, the phrase "client ID" always refers to the 64-bit
   shorthand identifier assigned by the server (a clientid4) and never
   to the structure which the client uses to identify itself to the
   server (called an nfs_client_id4 or client_owner in NFSv4.0 and
   NFSv4.1 respectively).  The opaque identifier within those structures
   is referred to as a "client id string".

   It is particularly important to clarify the distinction between
   trunking detection and trunking discovery.  The definitions we
   present will be applicable to all minor versions of NFSv4, but we
   will put particular emphasis on how these terms apply to NFS version
   4.1.

   o  Trunking detection refers to ways of deciding whether two specific
      network addresses are connected to the same NFSv4 server.  The



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      means available to make this determination depends on the protocol
      version, and, in some cases, on the client implementation.

      In the case of NFS version 4.1 and later minor versions, the means
      of trunking detection are as described by [RFC5661] and are
      available to every client.  Two network addresses connected to the
      same server are always server-trunkable but are not necessarily
      session-trunkable.

   o  Trunking discovery is a process by which a client using one
      network address can obtain other addresses that are connected to
      the same server Typically it builds on a trunking detection
      facility by providing one or more methods by which candidate
      addresses are made available to the client who can then use
      trunking detection to appropriately filter them.

      Despite the support for trunking detection there was no
      description of trunking discovery provided in [RFC5661].

   Regarding network addresses and the handling of trunking we use the
   following terminology:

   o  Each NFSv4 server is assumed to have a set of IP addresses to
      which NFSv4 requests may be sent by clients.  These are referred
      to as the server's network addresses.  Access to a specfic server
      network address may involve the use of multiple ports, since the
      ports to be used for various types of connections might be
      required to be different.

   o  Each network address, when combined with a pathname providing the
      location of a file system root directory relative to the
      associated server root file handle, defines a file system network
      access path.

   o  Server network addresses are used to establish connections to
      servers which may be of a number of connection types.  Separate
      connection types are used to support NFSv4 layered on top of the
      RPC stream transport as described in [RFC5531] and on top of RPC-
      over-RDMA as described in [RFC8166].

   o  The combination of a server network address and a particular
      connection type to be used by a connection is referred to as a
      "server endpoint".  Although using different connection types may
      result in different ports being used, the use of different ports
      by multiple connections to the same network address is not the
      essence of the distinction between the two endpoints used.





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   o  Two network addresses connected to the same server are said to be
      server-trunkable.

   o  Two network addresses connected to the same server such that those
      addresses can be used to support a single common session are
      referred to as session-trunkable.  Note that two addresses may be
      server-trunkable without being session-trunkable and that when two
      connections of different connection types are made to the same
      network address and are based on a single-location entry they are
      always session-trunkable, independent of the connection type, as
      specified by [RFC5661], since their derivation from the same
      location entry assures that both connections are to the same
      server.

   Discussion of the term "replica" is complicated for a number of
   reasons:

   o  Even though the term is used in explaining the issues in [RFC5661]
      that need to be addressed in this document, a full explanation of
      this term requires explanation of related terms connected to the
      location attributes which are provided in Section 4.2 of the
      current document.

   o  The term is also used in [RFC5661], with a meaning different from
      that in the current document.  In short, in [RFC5661] each replica
      is a identified by a single network access path while, in the
      current document a set of network access paths which have server-
      trunkable network addresses and the same root-relative file system
      pathname are considered to be a single replica with multiple
      network access paths.

3.2.  Summary of Issues

   This document explains how clients and servers are to determine the
   particular network access paths to be used to access a file system.
   This includes describing how changes to the specific replica or to
   the set of addresses to be used are to be dealt with, and how
   transfers of responsibility that need to be made can be dealt with
   transparently.  This includes cases in which there is a shift between
   one replica and another and those in which different network access
   paths are used to access the same replica.

   As a result of the following problems in [RFC5661], it is necessary
   to provide the updates described later in this document.

   o  [RFC5661], while it dealt with situations in which various forms
      of clustering allowed co-ordination of the state assigned by co-
      operating servers to be used, made no provisions for Transparent



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      State Migration, as introduced by [RFC7530] and corrected and
      clarified by [RFC7931].

   o  Although NFSv4.1 was defined with a clear definition of how
      trunking detection was to be done, there was no clear
      specification of how trunking discovery was to be done, despite
      the fact that the specification clearly indicated that this
      information could be made available via the location attributes.

   o  Because the existence of multiple network access paths to the same
      file system was dealt with as if there were multiple replicas,
      issues relating to transitions between replicas could never be
      clearly distinguished from trunking-related transitions between
      the addresses used to access a particular file system instance.
      As a result, in situations in which both migration and trunking
      configuration changes were involved, neither of these could be
      clearly dealt with and the relationship between these two features
      was not seriously addressed.

   o  Because use of two network access paths to the same file system
      instance (i.e. trunking) was often treated as if two replicas were
      involved, it was considered that two replicas were being used
      simultaneously.  As a result, the treatment of replicas being used
      simultaneously in [RFC5661] was not clear as it covered the two
      distinct cases of a single file system instance being accessed by
      two different network access paths and two replicas being accessed
      simultaneously, with the limitations of the latter case not being
      clearly laid out.

   The majority of the consequences of these issues are dealt with via
   the updates in various subsections of Section 4 of the current
   document which deal with problems within Section 11 of [RFC5661].
   These include:

   o  Reorganization made necessary by the fact that two network access
      paths to the same file system instance needs to be distinguished
      clearly from two different replicas since the former share locking
      state and can share session state.

   o  The need for a clear statement regarding the desirability of
      transparent transfer of state together with a recommendation that
      either that or a single-fs grace period be provided.

   o  Specifically delineating how such transfers are to be dealt with
      by the client, taking into account the differences from the
      treatment in [RFC7931] made necessary by the major protocol
      changes made in NFSv4.1.




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   o  Discussion of the relationship between transparent state transfer
      and Parallel NFS (pNFS).

   In addition, there are also updates to other sections of [RFC5661],
   where the consequences of the incorrect assumptions underlying the
   current treatment of multi-server namespace issues also need to be
   corrected.  These are to be dealt with as described in various
   subsections of Section 12 of the current document.

   o  A revised introductory section regarding multi-server namespace
      facilities is provided.

   o  A more realistic treatment of server scope is provided, which
      reflects the more limited co-ordination of locking state adopted
      by servers actually sharing a common server scope.

   o  Some confusing text regarding changes in server_owner needs to be
      clarified.

   o  The description of NFS4ERR_MOVED needs to be updated since two
      different network access paths to the same file system are no
      longer considered to be two instances of the same file system.

   o  A new treatment of EXCHANGE_ID is needed, replacing that which
      appeared in Section 18.35 of [RFC5661]

3.3.  Relationship of this Document to RFC5661

   The role of this document is to explain and specify a set of needed
   changes to [RFC5661].  All of these changes are related to the multi-
   server namespace features of NFSv4.1.

   This document contains sections that propose additions to and other
   modifications of [RFC5661] as well as others that explain the reasons
   for modifications but do not directly affect existing specifications.

   In consequence, the sections of this document can be divided into
   four groups based on how they relate to the eventual updating of the
   NFSv4.1 specification.  Once the update is published, NFSv4.1 will be
   specified by two documents that need to be read together, until such
   time as a consolidated specification is produced.

   o  Explanatory sections do not contain any material that is meant to
      update the specification of NFSv4.1.  Such sections may contain
      explanations about why and how changes are to be done, without
      including any text that is to update [RFC5661] or appear in an
      eventual consolidated document,




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   o  Replacement sections contain text that is to replace and thus
      supersede text within [RFC5661] and then appear in an eventual
      consolidated document.  Replacement sections have the phrase "(as
      updated)" appended to the section title.

   o  Additional sections contain text which, although not replacing
      anything in [RFC5661], will be part of the specification of
      NFSv4.1 and will be expected to be part of an eventual
      consolidated document.  Additional sections have the phrase "(to
      be added)" appended to the section title.

   o  Editing sections contain some text that replaces text within
      [RFC5661], although the entire section will not consist of such
      text and will include other text as well.  Such sections make
      relatively minor adjustments in the existing NFSv4.1 specification
      which are expected to reflected in an eventual consolidated
      document.  Generally such replacement text appears as a quotation,
      which may take the form of an indented set of paragraphs.

   See Appendix A for a classification of the sections of this document
   according the categories above.

   When this document is approved and published, [RFC5661] would be
   significantly updated with most of the changed sections within the
   current Section 11 of that document.  A detailed discussion of the
   necessary updates can be found in Appendix B.

4.  Changes to Section 11 of RFC5661

   A number of sections need to be revised, replacing existing sub-
   sections within section 11 of [RFC5661]:

   o  New introductory material, including a terminology section,
      replaces the existing material in [RFC5661] ranging from the start
      of the existing Section 11 up to and including the existing
      Section 11.1.  The new material appears in Sections 4.1 through
      4.3 below.

   o  A significant reorganization of the material in the existing
      Sections 11.4 and 11.5 (of [RFC5661]) is necessary.  The reasons
      for the reorganization of these sections into a single section
      with multiple subsections are discussed in Section 4.4 below.
      This replacement appears as Section 4.5 below.

      New material relating to the handling of the location attributes
      is contained in Sections 4.5.1 and 4.5.7 below.





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   o  A major replacement for the existing Section 11.7 of [RFC5661]
      entitled "Effecting File System Transitions", will appear as
      Sections 6 through 11 of the current document.  The reasons for
      the reorganization of this section into multiple sections are
      discussed below in Section 5 of the current document.

4.1.  Multi-Server Namespace (as updated)

   NFSv4.1 supports attributes that allow a namespace to extend beyond
   the boundaries of a single server.  It is desirable that clients and
   servers support construction of such multi-server namespaces.  Use of
   such multi-server namespaces is OPTIONAL however, and for many
   purposes, single-server namespaces are perfectly acceptable.  Use of
   multi-server namespaces can provide many advantages, by separating a
   file system's logical position in a namespace from the (possibly
   changing) logistical and administrative considerations that result in
   particular file systems being located on particular servers.

4.2.  Location-related Terminology (to be added)

   Regarding terminology relating to the construction of multi-server
   namespaces out of a set of local per-server namespaces:

   o  Each server has a set of exported file systems which may accessed
      by NFSv4 clients.  Typically, this is done by assigning each file
      system a name within the pseudo-fs associated with the server,
      although the pseudo-fs may be dispensed with if there is only a
      single exported file system.  Each such file system is part of the
      server's local namespace, and can be considered as a file system
      instance within a larger multi-server namespace.

   o  The set of all exported file systems for a given server
      constitutes that server's local namespace.

   o  In some cases, a server will have a namespace, more extensive than
      its local namespace, by using features associated with attributes
      that provide location information.  These features, which allow
      construction of a multi-server namespace are all described in
      individual sections below and include referrals (described in
      Section 4.5.6), migration (described in Section 4.5.5), and
      replication (described in Section 4.5.4).

   o  A file system present in a server's pseudo-fs may have multiple
      file system instances on different servers associated with it.
      All such instances are considered replicas of one another.

   o  When a file system is present in a server's pseudo-fs, but there
      is no corresponding local file system, it is said to be "absent".



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      In such cases, all associated instances will be accessed on other
      servers.

   Regarding terminology relating to attributes used in trunking
   discovery and other multi-server namespace features:

   o  Location attributes include the fs_locations and fs_locations_info
      attributes.

   o  Location entries are the individual file system locations in the
      location attributes.  Each such entry specifies a server, in the
      form of a host name or IP address, and an fs name, which
      designates the location of the file system within the server's
      pseudo-fs.  A location entry designates a set of server endpoints
      to which the client may establish connections.  There may be
      multiple endpoints because a host name may map to multiple network
      addresses and because multiple connection types may be used to
      communicate with a single network address.  However, all such
      endpoints MUST provide a way of connecting to a single server.
      The exact form of the location entry varies with the particular
      location attribute used as described in Section 4.3.

   o  Location elements are derived from location entries and each
      describes a particular network access path, consisting of a
      network address and a location within the server's pseudo-fs.
      Location elements need not appear within a location attribute, but
      the existence of each location element derives from a
      corresponding location entry.  When a location entry specifies an
      IP address there is only a single corresponding location element.
      Location entries that contain a host name, are resolved using DNS,
      and may result in one or more location elements.  All location
      elements consist of a location address which is the IP address of
      an interface to a server and an fs name which is the location of
      the file system within the server's pseudo-fs.  The fs name is
      empty if the server has no pseudo-fs and only a single exported
      file system at the root filehandle.

   o  Two location elements are said to be server-trunkable if they
      specify the same fs name and the location addresses are such that
      the location addresses are server-trunkable.

   o  Two location elements are said to be session-trunkable if they
      specify the same fs name and the location addresses are such that
      the location addresses are session-trunkable.

   Each set of server-trunkable location elements defines a set of
   available network access paths to a particular file system.  When
   there are multiple such file systems, each of which contains the same



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   data, these file systems are considered replicas of one another.
   Logically, such replication is symmetric, since the fs currently in
   use and an alternate fs are replicas of each other.  Often, in other
   documents, the term "replica" is not applied to the fs currently in
   use, despite the fact that the replication relation is inherently
   symmetric.

4.3.  Location Attributes (as updated)

   NFSv4.1 contains RECOMMENDED attributes that provide information
   about how (i.e. at what network address and namespace position) a
   given file system may be accessed.  As a result, file systems in the
   namespace of one server can be associated with one or more instances
   of that file system on other servers.  These attributes contain
   location entries specifying a server address target (either as a DNS
   name representing one or more IP addresses or as a specific IP
   address) together with the pathname of that file system within the
   associated single-server namespace.

   The fs_locations_info RECOMMENDED attribute allows specification of
   one or more file system instance locations where the data
   corresponding to a given file system may be found.  This attribute
   provides to the client, in to addition to specification of file
   system instance locations, other helpful information such as:

   o  Information guiding choices among the various file system
      instances provided (e.g., priority for use, writability, currency,
      etc.).

   o  Information to help the client efficiently effect as seamless a
      transition as possible among multiple file system instances, when
      and if that should be necessary.

   o  Information helping to guide the selection of the appropriate
      connection type to be used when establishing a connection.

   Within the fs_locations_info attribute, each fs_locations_server4
   entry corresponds to a location entry with the fls_server field
   designating the server, with the location pathname within the
   server's pseudo-fs given by the fl_rootpath field of the encompassing
   fs_locations_item4.

   The fs_locations attribute defined in NFSv4.0 is also a part of
   NFSv4.1.  This attribute only allows specification of the file system
   locations where the data corresponding to a given file system may be
   found.  Servers should make this attribute available whenever
   fs_locations_info is supported, but client use of fs_locations_info
   is preferable.



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   Within the fs_location attribute, each fs_location4 contains a
   location entry with the server field designating the server and the
   rootpath field giving the location pathname within the server's
   pseudo-fs.

4.4.  Re-organization of Sections 11.4 and 11.5 of RFC5661

   Previously, issues related to the fact that multiple location entries
   directed the client to the same file system instance were dealt with
   in a separate Section 11.5 of [RFC5661].  Because of the new
   treatment of trunking, these issues now belong within Section 4.5
   below.

   In this new section of the current document, trunking is dealt with
   in Section 4.5.2 together with the other uses of location information
   described in Sections 4.5.4, 4.5.5, and 4.5.6.

4.5.  Uses of Location Information (as updated)

   The location attributes (i.e. fs_locations and fs_locations_info),
   together with the possibility of absent file systems, provide a
   number of important facilities in providing reliable, manageable, and
   scalable data access.

   When a file system is present, these attributes can provide

   o  The locations of alternative replicas, to be used to access the
      same data in the event of server failures, communications
      problems, or other difficulties that make continued access to the
      current replica impossible or otherwise impractical.  Provision
      and use of such alternate replicas is referred to as "replication"
      and is discussed in Section 4.5.4 below.

   o  The network address(es) to be used to access the current file
      system instance or replicas of it.  Client use of this information
      is discussed in Section 4.5.2 below.

   Under some circumstances, multiple replicas may be used
   simultaneously to provide higher-performance access to the file
   system in question, although the lack of state sharing between
   servers may be an impediment to such use.

   When a file system is present and becomes absent, clients can be
   given the opportunity to have continued access to their data, using a
   different replica.  In this case, a continued attempt to use the data
   in the now-absent file system will result in an NFS4ERR_MOVED error
   and, at that point, the successor replica or set of possible replica
   choices can be fetched and used to continue access.  Transfer of



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   access to the new replica location is referred to as "migration", and
   is discussed in Section 4.5.4 below.

   Where a file system was previously absent, specification of file
   system location provides a means by which file systems located on one
   server can be associated with a namespace defined by another server,
   thus allowing a general multi-server namespace facility.  A
   designation of such a remote instance, in place of a file system
   never previously present , is called a "pure referral" and is
   discussed in Section 4.5.6 below.

   Because client support for location-related attributes is OPTIONAL, a
   server may (but is not required to) take action to hide migration and
   referral events from such clients, by acting as a proxy, for example.
   The server can determine the presence of client support from the
   arguments of the EXCHANGE_ID operation (see Section 13.3 in the
   current document).

4.5.1.  Combining Multiple Uses in a Single Attribute (to be added)

   A location attribute will sometimes contain information relating to
   the location of multiple replicas which may be used in different
   ways.

   o  Location entries that relate to the file system instance currently
      in use provide trunking information, allowing the client to find
      additional network addresses by which the instance may be
      accessed.

   o  Location entries that provide information about replicas to which
      access is to be transferred.

   o  Other location entries that relate to replicas that are available
      to use in the event that access to the current replica becomes
      unsatisfactory.

   In order to simplify client handling and allow the best choice of
   replicas to access, the server should adhere to the following
   guidelines.

   o  All location entries that relate to a single file system instance
      should be adjacent.

   o  Location entries that relate to the instance currently in use
      should appear first.






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   o  Location entries that relate to replica(s) to which migration is
      occurring should appear before replicas which are available for
      later use if the current replica should become inaccessible.

4.5.2.  Location Attributes and Trunking (to be added)

   Trunking is the use of multiple connections between a client and
   server in order to increase the speed of data transfer.  A client may
   determine the set of network addresses to use to access a given file
   system in a number of ways:

   o  When the name of the server is known to the client, it may use DNS
      to obtain a set of network addresses to use in accessing the
      server.

   o  It may fetch the location attribute for the filesystem which will
      provide either the name of the server (which can be turned into a
      set of network addresses using DNS), or it will find a set of
      server-trunkable location entries which can provide the addresses
      specified by the server as desirable to use to access the file
      system in question.

   The server can provide location entries that include either names or
   network addresses.  It might use the latter form because of DNS-
   related security concerns or because the set of addresses to be used
   might require active management by the server.

   Locations entries used to discover candidate addresses for use in
   trunking are subject to change, as discussed in Section 4.5.7 below.
   The client may respond to such changes by using additional addresses
   once they are verified or by ceasing to use existing ones.  The
   server can force the client to cease using an address by returning
   NFS4ERR_MOVED when that address is used to access a file system.
   This allows a transfer of access similar to migration, although the
   same file system instance is accessed throughout.

4.5.3.  Location Attributes and Connection Type Selection (to be added)

   Because of the need to support multiple connections, clients face the
   issue of determining the proper connection type to use when
   establishing a connection to a given server network address.  In some
   cases, this issue can be addressed through the use of the connection
   "step-up" facility described in Section 18.16 of [RFC5661].  However,
   because there are cases is which that fcility is not available, the
   client may have to choose a connection type with no possibility of
   changing it within the scope of a single connection.





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   The two location attributes differ as to the information made
   available in this regard.  Fs_locations provides no information to
   support connection type selection.  As a result, clients supporting
   multiple connection types need to attempt to establish a connection
   on multiple connection types until the one preferred by the client is
   successfully established.

   Fs_locations_info provides a flag, FSLI4TF_RDMA flag.  indicating
   that RPC-over-RDMA support is available using the specfied location
   entry.  This flag makes it for a convenient for a client wishing to
   use RDMA, to establish a TCP connection and then convert to use of
   RDMA.  After establishing a TCP connection, the step-up facility, can
   be used, if available, to convert that connection to RDMA mode.
   Otherwise, if RDMA availability is indicated, a new RDMA connection
   can be established and it can be bound to the sessiion already
   established by the TCP connection, allowing the TCP connection to be
   dropped and the session converted to further use in RDMA node.

4.5.4.  File System Replication (as updated)

   The fs_locations and fs_locations_info attributes provide alternative
   locations, to be used to access data in place of or in addition to
   the current file system instance.  On first access to a file system,
   the client should obtain the set of alternate locations by
   interrogating the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute, with
   the latter being preferred.

   In the event that server failures, communications problems, or other
   difficulties make continued access to the current file system
   impossible or otherwise impractical, the client can use the alternate
   locations as a way to get continued access to its data.

   The alternate locations may be physical replicas of the (typically
   read-only) file system data, or they may provide for the use of
   various forms of server clustering in which multiple servers provide
   alternate ways of accessing the same physical file system.  How these
   different modes of file system transition are represented within the
   fs_locations and fs_locations_info attributes and how the client
   deals with file system transition issues will be discussed in detail
   below.

4.5.5.  File System Migration (as updated)

   When a file system is present and becomes absent, clients can be
   given the opportunity to have continued access to their data, at an
   alternate location, as specified by a location attribute.  This
   migration of access to another replica includes the ability to retain




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   locks across the transition, either by reclaim or by Transparent
   State Migration.

   Typically, a client will be accessing the file system in question,
   get an NFS4ERR_MOVED error, and then use a location attribute to
   determine the new location of the data.  When fs_locations_info is
   used, additional information will be available that will define the
   nature of the client's handling of the transition to a new server.

   Such migration can be helpful in providing load balancing or general
   resource reallocation.  The protocol does not specify how the file
   system will be moved between servers.  It is anticipated that a
   number of different server-to-server transfer mechanisms might be
   used with the choice left to the server implementer.  The NFSv4.1
   protocol specifies the method used to communicate the migration event
   between client and server.

   The new location may be, in the case of various forms of server
   clustering, another server providing access to the same physical file
   system.  The client's responsibilities in dealing with this
   transition will depend on whether migration has occurred and the
   means the server has chosen to provide continuity of locking state.
   These issues will be discussed in detail below.

   Although a single successor location is typical, multiple locations
   may be provided.  When multiple locations are provided, the client
   use the first one provided.  If that is inaccessible for some reason,
   later ones can be used.  In such cases the client might consider that
   the transition to the new replica is a migration event, although it
   would lose access to locking state if it did so.

   When an alternate location is designated as the target for migration,
   it must designate the same data (with metadata being the same to the
   degree indicated by the fs_locations_info attribute).  Where file
   systems are writable, a change made on the original file system must
   be visible on all migration targets.  Where a file system is not
   writable but represents a read-only copy (possibly periodically
   updated) of a writable file system, similar requirements apply to the
   propagation of updates.  Any change visible in the original file
   system must already be effected on all migration targets, to avoid
   any possibility that a client, in effecting a transition to the
   migration target, will see any reversion in file system state.

4.5.6.  Referrals (as updated)

   Referrals allow the server to associate a file system located on one
   server with file system located on another server.  When this
   includes the use of pure referrals, servers are provided a way of



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   placing a file system in a location within the namespace essentially
   without respect to its physical location on a particular server.
   This allows a single server or a set of servers to present a multi-
   server namespace that encompasses file systems located on a wider
   range of servers.  Some likely uses of this facility include
   establishment of site-wide or organization-wide namespaces, with the
   eventual possibility of combining such together into a truly global
   namespace.

   Referrals occur when a client determines, upon first referencing a
   position in the current namespace, that it is part of a new file
   system and that the file system is absent.  When this occurs,
   typically by receiving the error NFS4ERR_MOVED, the actual location
   or locations of the file system can be determined by fetching the
   fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute.

   The locations-related attribute may designate a single file system
   location or multiple file system locations, to be selected based on
   the needs of the client.  The server, in the fs_locations_info
   attribute, may specify priorities to be associated with various file
   system location choices.  The server may assign different priorities
   to different locations as reported to individual clients, in order to
   adapt to client physical location or to effect load balancing.  When
   both read-only and read-write file systems are present, some of the
   read-only locations might not be absolutely up-to-date (as they would
   have to be in the case of replication and migration).  Servers may
   also specify file system locations that include client-substituted
   variables so that different clients are referred to different file
   systems (with different data contents) based on client attributes
   such as CPU architecture.

   When the fs_locations_info attribute is such that that there are
   multiple possible targets listed, the relationships among them may be
   important to the client in selecting which one to use.  The same
   rules specified in Section 4.5.5 below regarding multiple migration
   targets apply to these multiple replicas as well.  For example, the
   client might prefer a writable target on a server that has additional
   writable replicas to which it subsequently might switch.  Note that,
   as distinguished from the case of replication, there is no need to
   deal with the case of propagation of updates made by the current
   client, since the current client has not accessed the file system in
   question.

   Use of multi-server namespaces is enabled by NFSv4.1 but is not
   required.  The use of multi-server namespaces and their scope will
   depend on the applications used and system administration
   preferences.




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   Multi-server namespaces can be established by a single server
   providing a large set of pure referrals to all of the included file
   systems.  Alternatively, a single multi-server namespace may be
   administratively segmented with separate referral file systems (on
   separate servers) for each separately administered portion of the
   namespace.  The top-level referral file system or any segment may use
   replicated referral file systems for higher availability.

   Generally, multi-server namespaces are for the most part uniform, in
   that the same data made available to one client at a given location
   in the namespace is made available to all clients at that location.
   However, there are facilities provided that allow different clients
   to be directed different sets of data, to enable adaptation to such
   client characteristics as CPU architecture.

4.5.7.  Changes in a Location Attribute (to be added)

   Although clients will typically fetch a location attribute when first
   accessing a file system and when NFS4ERR_MOVED is returned, a client
   can choose to fetch the attribute periodically, in which case, the
   value fetched may change over time.

   For clients not prepared to access multiple replicas simultaneously
   (see Section 8.1 of the current document), the handling of the
   various cases of change are as follows:

   o  Changes in the list of replicas or in the network addresses
      associated with replicas do not require immediate action.  The
      client will typically update its list of replicas to reflect the
      new information.

   o  Additions to the list of network addresses for the current file
      system instance need not be acted on promptly.  However the client
      can choose to use the new address whenever it needs to switch
      access to a new replica.

   o  Deletions from the list of network addresses for the current file
      system instance need not be acted on immediately, although the
      client might need to be prepared for a shift in access whenever
      the server indicates that a network access path is not usable to
      access the current file system, by returning NFS4ERR_MOVED.

   For clients that are prepared to access several replicas
   simultaneously, the following additional cases need to be addressed.
   As in the cases discussed above, changes in the set of replicas need
   not be acted upon promptly, although the client has the option of
   adjusting its access even in the absence of difficulties that would
   lead to a new replica to be selected.



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   o  When a new replica is added which may be accessed simultaneously
      with one currently in use, the client is free to use the new
      replica immediately.

   o  When a replica currently in use is deleted from the list, the
      client need not cease using it immediately.  However, since the
      server may subsequently force such use to cease (by returning
      NFS4ERR_MOVED), clients can decide to limit the need for later
      state transfer.  For example, new opens might be done on other
      replicas, rather than on one not present in the list.

5.  Re-organization of Section 11.7 of RFC5661

   The material in Section 11.7 of [RFC5661] has been reorganized and
   augmented as specified below:

   o  Because there can be a shift of the network access paths used to
      access a file system instance without any shift between replicas,
      a new Section 6 in the current document distinguishes between
      those cases in which there is a shift between distinct replicas
      and those involving a shift in network access paths with no shift
      between replicas.

      As a result, a new Section 7 in the current document deals with
      network address transitions while the bulk of the former
      Section 11.7 (in [RFC5661]) is replaced by Section 8 in the
      current document which is now limited to cases in which there is a
      shift between two different sets of replicas.

   o  The additional Section 9 in the current document discusses the
      case in which a shift to a different replica is made and state is
      transferred to allow the client the ability to have continues
      access to the accumulated locking state on the new server.

   o  The additional Section 10 in the current document discusses the
      client's response to access transitions and how it determines
      whether migration has occurred, and how it gets access to any
      transferred locking and session state.

   o  The additional Section 11 in the current document discusses the
      responsibilities of the source and destination servers when
      transferring locking and session state.

6.  Overview of File Access Transitions (to be added)

   File access transitions are of two types:





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   o  Those that involve a transition from accessing the current replica
      to another one in connection with either replication or migration.
      How these are dealt with is discussed in Section 8 of the current
      document.

   o  Those in which access to the current file system instance is
      retained, while the network path used to access that instance is
      changed.  This case is discussed in Section 7 of the current
      document.

7.  Effecting Network Endpoint Transitions (to be added)

   The endpoints used to access a particular file system instance may
   change in a number of ways, as listed below.  In each of these cases,
   the same filehandles, stateids, client IDs and session are used to
   continue access, with a continuity of lock state.

   o  When use of a particular address is to cease and there is also one
      currently in use which is server-trunkable with it, requests that
      would have been issued on the address whose use is to be
      discontinued can be issued on the remaining address(es).  When an
      address is not a session-trunkable one, the request might need to
      be modified to reflect the fact that a different session will be
      used.

   o  When use of a particular connection is to cease, as indicated by
      receiving NFS4ERR_MOVED when using that connection but that
      address is still indicated as accessible according to the
      appropriate location entries, it is likely that requests can be
      issued on a new connection of a different connection type, once
      that connection is established.  Since any two server endpoints
      that share a network address are inherently session-trunkable, the
      client can use BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to access the existing session
      using the new connection and proceed to access the file system
      using the new connection.

   o  When there are no potential replacement addresses in use but there
      are valid addresses session-trunkable with the one whose use is to
      be discontinued, the client can use BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to access
      the existing session using the new address.  Although the target
      session will generally be accessible, there may be cases in which
      that session in no longer accessible, in which case a new session
      can be created to provide the client continued access to the
      existing instance.

   o  When there is no potential replacement address in use and there
      are no valid addresses session-trunkable with the one whose use is
      to be discontinued, other server-trunkable addresses may be used



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      to provide continued access.  Although use of CREATE_SESSION is
      available to provide continued access to the existing instance,
      servers have the option of providing continued access to the
      existing session through the new network access path in a fashion
      similar to that provided by session migration (see Section 9 of
      the current document).  To take advantage of this possibility,
      clients can perform an initial BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, as in the
      previous case, and use CREATE_SESSION only when that fails.

8.  Effecting File System Transitions (as updated)

   There are a range of situations in which there is a change to be
   effected in the set of replicas used to access a particular file
   system.  Some of these may involve an expansion or contraction of the
   set of replicas used as discussed in Section 8.1 below.

   For reasons explained in that section, most transitions will involve
   a transition from a single replica to a corresponding replacement
   replica.  When effecting replica transition, some types of sharing
   between the replicas may affect handling of the transition as
   described in Sections 8.2 through 8.8 below.  The attribute
   fs_locations_info provides helpful information to allow the client to
   determine the degree of inter-replica sharing.

   With regard to some types of state, the degree of continuity across
   the transition depends on the occasion prompting the transition, with
   transitions initiated by the servers (i.e. migration) offering much
   more scope for a non-disruptive transition than cases in which the
   client on its own shifts its access to another replica (i.e.
   replication).  This issue potentially applies to locking state and to
   session state, which are dealt with below as follows:

   o  An introduction to the possible means of providing continuity of
      these areas appears in Section 8.9 below.

   o  Transparent State Migration is introduced in Section 9 of the
      current document.  The possible transfer of session state is
      addressed there as well.

   o  The client handling of transitions, including determining how to
      deal with the various means that the server might take to supply
      effective continuity of locking state are discussed in Section 10
      of the current document.

   o  The servers' (source and destination) responsibilities in
      effecting Transparent Migration of locking and session state are
      discussed in Section 11 of the current document.




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8.1.  File System Transitions and Simultaneous Access (as updated)

   The fs_locations_info attribute (described in Section 11.10.1 of
   [RFC5661]) may indicate that two replicas may be used simultaneously
   (see Section 11.7.2.1 of [RFC5661] for details).  Although situations
   in which multiple replicas may be accessed simultaneously are
   somewhat similar to those in which a single replica is accessed by
   multiple network addresses, there are important differences, since
   locking state is not shared among multiple replicas.

   Because of this difference in state handling, many clients will not
   have the ability to take advantage of the fact that such replicas
   represent the same data.  Such clients will not be prepared to use
   multiple replicas simultaneously but will access each file system
   using only a single replica, although the replica selected may make
   multiple server-trunkable addresses available.

   Clients who are prepared to use multiple replicas simultaneously will
   divide opens among replicas however they choose.  Once that choice is
   made, any subsequent transitions will treat the set of locking state
   associated with each replica as a single entity.

   For example, if one of the replicas become unavailable, access will
   be transferred to a different replica, also capable of simultaneous
   access with the one still in use.

   When there is no such replica, the transition may be to the replica
   already in use.  At this point, the client has a choice between
   merging the locking state for the two replicas under the aegis of the
   sole replica in use or treating these separately, until another
   replica capable of simultaneous access presents itself.

8.2.  Filehandles and File System Transitions (as updated)

   There are a number of ways in which filehandles can be handled across
   a file system transition.  These can be divided into two broad
   classes depending upon whether the two file systems across which the
   transition happens share sufficient state to effect some sort of
   continuity of file system handling.

   When there is no such cooperation in filehandle assignment, the two
   file systems are reported as being in different handle classes.  In
   this case, all filehandles are assumed to expire as part of the file
   system transition.  Note that this behavior does not depend on the
   fh_expire_type attribute and supersedes the specification of the
   FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit, which only affects behavior when
   fs_locations_info is not available.




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   When there is cooperation in filehandle assignment, the two file
   systems are reported as being in the same handle classes.  In this
   case, persistent filehandles remain valid after the file system
   transition, while volatile filehandles (excluding those that are only
   volatile due to the FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit) are subject to expiration
   on the target server.

8.3.  Fileids and File System Transitions (as updated)

   In NFSv4.0, the issue of continuity of fileids in the event of a file
   system transition was not addressed.  The general expectation had
   been that in situations in which the two file system instances are
   created by a single vendor using some sort of file system image copy,
   fileids would be consistent across the transition, while in the
   analogous multi-vendor transitions they would not.  This poses
   difficulties, especially for the client without special knowledge of
   the transition mechanisms adopted by the server.  Note that although
   fileid is not a REQUIRED attribute, many servers support fileids and
   many clients provide APIs that depend on fileids.

   It is important to note that while clients themselves may have no
   trouble with a fileid changing as a result of a file system
   transition event, applications do typically have access to the fileid
   (e.g., via stat).  The result is that an application may work
   perfectly well if there is no file system instance transition or if
   any such transition is among instances created by a single vendor,
   yet be unable to deal with the situation in which a multi-vendor
   transition occurs at the wrong time.

   Providing the same fileids in a multi-vendor (multiple server
   vendors) environment has generally been held to be quite difficult.
   While there is work to be done, it needs to be pointed out that this
   difficulty is partly self-imposed.  Servers have typically identified
   fileid with inode number, i.e. with a quantity used to find the file
   in question.  This identification poses special difficulties for
   migration of a file system between vendors where assigning the same
   index to a given file may not be possible.  Note here that a fileid
   is not required to be useful to find the file in question, only that
   it is unique within the given file system.  Servers prepared to
   accept a fileid as a single piece of metadata and store it apart from
   the value used to index the file information can relatively easily
   maintain a fileid value across a migration event, allowing a truly
   transparent migration event.

   In any case, where servers can provide continuity of fileids, they
   should, and the client should be able to find out that such
   continuity is available and take appropriate action.  Information
   about the continuity (or lack thereof) of fileids across a file



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   system transition is represented by specifying whether the file
   systems in question are of the same fileid class.

   Note that when consistent fileids do not exist across a transition
   (either because there is no continuity of fileids or because fileid
   is not a supported attribute on one of instances involved), and there
   are no reliable filehandles across a transition event (either because
   there is no filehandle continuity or because the filehandles are
   volatile), the client is in a position where it cannot verify that
   files it was accessing before the transition are the same objects.
   It is forced to assume that no object has been renamed, and, unless
   there are guarantees that provide this (e.g., the file system is
   read-only), problems for applications may occur.  Therefore, use of
   such configurations should be limited to situations where the
   problems that this may cause can be tolerated.

8.4.  Fsids and File System Transitions (as updated)

   Since fsids are generally only unique on a per-server basis, it is
   likely that they will change during a file system transition.
   Clients should not make the fsids received from the server visible to
   applications since they may not be globally unique, and because they
   may change during a file system transition event.  Applications are
   best served if they are isolated from such transitions to the extent
   possible.

   Although normally a single source file system will transition to a
   single target file system, there is a provision for splitting a
   single source file system into multiple target file systems, by
   specifying the FSLI4F_MULTI_FS flag.

8.4.1.  File System Splitting (as updated)

   When a file system transition is made and the fs_locations_info
   indicates that the file system in question may be split into multiple
   file systems (via the FSLI4F_MULTI_FS flag), the client SHOULD do
   GETATTRs to determine the fsid attribute on all known objects within
   the file system undergoing transition to determine the new file
   system boundaries.

   Clients may maintain the fsids passed to existing applications by
   mapping all of the fsids for the descendant file systems to the
   common fsid used for the original file system.

   Splitting a file system may be done on a transition between file
   systems of the same fileid class, since the fact that fileids are
   unique within the source file system ensure they will be unique in
   each of the target file systems.



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8.5.  The Change Attribute and File System Transitions (as updated)

   Since the change attribute is defined as a server-specific one,
   change attributes fetched from one server are normally presumed to be
   invalid on another server.  Such a presumption is troublesome since
   it would invalidate all cached change attributes, requiring
   refetching.  Even more disruptive, the absence of any assured
   continuity for the change attribute means that even if the same value
   is retrieved on refetch, no conclusions can be drawn as to whether
   the object in question has changed.  The identical change attribute
   could be merely an artifact of a modified file with a different
   change attribute construction algorithm, with that new algorithm just
   happening to result in an identical change value.

   When the two file systems have consistent change attribute formats,
   and this fact is communicated to the client by reporting in the same
   change class, the client may assume a continuity of change attribute
   construction and handle this situation just as it would be handled
   without any file system transition.

8.6.  Write Verifiers and File System Transitions (as updated)

   In a file system transition, the two file systems may be clustered in
   the handling of unstably written data.  When this is the case, and
   the two file systems belong to the same write-verifier class, write
   verifiers returned from one system may be compared to those returned
   by the other and superfluous writes avoided.

   When two file systems belong to different write-verifier classes, any
   verifier generated by one must not be compared to one provided by the
   other.  Instead, the two verifiers should be treated as not equal
   even when the values are identical.

8.7.  Readdir Cookies and Verifiers and File System Transitions (as
      updated)

   In a file system transition, the two file systems may be consistent
   in their handling of READDIR cookies and verifiers.  When this is the
   case, and the two file systems belong to the same readdir class,
   READDIR cookies and verifiers from one system may be recognized by
   the other and READDIR operations started on one server may be validly
   continued on the other, simply by presenting the cookie and verifier
   returned by a READDIR operation done on the first file system to the
   second.

   When two file systems belong to different readdir classes, any
   READDIR cookie and verifier generated by one is not valid on the




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   second, and must not be presented to that server by the client.  The
   client should act as if the verifier was rejected.

8.8.  File System Data and File System Transitions (as updated)

   When multiple replicas exist and are used simultaneously or in
   succession by a client, applications using them will normally expect
   that they contain either the same data or data that is consistent
   with the normal sorts of changes that are made by other clients
   updating the data of the file system (with metadata being the same to
   the degree indicated by the fs_locations_info attribute).  However,
   when multiple file systems are presented as replicas of one another,
   the precise relationship between the data of one and the data of
   another is not, as a general matter, specified by the NFSv4.1
   protocol.  It is quite possible to present as replicas file systems
   where the data of those file systems is sufficiently different that
   some applications have problems dealing with the transition between
   replicas.  The namespace will typically be constructed so that
   applications can choose an appropriate level of support, so that in
   one position in the namespace a varied set of replicas will be
   listed, while in another only those that are up-to-date may be
   considered replicas.  The protocol does define three special cases of
   the relationship among replicas to be specified by the server and
   relied upon by clients:

   o  When multiple replicas exist and are used simultaneously by a
      client (see the FSLIB4_CLSIMUL definition within
      fs_locations_info), they must designate the same data.  Where file
      systems are writable, a change made on one instance must be
      visible on all instances, immediately upon the earlier of the
      return of the modifying requester or the visibility of that change
      on any of the associated replicas.  This allows a client to use
      these replicas simultaneously without any special adaptation to
      the fact that there are multiple replicas, beyond adapting to the
      fact that locks obtained on one replica are maintained separately
      (i.e. under a different client ID).  In this case, locks (whether
      share reservations or byte-range locks) and delegations obtained
      on one replica are immediately reflected on all replicas, in the
      sense that access from all other servers is prevented regardless
      of the replica used.  However, because the servers are not
      required to treat two associated client IDs as representing the
      same client, it is best to access each file using only a single
      client ID.

   o  When one replica is designated as the successor instance to
      another existing instance after return NFS4ERR_MOVED (i.e., the
      case of migration), the client may depend on the fact that all
      changes written to stable storage on the original instance are



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      written to stable storage of the successor (uncommitted writes are
      dealt with in Section 8.6 above).

   o  Where a file system is not writable but represents a read-only
      copy (possibly periodically updated) of a writable file system,
      clients have similar requirements with regard to the propagation
      of updates.  They may need a guarantee that any change visible on
      the original file system instance must be immediately visible on
      any replica before the client transitions access to that replica,
      in order to avoid any possibility that a client, in effecting a
      transition to a replica, will see any reversion in file system
      state.  The specific means of this guarantee varies based on the
      value of the fss_type field that is reported as part of the
      fs_status attribute (see Section 11.11 of [RFC5661]).  Since these
      file systems are presumed to be unsuitable for simultaneous use,
      there is no specification of how locking is handled; in general,
      locks obtained on one file system will be separate from those on
      others.  Since these are expected to be read-only file systems,
      this is not likely to pose an issue for clients or applications.

8.9.  Lock State and File System Transitions (as updated)

   While accessing a file system, clients obtain locks enforced by the
   server which may prevent actions by other clients that are
   inconsistent with those locks.

   When access is transferred between replicas, clients need to be
   assured that the actions disallowed by holding these locks cannot
   have occurred during the transition.  This can be ensured by the
   methods below.  If at least one of these is not implemented, clients
   will not be assured of continuity of lock possession across a
   migration event.

   o  Providing the client an opportunity to re-obtain his locks via a
      per-fs grace period on the destination server.  Because the lock
      reclaim mechanism was originally defined to support server reboot,
      it implicitly assumes that file handles will on reclaim will be
      the same as those at open.  In the case of migration this requires
      that source and destination servers use the same filehandles, as
      evidenced by using the same server scope (see Section 12.2 of the
      current document) or by showing this agreement using
      fs_locations_info (see Section 8.2 above).

   o  Transferring locking state as part of the transition as described
      in Section 9 of the current document to provide Transparent State
      Migration.





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   Of these, Transparent State Migration provides the smoother
   experience for clients in that there is no grace-period-based delay
   before new locks can be obtained.  However, it requires a greater
   degree of inter-server co-ordination.  In general, the servers taking
   part in migration are free to provide either facility.  However, when
   the filehandles can differ across the migration event, Transparent
   State Migration is the only available means of providing the needed
   functionality.

   It should be noted that these two methods are not mutually exclusive
   and that a server might well provide both.  In particular, if there
   is some circumstance preventing a specific lock from being
   transferred transparently, the server can allow it to be reclaimed.

9.  Transferring State upon Migration (to be added)

   When the transition is a result of a server-initiated decision to
   transition access and the source and destination servers have
   implemented appropriate co-operation, it is possible to:

   o  Transfer locking state from the source to the destination server,
      in a fashion similar to that provide by Transparent State
      Migration in NFSv4.0, as described in [RFC7931].  Server
      responsibilities are described in Section 11.1 of the current
      document.

   o  Transfer session state from the source to the destination server.
      Server responsibilities in effecting such a transfer are described
      in Section 11.2 of the current document.

   The means by which the client determines which of these transfer
   events has occurred are described in Section 10 of the current
   document.

9.1.  Transparent State Migration and pNFS (to be added)

   When pNFS is involved, the protocol is capable of supporting:

   o  Migration of the Metadata Server (MDS), leaving the Data Servers
      (DS's) in place.

   o  Migration of the file system as a whole, including the MDS and
      associated DS's.

   o  Replacement of one DS by another.

   o  Migration of a pNFS file system to one in which pNFS is not used.




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   o  Migration of a file system not using pNFS to one in which layouts
      are available.

   Migration of the MDS function is directly supported by Transparent
   State Migration.  Layout state will normally be transparently
   transferred, just as other state is.  As a result, Transparent State
   Migration provides a framework in which, given appropriate inter-MDS
   data transfer, one MDS can be substituted for another.

   Migration of the file system function as a whole can be accomplished
   by recalling all layouts as part of the initial phase of the
   migration process.  As a result, IO will be done through the MDS
   during the migration process, and new layouts can be granted once the
   client is interacting with the new MDS.  An MDS can also effect this
   sort of transition by revoking all layouts as part of Transparent
   State Migration, as long as the client is notified about the loss of
   locking state.

   In order to allow migration to a file system on which pNFS is not
   supported, clients need to be prepared for a situation in which
   layouts are not available or supported on the destination file system
   and so direct IO requests to the destination server, rather than
   depending on layouts being available.

   Replacement of one DS by another is not addressed by migration as
   such but can be effected by an MDS recalling layouts for the DS to be
   replaced and issuing new ones to be served by the successor DS.

   Migration may transfer a file system from a server which does not
   support pNFS to one which does.  In order to properly adapt to this
   situation, clients which support pNFS, but function adequately in its
   absence should check for pNFS support when a file system is migrated
   and be prepared to use pNFS when support is available on the
   destination.

10.  Client Responsibilities when Access is Transitioned (to be added)

   For a client to respond to an access transition, it must be made
   aware of it.  The ways in which this can happen are discussed in
   Section 10.1 which discusses indications that a specific file system
   access path has transitioned as well as situations in which
   additional activity is necessary to determine the set of file systems
   that have been migrated.  Section 10.2 goes on to complete the
   discussion of how the set of migrated file systems might be
   determined.  Sections 10.3 through 10.5 discuss how the client should
   deal with each transition it becomes aware of, either directly or as
   a result of migration discovery.




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   The following terms are used to describe client activities:

   o  "Transition recovery" refers to the process of restoring access to
      a file system on which NFS4ERR_MOVED was received.

   o  "Migration recovery" to that subset of transition recovery which
      applies when the file system has migrated to a different replica.

   o  "Migration discovery" refers to the process of determining which
      file system(s) have been migrated.  It is necessary to avoid a
      situation in which leases could expire when a file system is not
      accessed for a long period of time, since a client unaware of the
      migration might be referencing an unmigrated file system and not
      renewing the lease associated with the migrated file system.

10.1.  Client Transition Notifications (to be added)

   When there is a change in the network access path which a client is
   to use to access a file system, there are a number of related status
   indications with which clients need to deal:

   o  If an attempt is made to use or return a filehandle within a file
      system that is no longer accessible at the address previously used
      to access it, the error NFS4ERR_MOVED is returned.

      Exceptions are made to allow such file handles to be used when
      interrogating a location attribute.  This enables a client to
      determine a new replica's location or a new network access path.

      This condition continues on subsequent attempts to access the file
      system in question.  The only way the client can avoid the error
      is to cease accessing the filesystem in question at its old server
      location and access it instead using a different address at which
      it is now available.

   o  Whenever a SEQUENCE operation is sent by a client to a server
      which generated state held on that client which is associated with
      a file system that is no longer accessible on the server at which
      it was previously available, a lease-migrated indication, in the
      form the SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED status bit being set, appears in
      the response.

      This condition continues until the client acknowledges the
      notification by fetching a location attribute for the file system
      whose network access path is being changed.  When there are
      multiple such file systems, a location attribute for each such
      file system needs to be fetched.  The location attribute for all
      migrated file system needs to be fetched in order to clear the



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      condition.  Even after the condition is cleared, the client needs
      to respond by using the location information to access the file
      system at its new location to ensure that leases are not
      needlessly expired.

   Unlike the case of NFSv4.0, in which the corresponding conditions are
   both errors and thus mutually exclusive, in NFSv4.1 the client can,
   and often will, receive both indications on the same request.  As a
   result, implementations need to address the question of how to co-
   ordinate the necessary recovery actions when both indications arrive
   in the response to the same request.  It should be noted that when
   processing an NFSv4 COMPOUND, the server decides whether
   SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED is to be set before it determines which file
   system will be referenced or whether NFS4ERR_MOVED is to be returned.

   Since these indications are not mutually exclusive in NFSv4.1, the
   following combinations are possible results when a COMPOUND is
   issued:

   o  The COMPOUND status is NFS4ERR_MOVED and SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED
      is asserted.

      In this case, transition recovery is required.  While it is
      possible that migration discovery is needed in addition, it is
      likely that only the accessed file system has transitioned.  In
      any case, because addressing NFS4ERR_MOVED is necessary to allow
      the rejected requests to be processed on the target, dealing with
      it will typically have priority over migration discovery.

   o  The COMPOUND status is NFS4ERR_MOVED and SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED
      is clear.

      In this case, transition recovery is also required.  It is clear
      that migration discovery is not needed to find file systems that
      have been migrated other that the one returning NFS4ERR_MOVED.
      Cases in which this result can arise include a referral or a
      migration for which there is no associated locking state.  This
      can also arise in cases in which an access path transition other
      than migration occurs within the same server.  In such a case,
      there is no need to set SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED, since the lease
      remains associated with the current server even though the access
      path has changed.

   o  The COMPOUND status is not NFS4ERR_MOVED and
      SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED is asserted.






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      In this case, no transition recovery activity is required on the
      file system(s) accessed by the request.  However, to prevent
      avoidable lease expiration, migration discovery needs to be done

   o  The COMPOUND status is not NFS4ERR_MOVED and
      SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED is clear.

      In this case, neither transition-related activity nor migration
      discovery is required.

   Note that the specified actions only need to be taken if they are not
   already going on.  For example NFS4ERR_MOVED on a file system for
   which transition recovery already going on merely waits for that
   recovery to be completed while SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED only needs to
   initiate migration discovery for a server if it is not going on for
   that server.

   The fact that a lease-migrated condition does not result in an error
   in NFSv4.1 has a number of important consequences.  In addition to
   the fact, discussed above, that the two indications are not mutually
   exclusive, there are number of issues that are important in
   considering implementation of migration discovery, as discussed in
   Section 10.2.

   Because of the absence of NFSV4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, it is possible for
   file systems whose access path has not changed to be successfully
   accessed on a given server even though recovery is necessary for
   other file systems on the same server.  As a result, access can go on
   while,

   o  The migration discovery process is going on for that server.

   o  The transition recovery process is going on for on other file
      systems connected to that server.

10.2.  Performing Migration Discovery (to be added)

   Migration discovery can be performed in the same context as
   transition recovery, allowing recovery for each migrated file system
   to be invoked as it is discovered.  Alternatively, it may be done in
   a separate migration discovery thread, allowing migration discovery
   to be done in parallel with one or more instances of transition
   recovery.

   In either case, because the lease-migrated indication does not result
   in an error. other access to file systems on the server can proceed
   normally, with the possibility that further such indications will be




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   received, raising the issue of how such indications are to be dealt
   with.  In general,

   o  No action needs to be taken for such indications received by the
      those performing migration discovery, since continuation of that
      work will address the issue.

   o  In other cases in which migration discovery is currently being
      performed, nothing further needs to be done to respond to such
      lease migration indications, as long as one can be certain that
      the migration discovery process would deal with those indications.
      See below for details.

   o  For such indications received in all other contexts, the
      appropriate response is to initiate or otherwise provide for the
      execution of migration discovery for file systems associated with
      the server IP address returning the indication.

   This leaves a potential difficulty in situations in which the
   migration discovery process is near to completion but is still
   operating.  One should not ignore a LEASE_MOVED indication if the
   migration discovery process is not able to respond to the discovery
   of additional migrating file system without additional aid.  A
   further complexity relevant in addressing such situations is that a
   lease-migrated indication may reflect the server's state at the time
   the SEQUENCE operation was processed, which may be different from
   that in effect at the time the response is received.  Because new
   migration events may occur at any time, and because a LEASE_MOVED
   indication may reflect the situation in effect a considerable time
   before the indication is received, special care needs to be taken to
   ensure that LEASE_MOVED indications are not inappropriately ignored.

   A useful approach to this issue involves the use of separate
   externally-visible migration discovery states for each server.
   Separate values could represent the various possible states for the
   migration discovery process for a server:

   o  non-operation, in which migration discovery is not being performed

   o  normal operation, in which there is an ongoing scan for migrated
      file systems.

   o  completion/verification of migration discovery processing, in
      which the possible completion of migration discovery processing
      needs to be verified.

   Given that framework, migration discovery processing would proceed as
   follows.



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   o  While in the normal-operation state, the thread performing
      discovery would fetch, for successive file systems known to the
      client on the server being worked on, a location attribute plus
      the fs_status attribute.

   o  If the fs_status attribute indicates that the file system is a
      migrated one (i.e. fss_absent is true and fss_type !=
      STATUS4_REFERRAL) and thus that it is likely that the fetch of the
      location attribute has cleared one the file systems contributing
      to the lease-migrated indication.

   o  In cases in which that happened, the thread cannot know whether
      the lease-migrated indication has been cleared and so it enters
      the completion/verification state and proceeds to issue a COMPOUND
      to see if the LEASE_MOVED indication has been cleared.

   o  When the discovery process is in the completion/verification
      state, if others get a lease-migrated indication they note the it
      was received and the existence of such indications is used when
      the request completes, as described below.

   When the request used in the completion/verification state completes:

   o  If a lease-migrated indication is returned, the discovery
      continues normally.  Note that this is so even if all file systems
      have traversed, since new migrations could have occurred while the
      process was going on.

   o  Otherwise, if there is any record that other requests saw a lease-
      migrated indication, that record is cleared and the verification
      request retried.  The discovery process remains in completion/
      verification state.

   o  If there have been no lease-migrated indications, the work of
      migration discovery is considered completed and it enters the non-
      operating state.  Once it enters this state, subsequent lease-
      migrated indication will trigger a new migration discovery
      process.

   It should be noted that the process described above is not guaranteed
   to terminate, as a long series of new migration events might
   continually delay the clearing of the LEASE_MOVED indication.  To
   prevent unnecessary lease expiration, it is appropriate for clients
   to use the discovery of migrations to effect lease renewal
   immediately, rather than waiting for clearing of the LEASE_MOVED
   indication when the complete set of migrations is available.





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10.3.  Overview of Client Response to NFS4ERR_MOVED (to be added)

   This section outlines a way in which a client that receives
   NFS4ERR_MOVED can effect transition recovery by using a new server or
   server endpoint if one is available.  As part of that process, it
   will determine:

   o  Whether the NFS4ERR_MOVED indicates migration has occurred, or
      whether it indicates another sort of file system access transition
      as discussed in Section 7 above.

   o  In the case of migration, whether Transparent State Migration has
      occurred.

   o  Whether any state has been lost during the process of Transparent
      State Migration.

   o  Whether sessions have been transferred as part of Transparent
      State Migration.

   During the first phase of this process, the client proceeds to
   examine location entries to find the initial network address it will
   use to continue access to the file system or its replacement.  For
   each location entry that the client examines, the process consists of
   five steps:

   1.  Performing an EXCHANGE_ID directed at the location address.  This
       operation is used to register the client-owner with the server,
       to obtain a client ID to be use subsequently to communicate with
       it, to obtain tat client ID's confirmation status and, to
       determine server_owner and scope for the purpose of determining
       if the entry is trunkable with that previously being used to
       access the file system (i.e. that it represents another network
       access path to the same file system and can share locking state
       with it).

   2.  Making an initial determination of whether migration has
       occurred.  The initial determination will be based on whether the
       EXCHANGE_ID results indicate that the current location element is
       server-trunkable with that used to access the file system when
       access was terminated by receiving NFS4ERR_MOVED.  If it is, then
       migration has not occurred and the transition is dealt with, at
       least initially, as one involving continued access to the same
       file system on the same server through a new network address.

   3.  Obtaining access to existing session state or creating new
       sessions.  How this is done depends on the initial determination
       of whether migration has occurred and can be done as described in



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       Section 10.4 below in the case of migration or as described in
       Section 10.5 below in the case of a network address transfer
       without migration.

   4.  Verification of the trunking relationship assumed in step 2 as
       discussed in Section 2.10.5.1 of [RFC5661].  Although this step
       will generally confirm the initial determination, it is possible
       for verification to fail with the result that an initial
       determination that a network address shift (without migration)
       has occurred may be invalidated and migration determined to have
       occurred.  There is no need to redo step 3 above, since it will
       be possible to continue use of the session established already.

   5.  Obtaining access to existing locking state and/or reobtaining it.
       How this is done depends on the final determination of whether
       migration has occurred and can be done as described below in
       Section 10.4 in the case of migration or as described in
       Section 10.5 in the case of a network address transfer without
       migration.

   Once the initial address has been determined, clients are free to
   apply an abbreviated process to find additional addresses trunkable
   with it (clients may seek session-trunkable or server-trunkable
   addresses depending on whether they support clientid trunking).
   During this later phase of the process, further location entries are
   examined using the abbreviated procedure specified below:

   1.  Before the EXCHANGE_ID, the fs name of the location entry is
       examined and if it does not match that currently being used, the
       entry is ignored.  otherwise, one proceeds as specified by step 1
       above,.

   2.  In the case that the network address is session-trunkable with
       one used previously a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION is used to access that
       session using new network address.  Otherwise, or if the bind
       operation fails, a CREATE_SESSION is done.

   3.  The verification procedure referred to in step 4 above is used.
       However, if it fails, the entry is ignored and the next available
       entry is used.

10.4.  Obtaining Access to Sessions and State after Migration (to be
       added)

   In the event that migration has occurred, migration recovery will
   involve determining whether Transparent State Migration has occurred.
   This decision is made based on the client ID returned by the
   EXCHANGE_ID and the reported confirmation status.



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   o  If the client ID is an unconfirmed client ID not previously known
      to the client, then Transparent State Migration has not occurred.

   o  If the client ID is a confirmed client ID previously known to the
      client, then any transferred state would have been merged with an
      existing client ID representing the client to the destination
      server.  In this state merger case, Transparent State Migration
      might or might not have occurred and a determination as to whether
      it has occurred is deferred until sessions are established and the
      client is ready to begin state recovery.

   o  If the client ID is a confirmed client ID not previously known to
      the client, then the client can conclude that the client ID was
      transferred as part of Transparent State Migration.  In this
      transferred client ID case, Transparent State Migration has
      occurred although some state may have been lost.

   Once the client ID has been obtained, it is necessary to obtain
   access to sessions to continue communication with the new server.  In
   any of the cases in which Transparent State Migration has occurred,
   it is possible that a session was transferred as well.  To deal with
   that possibility, clients can, after doing the EXCHANGE_ID, issue a
   BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to connect the transferred session to a
   connection to the new server.  If that fails, it is an indication
   that the session was not transferred and that a new session needs to
   be created to take its place.

   In some situations, it is possible for a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to
   succeed without session migration having occurred.  If state merger
   has taken place then the associated client ID may have already had a
   set of existing sessions, with it being possible that the sessionid
   of a given session is the same as one that might have been migrated.
   In that event, a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION might succeed, even though
   there could have been no migration of the session with that
   sessionid.

   Once the client has determined the initial migration status, and
   determined that there was a shift to a new server, it needs to re-
   establish its locking state, if possible.  To enable this to happen
   without loss of the guarantees normally provided by locking, the
   destination server needs to implement a per-fs grace period in all
   cases in which lock state was lost, including those in which
   Transparent State Migration was not implemented.

   Clients need to be deal with the following cases:

   o  In the state merger case, it is possible that the server has not
      attempted Transparent State Migration, in which case state may



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      have been lost without it being reflected in the SEQ4_STATUS bits.
      To determine whether this has happened, the client can use
      TEST_STATEID to check whether the stateids created on the source
      server are still accessible on the destination server.  Once a
      single stateid is found to have been successfully transferred, the
      client can conclude that Transparent State Migration was begun and
      any failure to transport all of the stateids will be reflected in
      the SEQ4_STATUS bits.  Otherwise.  Transparent State Migration has
      not occurred.

   o  In a case in which Transparent State Migration has not occurred,
      the client can use the per-fs grace period provided by the
      destination server to reclaim locks that were held on the source
      server.

   o  In a case in which Transparent State Migration has occurred, and
      no lock state was lost (as shown by SEQ4_STATUS flags), no lock
      reclaim is necessary.

   o  In a case in which Transparent State Migration has occurred, and
      some lock state was lost (as shown by SEQ4_STATUS flags), existing
      stateids need to be checked for validity using TEST_STATEID, and
      reclaim used to re-establish any that were not transferred.

   For all of the cases above, RECLAIM_COMPLETE with an rca_one_fs value
   of true should be done before normal use of the file system including
   obtaining new locks for the file system.  This applies even if no
   locks were lost and there was no need for any to be reclaimed.

10.5.  Obtaining Access to Sessions and State after Network Address
       Transfer (to be added)

   The case in which there is a transfer to a new network address
   without migration is similar to that described in Section 10.4 above
   in that there is a need to obtain access to needed sessions and
   locking state.  However, the details are simpler and will vary
   depending on the type of trunking between the address receiving
   NFS4ERR_MOVED and that to which the transfer is to be made

   To make a session available for use, a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION should be
   used to obtain access to the session previously in use.  Only if this
   fails, should a CREATE_SESSION be done.  While this procedure mirrors
   that in Section 10.4 above, there is an important difference in that
   preservation of the session is not purely optional but depends on the
   type of trunking.

   Access to appropriate locking state should need no actions beyond
   access to the session.  However. the SEQ4_STATUS bits should be



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   checked for lost locking state, including the need to reclaim locks
   after a server reboot.

11.  Server Responsibilities Upon Migration (to be added)

   In order to effect Transparent State Migration and possibly session
   migration, the source and server need to co-operate to transfer
   certain client-relevant information.  The sections below discuss the
   information to be transferred but do not define the specifics of the
   transfer protocol.  This is left as an implementation choice although
   standards in this area could be developed at a later time.

   Transparent State Migration and session migration are discussed
   separately, in Sections 11.1 and 11.2 below respectively.  In each
   case, the discussion addresses the issue of providing the client a
   consistent view of the transferred state, even though the transfer
   might take an extended time.

11.1.  Server Responsibilities in Effecting Transparent State Migration
       (to be added)

   The basic responsibility of the source server in effecting
   Transparent State Migration is to make available to the destination
   server a description of each piece of locking state associated with
   the file system being migrated.  In addition to client id string and
   verifier, the source server needs to provide, for each stateid:

   o  The stateid including the current sequence value.

   o  The associated client ID.

   o  The handle of the associated file.

   o  The type of the lock, such as open, byte-range lock, delegation,
      layout.

   o  For locks such as opens and byte-range locks, there will be
      information about the owner(s) of the lock.

   o  For recallable/revocable lock types, the current recall status
      needs to be included.

   o  For each lock type there will by type-specific information, such
      as share and deny modes for opens and type and byte ranges for
      byte-range locks and layouts.

   A further server responsibility concerns locks that are revoked or
   otherwise lost during the process of file system migration.  Because



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   locks that appear to be lost during the process of migration will be
   reclaimed by the client, the servers have to take steps to ensure
   that locks revoked soon before or soon after migration are not
   inadvertently allowed to be reclaimed in situations in which the
   continuity of lock possession cannot be assured.

   o  For locks lost on the source but whose loss has not yet been
      acknowledged by the client (by using FREE_STATEID), the
      destination must be aware of this loss so that it can deny a
      request to reclaim them.

   o  For locks lost on the destination after the state transfer but
      before the client's RECLAIM_COMPLTE is done, the destination
      server should note these and not allow them to be reclaimed.

   An additional responsibility of the cooperating servers concerns
   situations in which a stateid cannot be transferred transparently
   because it conflicts with an existing stateid held by the client and
   associated with a different file system.  In this case there are two
   valid choices:

   o  Treat the transfer, as in NFSv4.0, as one without Transparent
      State Migration.  In this case, conflicting locks cannot be
      granted until the client does a RECLAIM_COMPLETE, after reclaiming
      the locks it had, with the exception of reclaims denied because
      they were attempts to reclaim locks that had been lost.

   o  Implement Transparent State Migration, except for the lock with
      the conflicting stateid.  In this case, the client will be aware
      of a lost lock (through the SEQ4_STATUS flags) and be allowed to
      reclaim it.

   When transferring state between the source and destination, the
   issues discussed in Section 7.2 of [RFC7931] must still be attended
   to.  In this case, the use of NFS4ERR_DELAY may still necessary in
   NFSv4.1, as it was in NFSv4.0, to prevent locking state changing
   while it is being transferred.

   There are a number of important differences in the NFS4.1 context:

   o  The absence of RELEASE_LOCKOWNER means that the one case in which
      an operation could not be deferred by use of NFS4ERR_DELAY no
      longer exists.

   o  Sequencing of operations is no longer done using owner-based
      operation sequences numbers.  Instead, sequencing is session-
      based




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   As a result, when sessions are not transferred, the techniques
   discussed in Section 7.2 of [RFC7931] are adequate and will not be
   further discussed.

11.2.  Server Responsibilities in Effecting Session Transfer (to be
       added)

   The basic responsibility of the source server in effecting session
   transfer is to make available to the destination server a description
   of the current state of each slot with the session, including:

   o  The last sequence value received for that slot.

   o  Whether there is cached reply data for the last request executed
      and, if so, the cached reply.

   When sessions are transferred, there are a number of issues that pose
   challenges in terms of making the transferred state unmodifiable
   during the period it is gathered up and transferred to the
   destination server.

   o  A single session may be used to access multiple file systems, not
      all of which are being transferred.

   o  Requests made on a session may, even if rejected, affect the state
      of the session by advancing the sequence number associated with
      the slot used.

   As a result, when the filesystem state might otherwise be considered
   unmodifiable, the client might have any number of in-flight requests,
   each of which is capable of changing session state, which may be of a
   number of types:

   1.  Those requests that were processed on the migrating file system,
       before migration began.

   2.  Those requests which got the error NFS4ERR_DELAY because the file
       system being accessed was in the process of being migrated.

   3.  Those requests which got the error NFS4ERR_MOVED because the file
       system being accessed had been migrated.

   4.  Those requests that accessed the migrating file system, in order
       to obtain location or status information.

   5.  Those requests that did not reference the migrating file system.





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   It should be noted that the history of any particular slot is likely
   to include a number of these request classes.  In the case in which a
   session which is migrated is used by filesystems other than the one
   migrated, requests of class 5 may be common and be the last request
   processed, for many slots.

   Since session state can change even after the locking state has been
   fixed as part of the migration process, the session state known to
   the client could be different from that on the destination server,
   which necessarily reflects the session state on the source server, at
   an earlier time.  In deciding how to deal with this situation, it is
   helpful to distinguish between two sorts of behavioral consequences
   of the choice of initial sequence ID values.

   o  The error NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED is returned when the sequence ID
      in a request is neither equal to the last one seen for the current
      slot nor the next greater one.

      In view of the difficulty of arriving at a mutually acceptable
      value for the correct last sequence value at the point of
      migration, it may be necessary for the server to show some degree
      of forbearance, when the sequence ID is one that would be
      considered unacceptable if session migration were not involved.

   o  Returning the cached reply for a previously executed request when
      the sequence ID in the request matches the last value recorded for
      the slot.

      In the cases in which an error is returned and there is no
      possibility of any non-idempotent operation having been executed,
      it may not be necessary to adhere to this as strictly as might be
      proper if session migration were not involved.  For example, the
      fact that the error NFS4ERR_DELAY was returned may not assist the
      client in any material way, while the fact that NFS4ERR_MOVED was
      returned by the source server may not be relevant when the request
      was reissued, directed to the destination server.

   One part of the necessary adaptation to these sorts of issues would
   restrict enforcement of normal slot sequence enforcement semantics
   until the client itself, by issuing a request using a particular slot
   on the destination server, established the new starting sequence for
   that slot on the migrated session.

   An important issue is that the specification needs to take note of
   all potential COMPOUNDs, even if they might be unlikely in practice.
   For example, a COMPOUND is allowed to access multiple file systems
   and might perform non-idempotent operations in some of them before
   accessing a file system being migrated.  Also, a COMPOUND may return



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   considerable data in the response, before being rejected with
   NFS4ERR_DELAY or NFS4ERR_MOVED, and may in addition be marked as
   sa_cachethis.

   To address these issues, the destination server MAY do any of the
   following.

   o  Avoid enforcing any sequencing semantics for a particular slot
      until the client has established the starting sequence for that
      slot on the destination server.

   o  For each slot, avoid returning a cached reply returning
      NFS4ERR_DELAY or NFS4ERR_MOVED until the client has established
      the starting sequence for that slot on the destination server.

   o  Until the client has established the starting sequence for a
      particular slot on the destination server, avoid reporting
      NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED or return a cached reply returning
      NFS4ERR_DELAY or NFS4ERR_MOVED, where the reply consists solely of
      a series of operations where the response is NFS4_OK until the
      final error.

12.  Changes to RFC5661 outside Section 11

   Beside the major rework of Section 11, there are a number of related
   changes that are necessary:

   o  The summary that appeared in Section 1.7.3.3 of [RFC5661] needs to
      be revised to reflect the changes called for in Section 4 of the
      current document.  The updated summary appears as Section 12.1
      below.

   o  The discussion of server scope which appeared in Section 2.10.4 of
      [RFC5661] needs to be replaced, since the existing text appears to
      require a level of inter-server co-ordination incompatible with
      its basic function of avoiding the need for a globally uniform
      means of assigning server_owner values.  A revised treatment
      appears Section 12.2 below.

   o  While the last paragraph (exclusive of sub-sections) of
      Section 2.10.5 in [RFC5661], dealing with server_owner changes, is
      literally true, it has been a source of confusion.  Since the
      existing paragraph can be read as suggesting that such changes be
      dealt with non-disruptively, the treatment in Section 12.4 below
      needs to be substituted.

   o  The existing definition of NFS4ERR_MOVED (in Section 15.1.2.4 of
      [RFC5661]) needs to be updated to reflect the different handling



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      of unavailability of a particular fs via a specific network
      address.  Since such a situation is no longer considered to
      constitute unavailability of a file system instance, the
      description needs to change even though the instances in which it
      is returned remain the same.  The updated description appears in
      Section 12.3 below.

   o  The existing treatment of EXCHANGE_ID (in Section 18.35 of
      [RFC5661]) assumes that client IDs cannot be created/ confirmed
      other than by the EXCHANGE_ID and CREATE_SESSION operations.
      Also, the necessary use of EXCHANGE_ID in recovery from migration
      and related situations is not addressed clearly.  A revised
      treatment of EXCHANGE_ID is necessary and it appears in Section 13
      below while the specific differences between it and the treatment
      within [RFC5661] are explained in Section 12.5 below.

12.1.  (Introduction to) Multi-Server Namespace (as updated)

   NFSv4.1 contains a number of features to allow implementation of
   namespaces that cross server boundaries and that allow and facilitate
   a non-disruptive transfer of support for individual file systems
   between servers.  They are all based upon attributes that allow one
   file system to specify alternate, additional, and new location
   information which specifies how the client may access to access that
   file system.

   These attributes can be used to provide for individual active file
   systems:

   o  Alternate network addresses to access the current file system
      instance.

   o  The locations of alternate file system instances or replicas to be
      used in the event that the current file system instance becomes
      unavailable.

   These attributes may be used together with the concept of absent file
   systems, in which a position in the server namespace is associated
   with locations on other servers without any file system instance on
   the current server.

   o  Location attributes may be used with absent file systems to
      implement referrals whereby one server may direct the client to a
      file system provided by another server.  This allows extensive
      multi-server namespaces to be constructed.






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   o  Location attributes may be provided when a previously present file
      system becomes absent.  This allows non-disruptive migration of
      file systems to alternate servers.

12.2.  Server Scope (as updated)

   Servers each specify a server scope value in the form of an opaque
   string eir_server_scope returned as part of the results of an
   EXCHANGE_ID operation.  The purpose of the server scope is to allow a
   group of servers to indicate to clients that a set of servers sharing
   the same server scope value has arranged to use compatible values of
   otherwise opaque identifiers.  Thus, the identifiers generated by two
   servers within that set can be assumed compatible so that, in some
   cases, identifiers by one server in that set that set may be
   presented to another server of the same scope.

   The use of such compatible values does not imply that a value
   generated by one server will always be accepted by another.  In most
   cases, it will not.  However, a server will not accept a value
   generated by another inadvertently.  When it does accept it, it will
   be because it is recognized as valid and carrying the same meaning as
   on another server of the same scope.

   When servers are of the same server scope, this compatibility of
   values applies to the following identifiers:

   o  Filehandle values.  A filehandle value accepted by two servers of
      the same server scope denotes the same object.  A WRITE operation
      sent to one server is reflected immediately in a READ sent to the
      other.

   o  Server owner values.  When the server scope values are the same,
      server owner value may be validly compared.  In cases where the
      server scope values are different, server owner values are treated
      as different even if they contain identical strings of bytes.

   The coordination among servers required to provide such compatibility
   can be quite minimal, and limited to a simple partition of the ID
   space.  The recognition of common values requires additional
   implementation, but this can be tailored to the specific situations
   in which that recognition is desired.

   Clients will have occasion to compare the server scope values of
   multiple servers under a number of circumstances, each of which will
   be discussed under the appropriate functional section:

   o  When server owner values received in response to EXCHANGE_ID
      operations sent to multiple network addresses are compared for the



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      purpose of determining the validity of various forms of trunking,
      as described in Section 4.5.2 of the current document.

   o  When network or server reconfiguration causes the same network
      address to possibly be directed to different servers, with the
      necessity for the client to determine when lock reclaim should be
      attempted, as described in Section 8.4.2.1 of [RFC5661].

   When two replies from EXCHANGE_ID, each from two different server
   network addresses, have the same server scope, there are a number of
   ways a client can validate that the common server scope is due to two
   servers cooperating in a group.

   o  If both EXCHANGE_ID requests were sent with RPCSEC_GSS ([RFC2203],
      [RFC5403], [RFC7861]) authentication and the server principal is
      the same for both targets, the equality of server scope is
      validated.  It is RECOMMENDED that two servers intending to share
      the same server scope also share the same principal name.

   o  The client may accept the appearance of the second server in the
      fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute for a relevant file
      system.  For example, if there is a migration event for a
      particular file system or there are locks to be reclaimed on a
      particular file system, the attributes for that particular file
      system may be used.  The client sends the GETATTR request to the
      first server for the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute
      with RPCSEC_GSS authentication.  It may need to do this in advance
      of the need to verify the common server scope.  If the client
      successfully authenticates the reply to GETATTR, and the GETATTR
      request and reply containing the fs_locations or fs_locations_info
      attribute refers to the second server, then the equality of server
      scope is supported.  A client may choose to limit the use of this
      form of support to information relevant to the specific file
      system involved (e.g. a file system being migrated).

12.3.  Revised Treatment of NFS4ERR_MOVED

   Because the term "replica" is now used differently, the current
   description of NFS4ERR_MOVED needs to be changed to the one below.
   The new paragraph explicitly recognizes that a different network
   address might be used, while the previous description, misleadingly,
   treated this as a shift between two replicas while only a single file
   system instance might be involved.

      The file system that contains the current filehandle object is not
      accessible using the address on which the request was made.  It
      still might be accessible using other addresses server-trunkable
      with it or it might not be present at the server.  In the latter



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      case, it might have been relocated or migrated to another server,
      or it might have never been present.  The client may obtain
      information regarding access to the file system location by
      obtaining the "fs_locations" or "fs_locations_info" attribute for
      the current filehandle.  For further discussion, refer to
      Section 11 of [RFC5661], as modified by the current document.

12.4.  Revised Discussion of Server_owner changes

   Because of problems with the treatment of such changes, the confusing
   paragraph, which simply says that such changes need to be dealt with,
   is to be replaced by the one below.

      It is always possible that, as a result of various sorts of
      reconfiguration events, eir_server_scope and eir_server_owner
      values may be different on subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests made to
      the same network address.

      In most cases such reconfiguration events will be disruptive and
      indicate that an IP address formerly connected to one server is
      now connected to an entirely different one.

      Some guidelines on client handling of such situations follow:

      *  When eir_server_scope changes, the client has no assurance that
         any id's it obtained previously (e.g. file handles) can be
         validly used on the new server, and, even if the new server
         accepts them, there is no assurance that this is not due to
         accident.  Thus it is best to treat all such state as lost/
         stale although a client may assume that the probability of
         inadvertent acceptance is low and treat this situation as
         within the next case.

      *  When eir_server_scope remains the same and
         eir_server_owner.so_major_id changes, the client can use
         filehandles it has and attempt reclaims.  It may find that
         these are now stale but if NFS4ERR_STALE is not received, he
         can proceed to reclaim his opens.

      *  When eir_server_scope and eir_server_owner.so_major_id remain
         the same, the client has to use the now-current values of
         eir_server_owner.so_minor_id in deciding on appropriate forms
         of trunking.








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12.5.  Revision to Treatment of EXCHANGE_ID

   There are a number of issues in the original treatment of EXCHANGE_ID
   (in [RFC5661]) that cause problems for Transparent State Migration
   and for the transfer of access between different network access paths
   to the same file system instance.

   These issues arise from the fact that this treatment was written:

   o  assuming that a client ID can only become known to a server by
      having been created by executing an EXCHANGE_ID, with confirmation
      of the ID only possible by execution of a CREATE_SESSION.

   o  Considering the interactions between a client and a server only on
      a single network address

   As these assumptions have become invalid in the context of
   Transparent State Migration and active use of trunking, the treatment
   has been modified in several respects.

   o  It had been assumed that an EXCHANGED_ID executed when the server
      is already aware of a given client instance must be either
      updating associated parameters (e.g. with respect to callbacks) or
      a lingering retransmission to deal with a previously lost reply.
      As result, any slot sequence returned would be of no use.  The
      existing treatment goes so far as to say that it "MUST NOT" be
      used, although this usage is not in accord with [RFC2119].  This
      created a difficulty when an EXCHANGE_ID is done after Transparent
      State Migration since that slot sequence needs to be used in a
      subsequent CREATE_SESSION.

      In the updated treatment, CREATE_SESSION is a way that client IDs
      are confirmed but it is understood that other ways are possible.
      The slot sequence can be used as needed and cases in which it
      would be of no use are appropriately noted.

   o  It was assumed that the only functions of EXCHANGE_ID were to
      inform the server of the client, create the client ID, and
      communicate it to the client.  When multiple simultaneous
      connections are involved, as often happens when trunking, that
      treatment was inadequate in that it ignored the role of
      EXCHANGE_ID in associating the client ID with the connection on
      which it was done, so that it could be used by a subsequent
      CREATE_SESSSION, whose parameters do not include an explicit
      client ID.

      The new treatment explicitly discusses the role of EXCHANGE_ID in
      associating the client ID with the connection so it can be used by



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      CREATE_SESSION and in associating a connection with an existing
      session.

   The new treatment can be found in Section 13 below.  It is intended
   to supersede the treatment in Section 18.35 of [RFC5661].  Publishing
   a complete replacement for Section 18.35 allows the corrected
   definition to be read as a whole once [RFC5661] is updated

13.  Operation 42: EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Client ID (as updated)

   The EXCHANGE_ID exchanges long-hand client and server identifiers
   (owners), and provides access to a client ID, creating one if
   necessary.  This client ID becomes associated with the connection on
   which the operation is done, so that it is available when a
   CREATE_SESSION is done or when the connection is used to issue a
   request on an existing session associated with the current client.

13.1.  ARGUMENT

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_REFER    = 0x00000001;
   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_MIGR     = 0x00000002;

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID  = 0x00000100;

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_NON_PNFS        = 0x00010000;
   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_MDS        = 0x00020000;
   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_DS         = 0x00040000;

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_MASK_PNFS           = 0x00070000;

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A = 0x40000000;
   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R         = 0x80000000;

   struct state_protect_ops4 {
           bitmap4 spo_must_enforce;
           bitmap4 spo_must_allow;
   };

   struct ssv_sp_parms4 {
           state_protect_ops4      ssp_ops;
           sec_oid4                ssp_hash_algs<>;
           sec_oid4                ssp_encr_algs<>;
           uint32_t                ssp_window;
           uint32_t                ssp_num_gss_handles;
   };

   enum state_protect_how4 {
           SP4_NONE = 0,



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           SP4_MACH_CRED = 1,
           SP4_SSV = 2
   };

   union state_protect4_a switch(state_protect_how4 spa_how) {
           case SP4_NONE:
                   void;
           case SP4_MACH_CRED:
                   state_protect_ops4      spa_mach_ops;
           case SP4_SSV:
                   ssv_sp_parms4           spa_ssv_parms;
   };

   struct EXCHANGE_ID4args {
           client_owner4           eia_clientowner;
           uint32_t                eia_flags;
           state_protect4_a        eia_state_protect;
           nfs_impl_id4            eia_client_impl_id<1>;
   };


13.2.  RESULT





























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   struct ssv_prot_info4 {
    state_protect_ops4     spi_ops;
    uint32_t               spi_hash_alg;
    uint32_t               spi_encr_alg;
    uint32_t               spi_ssv_len;
    uint32_t               spi_window;
    gsshandle4_t           spi_handles<>;
   };

   union state_protect4_r switch(state_protect_how4 spr_how) {
    case SP4_NONE:
            void;
    case SP4_MACH_CRED:
            state_protect_ops4     spr_mach_ops;
    case SP4_SSV:
            ssv_prot_info4         spr_ssv_info;
   };

   struct EXCHANGE_ID4resok {
    clientid4        eir_clientid;
    sequenceid4      eir_sequenceid;
    uint32_t         eir_flags;
    state_protect4_r eir_state_protect;
    server_owner4    eir_server_owner;
    opaque           eir_server_scope<NFS4_OPAQUE_LIMIT>;
    nfs_impl_id4     eir_server_impl_id<1>;
   };

   union EXCHANGE_ID4res switch (nfsstat4 eir_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
    EXCHANGE_ID4resok      eir_resok4;

   default:
    void;
   };

13.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The client uses the EXCHANGE_ID operation to register a particular
   client_owner with the server.  However, when the client_owner has
   been already been registered by other means (e.g.  Transparent State
   Migration), the client may still use EXCHANGE_ID to obtain the client
   ID assigned previously.

   The client ID returned from this operation will be associated with
   the connection on which the EXHANGE_ID is received and will serve as
   a parent object for sessions created by the client on this connection
   or to which the connection is bound.  As a result of using those



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   sessions to make requests involving the creation of state, that state
   will become associated with the client ID returned.

   In situations in which the registration of the client_owner has not
   occurred previously, the client ID must first be used, along with the
   returned eir_sequenceid, in creating an associated session using
   CREATE_SESSION.

   If the flag EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R is set in the result,
   eir_flags, then it is an indication that the registration of the
   client_owner has already occurred and that a further CREATE_SESSION
   is not needed to confirm it.  Of course, subsequent CREATE_SESSION
   operations may be needed for other reasons.

   The value eir_sequenceid is used to establish an initial sequence
   value associate with the client ID returned.  In cases in which a
   CREATE_SESSION has already been done, there is no need for this
   value, since sequencing of such request has already been established
   and the client has no need for this value and will ignore it

   EXCHANGE_ID MAY be sent in a COMPOUND procedure that starts with
   SEQUENCE.  However, when a client communicates with a server for the
   first time, it will not have a session, so using SEQUENCE will not be
   possible.  If EXCHANGE_ID is sent without a preceding SEQUENCE, then
   it MUST be the only operation in the COMPOUND procedure's request.
   If it is not, the server MUST return NFS4ERR_NOT_ONLY_OP.

   The eia_clientowner field is composed of a co_verifier field and a
   co_ownerid string.  As noted in section 2.4 of [RFC5661], the
   co_ownerid describes the client, and the co_verifier is the
   incarnation of the client.  An EXCHANGE_ID sent with a new
   incarnation of the client will lead to the server removing lock state
   of the old incarnation.  Whereas an EXCHANGE_ID sent with the current
   incarnation and co_ownerid will result in an error or an update of
   the client ID's properties, depending on the arguments to
   EXCHANGE_ID.

   A server MUST NOT use the same client ID for two different
   incarnations of an eir_clientowner.

   In addition to the client ID and sequence ID, the server returns a
   server owner (eir_server_owner) and server scope (eir_server_scope).
   The former field is used for network trunking as described in
   Section 2.10.54 of [RFC5661].  The latter field is used to allow
   clients to determine when client IDs sent by one server may be
   recognized by another in the event of file system migration (see
   Section 8.9 of the current document).




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   The client ID returned by EXCHANGE_ID is only unique relative to the
   combination of eir_server_owner.so_major_id and eir_server_scope.
   Thus, if two servers return the same client ID, the onus is on the
   client to distinguish the client IDs on the basis of
   eir_server_owner.so_major_id and eir_server_scope.  In the event two
   different servers claim matching server_owner.so_major_id and
   eir_server_scope, the client can use the verification techniques
   discussed in Section 2.10.5 of [RFC5661] to determine if the servers
   are distinct.  If they are distinct, then the client will need to
   note the destination network addresses of the connections used with
   each server, and use the network address as the final discriminator.

   The server, as defined by the unique identity expressed in the
   so_major_id of the server owner and the server scope, needs to track
   several properties of each client ID it hands out.  The properties
   apply to the client ID and all sessions associated with the client
   ID.  The properties are derived from the arguments and results of
   EXCHANGE_ID.  The client ID properties include:

   o  The capabilities expressed by the following bits, which come from
      the results of EXCHANGE_ID:

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_REFER

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_MIGR

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_NON_PNFS

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_MDS

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_DS

      These properties may be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests
      on confirmed client IDs though the server MAY refuse to change
      them.

   o  The state protection method used, one of SP4_NONE, SP4_MACH_CRED,
      or SP4_SSV, as set by the spa_how field of the arguments to
      EXCHANGE_ID.  Once the client ID is confirmed, this property
      cannot be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

   o  For SP4_MACH_CRED or SP4_SSV state protection:

      *  The list of operations (spo_must_enforce) that MUST use the
         specified state protection.  This list comes from the results
         of EXCHANGE_ID.



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      *  The list of operations (spo_must_allow) that MAY use the
         specified state protection.  This list comes from the results
         of EXCHANGE_ID.

      Once the client ID is confirmed, these properties cannot be
      updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

   o  For SP4_SSV protection:

      *  The OID of the hash algorithm.  This property is represented by
         one of the algorithms in the ssp_hash_algs field of the
         EXCHANGE_ID arguments.  Once the client ID is confirmed, this
         property cannot be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

      *  The OID of the encryption algorithm.  This property is
         represented by one of the algorithms in the ssp_encr_algs field
         of the EXCHANGE_ID arguments.  Once the client ID is confirmed,
         this property cannot be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID
         requests.

      *  The length of the SSV.  This property is represented by the
         spi_ssv_len field in the EXCHANGE_ID results.  Once the client
         ID is confirmed, this property cannot be updated by subsequent
         EXCHANGE_ID requests.

         There are REQUIRED and RECOMMENDED relationships among the
         length of the key of the encryption algorithm ("key length"),
         the length of the output of hash algorithm ("hash length"), and
         the length of the SSV ("SSV length").

         +  key length MUST be <= hash length.  This is because the keys
            used for the encryption algorithm are actually subkeys
            derived from the SSV, and the derivation is via the hash
            algorithm.  The selection of an encryption algorithm with a
            key length that exceeded the length of the output of the
            hash algorithm would require padding, and thus weaken the
            use of the encryption algorithm.

         +  hash length SHOULD be <= SSV length.  This is because the
            SSV is a key used to derive subkeys via an HMAC, and it is
            recommended that the key used as input to an HMAC be at
            least as long as the length of the HMAC's hash algorithm's
            output (see Section 3 of [RFC2104]).

         +  key length SHOULD be <= SSV length.  This is a transitive
            result of the above two invariants.





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         +  key length SHOULD be >= hash length / 2.  This is because
            the subkey derivation is via an HMAC and it is recommended
            that if the HMAC has to be truncated, it should not be
            truncated to less than half the hash length (see Section 4
            of RFC2104 [RFC2104]).

      *  Number of concurrent versions of the SSV the client and server
         will support (see Section 2.10.9 of [RFC5661]).  This property
         is represented by spi_window in the EXCHANGE_ID results.  The
         property may be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

   o  The client's implementation ID as represented by the
      eia_client_impl_id field of the arguments.  The property may be
      updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

   o  The server's implementation ID as represented by the
      eir_server_impl_id field of the reply.  The property may be
      updated by replies to subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

   The eia_flags passed as part of the arguments and the eir_flags
   results allow the client and server to inform each other of their
   capabilities as well as indicate how the client ID will be used.
   Whether a bit is set or cleared on the arguments' flags does not
   force the server to set or clear the same bit on the results' side.
   Bits not defined above cannot be set in the eia_flags field.  If they
   are, the server MUST reject the operation with NFS4ERR_INVAL.

   The EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A bit can only be set in
   eia_flags; it is always off in eir_flags.  The
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R bit can only be set in eir_flags; it is
   always off in eia_flags.  If the server recognizes the co_ownerid and
   co_verifier as mapping to a confirmed client ID, it sets
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R in eir_flags.  The
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R flag allows a client to tell if the client
   ID it is trying to create already exists and is confirmed.

   If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set in eia_flags, this means
   that the client is attempting to update properties of an existing
   confirmed client ID (if the client wants to update properties of an
   unconfirmed client ID, it MUST NOT set
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A).  If so, it is RECOMMENDED that
   the client send the update EXCHANGE_ID operation in the same COMPOUND
   as a SEQUENCE so that the EXCHANGE_ID is executed exactly once.
   Whether the client can update the properties of client ID depends on
   the state protection it selected when the client ID was created, and
   the principal and security flavor it uses when sending the
   EXCHANGE_ID request.  The situations described in items 6, 7, 8, or 9
   of the second numbered list of Section 13.4 below will apply.  Note



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   that if the operation succeeds and returns a client ID that is
   already confirmed, the server MUST set the EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R
   bit in eir_flags.

   If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set in eia_flags, this
   means that the client is trying to establish a new client ID; it is
   attempting to trunk data communication to the server (See
   Section 2.10.5 of [RFC5661]); or it is attempting to update
   properties of an unconfirmed client ID.  The situations described in
   items 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the second numbered list of Section 13.4
   below will apply.  Note that if the operation succeeds and returns a
   client ID that was previously confirmed, the server MUST set the
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R bit in eir_flags.

   When the EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_REFER flag bit is set, the client
   indicates that it is capable of dealing with an NFS4ERR_MOVED error
   as part of a referral sequence.  When this bit is not set, it is
   still legal for the server to perform a referral sequence.  However,
   a server may use the fact that the client is incapable of correctly
   responding to a referral, by avoiding it for that particular client.
   It may, for instance, act as a proxy for that particular file system,
   at some cost in performance, although it is not obligated to do so.
   If the server will potentially perform a referral, it MUST set
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_REFER in eir_flags.

   When the EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_MIGR is set, the client indicates
   that it is capable of dealing with an NFS4ERR_MOVED error as part of
   a file system migration sequence.  When this bit is not set, it is
   still legal for the server to indicate that a file system has moved,
   when this in fact happens.  However, a server may use the fact that
   the client is incapable of correctly responding to a migration in its
   scheduling of file systems to migrate so as to avoid migration of
   file systems being actively used.  It may also hide actual migrations
   from clients unable to deal with them by acting as a proxy for a
   migrated file system for particular clients, at some cost in
   performance, although it is not obligated to do so.  If the server
   will potentially perform a migration, it MUST set
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_MIGR in eir_flags.

   When EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID is set, the client indicates
   that it wants the server to bind the stateid to the principal.  This
   means that when a principal creates a stateid, it has to be the one
   to use the stateid.  If the server will perform binding, it will
   return EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID.  The server MAY return
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID even if the client does not request
   it.  If an update to the client ID changes the value of
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID's client ID property, the effect
   applies only to new stateids.  Existing stateids (and all stateids



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   with the same "other" field) that were created with stateid to
   principal binding in force will continue to have binding in force.
   Existing stateids (and all stateids with the same "other" field) that
   were created with stateid to principal not in force will continue to
   have binding not in force.

   The EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_NON_PNFS, EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_MDS, and
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_DS bits are described in Section 13.1 of
   [RFC5661] and convey roles the client ID is to be used for in a pNFS
   environment.  The server MUST set one of the acceptable combinations
   of these bits (roles) in eir_flags, as specified in that section.
   Note that the same client owner/server owner pair can have multiple
   roles.  Multiple roles can be associated with the same client ID or
   with different client IDs.  Thus, if a client sends EXCHANGE_ID from
   the same client owner to the same server owner multiple times, but
   specifies different pNFS roles each time, the server might return
   different client IDs.  Given that different pNFS roles might have
   different client IDs, the client may ask for different properties for
   each role/client ID.

   The spa_how field of the eia_state_protect field specifies how the
   client wants to protect its client, locking, and session states from
   unauthorized changes (Section 2.10.8.3 of [RFC5661]):

   o  SP4_NONE.  The client does not request the NFSv4.1 server to
      enforce state protection.  The NFSv4.1 server MUST NOT enforce
      state protection for the returned client ID.

   o  SP4_MACH_CRED.  If spa_how is SP4_MACH_CRED, then the client MUST
      send the EXCHANGE_ID request with RPCSEC_GSS as the security
      flavor, and with a service of RPC_GSS_SVC_INTEGRITY or
      RPC_GSS_SVC_PRIVACY.  If SP4_MACH_CRED is specified, then the
      client wants to use an RPCSEC_GSS-based machine credential to
      protect its state.  The server MUST note the principal the
      EXCHANGE_ID operation was sent with, and the GSS mechanism used.
      These notes collectively comprise the machine credential.

      After the client ID is confirmed, as long as the lease associated
      with the client ID is unexpired, a subsequent EXCHANGE_ID
      operation that uses the same eia_clientowner.co_owner as the first
      EXCHANGE_ID MUST also use the same machine credential as the first
      EXCHANGE_ID.  The server returns the same client ID for the
      subsequent EXCHANGE_ID as that returned from the first
      EXCHANGE_ID.

   o  SP4_SSV.  If spa_how is SP4_SSV, then the client MUST send the
      EXCHANGE_ID request with RPCSEC_GSS as the security flavor, and
      with a service of RPC_GSS_SVC_INTEGRITY or RPC_GSS_SVC_PRIVACY.



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      If SP4_SSV is specified, then the client wants to use the SSV to
      protect its state.  The server records the credential used in the
      request as the machine credential (as defined above) for the
      eia_clientowner.co_owner.  The CREATE_SESSION operation that
      confirms the client ID MUST use the same machine credential.

   When a client specifies SP4_MACH_CRED or SP4_SSV, it also provides
   two lists of operations (each expressed as a bitmap).  The first list
   is spo_must_enforce and consists of those operations the client MUST
   send (subject to the server confirming the list of operations in the
   result of EXCHANGE_ID) with the machine credential (if SP4_MACH_CRED
   protection is specified) or the SSV-based credential (if SP4_SSV
   protection is used).  The client MUST send the operations with
   RPCSEC_GSS credentials that specify the RPC_GSS_SVC_INTEGRITY or
   RPC_GSS_SVC_PRIVACY security service.  Typically, the first list of
   operations includes EXCHANGE_ID, CREATE_SESSION, DELEGPURGE,
   DESTROY_SESSION, BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, and DESTROY_CLIENTID.  The
   client SHOULD NOT specify in this list any operations that require a
   filehandle because the server's access policies MAY conflict with the
   client's choice, and thus the client would then be unable to access a
   subset of the server's namespace.

   Note that if SP4_SSV protection is specified, and the client
   indicates that CREATE_SESSION must be protected with SP4_SSV, because
   the SSV cannot exist without a confirmed client ID, the first
   CREATE_SESSION MUST instead be sent using the machine credential, and
   the server MUST accept the machine credential.

   There is a corresponding result, also called spo_must_enforce, of the
   operations for which the server will require SP4_MACH_CRED or SP4_SSV
   protection.  Normally, the server's result equals the client's
   argument, but the result MAY be different.  If the client requests
   one or more operations in the set { EXCHANGE_ID, CREATE_SESSION,
   DELEGPURGE, DESTROY_SESSION, BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, DESTROY_CLIENTID
   }, then the result spo_must_enforce MUST include the operations the
   client requested from that set.

   If spo_must_enforce in the results has BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION set, then
   connection binding enforcement is enabled, and the client MUST use
   the machine (if SP4_MACH_CRED protection is used) or SSV (if SP4_SSV
   protection is used) credential on calls to BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION.

   The second list is spo_must_allow and consists of those operations
   the client wants to have the option of sending with the machine
   credential or the SSV-based credential, even if the object the
   operations are performed on is not owned by the machine or SSV
   credential.




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   The corresponding result, also called spo_must_allow, consists of the
   operations the server will allow the client to use SP4_SSV or
   SP4_MACH_CRED credentials with.  Normally, the server's result equals
   the client's argument, but the result MAY be different.

   The purpose of spo_must_allow is to allow clients to solve the
   following conundrum.  Suppose the client ID is confirmed with
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID, and it calls OPEN with the
   RPCSEC_GSS credentials of a normal user.  Now suppose the user's
   credentials expire, and cannot be renewed (e.g., a Kerberos ticket
   granting ticket expires, and the user has logged off and will not be
   acquiring a new ticket granting ticket).  The client will be unable
   to send CLOSE without the user's credentials, which is to say the
   client has to either leave the state on the server or re-send
   EXCHANGE_ID with a new verifier to clear all state, that is, unless
   the client includes CLOSE on the list of operations in spo_must_allow
   and the server agrees.

   The SP4_SSV protection parameters also have:

   ssp_hash_algs:

      This is the set of algorithms the client supports for the purpose
      of computing the digests needed for the internal SSV GSS mechanism
      and for the SET_SSV operation.  Each algorithm is specified as an
      object identifier (OID).  The REQUIRED algorithms for a server are
      id-sha1, id-sha224, id-sha256, id-sha384, and id-sha512 [RFC4055].
      The algorithm the server selects among the set is indicated in
      spi_hash_alg, a field of spr_ssv_prot_info.  The field
      spi_hash_alg is an index into the array ssp_hash_algs.  If the
      server does not support any of the offered algorithms, it returns
      NFS4ERR_HASH_ALG_UNSUPP.  If ssp_hash_algs is empty, the server
      MUST return NFS4ERR_INVAL.

   ssp_encr_algs:

      This is the set of algorithms the client supports for the purpose
      of providing privacy protection for the internal SSV GSS
      mechanism.  Each algorithm is specified as an OID.  The REQUIRED
      algorithm for a server is id-aes256-CBC.  The RECOMMENDED
      algorithms are id-aes192-CBC and id-aes128-CBC [CSOR_AES].  The
      selected algorithm is returned in spi_encr_alg, an index into
      ssp_encr_algs.  If the server does not support any of the offered
      algorithms, it returns NFS4ERR_ENCR_ALG_UNSUPP.  If ssp_encr_algs
      is empty, the server MUST return NFS4ERR_INVAL.  Note that due to
      previously stated requirements and recommendations on the
      relationships between key length and hash length, some
      combinations of RECOMMENDED and REQUIRED encryption algorithm and



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      hash algorithm either SHOULD NOT or MUST NOT be used.  Table 1
      summarizes the illegal and discouraged combinations.

   ssp_window:

      This is the number of SSV versions the client wants the server to
      maintain (i.e., each successful call to SET_SSV produces a new
      version of the SSV).  If ssp_window is zero, the server MUST
      return NFS4ERR_INVAL.  The server responds with spi_window, which
      MUST NOT exceed ssp_window, and MUST be at least one.  Any
      requests on the backchannel or fore channel that are using a
      version of the SSV that is outside the window will fail with an
      ONC RPC authentication error, and the requester will have to retry
      them with the same slot ID and sequence ID.

   ssp_num_gss_handles:

      This is the number of RPCSEC_GSS handles the server should create
      that are based on the GSS SSV mechanism (see section 2.10.9 of
      [RFC5661]).  It is not the total number of RPCSEC_GSS handles for
      the client ID.  Indeed, subsequent calls to EXCHANGE_ID will add
      RPCSEC_GSS handles.  The server responds with a list of handles in
      spi_handles.  If the client asks for at least one handle and the
      server cannot create it, the server MUST return an error.  The
      handles in spi_handles are not available for use until the client
      ID is confirmed, which could be immediately if EXCHANGE_ID returns
      EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R, or upon successful confirmation from
      CREATE_SESSION.

      While a client ID can span all the connections that are connected
      to a server sharing the same eir_server_owner.so_major_id, the
      RPCSEC_GSS handles returned in spi_handles can only be used on
      connections connected to a server that returns the same the
      eir_server_owner.so_major_id and eir_server_owner.so_minor_id on
      each connection.  It is permissible for the client to set
      ssp_num_gss_handles to zero; the client can create more handles
      with another EXCHANGE_ID call.

      Because each SSV RPCSEC_GSS handle shares a common SSV GSS
      context, there are security considerations specific to this
      situation discussed in Section 2.10.10 of [RFC5661].

      The seq_window (see Section 5.2.3.1 of [RFC2203]) of each
      RPCSEC_GSS handle in spi_handle MUST be the same as the seq_window
      of the RPCSEC_GSS handle used for the credential of the RPC
      request that the EXCHANGE_ID request was sent with.





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   +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+
   | Encryption        | MUST NOT be combined | SHOULD NOT be combined |
   | Algorithm         | with                 | with                   |
   +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+
   | id-aes128-CBC     |                      | id-sha384, id-sha512   |
   | id-aes192-CBC     | id-sha1              | id-sha512              |
   | id-aes256-CBC     | id-sha1, id-sha224   |                        |
   +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+

                                  Table 1

   The arguments include an array of up to one element in length called
   eia_client_impl_id.  If eia_client_impl_id is present, it contains
   the information identifying the implementation of the client.
   Similarly, the results include an array of up to one element in
   length called eir_server_impl_id that identifies the implementation
   of the server.  Servers MUST accept a zero-length eia_client_impl_id
   array, and clients MUST accept a zero-length eir_server_impl_id
   array.

   A possible use for implementation identifiers would be in diagnostic
   software that extracts this information in an attempt to identify
   interoperability problems, performance workload behaviors, or general
   usage statistics.  Since the intent of having access to this
   information is for planning or general diagnosis only, the client and
   server MUST NOT interpret this implementation identity information in
   a way that affects how the implementation behaves in interacting with
   its peer.  The client and server are not allowed to depend on the
   peer's manifesting a particular allowed behavior based on an
   implementation identifier but are required to interoperate as
   specified elsewhere in the protocol specification.

   Because it is possible that some implementations might violate the
   protocol specification and interpret the identity information,
   implementations MUST provide facilities to allow the NFSv4 client and
   server be configured to set the contents of the nfs_impl_id
   structures sent to any specified value.

13.4.  IMPLEMENTATION

   A server's client record is a 5-tuple:

   1.  co_ownerid

          The client identifier string, from the eia_clientowner
          structure of the EXCHANGE_ID4args structure.

   2.  co_verifier:



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          A client-specific value used to indicate incarnations (where a
          client restart represents a new incarnation), from the
          eia_clientowner structure of the EXCHANGE_ID4args structure.

   3.  principal:

          The principal that was defined in the RPC header's credential
          and/or verifier at the time the client record was established.

   4.  client ID:

          The shorthand client identifier, generated by the server and
          returned via the eir_clientid field in the EXCHANGE_ID4resok
          structure.

   5.  confirmed:

          A private field on the server indicating whether or not a
          client record has been confirmed.  A client record is
          confirmed if there has been a successful CREATE_SESSION
          operation to confirm it.  Otherwise, it is unconfirmed.  An
          unconfirmed record is established by an EXCHANGE_ID call.  Any
          unconfirmed record that is not confirmed within a lease period
          SHOULD be removed.

   The following identifiers represent special values for the fields in
   the records.

   ownerid_arg:

      The value of the eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of the
      EXCHANGE_ID4args structure of the current request.

   verifier_arg:

      The value of the eia_clientowner.co_verifier subfield of the
      EXCHANGE_ID4args structure of the current request.

   old_verifier_arg:

      A value of the eia_clientowner.co_verifier field of a client
      record received in a previous request; this is distinct from
      verifier_arg.

   principal_arg:

      The value of the RPCSEC_GSS principal for the current request.




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   old_principal_arg:

      A value of the principal of a client record as defined by the RPC
      header's credential or verifier of a previous request.  This is
      distinct from principal_arg.

   clientid_ret:

      The value of the eir_clientid field the server will return in the
      EXCHANGE_ID4resok structure for the current request.

   old_clientid_ret:

      The value of the eir_clientid field the server returned in the
      EXCHANGE_ID4resok structure for a previous request.  This is
      distinct from clientid_ret.

   confirmed:

      The client ID has been confirmed.

   unconfirmed:

      The client ID has not been confirmed.

   Since EXCHANGE_ID is a non-idempotent operation, we must consider the
   possibility that retries occur as a result of a client restart,
   network partition, malfunctioning router, etc.  Retries are
   identified by the value of the eia_clientowner field of
   EXCHANGE_ID4args, and the method for dealing with them is outlined in
   the scenarios below.

   The scenarios are described in terms of the client record(s) a server
   has for a given co_ownerid.  Note that if the client ID was created
   specifying SP4_SSV state protection and EXCHANGE_ID as the one of the
   operations in spo_must_allow, then the server MUST authorize
   EXCHANGE_IDs with the SSV principal in addition to the principal that
   created the client ID.

   1.  New Owner ID

          If the server has no client records with
          eia_clientowner.co_ownerid matching ownerid_arg, and
          EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set in the
          EXCHANGE_ID, then a new shorthand client ID (let us call it
          clientid_ret) is generated, and the following unconfirmed
          record is added to the server's state.




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          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          unconfirmed }

          Subsequently, the server returns clientid_ret.





   2.  Non-Update on Existing Client ID

          If the server has the following confirmed record, and the
          request does not have EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A set,
          then the request is the result of a retried request due to a
          faulty router or lost connection, or the client is trying to
          determine if it can perform trunking.

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          confirmed }

          Since the record has been confirmed, the client must have
          received the server's reply from the initial EXCHANGE_ID
          request.  Since the server has a confirmed record, and since
          EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set, with the
          possible exception of eir_server_owner.so_minor_id, the server
          returns the same result it did when the client ID's properties
          were last updated (or if never updated, the result when the
          client ID was created).  The confirmed record is unchanged.

   3.  Client Collision

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set, and if the
          server has the following confirmed record, then this request
          is likely the result of a chance collision between the values
          of the eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of EXCHANGE_ID4args
          for two different clients.

          { ownerid_arg, *, old_principal_arg, old_clientid_ret,
          confirmed }

          If there is currently no state associated with
          old_clientid_ret, or if there is state but the lease has
          expired, then this case is effectively equivalent to the New
          Owner ID case of Paragraph 1.  The confirmed record is
          deleted, the old_clientid_ret and its lock state are deleted,
          a new shorthand client ID is generated, and the following
          unconfirmed record is added to the server's state.




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          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          unconfirmed }

          Subsequently, the server returns clientid_ret.



          If old_clientid_ret has an unexpired lease with state, then no
          state of old_clientid_ret is changed or deleted.  The server
          returns NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE to indicate that the client should
          retry with a different value for the
          eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of EXCHANGE_ID4args.  The
          client record is not changed.

   4.  Replacement of Unconfirmed Record

          If the EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A flag is not set, and
          the server has the following unconfirmed record, then the
          client is attempting EXCHANGE_ID again on an unconfirmed
          client ID, perhaps due to a retry, a client restart before
          client ID confirmation (i.e., before CREATE_SESSION was
          called), or some other reason.

          { ownerid_arg, *, *, old_clientid_ret, unconfirmed }

          It is possible that the properties of old_clientid_ret are
          different than those specified in the current EXCHANGE_ID.
          Whether or not the properties are being updated, to eliminate
          ambiguity, the server deletes the unconfirmed record,
          generates a new client ID (clientid_ret), and establishes the
          following unconfirmed record:

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          unconfirmed }



   5.  Client Restart

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set, and if the
          server has the following confirmed client record, then this
          request is likely from a previously confirmed client that has
          restarted.

          { ownerid_arg, old_verifier_arg, principal_arg,
          old_clientid_ret, confirmed }





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          Since the previous incarnation of the same client will no
          longer be making requests, once the new client ID is confirmed
          by CREATE_SESSION, byte-range locks and share reservations
          should be released immediately rather than forcing the new
          incarnation to wait for the lease time on the previous
          incarnation to expire.  Furthermore, session state should be
          removed since if the client had maintained that information
          across restart, this request would not have been sent.  If the
          server supports neither the CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV nor
          CLAIM_DELEG_PREV_FH claim types, associated delegations should
          be purged as well; otherwise, delegations are retained and
          recovery proceeds according to section 10.2.1 of [RFC5661].

          After processing, clientid_ret is returned to the client and
          this client record is added:

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          unconfirmed }



          The previously described confirmed record continues to exist,
          and thus the same ownerid_arg exists in both a confirmed and
          unconfirmed state at the same time.  The number of states can
          collapse to one once the server receives an applicable
          CREATE_SESSION or EXCHANGE_ID.

          +  If the server subsequently receives a successful
             CREATE_SESSION that confirms clientid_ret, then the server
             atomically destroys the confirmed record and makes the
             unconfirmed record confirmed as described in section
             16.36.3 of [RFC5661].

          +  If the server instead subsequently receives an EXCHANGE_ID
             with the client owner equal to ownerid_arg, one strategy is
             to simply delete the unconfirmed record, and process the
             EXCHANGE_ID as described in the entirety of Section 13.4.

   6.  Update

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set, and the server
          has the following confirmed record, then this request is an
          attempt at an update.

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          confirmed }





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          Since the record has been confirmed, the client must have
          received the server's reply from the initial EXCHANGE_ID
          request.  The server allows the update, and the client record
          is left intact.

   7.  Update but No Confirmed Record

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set, and the server
          has no confirmed record corresponding ownerid_arg, then the
          server returns NFS4ERR_NOENT and leaves any unconfirmed record
          intact.

   8.  Update but Wrong Verifier

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set, and the server
          has the following confirmed record, then this request is an
          illegal attempt at an update, perhaps because of a retry from
          a previous client incarnation.

          { ownerid_arg, old_verifier_arg, *, clientid_ret, confirmed }

          The server returns NFS4ERR_NOT_SAME and leaves the client
          record intact.

   9.  Update but Wrong Principal

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set, and the server
          has the following confirmed record, then this request is an
          illegal attempt at an update by an unauthorized principal.

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, old_principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          confirmed }

          The server returns NFS4ERR_PERM and leaves the client record
          intact.

14.  Security Considerations

   The Security Considerations section of [RFC5661] needs the additions
   below to properly address some aspects of trunking discovery,
   referral, migration and replication.

      The possibility that requests to determine the set of network
      addresses corresponding to a given server might be interfered with
      or have their responses corrupted needs to be taken into account.
      In light of this, the following considerations should be taken
      note of:




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      o  When DNS is used to convert server named to addresses and
         DNSSEC [RFC4033] is not available, the validity of the network
         addresses returned cannot be relied upon.  However, when the
         client uses RPCSEC_GSS to access the designated server, it is
         possible for mutual authentication to discover invalid server
         addresses provided.

      o  The fetching of attributes containing location information
         SHOULD be performed using RPCSEC_GSS with integrity protection,
         as previously explained in the Security Considerations section
         of [RFC5661].  It is important to note here that a client
         making a request of this sort without using RPCSEC_GSS
         including integrity protection needs be aware of the negative
         consequences of doing so, which can lead to invalid host names
         or network addresses being returned.  In light of this, the
         client needs to recognize that using such returned location
         information to access an NFSv4 server without use of RPCSEC_GSS
         (i.e.  by using AUTH_SYS) poses dangers as it can result in the
         client interacting with an unverified network address posing as
         an NFSv4 server.

      o  Despite the fact that it is a REQUIREMENT (of [RFC5661]) that
         "implementations" provide "support" for use of RPCSEC_GSS, it
         cannot be assumed that use of RPCSEC_GSS is always available
         between any particular client-server pair.

      o  When a client has the network addresses of a server but not the
         associated host names, that would interfere with its ability to
         use RPCSEC_GSS.

      In light of the above, a server should present location entries
      that correspond to file systems on other servers using a host
      name.  This would allow the client to interrogate the fs_locations
      on the destination server to obtain trunking information (as well
      as replica information) using RPCSEC_GSS with integrity,
      validating the name provided while assuring that the response has
      not been corrupted.

      When RPCSEC_GSS is not available on a server, the client needs to
      be aware of the fact that the location entries are subject to
      corruption and cannot be relied upon.  In the case of a client
      being directed to another server after NFS4ERR_MOVED, this could
      vitiate the authentication provided by the use of RPCSEC_GSS on
      the destination.  Even when RPCSEC_GSS authentication is available
      on the destination, the server might validly represent itself as
      the server to which the client was erroneously directed.  Without
      a way to decide whether the server is a valid one, the client can
      only determine, using RPCSEC_GSS, that the server corresponds to



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      the name provided, with no basis for trusting that server.  As a
      result, the client should not use such unverified location entries
      as a basis for migration, even though RPCSEC_GSS might be
      available on the destination.

      When a location attribute is fetched upon connecting with an NFS
      server, it SHOULD, as stated above, be done using RPCSEC_GSS with
      integrity protection.  When this not possible, it is generally
      best for the client to ignore trunking and replica information or
      simply not fetch the location information for these purposes.

      When location information cannot be verified, it can be subjected
      to additional filtering to prevent the client from being
      inappropriately directed.  For example, if a range of network
      addresses can be determined that assure that the servers and
      clients using AUTH_SYS are subject to the appropriate set of
      constrains (e.g. physical network isolation, administrative
      controls on the operating systems used), then network addresses in
      the appropriate range can be used with others discarded or
      restricted in their use of AUTH_SYS.

      To summarize considerations regarding the use of RPCSEC_GSS in
      fetching location information, we need to consider the following
      possibilities for requests to interrogate location information,
      with interrogation approaches on the referring and destination
      servers arrived at separately:

      o  The use of RPCSEC_GSS with integrity protection is RECOMMENDED
         in all cases, since the absence of integrity protection exposes
         the client to the possibility of the results being modified in
         transit.

      o  The use of requests issued without RPCSEC_GSS (i.e. using
         AUTH_SYS), while undesirable, may not be avoidable in all
         cases.  Where the use of the returned information cannot be
         avoided, it should be subject to filtering to eliminate the
         possibility that the client would treat an invalid address as
         if it were a NFSv4 server.  The specifics will vary depending
         on the degree of network isolation and whether the request is
         to the referring or destination servers.

15.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not require actions by IANA.







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16.  References

16.1.  Normative References

   [CSOR_AES]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology,
              "Cryptographic Algorithm Object Registration", URL
              http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/crypto_apps_infra/csor/
              algorithms.html, November 2007.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2203]  Eisler, M., Chiu, A., and L. Ling, "RPCSEC_GSS Protocol
              Specification", RFC 2203, DOI 10.17487/RFC2203, September
              1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2203>.

   [RFC4033]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
              RFC 4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4033>.

   [RFC4055]  Schaad, J., Kaliski, B., and R. Housley, "Additional
              Algorithms and Identifiers for RSA Cryptography for use in
              the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
              and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 4055,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4055, June 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4055>.

   [RFC5403]  Eisler, M., "RPCSEC_GSS Version 2", RFC 5403,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5403, February 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5403>.

   [RFC5531]  Thurlow, R., "RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol
              Specification Version 2", RFC 5531, DOI 10.17487/RFC5531,
              May 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5531>.

   [RFC5661]  Shepler, S., Ed., Eisler, M., Ed., and D. Noveck, Ed.,
              "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 1
              Protocol", RFC 5661, DOI 10.17487/RFC5661, January 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5661>.

   [RFC7530]  Haynes, T., Ed. and D. Noveck, Ed., "Network File System
              (NFS) Version 4 Protocol", RFC 7530, DOI 10.17487/RFC7530,
              March 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7530>.




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   [RFC7861]  Adamson, A. and N. Williams, "Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
              Security Version 3", RFC 7861, DOI 10.17487/RFC7861,
              November 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7861>.

   [RFC7931]  Noveck, D., Ed., Shivam, P., Lever, C., and B. Baker,
              "NFSv4.0 Migration: Specification Update", RFC 7931,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7931, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7931>.

   [RFC8166]  Lever, C., Ed., Simpson, W., and T. Talpey, "Remote Direct
              Memory Access Transport for Remote Procedure Call Version
              1", RFC 8166, DOI 10.17487/RFC8166, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8166>.

16.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.cel-nfsv4-mv0-trunking-update]
              Lever, C. and D. Noveck, "NFS version 4.0 Trunking
              Update", draft-cel-nfsv4-mv0-trunking-update-00 (work in
              progress), November 2017.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.

Appendix A.  Classification of Document Sections

   Using the classification appearing in Section 3.3, we can proceed
   through the current document and classify its sections as listed
   below.  In this listing, when we refer to a Section X and there is a
   Section X.1 within it, the classification of Section X refers to the
   part of that section exclusive of subsections.  In the case when that
   portion is empty, the section is not counted.

   o  Sections 1 through 4, a total of five sections, are all
      explanatory.

   o  Section 4.1 is a replacement section.

   o  Section 4.3 is an additional section.

   o  Section 4.3 is a replacement section.

   o  Section 4.4 is explanatory.

   o  Section 4.5 is a replacement section.




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   o  Sections 4.5.1 through 4.5.3, a total of three sections, are all
      additional sections.

   o  Sections 4.5.4 through 4.5.6, a total of three sections, are all
      replacement sections.

   o  Section 4.5.7 is an additional section.

   o  Section 5 is explanatory.

   o  Sections 6 and 7 are additional sections.

   o  Sections 8 through 8.9, a total of ten sections, are all
      replacement sections.

   o  Sections 9 through 11.2, a total of eleven sections, are all
      additional sections.

   o  Section 12 is explanatory.

   o  Sections 12.1 and 12.2 are replacement sections.

   o  Sections 12.3 and 12.4 are editing sections.

   o  Section 12.5 is explanatory.

   o  Section 13 is a replacement section, which consists of a total of
      five sections.

   o  Section 14 is an editing section.

   o  Section 15 through Acknowledgments, a total of six sections, are
      all explanatory.

   To summarize:

   o  There are fifteen explanatory sections.

   o  There are twenty-two replacement sections.

   o  There are eightteen additional sections.

   o  There are three editing sections.








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Appendix B.  Updates to RFC5661

   In this appendix, we proceed through [RFC5661] identifying sections
   as unchanged, modified, deleted, or replaced and indicating where
   additional sections from the current document would appear in an
   eventual consolidated description of NFSv4.1.  In this presentation,
   when section X is referred to, it denotes that section plus all
   included subsections.  When it is necessary to refer to the part of a
   section outside any included subsections, the exclusion is noted
   explicitly.

   o  Section 1 is unmodified except that Section 1.7.3.3 is to be
      replaced by Section 12.1 from the current document.

   o  Section 2 is unmodified except for the specific items listed
      below:

      o  Section 2.10.4 is replaced by Section 12.2 from the current
         document.

      o  Section 2.10.5 is modified as discussed in Section 12.4 of the
         current document.

   o  Sections 3 through 10 are unchanged.

   o  Section 11 is extensively modified as discussed below.

      o  Section 11, exclusive of subsections, is replaced by Sections
         4.1 and 4.2 from the current document.

      o  Section 11.1 is replaced by Section 4.3 from the current
         document.

      o  Sections 11.2, 11.3, 11.3.1, and 11.3.2 are unchanged.

      o  Section 11.4 is replaced by Section 4.5 from the current
         document.  For details regarding subsections see below.

         o  New sections corresponding to Sections 4.5.1 through 4.5.3
            from the current document appear next.

         o  Section 11.4.1 is replaced by Section 4.5.4

         o  Section 11.4.2 is replaced by Section 4.5.5

         o  Section 11.4.3 is replaced by Section 4.5.6





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         o  A new section corresponding to Section 4.5.7 from the
            current document appears next.

      o  Section 11.5 is to be deleted.

      o  Section 11.6 is unchanged.

      o  New sections corresponding to Sections 6 and 7 from the current
         document appear next.

      o  Section 11.7 is replaced by Section 8 from the current
         document.  For details regarding subsections see below.

         o  Section 11.7.1 is replaced by Section 8.1

         o  Sections 11.7.2, 11.7.2.1, and 11.7.2.2 are deleted.

         o  Section 11.7.3 is replaced by Section 8.2

         o  Section 11.7.4 is replaced by Section 8.3

         o  Sections 11.7.5 and 11.7.5.1 are replaced by Sections 8.4
            and 8.4.1 respectively.

         o  Section 11.7.6 is replaced by Section 8.5

         o  Section 11.7.7, exclusive of subsections, is replaced by
            Section 8.9.  Sections 11.7.7.1 and 11.7.72 are unchanged.

         o  Section 11.7.8 is replaced by Section 8.6

         o  Section 11.7.9 is replaced by Section 8.7

         o  Section 11.7.10 is replaced by Section 8.8

      o  Sections 11.8, 11.8.1, 11.8.2, 11.9, 11.10, 11.10.1, 11.10.2,
         11.10.3, and 11.11 are unchanged.

      o  New sections corresponding to Sections 9, 10, and 11 from the
         current document appear next as additional sub-sections of
         Section 11.  Each of these has subsections, so there is a total
         of seventeen sections added.

   o  Sections 12 through 14 are unchanged.

   o  Section 15 is unmodified except that the description of
      NFS4ERR_MOVED in Section 15.1 is revised as described in
      Section 12.3 of the current document.



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   o  Sections 16 and 17 are unchanged.

   o  Section 18 is unmodified except that section 18.35 is replaced by
      Section 13 in the current document.

   o  Sections 19 through 23 are unchanged.

   In terms of top-level sections, exclusive of appendices:

   o  There is one heavily modified top-level section (Section 11)

   o  There are four other modified top-level sections (Sections 1, 2,
      15, and 18).

   o  The other eighteen top-level sections are unchanged.

   The disposition of sections of [RFC5661] is summarized in the
   following table which provides counts of sections replaced, added,
   deleted, modified, or unchanged.  Separate counts are provided for:

   o  Top-level sections.

   o  Sections with TOC entries.

   o  Sections within Section 11.

   o  Sections outside Section 11.

   In this table, the counts for top-level sections and TOC entries are
   for sections including subsections while other counts are for
   sections exclusive of included subsections.

        +------------+------+------+--------+------------+--------+
        | Status     | Top  | TOC  | in 11  | not in 11  | Total  |
        +------------+------+------+--------+------------+--------+
        | Replaced   | 0    | 3    | 17     | 7          | 24     |
        | Added      | 0    | 6    | 23     | 0          | 23     |
        | Deleted    | 0    | 1    | 4      | 0          | 4      |
        | Modified   | 5    | 4    | 0      | 2          | 2      |
        | Unchanged  | 18   | 212  | 16     | 918        | 934    |
        | in RFC5661 | 23   | 220  | 37     | 927        | 964    |
        +------------+------+------+--------+------------+--------+

Acknowledgments

   The authors wish to acknowledge the important role of Andy Adamson of
   Netapp in clarifying the need for trunking discovery functionality,




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   and exploring the role of the location attributes in providing the
   necessary support.

   The authors also wish to acknowledge the work of Xuan Qi of Oracle
   with NFSv4.1 client and server prototypes of transparent state
   migration functionality.

   The authors wish to thank Trond Myklebust of Primary Data for his
   comments related to trunking, helping to clarify the role of DNS in
   trunking discovery.

   The authors wish to thank Olga Kornievskaia of Netapp for her helpful
   review comments.

Authors' Addresses

   David Noveck (editor)
   NetApp
   1601 Trapelo Road
   Waltham, MA  02451
   United States of America

   Phone: +1 781 572 8038
   Email: davenoveck@gmail.com


   Charles Lever
   Oracle Corporation
   1015 Granger Avenue
   Ann Arbor, MI  48104
   United States of America

   Phone: +1 248 614 5091
   Email: chuck.lever@oracle.com

















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