Network Working Group                                           W. Cheng
Internet-Draft                                                   L. Wang
Intended status: Standards Track                                   H. Li
Expires: June 16, 2017                                      China Mobile
                                                             H. Helvoort
                                                          Hai Gaoming BV
                                                                 J. Dong
                                                     Huawei Technologies
                                                       December 13, 2016


       Shared-Ring protection (MSRP) mechanism for ring topology
              draft-ietf-mpls-tp-shared-ring-protection-04

Abstract

   This document describes requirements, architecture and solutions for
   MPLS-TP Shared Ring Protection (MSRP) in a ring topology for point-
   to-point (P2P) services.  The MSRP mechanism is described to meet the
   ring protection requirements as described in RFC 5654.  This document
   defines the Ring Protection Switch (RPS) Protocol that is used to
   coordinate the protection behavior of the nodes on MPLS ring.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 16, 2017.






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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology and Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  MPLS-TP Ring Protection Criteria and Requirements . . . . . .   4
   4.  Shared Ring Protection Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Ring Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       4.1.1.  Establishment of Ring Tunnel  . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       4.1.2.  Label Assignment and Distribution . . . . . . . . . .   7
       4.1.3.  Forwarding Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  Failure Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.3.  Ring Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       4.3.1.  Wrapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.3.2.  Short Wrapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       4.3.3.  Steering  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.4.  Interconnected Ring Protection  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.4.1.  Interconnected Ring Topology  . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.4.2.  Interconnected Ring Protection Mechanisms . . . . . .  19
       4.4.3.  Ring Tunnels in Interconnected Rings  . . . . . . . .  19
       4.4.4.  Interconnected Ring Switching Procedure . . . . . . .  21
       4.4.5.  Interconnected Ring Detection Mechanism . . . . . . .  22
   5.  Ring Protection Coordination Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     5.1.  RPS Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       5.1.1.  Transmission and Acceptance of RPS Requests . . . . .  25
       5.1.2.  RPS PDU Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       5.1.3.  Ring Node RPS States  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       5.1.4.  RPS State Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     5.2.  RPS State Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       5.2.1.  Switch Initiation Criteria  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       5.2.2.  Initial States  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       5.2.3.  State transitions When Local Request is Applied . . .  33
       5.2.4.  State Transitions When Remote Request is Applied  . .  37
       5.2.5.  State Transitions When Request Addresses to Another



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               Node is Received  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     5.3.  RPS and PSC Comparison on Ring Topology . . . . . . . . .  42
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     6.1.  G-ACh Channel Type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     6.2.  RPS Request Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
   8.  Contributing Authors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
   9.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47

1.  Introduction

   As described in [RFC5654], MPLS-TP requirements, section 2.5.6.1,
   Ring Protection, several service providers have expressed much
   interest in operating MPLS-TP in ring topologies and require a high-
   level survivability function in these topologies.  In operational
   transport network deployment, MPLS-TP networks are often constructed
   using ring topologies.  This calls for an efficient and optimized
   ring protection mechanism to achieve simple operation and fast, sub
   50 ms, recovery performance.

   This document specifies an MPLS-TP Shared-Ring Protection mechanisms
   that meets the criteria for ring protection and the ring protection
   requirements described in section 2.5.6.1 of [RFC5654].

   The basic concept and architecture of the Shared-Ring protection
   mechanism are specified in this document.  This document describes
   the solutions for point-to-point transport paths.  While the basic
   concept may also apply to point-to-multipoint transport paths, the
   solution for point-to-multipoint transport paths is out of the scope
   of this document.

2.  Terminology and Notation

   Terminology:

   Ring Node: All nodes in the ring topology are Ring Nodes and they
   MUST actively participate in the ring protection.

   Ring tunnel: A ring tunnel provides a server layer for the LSPs
   traversing the ring.  The notation used for a ring tunnel is:
   R<d><p><X> where <d> = c (clockwise) or a (anticlockwise), <p> = W
   (working) or P (protecting), and <X> = the node name.





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   Ring map: A ring map is present in each ring-node.  The ring-map
   contains the ring topology information, i.e. the nodes in the ring,
   the adjacency of the ring-nodes and the status of the links between
   ring-nodes (Intact or Severed) and for each protected LSP at which
   node it enters and leaves the ring.  The ring map is used by every
   ring node to determine the switchover behavior of the ring tunnels.

   Notation:

   The following syntax will be used to describe the contents of the
   label stack:

   1.  The label stack will be enclosed in square brackets ("[]").

   2.  Each level in the stack will be separated by the '|' character.
   It should be noted that the label stack may contain additional
   layers.  However, we only present the layers that are related to the
   protection mechanism.

   3.  If the Label is assigned by Node X, the Node Name is enclosed in
   parentheses ("()").

3.  MPLS-TP Ring Protection Criteria and Requirements

   The generic requirements for MPLS-TP protection are specified in
   [RFC5654].  The requirements specific for ring protection are
   specified in section 2.5.6.1 of [RFC5654].  This section describes
   how the criteria for ring protection are met:

   a.  The number of OAM entities needed to trigger protection

   Each ring-node requires only one instance of the RPS protocol.  The
   OAM of the links connected to the adjacent ring-nodes has to be
   forwarded to only this instance in order to trigger protection.

   b.  The number of elements of recovery in the ring

   Each ring-node requires only one instance of the RPS protocol and is
   independent of the number of LSPs that are protected.

   c.  The required number of labels required for the protection paths

   The RPS protocol uses ring tunnels and each tunnel has a set of
   labels.  The number of ring tunnel labels is related to the number of
   ring-nodes and is independent of the number of protected LSPs.

   d.  The amount of control and management-plane transactions




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   Each ring-node requires only one instance of the RPS protocol.  This
   means that only one maintenance operation is required per ring-node.

   e.  Minimize the signaling and routing information exchange during
   protection

   Information exchange during a protection switch is using the in-band
   RPS and OAM messages.  No control plane interactions are required.

4.  Shared Ring Protection Architecture

4.1.  Ring Tunnel

   This document introduces a new logical layer of the ring for shared
   ring protection in MPLS-TP networks.  As shown in Figure 1, the new
   logical layer consists of ring tunnels which provides a server layer
   for the LSPs traverse the ring.  Once a ring tunnel is established,
   the forwarding and protection switching of the ring are all performed
   at the ring tunnel level.  A port can carry multiple ring tunnels,
   and a ring tunnel can carry multiple LSPs.

                                                   +-------------
                                     +-------------|
                       +-------------|             |
         =====PW1======|             |             |
                       |             |   Ring      |  Physical
         =====PW2======|    LSP      |  Tunnel     |  Port
                       |             |             |
         =====PW3======|             |             |
                       +-------------|             |
                                     +-------------|
                                                   +-------------
              Figure 1. The logical layers of the ring

   The label stack used in MPLS-TP Shared Ring Protection mechanism is
   [Ring Tunnel Label|LSP Label|PW Label](Payload) as illustrated in
   figure 2.

                   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                   |           Ring tunnel Label         |
                   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                   |               LSP Label             |
                   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                   |                PW Label             |
                   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                   |                Payload              |
                   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        Figure 2. Label stack used in MPLS-TP Shared Ring Protection



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4.1.1.  Establishment of Ring Tunnel

   The Ring tunnels are established based on the egress nodes.  The
   egress node is the node where traffic leaves the ring.  LSPs which
   have the same egress node on the ring and travels along the ring in
   the same direction (clockwise or anticlockwise) share the same ring
   tunnels.  In other words, all the LSPs that traverse the ring in the
   same direction and exit from the same node share the same working
   ring tunnel and protection ring tunnel.  For each egress node, four
   ring tunnels are established:

   o  one clockwise working ring tunnel, which is protected by the
      anticlockwise protection ring tunnel

   o  one anticlockwise protection ring tunnel

   o  one anticlockwise working ring tunnel, which is protected by the
      clockwise protection ring tunnel

   o  one clockwise protection ring tunnel

   The structure of the protection tunnels is determined by the selected
   protection mechanism.  This will be detailed in subsequent sections.

   As shown in Figure 3, LSP1, LSP2 and LSP3 enter the ring from Node E,
   Node A and Node B respectively, and all leave the ring at Node D.  To
   protect these LSPs that traverse the ring, a clockwise working ring
   tunnel (RcW_D) via E->F->A->B->C->D, and its anticlockwise protection
   ring tunnel (RaP_D) via D->C->B->A->F->E->D are established, Also, an
   anti-clockwise working ring tunnel (RaW_D) via C->B->A->F->E->D, and
   its clockwise protection ring tunnel (RcP_D) via D->E->F->A->B->C->D
   are established.  For simplicity Figure 3 only shows RcW_D and RaP_D.
   A similar provisioning should be applied for any other node on the
   ring.  In summary, for each node in Figure 3 when acting as egress
   node, the ring tunnels are created as follows:

   o  To Node A: RcW_A, RaW_A, RcP_A, RaP_A

   o  To Node B: RcW_B, RaW_B, RcP_B, RaP_B

   o  To Node C: RcW_C, RaW_C, RcP_C, RaP_C

   o  To Node D: RcW_D, RaW_D, RcP_D, RaP_D

   o  To Node E: RcW_E, RaW_E, RcP_E, RaP_E

   o  To Node F: RcW_F, RaW_F, RcP_F, RaP_F




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                       +---+#############+---+
                       | F |-------------| A | +-- LSP2
                       +---+*************+---+
                       #/*                   *\#
                      #/*                     *\#
                     #/*                       *\#
                   +---+                     +---+
            LSP1-+ | E |                     | B |+-- LSP3
                   +---+                     +---+
                     #\                       */#
                      #\                     */#
                       #\                   */#
                       +---+*************+---+
             LSP1   +--| D |-------------| C |
             LSP2      +---+#############+---+
             LSP3

                      ---- physical links
                      **** RcW_D
                      #### RaP_D

                  Figure 3. Ring tunnels in MSRP

   Through these working and protection ring tunnels, LSPs which enter
   the ring from any node can reach any egress nodes on the ring, and
   are protected from failures on the ring.

4.1.2.  Label Assignment and Distribution

   The ring tunnel labels are downstream-assigned labels as defined in
   [RFC3031].  The ring tunnel labels on each hop of the ring tunnel can
   be either configured statically, provisioned by a controller, or
   distributed dynamically via a control protocol.

4.1.3.  Forwarding Operation

   When an MPLS-TP transport path, such as an LSP, enters the ring, the
   ingress node on the ring pushes the working ring tunnel label which
   is used to reach the specific egress node and sends the traffic to
   the next hop.  The transit nodes on the working ring tunnel swap the
   ring tunnel labels and forward the packets to the next hop.  When the
   packet arrives at the egress node, the egress node pops the ring
   tunnel label and forwards the packets based on the inner LSP label
   and PW label.  Figure 4 shows the label operation in the MPLS-TP
   shared ring protection mechanism.  Assume that LSP1 enters the ring
   at Node A and exits from Node D, and the following label operations
   are executed.




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   1.  Ingress node: Packets of LSP1 arrive at Node A with a label stack
       [LSP1] and are supposed to be forwarded in the clockwise
       direction of the ring.  The clockwise working ring tunnel label
       RcW_D will be pushed at Node A, the label stack for the forwarded
       packet at Node A is changed to [RcW_D(B)|LSP1].

   2.  Transit nodes: In this case, Node B and Node C forward the
       packets by swapping the working ring tunnel labels.  For example,
       the label [RcW_D(B)|LSP1] is swapped to [RcW_D(C)|LSP1] at Node
       B.

   3.  Egress node: When the packet arrives at Node D (i.e. the egress
       node) with label stack [RcW_D(D)|LSP1], Node D pops RcW_D(D), and
       subsequently deals with the inner labels of LSP1.

                      +---+#####[RaP_D(F)]######+---+
                      | F |---------------------| A | +-- LSP1
                      +---+*****[RcW_D(A)]******+---+
                       #/*                        *\#
            [RaP_D(E)]#/*[RcW_D(F)]      [RcW_D(B)]*\#[RaP_D(A)]
                     #/*                            *\#
                   +---+                          +---+
                   | E |                          | B |
                   +---+                          +---+
                     #\                            */#
            [RaP_D(D)]#\                [RxW_D(C)]*/#[RaP_D(B)]
                       #\                        */#
                       +---+*****[RcW_D(D)]****+---+
             LSP1  +-- | D |-------------------| C |
                       +---+#####[RaP_D(C)]####+---+

             -----physical links      ****** RcW_D    ###### RaP_D

                     Figure 4. Label operation of MSRP

4.2.  Failure Detection

   The MPLS-TP section layer OAM is used to monitor the connectivity
   between each two adjacent nodes on the ring using the mechanisms
   defined in [RFC6371].  Protection switching is triggered by the
   failure detected on the ring by the OAM mechanisms.

   Two ports of a link form a Maintenance Entity Group (MEG), and an MEG
   end point (MEP) function is installed in each ring port.  CC OAM
   packets are periodically exchanged between each pair of MEPs to
   monitor the link health.  Three consecutive lost CC packets will be
   interpreted as a link failure.




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   A node failure is regarded as the failure of two links attached to
   that node.  The two nodes adjacent to the failed node detect the
   failure in the links that are connected to the failed node.

4.3.  Ring Protection

   This section specifies the ring protection mechanisms in detail.  In
   general, the description uses the clockwise working ring tunnel and
   the corresponding anti-clockwise protection ring tunnel as an
   example, but the mechanism is applicable in the same way to the anti-
   clockwise working and clockwise protection ring tunnels.

   In a ring network, each working ring tunnel is associated with a
   protection ring tunnel in the opposite direction, and every node MUST
   obtain the ring topology either by configuration or via a topology
   discovery mechanism.  The ring topology and the connectivity (Intact
   or Severed) between two adjacent ring nodes form the ring map.  Each
   ring node maintains the ring map and uses it to perform ring
   protection switching.

   Taking the topology in Figure 4 as an example, LSP1 enters the ring
   at Node A and leaves the ring at Node D.  In normal state, LSP1 is
   carried by the clockwise working ring tunnel (RcW_D) through the path
   A->B->C->D.  The label operation is:

   [LSP1](Payload) -> [RCW_D(B)|LSP1](NodeA) -> [RCW_D(C)|LSP1](NodeB)
   -> [RCW_D(D)| LSP1](NodeC) -> [LSP1](Payload).

   Then at node D the packet will be forwarded based on the label stack
   of LSP1.

   Three typical ring protection mechanisms are described in this
   section: wrapping, short wrapping and steering.  All nodes on the
   same ring MUST use the same protection mechanism.

   Wrapping ring protection: the node which detects a failure or accepts
   a switch request switches the traffic impacted by the failure or the
   switch request to the opposite direction (away from the failure).  In
   this way, the impacted traffic is switched to the protection ring
   tunnel by the switching node upstream of the failure, then travels
   around the ring to the switching node downstream of the failure
   through the protection ring tunnel, where it is switched back onto
   the working ring tunnel to reach the egress node.

   Short wrapping ring protection provides some optimization to wrapping
   protection, in which the impacted traffic is only switched once to
   the protection ring tunnel by the switching node upstream to the
   failure.  At the egress node, the traffic leave the ring from the



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   protection ring tunnel.  This can reduce the traffic detour of
   wrapping protection.

   Steering ring protection implies that the node that detects a failure
   sends a request along the ring to the other node adjacent to the
   failure, and all nodes in the ring process this information.  For the
   impacted traffic, the ingress node (which adds traffic to the ring)
   performs switching of the traffic from working to the protection ring
   tunnel, and the egress node will drop the traffic received from the
   protection ring tunnel.

   The following sections describe these protection mechanisms in
   detail.

4.3.1.  Wrapping

   With the wrapping mechanism, the protection ring tunnel is a closed
   ring identified by the egress node.  As shown in Figure 4, the RaP_D
   is the anticlockwise protection ring tunnel for the clockwise working
   ring tunnel RcW_D.  As specified in the following sections, the
   closed ring protection tunnel can protect both link failures and node
   failures.

4.3.1.1.  Wrapping for Link Failure

   When a link failure between Node B and Node C occurs, if it is a bi-
   directional failure, both Node B and Node C can detect the failure
   via the OAM mechanism; if it is a uni-directional failure, one of the
   two nodes would detect the failure via the OAM mechanism.  In both
   cases the node at the other side of the detected failure will be
   determined by the ring-map and informed using the Ring Protection
   Switch Protocol (RPS) which is specified in section 5.  Then Node B
   switches the clockwise working ring tunnel (RcW_D) to the
   anticlockwise protection ring tunnel (RaP_D) and Node C switches
   anticlockwise protection ring tunnel(RaP_D) back to the clockwise
   working ring tunnel (RcW_D).  The payload which enters the ring at
   Node A and leaves the ring at Node D follows the path
   A->B->A->F->E->D->C->D.  The label operation is:

   [LSP1](Payload) -> [RcW_D(B)|LSP1](Node A) -> [RaP_D(A)|LSP1](Node B)
   -> [RaP_D(F)|LSP1](Node A) -> [RaP_D(E)|LSP1] (Node F) ->
   [RaP_D(D)|LSP1] (Node E) -> [RaP_D(C)|LSP1] (Node D) ->
   [RcW_D(D)|LSP1](Node C) -> [LSP1](Payload).








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                         +---+#####[RaP_D(F)]######+---+
                         | F |---------------------| A | +-- LSP1
                         +---+*****[RcW_D(A)]******+---+
                         #/*                        *\#
              [RaP_D(E)]#/*[RcW_D(F)]      [RcW_D(B)]*\#RaP_D(A)
                       #/*                            *\#
                     +---+                          +---+
                     | E |                          | B |
                     +---+                          +---+
                       #\                            *x#
              [RaP_D(D)]#\                [RcW_D(C)]*x#RaP_D(B)
                         #\                        *x#
                         +---+*****[RcW_D(D)]****+---+
               LSP1  +-- | D |-------------------| C |
                         +---+#####[RaP_D(C)]####+---+

                 -----physical links    xxxx Failure Link
                 ****** RcW_D           ###### RaP_D

                      Figure 5.Wrapping for link failure

4.3.1.2.  Wrapping for Node Failure

   As shown in Figure 6, when Node B fails, Node A detects the failure
   between A and B and switches the clockwise work ring tunnel (RcW_D)
   to the anticlockwise protection ring tunnel (RaP_D), Node C detects
   the failure between C and B and switches the anticlockwise protection
   ring tunnel (RaP_D) to the clockwise working ring tunnel (RcW_D).
   The node at the other side of the failed node will be determined by
   the ring-map and informed using the Ring Protection Switch Protocol
   (RPS) specified in section 5.

   The payload which enters the ring at Node A and exits at Node D
   follows the path A->F->E->D->C->D.  The label operation is:

   [LSP1](Payload)-> [RaP_D(F)|LSP1](NodeA) -> [RaP_D(E)|LSP1](NodeF) ->
   [RaP_D(D)|LSP1](NodeE) -> [RaP_D(C)|LSP1] (NodeD) -> [RcW_D(D)|LSP1]
   (NodeC) -> [LSP1](Payload).

   In one special case where node D fails, all the ring tunnels with
   node D as egress will become unusable.  However, before the failure
   location information is propagated to all the ring nodes, the
   wrapping protection mechanism may cause temporary traffic loop: node
   C detects the failure and switches the traffic from the clockwise
   work ring tunnel (RcW_D) to the anticlockwise protection ring tunnel
   (RaP_D), node E also detects the failure and would switch the traffic
   from anticlockwise protection ring tunnel (RaP_D) back to the
   clockwise work ring tunnel (RcW_D).  A possible mechanism to mitigate



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   the temporary loop problem is: the TTL of the ring tunnel label is
   set to 2*N by the ingress ring node of the traffic, where N is the
   number of nodes on the ring.

                         +---+#####[RaP_D(F)]######+---+
                         | F |---------------------| A | +-- LSP1
                         +---+*****[RcW_D(A)]******+---+
                         #/*                        *\#
              [RaP_D(E)]#/*[RcW_D(F)]      [RcW_D(B)]*\#RaP_D(A)
                       #/*                            *\#
                     +---+                          xxxxx
                     | E |                          x B x
                     +---+                          xxxxx
                       #\                            */#
              [RaP_D(D)]#\                [RcW_D(C)]*/#RaP_D(B)
                         #\                       */#
                         +---+*****[RcW_D(D)]****+---+
               LSP1  +-- | D |-------------------| C |
                         +---+#####[RaP_D(C)]####+---+

                 -----physical links     xxxxxx  Failure Node
                 *****RcW_D              ######  RaP_D

                    Figure 6. Wrapping for node failure

4.3.2.  Short Wrapping

   With the wrapping protection scheme, protection switching is executed
   at both nodes adjacent to the failure, consequently the traffic will
   be wrapped twice.  This mechanism will cause additional latency and
   bandwidth consumption when traffic is switched to the protection
   path.

   With short wrapping protection, payload switching is executed only at
   the node upstream to the failure, and payload leaves the ring in the
   protection ring tunnel at the egress node.  This scheme can reduce
   the additional latency and bandwidth consumption when traffic is
   switched to the protection path.

   In the wrapping solution, in normal state the protection ring tunnel
   is a closed ring, while in the short wrapping solution, the
   protection ring tunnel is terminated at the egress node, which is
   similar to the working ring tunnel.  Short wrapping is easy to
   implement in shared ring protection because both the working and
   protection ring tunnels are terminated on the egress nodes.  Figure 7
   shows the clockwise working ring tunnel and the anticlockwise
   protection ring tunnel with node D as the egress node.




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4.3.2.1.  Short Wrapping for Link Failure

   As shown in Figure 7, in normal state, LSP1 is carried by the
   clockwise working ring tunnel (RcW_D) through the path A->B->C->D.
   When a link failure between Node B and Node C occurs, Node B switches
   the working ring tunnel RcW_D to the protection ring tunnel RaP_D in
   the opposite direction.  The difference with wrapping occurs in the
   protection ring tunnel at the egress node.  In short wrapping
   protection, Rap_D ends in Node D and then traffic will be forwarded
   based on the LSP labels.  Thus with the short wrapping mechanism,
   LSP1 will follow the path A->B->A->F->E->D when a link failure
   between Node B and Node C happens.  The protection switch at node D
   is based on the information from its ring map and the information
   received via the RPS protocol.

                         +---+#####[RaP_D(F)]######+---+
                         | F |---------------------| A | +-- LSP1
                         +---+*****[RcW_D(A)]******+---+
                         #/*                        *\#
              [RaP_D(E)]#/*[RcW_D(F)]      [RcW_D(B)]*\#RaP_D(A)
                       #/*                            *\#
                     +---+                           +---+
                     | E |                           | B |
                     +---+                           +---+
                       #\                            *x#
              [RaP_D(D)]#\                [RcW_D(C)]*x#RaP_D(B)
                         #\                        *x#
                         +---+*****[RcW_D(D)]****+---+
               LSP1  +-- | D |-------------------| C |
                         +---+                   +---+

                 ----- physical links    xxxxx Failure Link
                 ****** RcW_D           ###### RaP_D

                 Figure 7. Short wrapping for link failure

4.3.2.2.  Short Wrapping for Node Failure

   For the node failure which happens on a non-egress node, the short
   wrapping protection switching is similar to the link failure case as
   described in the previous section.  This section specifies the
   scenario of an egress node failure.

   As shown in Figure 8, LSP1 enters the ring on node A, and leaves the
   ring on node D.  In normal state, LSP1 is carried by the clockwise
   working ring tunnel (RcW_D) through the path A->B->C->D.  When node D
   fails, traffic of LSP1 cannot be protected by any ring tunnels which
   use node D as the egress node.  However, before the failure location



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   information is propagated to all the ring nodes using the RPS
   protocol, node C switches all the traffic on the working ring tunnel
   RcW_D to the protection ring tunnel RaP_D in the opposite direction
   based on the information in the ring map.  When the traffic arrives
   at node E which also detects the failure of node D, the protection
   ring tunnel RaP_D cannot be used to forward traffic to node D.  Since
   with short wrapping mechanism, protection switching can only be
   performed once from the working ring tunnel to the protection ring
   tunnel, thus node E MUST NOT switch the traffic which is already
   carried on the protection ring tunnel back to the working ring tunnel
   in the opposite direction.  Instead, node E will discard the traffic
   received on RaP_D locally.  This can avoid the temporary traffic loop
   when the failure happens on the egress node of the ring tunnel.  This
   also illustrates one of the benefits of having separate working and
   protection ring tunnels in each ring direction.

                         +---+#####[RaP_D(F)]######+---+
                         | F |---------------------| A | +-- LSP1
                         +---+*****[RcW_D(A)]******+---+
                         #/*                        *\#
              [RaP_D(E)]#/*[RcW_D(F)]      [RcW_D(B)]*\#RaP_D(A)
                       #/*                            *\#
                     +---+                          +---+
                     | E |                          | B |
                     +---+                          +---+
                       #\                            */#
              [RaP_D(D)]#\                [RcW_D(C)]*/#RaP_D(B)
                         #\                       */#
                         xxxxx*****[RcW_D(D)]****+---+
               LSP1  +-- x D x-------------------| C |
                         xxxxx                   +---+

                 -----physical links     xxxxxx  Failure Node
                 *****RcW_D              ######  RaP_D

                    Figure 8. Short Wrapping for egress node failure

4.3.3.  Steering

   With the steering protection mechanism, the ingress node (which adds
   traffic to the ring) perform switching from the working to the
   protection ring tunnel, and at the egress node the traffic leaves the
   ring from the protection ring tunnel.

   When a failure occurs in the ring, the node which detects the failure
   using the OAM mechanism sends the failure information in the opposite
   direction of the failure hop by hop along the ring using an RPS
   request message and the ring-map information.  When a ring node



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   receives the RPS message which identifies a failure, it can determine
   the location of the fault by using the topology information of the
   ring map and updates the ring map accordingly, then it can determine
   whether the LSPs entering the ring locally need to switchover or not.
   For LSPs that need to switchover, it will switch the LSPs from the
   working ring tunnels to their corresponding protection ring tunnels.
   The transfer of the failure information by the RPS protocol will
   increase the protection switch time.

4.3.3.1.  Steering for Link Failure

   Ring map of F                                  +--LSPl
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+     +---+ ###[RaP_D(F)]### +---/  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |F|A|B|C|D|E|F|     | F | ---------------- | A |  |A|B|C|D|E|F|A|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+     +---+ ***[RcW_D(A)]*** +---+  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |I|I|I|S|I|I|                                     |I|I|S|I|I|I|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+      #/*                     *\#    +-+-+-+-+-+-+
         [RaP_D(E)]  #/*           [RcW_D(B)]  *\# [RaP_D(A)]
                    #/* [RcW_D(F)]              *\#
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   #/*                           *\#
 |E|F|A|B|C|D|E| +---+                            +---+ +-- LSP2
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | E |                            | B |  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |I|I|I|I|S|I|  +---+                            +---+  |B|C|D|E|F|A|B|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+     #\*                            */#   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                     #\* [RcW_D(E)]    [RcW_D(C)] */#     |I|S|I|I|I|I|
         [RaP_D(D)]   #\*                        */#      +-+-+-+-+-+-+
                       #\*                      */# [RaP_D(B)]
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+       +---+     [RcW_D(D)]    +---+    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |D|E|F|A|B|C|D|  +--  | D | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx | C |    |C|D|E|F|A|B|C|
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ LSP1  +---+     [RaP_D(C)]    +---+    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |I|I|I|I|I|S|  LSP2                                    |S|I|I|I|I|I|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+                                          +-+-+-+-+-+-+

        ----- physical links  ***** RcW_D  ##### RaP_D
           I: Intact   S: Severed
       Figure 9. Steering operation and protection switching

   As shown in Figure 9, LSP1 enters the ring from Node A while LSP2
   enters the ring from Node B, and both of them have the same
   destination node D.

   In normal state, LSP1 is carried by the clockwise working ring tunnel
   (RcW_D) through the path A->B->C->D, the label operation is:
   [LSP1](Payload) -> [RcW_D(B)|LSP1](NodeA) -> [RcW_D(C)| LSP1](NodeB)
   -> [RcW_D(D)|LSP1](NodeC) -> [LSP1](Payload) .






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   LSP2 is carried by the clockwise working ring tunnel (RcW_D) through
   the path B->C->D, the label operation is: [LSP2](Payload) ->
   [RcW_D(C)|LSP2](NodeB) -> [RcW_D(D)|LSP2](NodeC) -> [LSP2](Payload) .

   If the link between nodes C and D fails, according to the fault
   detection and distribution mechanisms, Node D will find out that
   there is a failure in the link between C and D, and it will update
   the link state of its ring topology, changing the link between C and
   D from normal to fault.  In the direction that is opposite to the
   failure position, Node D will send the state report message to Node
   E, informing Node E of the fault between C and D, and E will update
   the link state of its ring topology accordingly, changing the link
   between C and D from normal to fault.  In this way, the state report
   message is sent hop by hop in the clockwise direction.  Similar to
   Node D, Node C will send the failure information in the anti-
   clockwise direction.

   When Node A receives the failure report message and updates the link
   state of its ring map, it is aware that there is a fault on the
   clockwise working ring tunnel to node D (RcW_D), and LSP1 enters the
   ring locally and is carried by this ring tunnel, thus Node A will
   decide to switch the LSP1 onto the anticlockwise protection ring
   tunnel to node D (RaP_D).  After the switchover, LSP1 will follow the
   path A->F->E->D, the label operation is: [LSP1](Payload) ->
   [RaP_D(F)| LSP1](NodeA) -> [RaP_D(E)|LSP1](NodeF) ->
   [RaP_D(D)|LSP1](NodeE) -> [LSP1](Payload).

   The same procedure also applies to the operation of LSP2.  When Node
   B updates the link state of its ring topology, and finds out that the
   working ring tunnel RcW_D has failed, it will switch the LSP2 to the
   anticlockwise protection tunnel RaP_D.  After the switchover, LSP2
   goes through the path B->A->F->E->D, and the label operation is:
   [LSP2](Payload) -> [RaP_D(A)|LSP2](NodeB) -> [RaP_D(F)|LSP2](NodeA)
   -> [RaP_D(E)|LSP2](NodeF) -> [RaP_D(D)|LSP2](NodeE) ->
   [LSP2](Payload).

   Assume the link between nodes A and B breaks down, as shown in
   Figure 10.  Similar to the above failure case, Node B will detect a
   fault in the link between A and B, and it will update its ring map,
   changing the link state between A and B from normal to fault.  The
   state report message is sent hop by hop in the clockwise direction,
   notifying every node that there is a fault between node A and B, and
   every node updates the link state of its ring topology.  As a result,
   Node A will detect a fault in the working ring tunnel to node D, and
   switch LSP1 to the protection ring tunnel, while Node B determine
   that the working ring tunnel for LSP2 still works fine, and will not
   perform the switchover.




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                                                    /-- LSPl
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+      +---+ ###[RaP_D(F)]####  +---/  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |F|A|B|C|D|E|F|      | F | -----------------  | A |  |A|B|C|D|E|F|A|
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+      +---+ ***[RcW_D(A)]****  +---+  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |I|S|I|I|I|I|       #/*                       x      |S|I|I|I|I|I|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+      #/*                         x     +-+-+-+-+-+-+
        [RaP_D(E)]  #/*[RcW_D(F)]       [RcW_D(B)]x [RaP_D(A)]
                   #/*                             x    +-- LSP2
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  +---+                             +---++-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |E|F|A|B|C|D|E|  | E |                             | B ||B|C|D|E|F|A|B|
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  +---+                             +---++-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |I|I|S|I|I|I|     #\*                            */#    |I|I|I|I|I|S|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+      #\*[RcW_D(E)]    [RcW_D(C)]  */#     +-+-+-+-+-+-+
          [RaP_D(D)]  #\*                        */# [RaP_D(B)]
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+       #\*                      */#     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |D|E|F|A|B|C|D|       +---+ ***[RcW_D(D)]*** +---+     |C|D|E|F|A|B|C|
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  +--  | D | ---------------- | C |     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |I|I|I|S|I|I|   LSP1 +---+ ###[RaP_D(C)]### +---+      |I|I|I|I|S|I|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+   LSP2                                   +-+-+-+-+-+-+

           ----- physical links  ***** RcW_D  ##### RaP_D

     Figure 10. Steering operation and protection switching (2)

4.3.3.2.  Steering for Node Failure

   For a node failure which happens on a non-egress node, steering
   protection switching is similar to the link failure case as described
   in the previous section.

   If the failure occurs at the egress node of the LSP, the ingress node
   will update its ring map according to the received RPS messages, it
   will also determine that the egress node is not reachable after the
   failure, thus it will not send traffic to either the working or the
   protection tunnel, and a traffic loop can be avoided.

4.4.  Interconnected Ring Protection

4.4.1.  Interconnected Ring Topology

   Interconnected ring topology is widely used in MPLS-TP networks.
   This document will discuss two typical interconnected ring
   topologies:

   1.  Single-node interconnected rings

          In single-node interconnected rings, the connection between
          the two rings is through a single node.  Because the



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          interconnection node is in fact a single point of failure,
          this topology should be avoided in real transport networks.
          Figure 11 shows the topology of single-node interconnected
          rings.  Node C is the interconnection node between Ring1 and
          Ring2.

   2.  Dual-node interconnected rings

          In dual-node interconnected rings, the connection between the
          two rings is through two nodes.  The two interconnection nodes
          belong to both interconnected rings.  This topology can
          recover from one interconnection node failure.

   Figure 11 shows the topology of single-node interconnected rings.
   Node C is the interconnection node between Ring1 and Ring2.

          +---+      +---+                        +---+      +---+
          | A |------| B |-----              -----| G |------| H |
          +---+      +---+      \           /     +---+      +---+
            |                    \         /                   |
            |                     \ +---+ /                    |
            |        Ring1          | C |         Ring2        |
            |                     / +---+ \                    |
            |                    /         \                   |
          +---+      +---+      /           \     +---+      +---+
          | F |------| E |-----              -----| J |------| I |
          +---+      +---+                        +---+      +---+

              Figure 11. Single-node interconnected rings

   Figure 12 shows the topology of dual-node interconnected rings.
   Nodes C and Node D are the interconnection nodes between Ring1 and
   Ring2.

             +---+      +---+      +---+      +---+      +---+
             | A |------| B |------| C |------| G |------| H |
             +---+      +---+      +---+      +---+      +---+
               |                    | |                    |
               |                    | |                    |
               |        Ring1       | |       Ring2        |
               |                    | |                    |
               |                    | |                    |
             +---+      +---+      +---+      +---+      +---+
             | F |------| E |------| D |------| J |------| I |
             +---+      +---+      +---+      +---+      +---+

               Figure 12. Dual-node interconnected rings




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4.4.2.  Interconnected Ring Protection Mechanisms

   Interconnected rings can be treated as two independent rings.  Ring
   protection switching (RPS) protocol operates on each ring
   independently.  A failure that happens in one ring only triggers
   protection switching in the ring itself and does not affect the other
   ring, unless the failure is on the interconnection node.  In this
   way, protection switching on each ring is the same as the mechanisms
   described in section 4.3.

   The service LSPs that traverse the interconnected rings use separate
   ring tunnels on each ring, and the LSPs on different rings are
   stitched by the interconnection node.  On the interconnection node,
   the ring tunnel label of the source ring is popped, then LSP label is
   swapped, after that the ring tunnel label of the destination ring is
   pushed.

   In the dual-node interconnected ring scenario, the two
   interconnection nodes can be managed as a virtual node group.  In
   addition to the ring tunnels to each physical ring node, Each ring
   SHOULD assign the working and protection ring tunnels to the virtual
   interconnection node group.  In addition, on both nodes in the
   virtual interconnection node group, the same LSP label is assigned
   for each traversed LSP.  This way, any interconnection node in the
   virtual node group can terminate the working or protection ring
   tunnels targeted to the virtual node group, and stitch the service
   LSP from the source ring tunnel to the destination ring tunnel.

   When the service LSP passes through the interconnected rings, the
   direction of the working ring tunnels used on both rings SHOULD be
   the same.  For example, if the service LSP uses the clockwise working
   ring tunnel on Ring1, when the service LSP leaves Ring1 and enters
   Ring2, the working ring tunnel used on Ring2 SHOULD also follow the
   clockwise direction.

4.4.3.  Ring Tunnels in Interconnected Rings

   The same ring tunnels as described in section 4.1 are used in each
   ring of the interconnected rings.  In addition, ring tunnels to the
   virtual interconnection node group are established on each ring of
   the interconnected rings, i.e.:

   o  one clockwise working ring tunnel to the virtual interconnection
      node group

   o  one anticlockwise protection ring tunnel to the virtual
      interconnection node group




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   o  one anticlockwise working ring tunnel to the virtual
      interconnection node group

   o  one clockwise protection ring tunnel to the virtual
      interconnection node group

   These ring tunnels will terminated at any node in the virtual
   interconnection node group.

   For example, all the ring tunnels on Ring1 in Figure 13 are
   provisioned as follows:

   o  To Node A: R1cW_A, R1aW_A, R1cP_A, R1aP_A

   o  To Node B: R1cW_B, R1aW_B, R1cP_B, R1aP_B

   o  To Node C: R1cW_C, R1aW_C, R1cP_C, R1aP_C

   o  To Node D: R1cW_D, R1aW_D, R1cP_D, R1aP_D

   o  To Node E: R1cW_E, R1aW_E, R1cP_E, R1aP_E

   o  To Node F: R1cW_F, R1aW_F, R1cP_F, R1aP_F

   o  To the virtual interconnection node group (including Node F and
      Node A): R1cW_F&A, R1aW_F&A, R1cP_F&A, R1aP_F&A

   All the ring tunnels on Ring2 in Figure 13 are provisioned as
   follows:

   o  To Node A: R2cW_A, R2aW_A, R2cP_A, R2aP_A

   o  To Node F: R2cW_F, R2aW_F, R2cP_F, R2aP_F

   o  To Node G: R2cW_G, R2aW_G, R2cP_G, R2aP_G

   o  To Node H: R2cW_H, R2aW_H, R2cP_H, R2aP_H

   o  To Node I: R2cW_I, R2aW_I, R2cP_I, R2aP_I

   o  To Node J: R2cW_J, R2aW_J, R2cP_J, R2aP_J

   o  To the virtual interconnection node group (including Node F and
      Node A): R2cW_F&A, R2aW_F&A, R2cP_F&A, R2aP_F&A







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                          +---+cccccccccccc +---+
                          | H |-------------| I |--->LSP1
                          +---+             +---+
                          c/a                   a\
                         c/a                     a\
                        c/a                       a\
                      +---+                     +---+
                      | G |        Ring2        | J |
                      +---+                     +---+
                        c\a                      a/c
                         c\a                    a/c
                          c\a  aaaaaaaaaaaaa   a/c
                          +---+ccccccccccccc+---+
                          | F |-------------| A |
                          +---+ccccccccccccc+---+
                          c/aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa a\
                         c/                      a\
                        c/                        a\
                      +---+                     +---+
                      | E |        Ring1        | B |
                      +---+                     +---+
                        c\a                      a/c
                         c\a                    a/c
                          c\a                  a/c
                          +---+aaaaaaaaaaaa +---+
                  LSP1--->| D |-------------| C |
                          +---+ccccccccccccc+---+

                           ccccccccccc  R1cW_F&A
                           aaaaaaaaaaa  R1aP_F&A
                           ccccccccccc  R2cW_I
                           aaaaaaaaaaa  R2aP_I
            Figure 13. Ring tunnels for the interconnected rings

4.4.4.  Interconnected Ring Switching Procedure

   As shown in Figure 13, for the service LSP1 which enters Ring1 at
   Node D and leaves Ring1 at Node F and continues to enter Ring2 at
   Node F and leaves Ring2 at Node I, the short wrapping protection
   scheme is described as below.

   In normal state, LSP1 follows R1cW_F&A in Ring1 and R2cW_I in Ring2.
   At the interconnection node F, the label used for the working ring
   tunnel R1cW_F&A in Ring1 is popped, the LSP label is swapped, and the
   label used for the working ring tunnel R2cW_I in Ring2 will be pushed
   based the inner LSP label lookup.  The working path that the service
   LSP1 follows is: LSP1->R1cW_F&A (D->E->F)->R2cW_I(F->G->H->I)->LSP1.




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   In case of link failure, for example, when a failure occurs on the
   link between Node F and Node E, Node E will detect the failure and
   execute protection switching as described in 4.3.2.  The path that
   the service LSP1 follows after switching change to: LSP1->R1cW_F&A(D-
   >E)->R1aP_F&A(E->D->C->B->A)->R2cW_I(A->F->G->H->I)->LSP1.

   In case of a non-interconnection node failure, for example, when the
   failure occurs at Node E in Ring1, Node D will detect the failure and
   execute protection switching as described in 4.3.2.  The path that
   the service LSP1 follows after switching becomes:
   LSP1->R1cW_F&A(D)->R1aP_F&A(D->C->B->A)->R2cW_I(A->F->G->H->I)->LSP1.

   In case of an interconnection node failure, for example, when the
   failure occurs at the interconnection Node F, Node E in Ring1 will
   detect the failure, and execute protection switching as described in
   4.3.2.  Node A in Ring2 will also detect the failure, and execute
   protection switching as described in 4.3.2.  The path that the
   service traffic LSP1 follows after switching is:
   LSP1->R1cW_F&A(D->E)->R1aP_F&A(E->D->C->B->A)->R2aP_I(A->J->I)->LSP1.

4.4.5.  Interconnected Ring Detection Mechanism

   As shown in Figure 13, in normal state the service traffic LSP1
   traverses D->E->F in Ring1 and F->G->H->I in Ring2.  Node A and F are
   the interconnection nodes.  When both the link between Node F and
   Node G and the link between Node F and Node A fail, the ring tunnel
   from Node F to Node I in Ring2 becomes unreachable.  However, the
   other interconnection node A is still available, and LSP1 can still
   reach Node I via node A.

   In order to achieve this, the interconnection nodes need to know the
   ring topology of each ring so that they can judge whether a node is
   reachable.  This judgment is based on the knowledge of ring map and
   the fault location.  The ring map can be obtained from the NMS or
   topology discovery mechanisms.  The fault location can be obtained by
   transmitting the fault information around the ring.  The nodes that
   detect the failure will transmit the fault information in the
   opposite direction hop by hop using the RPS protocol message.  When
   the interconnection node receives the message that informs the
   failure, it will calculate the location of the fault according to the
   topology information that is maintained by itself and determines
   whether the LSPs entering the ring at itself can reach the
   destination.  If the destination node is reachable, the LSP will
   leave the source ring and enter the destination ring.  If the
   destination node is not reachable, the LSP will switch to the
   anticlockwise protection ring tunnel.





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   In Figure 13, Node F determines that the ring tunnel to Node I is
   unreachable, the service LSP1 for which the destination node on the
   ring2 is Node I MUST switch to the protection ring tunnel (R1aP_F&A)
   and consequently the service traffic LSP1 traverses the
   interconnected rings at Node A.  Node A will pop the ring tunnel
   label of Ring1 and push the ring tunnel label of Ring2 and send the
   traffic to Node I via ring tunnel (R2aW_I).

5.  Ring Protection Coordination Protocol

5.1.  RPS Protocol

   The MSRP protection operation MUST be controlled with the help of the
   Ring Protection Switch protocol (RPS).  The RPS processes in each of
   the individual ring nodes that form the ring MUST communicate using
   the G-ACh channel.  The described RPS protocol uses the short-
   wrapping mechanism described in section 4.3.2 as an example.

   All nodes in the same ring MUST use the same protection mechanism,
   Wrapping, steering or short-wrapping.

   The RPS protocol MUST carry the ring status information and RPS
   requests, either automatically initiated or externally initiated,
   between the ring nodes.

   Each node on the ring MUST be uniquely identified by assigning it a
   node ID.  The node ID MUST be unique on each ring.  The maximum
   number of nodes on the ring supported by the RPS protocol is 127.
   The node ID SHOULD be independent of the order in which the nodes
   appear on the ring.  The node ID is used to identity the source and
   destination nodes of each RPS request.

   Every node obtains the ring topology either by configuration or via
   some topology discovery mechanism.  The ring map consists of the ring
   topology information, and connectivity status (Intact or Severed)
   between the adjacent ring nodes, which is determined via the OAM
   message exchanged between the adjacent nodes.  The ring map is used
   by every ring node to determine the switchover behavior of the ring
   tunnels.

   When no protection switching is active on the ring, each node MUST
   dispatch periodically RPS requests to the two adjacent nodes,
   indicating No Request (NR).  When a node determines that a protection
   switching is required, it MUST send the appropriate RPS request in
   both directions.






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                   +---+ A->B(NR)    +---+ B->C(NR)    +---+ C->D(NR)
            -------| A |-------------| B |-------------| C |-------
          (NR)F<-A +---+    (NR)A<-B +---+    (NR)B<-C +---+

       Figure 14. RPS communication between the ring nodes in case of
                            no failure in the ring

   A destination node is a node that is adjacent to a node that
   identified a failed link.  When a node that is not the destination
   node receives an RPS request and it has no higher priority local
   request, it MUST transfer in the same direction the RPS request as
   received.  In this way, the switching nodes can maintain direct RPS
   protocol communication in the ring.

                    +---+ C->B(SF)    +---+ B->C(SF)    +---+ C->B(SF)
             -------| A |-------------| B |----- X -----| C |-------
           (SF)C<-B +---+    (SF)C<-B +---+    (SF)B<-C +---+

        Figure 15. RPS communication between the ring nodes in case of
                         failure between nodes B and C

   Note that in the case of a bidirectional failure such as a cable cut,
   the two adjacent nodes detect the failure and send each other an RPS
   request in opposite directions.

   o  In rings utilizing the wrapping protection, each node detects the
      failure or receives the RPS request as the destination node MUST
      perform the switch from/to the working ring tunnels to/from the
      protection ring tunnels if it has no higher priority active RPS
      request.

   o  In rings utilizing the short wrapping protection, each node
      detects the failure or receives the RPS request as the destination
      node MUST perform the switch only from the working ring tunnels to
      the protection ring tunnels.

   o  In rings utilizing the steering protection.  When a ring switch is
      required, any node MUST perform the switches if its added/dropped
      traffic is affected by the failure.  Determination of the affected
      traffic SHOULD be performed by examining the RPS requests
      (indicating the nodes adjacent to the failure or failures) and the
      stored ring map (indicating the relative position of the failure
      and the added traffic destined towards that failure).

   When the failure has cleared and the Wait-to-Restore (WTR) timer has
   expired, the nodes sourcing RPS requests MUST drop their respective
   switches (tail end) and MUST source an RPS request carrying the NR




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   code.  The node receiving from both directions such an RPS request
   (head end) MUST drop its protection switches.

   A protection switch MUST be initiated by one of the criteria
   specified in Section 5.2.  A failure of the RPS protocol or
   controller MUST NOT trigger a protection switch.

   Ring switches MUST be preempted by higher priority RPS requests.  For
   example, consider a protection switch that is active due to a manual
   switch request on the given link, and another protection switch is
   required due to a failure on another link.  Then an RPS request MUST
   be generated, the former protection switch MUST be dropped, and the
   latter protection switch established.

   MSRP mechanism SHOULD support multiple protection switches in the
   ring, resulting in the ring being segmented into two or more separate
   segments.  This may happen when several RPS requests of the same
   priority exist in the ring due to multiple failures or external
   switch commands.

   Proper operation of the MSRP mechanism relies on all nodes using
   their ring map to determine the state of the ring (nodes and links).
   In order to accommodate ring state knowledge, during a protection
   switch the RPS requests MUST be sent in both directions.

5.1.1.  Transmission and Acceptance of RPS Requests

   A new RPS request MUST be transmitted immediately when a change in
   the transmitted status occurs.

   The first three RPS protocol messages carrying new RPS request SHOULD
   be transmitted as fast as possible.  For fast protection switching
   within 50 ms, the interval of the first three RPS protocol messages
   SHOULD be 3.3 ms.  The successive RPS requests SHOULD be transmitted
   with the interval of 5 seconds.  A ring node which is not the
   destination of the received RPS message MUST forward it to the next
   node along the ring immediately.

5.1.2.  RPS PDU Format

   Figure 17 depicts the format of an RPS packet that is sent on the
   G-ACh.  The Channel Type field is set to indicate that the message is
   an RPS message.  The ACH MUST NOT include the ACH TLV Header
   [RFC5586] meaning that no ACH TLVs can be included in the message.







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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |0 0 0 1|0 0 0 0|0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0|    RPS Channel Type (TBD)     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Dest Node ID  | Src Node ID   |   Request     | M | Reserved  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                         Figure 16. G-ACh RPS Packet Format

   The following fields MUST be provided:

   o  Destination Node ID: The destination node ID MUST always be set to
      value of the node ID of the adjacent node.  The Node ID MUST be
      unique on each ring.  Valid destination node ID values are 1-127.

   o  Source Node ID: The source node ID MUST always be set to the ID
      value of the node generating the RPS request.  The Node ID MUST be
      unique on each ring.  Valid source node ID values are 1-127.

   o  Protection Switching Mode (M): This 2-bit field indicates the
      protection switching mode used by the sending node of the RPS
      message.  This can be used to check that the ring nodes on the
      sane ring use the same protection switching mechanism.  The
      defined values of the M field are listed as below:

             +------------------+-----------------------------+
             |  Bits (MSB-LSB)  |   Protecton Switching Mode  |
             +------------------+-----------------------------+
             |       0 0        |         Reserved            |
             |       0 1        |         Wrapping            |
             |       1 0        |       Short Wrapping        |
             |       1 1        |         Steering            |
             +------------------+-----------------------------+

   o  RPS request code: A code consisting of eight bits as specified
      below:















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       +------------------+-----------------------------+----------+
       |      Bits        |   Condition, State          | Priority |
       |    (MSB - LSB)   |  or external Request        |          |
       +------------------+-----------------------------+----------+
       | 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1  |  Lockout of Protection (LP) |  highest |
       | 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1  |  Forced Switch (FS)         |          |
       | 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1  |  Signal Fail (SF)           |          |
       | 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0  |  Manual Switch (MS)         |          |
       | 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1  |  Wait-To-Restore (WTR)      |          |
       | 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1  |  Exercise (EXER)            |          |
       | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1  |  Reverse Request (RR)       |          |
       | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  |  No Request (NR)            |  lowest  |
       +------------------+-----------------------------+----------+

5.1.3.  Ring Node RPS States

   Idle state: A node is in the idle state when it has no RPS request
   and is sourcing and receiving NR code to/from both directions.

   Switching state: A node not in the idle or pass-through states is in
   the switching state.

   Pass-through state: A node is in the pass-through state when its
   highest priority RPS request is a request not destined to it or
   sourced by it.  The pass-through is bidirectional.

5.1.3.1.  Idle State

   A node in the idle state MUST source the NR request in both
   directions.

   A node in the idle state MUST terminate RPS requests flow in both
   directions.

   A node in the idle state MUST block the traffic flow on protection
   ring tunnels in both directions.

5.1.3.2.  Switching State

   A node in the switching state MUST source RPS request to its adjacent
   node with its highest RPS request code in both directions when it
   detects a failure or receives an external command.

   A node in the switching state MUST terminate RPS requests flow in
   both directions.

   As soon as it receives an RPS request from the short path, the node
   to which it is addressed MUST acknowledge the RPS request by replying



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   with the RR code on the short path, and with the received RPS request
   code on the long path.  Accordingly, if RR code is received from the
   short path, then the RPS request sent by the same node over the long
   path SHOULD be ignored.  Here the short path refers to the shorter
   path on the ring between the source and destination node of the RPS
   request, and the long path refers to the longer path on the ring
   between the source and destination node of the RPS request.

   This rule refers to the unidirectional failure detection: the RR
   SHOULD be issued only when the node does not detect the failure
   condition (i.e., the node is a head end), that is, it is not
   applicable when a bidirectional failure is detected, because, in this
   case, both nodes adjacent to the failure will send an RPS request for
   the failure on both paths (short and long).

   The following switches MUST be allowed to coexist:

   o  LP and LP

   o  FS and FS

   o  SF and SF

   o  FS and SF

   When multiple MS RPS requests exist at the same time addressing
   different links and there is no higher priority request on the ring,
   no switch SHOULD be executed and existing switches MUST be dropped.
   The nodes MUST signal, anyway, the MS RPS request code.

   Multiple EXER requests MUST be allowed to coexist in the ring.

   A node in a ring switching state that receives the external command
   LP for the affected link MUST drop its switch and MUST signal NR for
   the locked link if there is no other RPS request on another link.
   The node still SHOULD signal relevant RPS request for another link.

5.1.3.3.  Pass-through State

   When a node is in a pass-through state, it MUST transfer the received
   RPS Request in the same direction.

   When a node is in a pass-through state, it MUST enable the traffic
   flow on protection ring tunnels in both directions.







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5.1.4.  RPS State Transitions

   All state transitions are triggered by an incoming RPS request
   change, a WTR expiration, an externally initiated command, or locally
   detected MPLS-TP section failure conditions.

   RPS requests due to a locally detected failure, an externally
   initiated command, or received RPS request shall preempt existing RPS
   requests in the prioritized order given in Section 5.1.2, unless the
   requests are allowed to coexist.

5.1.4.1.  Transitions Between Idle and Pass-through States

   The transition from the idle state to pass-through state MUST be
   triggered by a valid RPS request change, in any direction, from the
   NR code to any other code, as long as the new request is not destined
   to the node itself.  Both directions move then into a pass-through
   state, so that, traffic entering the node through the protection Ring
   tunnels are transferred transparently through the node.

   A node MUST revert from pass-through state to the idle state when it
   detects NR codes incoming from both directions.  Both directions
   revert simultaneously from the pass-through state to the idle state.

5.1.4.2.  Transitions Between Idle and Switching States

   Transition of a node from the idle state to the switching state MUST
   be triggered by one of the following conditions:

   o  A valid RPS request change from the NR code to any code received
      on either the long or the short path and destined to this node

   o  An externally initiated command for this node

   o  The detection of an MPLS-TP section layer failure at this node

   Actions taken at a node in the idle state upon transition to the
   switching state are:

   o  For all protection switch requests, except EXER and LP, the node
      MUST execute the switch

   o  For EXER, and LP, the node MUST signal appropriate request but not
      execute the switch

   A node MUST revert from the switching state to the idle state when it
   detects NR codes received from both directions.




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   o  At the tail end: When a WTR time expires or an externally
      initiated command is cleared at a node, the node MUST drop its
      switch, transit to the Idle State and signal the NR code in both
      directions.

   o  At the head end: Upon reception of the NR code, from both
      directions, the head-end node MUST drop its switch, transition to
      Idle State and signal the NR code in both directions.

5.1.4.3.  Transitions Between Switching States

   When a node that is currently executing any protection switch
   receives a higher priority RPS request (due to a locally detected
   failure, an externally initiated command, or a ring protection switch
   request destined to it) for the same link, it MUST update the
   priority of the switch it is executing to the priority of the
   received RPS request.

   When a failure condition clears at a node, the node MUST enter WTR
   condition and remain in it for the appropriate time-out interval,
   unless:

   o  A different RPS request with a higher priority than WTR is
      received

   o  Another failure is detected

   o  An externally initiated command becomes active

   The node MUST send out a WTR code on both the long and short paths.

   When a node that is executing a switch in response to incoming SF RPS
   request (not due to a locally detected failure) receives a WTR code
   (unidirectional failure case), it MUST send out RR code on the short
   path and the WTR on the long path.

5.1.4.4.  Transitions Between Switching and Pass-through States

   When a node that is currently executing a switch receives an RPS
   request for a non-adjacent link of higher priority than the switch it
   is executing, it MUST drop its switch immediately and enter the pass-
   through state.

   The transition of a node from pass-through to switching state MUST be
   triggered by:

   o  An equal priority, a higher priority, or an allowed coexisting
      externally initiated command



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   o  The detection of an equal priority, a higher priority, or an
      allowed coexisting automatic initiated command

   o  The receipt of an equal, a higher priority, or an allowed
      coexisting RPS request destined to this node

5.2.  RPS State Machine

5.2.1.  Switch Initiation Criteria

5.2.1.1.  Administrative Commands

   Administrative commands can be initiated by the network operator
   through the Network Management System (NMS).  The operator command
   may be transmitted to the appropriate node via the MPLS-TP RPS
   message.

   The following commands can be transferred by the RPS message:

   o  Lockout of Protection (LP): This command prevents any protection
      activity and prevents using ring switches anywhere in the ring.
      If any ring switches exist in the ring, this command causes the
      switches to drop.

   o  Forced Switch to protection (FS): This command performs the ring
      switch of normal traffic from the working entity to the protection
      entity for the link between the node at which the command is
      initiated and the adjacent node to which the command is directed.
      This switch occurs regardless of the state of the MPLS-TP section
      for the requested link, unless a higher priority switch request
      exists.

   o  Manual Switch to protection (MS): This command performs the ring
      switch of the normal traffic from the working entity to the
      protection entity for the link between the node at which the
      command is initiated and the adjacent node to which the command is
      directed.  This occurs if the MPLS-TP section for the requested
      link is not satisfying an equal or higher priority switch request.

   o  Exercise - Ring (EXER): This command exercises ring protection
      switching on the addressed link without completing the actual
      switch.  The command is issued and the responses (RR) are checked,
      but no normal traffic is affected.

   The following commands are not transferred by the RPS message:

   o  Clear: This command clears the administrative command and Wait-To-
      Restore timer (WTR) at the node to which the command was



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      addressed.  The node-to-node signaling after the removal of the
      externally initiated commands is performed using the no-request
      code (NR).

   o  Lockout of Working: This command prevents the normal traffic
      transported over the addressed link from being switched to the
      protection entity by disabling the node's capability of requesting
      switch for this link in case of failure.  If any normal traffic is
      already switched on the protection entity, the switch is dropped.
      If no other switch requests are active on the ring, the no-request
      code (NR) is transmitted.  This command has no impact on any other
      link.  If the node receives the switch request from the adjacent
      node from any side it will perform the requested switch.  If the
      node receives the switch request addressed to the other node, it
      will enter the pass-through state.

5.2.1.2.  Automatically Initiated Commands

   Automatically initiated commands can be initiated based on MPLS-TP
   section layer OAM indication and the received switch requests.

   The node can initiate the following switch requests automatically:

   o  Signal Fail (SF): This command is issued when the MPLS-TP section
      layer OAM detects signal failure condition.

   o  Wait-To-Restore (WTR): This command is issued when MPLS-TP section
      detects that the SF condition has cleared.  It is used to maintain
      the state during the WTR period unless it is preempted by a higher
      priority switch request.  The WTR time may be configured by the
      operator in 1 minute steps between 0 and 12 minutes; the default
      value is 5 minutes.

   o  Reverse Request (RR): This command is transmitted to the source
      node of the received RPS message over the short path as an
      acknowledgment for receiving the switch request.

5.2.2.  Initial States













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            +-----------------------------------+----------------+
            |        State                      |  Signaled RPS  |
            +-----------------------------------+----------------+
            |  A  |  Idle                       |  NR            |
            |     |  Working: no switch         |                |
            |     |  Protection: no switch      |                |
            +-----+-----------------------------+----------------+
            |  B  |  Pass-through               |  N/A           |
            |     |   Working: no switch        |                |
            |     |   Protection: pass through  |                |
            +-----+-----------------------------+----------------+
            |  C  |  Switching - LP             |  LP            |
            |     |  Working: no switch         |                |
            |     |  Protection: no switch      |                |
            +-----+-----------------------------+----------------+
            |  D  |  Idle - LW                  |  NR            |
            |     |  Working: no switch         |                |
            |     |  Protection: no switch      |                |
            +-----+-----------------------------+----------------+
            |  E  |  Switching - FS             |  FS            |
            |     |  Working: switched          |                |
            |     |  Protection: switched       |                |
            +-----+-----------------------------+----------------+
            |  F  |  Switching - SF             |  SF            |
            |     |  Working: switched          |                |
            |     |  Protection: switched       |                |
            +-----+-----------------------------+----------------+
            |  G  |  Switching - MS             |  MS            |
            |     |  Working: switched          |                |
            |     |  Protection: switched       |                |
            +-----+-----------------------------+----------------+
            |  H  |  Switching - WTR            |  WTR           |
            |     |  Working: switched          |                |
            |     |  Protection: switched       |                |
            +-----+-----------------------------+----------------+
            |  I  |  Switching - EXER           |  EXER          |
            |     |  Working: no switch         |                |
            |     |  Protection: no switch      |                |
            +-----+-----------------------------+----------------+

5.2.3.  State transitions When Local Request is Applied

   In the state description below 'O' means that new local request will
   be rejected because of exiting request.

   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------



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   A (Idle)             LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        LW                D (Idle - LW)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        Recover from SF   N/A
                        MS                G (Switching - MS)
                        Clear             N/A
                        WTR expires       N/A
                        EXER              I (Switching - EXER)
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   B (Pass-through)     LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        LW                B (Pass-through)
                        FS                O - if current state is due to
                                              LP sent by another node
                                          E (Switching - FS) - otherwise
                        SF                O - if current state is due to
                                              LP sent by another node
                                          F (Switching - SF) - otherwise
                        Recover from SF   N/A
                        MS                O - if current state is due to
                                              LP, SF or FS sent by
                                              another node
                                          G (Switching - MS) - otherwise
                        Clear             N/A
                        WTR expires       N/A
                        EXER              O
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   C (Switching - LP)   LP                N/A
                        LW                O
                        FS                O
                        SF                O
                        Recover from SF   N/A
                        MS                O
                        Clear             A (Idle) - if there is no
                                             failure in the ring
                                          F (Switching - SF) - if there
                                             is a failure at this node
                                          B (Pass-through) - if there is
                                             a failure at another node
                        WTR expires       N/A
                        EXER              O
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------



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   D (Idle - LW)        LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        LW                N/A - if on the same link
                                          D (Idle - LW) - if on another
                                             link
                        FS                O - if on the same link
                                          E (Switching - FS) - if on
                                             another link
                        SF                O - if on the addressed link
                                          F (Switching - SF) - if on
                                             another link
                        Recover from SF   N/A
                        MS                O - if on the same link
                                          G (Switching - MS) - if on
                                             another link
                        Clear             A (Idle) - if there is no
                                             failure on addressed link
                                          F (Switching - SF) - if there
                                             is a failure on this link
                        WTR expires       N/A
                        EXER              O
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   E (Switching - FS)   LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        LW                O - if on another link
                                          D (Idle - LW) - if on the same
                                             link
                        FS                N/A - if on the same link
                                          E (Switching - FS) - if on
                                             another link
                        SF                O - if on the addressed link
                                          E (Switching - FS) - if on
                                             another link
                        Recover from SF   N/A
                        MS                O
                        Clear             A (Idle) - if there is no
                                             failure in the ring
                                          F (Switching - SF) - if there
                                             is a failure at this node
                                          B (Pass-through) - if there is
                                             a failure at another node
                        WTR expires       N/A
                        EXER              O
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   F (Switching - SF)   LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        LW                O - if on another link



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                                          D (Idle - LW) - if on the same
                                             link
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                N/A - if on the same link
                                          F (Switching - SF) - if on
                                             another link
                        Recover from SF   H (Switching - WTR)
                        MS                O
                        Clear             N/A
                        WTR expires       N/A
                        EXER              O
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   G (Switching - MS)   LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        LW                O - if on another link
                                          D (Idle - LW) - if on the same
                                             link
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        Recover from SF   N/A
                        MS                N/A - if on the same link
                                          G (Switching - MS) - if on
                                             another link release the
                                             switches but signal MS
                        Clear             A
                        WTR expires       N/A
                        EXER              O
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   H (Switching - WTR)  LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        LW                D (Idle - W)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        Recover from SF   N/A
                        MS                G (Switching - MS)
                        Clear             A
                        WTR expires       A
                        EXER              O
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   I (Switching - EXER) LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        LW                D (idle - W)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        Recover from SF   N/A



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                        MS                G (Switching - MS)
                        Clear             A
                        WTR expires       N/A
                        EXER              N/A - if on the same link
                                          I (Switching - EXER)
   =====================================================================


5.2.4.  State Transitions When Remote Request is Applied

   The priority of a remote request does not depend on the side from
   which the request is received.

   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   A (Idle)             LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        MS                G (Switching - MS)
                        WTR               N/A
                        EXER              I (Switching - EXER)
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                A (Idle)
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   B (Pass-through)      LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                                          E (Switching - FS) - otherwise
                        SF                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                                          F (Switching - SF) - otherwise
                        MS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                                is LP, FS or SF request
                                                in the ring
                                          G (Switching - MS) - otherwise
                        WTR               N/A - cannot happen when there
                                                is LP, FS, SF or MS
                                                request in the ring
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                                is LP, FS, SF, MS or WTR
                                                request in the ring
                                          I (Switching - EXER) -
                                                otherwise
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                A (Idle) - if received from



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                                                     both sides
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   C (Switching - LP)   LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                        SF                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                        MS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                        WTR               N/A
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                        RR                C (Switching - LP)
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   D (Idle - LW)        LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        MS                G (Switching - MS)
                        WTR               N/A
                        EXER              I (Switching - EXER)
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                D (Idle - LW)
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   E (Switching - FS)   LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                E (Switching - FS)
                        MS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is FS request in the ring
                        WTR               N/A
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is FS request in the ring
                        RR                E (Switching - FS)
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   F (Switching - SF)   LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                F (Switching - SF)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        MS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is SF request in the ring



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                        WTR               N/A
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is SF request in the ring
                        RR                F (Switching - SF)
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   G (Switching - MS)   LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        MS                G (Switching - MS) - release
                                             the switches but signal MS
                        WTR               N/A
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is MS request in the ring
                        RR                G (Switching - MS)
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   H (Switching - WTR)  LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        MS                G (Switching - MS)
                        WTR               H (Switching - WTR)
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                              is WTR request in the ring
                        RR                H (Switching - WTR)
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   I (Switching - EXER) LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        MS                G (Switching - MS)
                        WTR               N/A
                        EXER              I (Switching - EXER)
                        RR                I (Switching - EXER)
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================









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5.2.5.  State Transitions When Request Addresses to Another Node is
        Received

   The priority of a remote request does not depend on the side from
   which the request is received.

   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   A (Idle)             LP                B (Pass-through)
                        FS                B (Pass-through)
                        SF                B (Pass-through)
                        MS                B (Pass-through)
                        WTR               B (Pass-through)
                        EXER              B (Pass-through)
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   B (Pass-through)      LP                B (Pass-through)
                        FS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                                          B (Pass-through) - otherwise
                        SF                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                                          B (Pass-through) - otherwise
                        MS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                                is LP, FS or SF request
                                                in the ring
                                          B (Pass-through) - otherwise
                        WTR               N/A - cannot happen when there
                                                is LP, FS, SF or MS
                                                request in the ring
                                          B (Pass-through) - otherwise
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                                is LP, FS, SF, MS or WTR
                                                request in the ring
                                          B (Pass-through) - otherwise
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   C (Switching - LP)   LP                C (Switching - LP)
                        FS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                        SF                N/A - cannot happen when there



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                                               is LP request in the ring
                        MS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                        WTR               N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP in the ring
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is LP request in the ring
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   D (Idle - LW)        LP                B (Pass-through)
                        FS                B (Pass-through)
                        SF                B (Pass-through)
                        MS                B (Pass-through)
                        WTR               B (Pass-through)
                        EXER              B (Pass-through)
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   E (Switching - FS)   LP                B (Pass-through)
                        FS                E (Switching - FS)
                        SF                E (Switching - FS)
                        MS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is FS request in the ring
                        WTR               N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is FS request in the ring
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is FS request in the ring
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   F (Switching - SF)   LP                B (Pass-through)
                        FS                F (Switching - SF)
                        SF                F (Switching - SF)
                        MS                N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is SF request in the ring
                        WTR               N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is SF request in the ring
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is SF request in the ring
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                N/A



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   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   G (Switching - MS)   LP                B (Pass-through)
                        FS                B (Pass-through)
                        SF                B (Pass-through)
                        MS                G (Switching - MS) - release
                                             the switches but signal MS
                        WTR               N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is MS request in the ring
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                               is MS request in the ring
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   -------------        -----------       ---------
   H (Switching - WTR)  LP                B (Pass-through)
                        FS                B (Pass-through)
                        SF                B (Pass-through)
                        MS                B (Pass-through)
                        WTR               N/A
                        EXER              N/A - cannot happen when there
                                              is WTR request in the ring
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================
   Initial state        New request       New state
   I (Switching - EXER) LP                B (Pass-through)
                        FS                B (Pass-through)
                        SF                B (Pass-through)
                        MS                B (Pass-through)
                        WTR               N/A
                        EXER              I (Switching - EXER)
                        RR                N/A
                        NR                N/A
   =====================================================================


5.3.  RPS and PSC Comparison on Ring Topology

   This section provides comparison between RPS and PSC [RFC6378]
   [RFC6974] on ring topologies.  This can be helpful to explain the
   reason of defining a new protocol for ring protection switching.

   The PSC protocol [RFC6378] is designed for point-to-point LSPs, on
   which the protection switching can only be performed on one or both
   of the end points of the LSP.  The RPS protocol is designed for ring



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   tunnels, which consist of multiple ring nodes, and the failure could
   happen on any segment of the ring, thus RPS SHOULD be capable of
   identifying and handling the different failures on the ring, and
   coordinating the protection switching behavior of all the nodes on
   the ring.  As specified in section 5, this is achieved with the
   introduction of the "Pass-Through" state for the ring nodes, and the
   location of the protection request is identified via the Node IDs in
   the RPS Request message.

   Taking a ring topology with N nodes as example:

   With the mechanism specified in [RFC6974], on every ring-node, a
   linear protection configuration has to be provisioned with every
   other node in the ring, i.e. with (N-1) other nodes.  This means that
   on every ring node there will be (N-1) instances of the PSC protocol.
   And in order to detect faults and to transport the PSC message, each
   instance shall have a MEP on the working path and a MEP on the
   protection path respectively.  This means that every node on the ring
   needs to be configured with (N-1) * 2 MEPs.

   With the mechanism defined in this document, on every ring node there
   will only be a single instance of the RPS protocol.  In order to
   detect faults and to transport the RPS message, each node only needs
   to have a MEP on the section to its adjacent nodes respectively.  In
   this way, every ring-node only needs to be configured with 2 MEPs.

   As shown in the above example, RPS is designed for ring topologies
   and can achieve ring protection efficiently with minimum protection
   instances and OAM entities, which meets the requirements on topology
   specific recovery mechanisms as specified in [RFC5654].

6.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to administer the assignment of new values defined
   in this document and listed in the sections below.

6.1.  G-ACh Channel Type

   The Channel Types for the Generic Associated channel (GACh) are
   allocated from the IANA PW Associated Channel Type registry defined
   in [RFC4446] and updated by [RFC5586].

   IANA is requested to allocate a new GACh Channel Type as follows:








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       Value|         Description       |  Reference
      ------+---------------------------+--------------
        TBD | Ring Protection Switching |this document
            |     Protocol (RPS)        |
      ------+---------------------------+--------------

6.2.  RPS Request Codes

   IANA is requested to create a new sub-registry under the
   "Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Operations, Administration, and
   Management (OAM) Parameters" registry called the "MPLS RPS Request
   Code Registry".  All code points within this registry shall be
   allocated according to the "Standards Action" procedure as specified
   in [RFC5226].

   The RPS Request Field is 8 bits, the allocated values are as follows:

       Value       Description               Reference
      -------  --------------------------- ---------------
         0     No Request (NR)             this document
         1     Reverse Request (RR)        this document
         2     unassigned
         3     Exercise (EXER)             this document
         4     unassigned
         5     Wait-To-Restore (WTR)       this document
         6     Manual Switch (MS)          this document
        7-10   unassigned
        11     Signal Fail (SF)            this document
        12     unassigned
        13     Forced Switch (FS)          this document
        14     unassigned
        15     Lockout of Protection (LP)  this document
      16-254   unassigned
        255    Reserved

7.  Security Considerations

   The RPS protocol defined in this document is carried in the G-ACh
   [RFC5586], which is a generalization of the Associated Channel
   defined in [RFC4385].  The security considerations specified in these
   documents apply to the proposed RPS mechanism.

8.  Contributing Authors








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   Kai Liu
   Huawei Technologies
   Email: alex.liukai@huawei.com

   Jia He
   Huawei Technologies
   Email: hejia@huawei.com

   Fang Li
   China Academy of Telecommunication Research MIIT., China
   Email: lifang@catr.cn

   Jian Yang
   ZTE Corporation P.R.China
   Email: yang.jian90@zte.com.cn

   Junfang Wang
   Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co., LTD.
   Email: wjf@fiberhome.com.cn

   Wen Ye
   China Mobile
   Email: yewen@chinamobile.com

   Minxue Wang
   China Mobile
   Email: wangminxue@chinamobile.com

   Sheng Liu
   China Mobile
   Email: liusheng@chinamobile.com

   Guanghui Sun
   Huawei Technologies
   Email: sunguanghui@huawei.com

9.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Gregory Mirsky, Yimin Shen, Eric
   Osborne, Spencer Jackson and Eric Gray for their valuable comments
   and suggestions.

10.  References








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10.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3031]  Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol
              Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3031, January 2001,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3031>.

   [RFC4385]  Bryant, S., Swallow, G., Martini, L., and D. McPherson,
              "Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Control Word for
              Use over an MPLS PSN", RFC 4385, DOI 10.17487/RFC4385,
              February 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4385>.

   [RFC4446]  Martini, L., "IANA Allocations for Pseudowire Edge to Edge
              Emulation (PWE3)", BCP 116, RFC 4446,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4446, April 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4446>.

   [RFC5586]  Bocci, M., Ed., Vigoureux, M., Ed., and S. Bryant, Ed.,
              "MPLS Generic Associated Channel", RFC 5586,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5586, June 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5586>.

   [RFC5654]  Niven-Jenkins, B., Ed., Brungard, D., Ed., Betts, M., Ed.,
              Sprecher, N., and S. Ueno, "Requirements of an MPLS
              Transport Profile", RFC 5654, DOI 10.17487/RFC5654,
              September 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5654>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226>.

   [RFC6371]  Busi, I., Ed. and D. Allan, Ed., "Operations,
              Administration, and Maintenance Framework for MPLS-Based
              Transport Networks", RFC 6371, DOI 10.17487/RFC6371,
              September 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6371>.

   [RFC6378]  Weingarten, Y., Ed., Bryant, S., Osborne, E., Sprecher,
              N., and A. Fulignoli, Ed., "MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-
              TP) Linear Protection", RFC 6378, DOI 10.17487/RFC6378,
              October 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6378>.



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   [RFC6974]  Weingarten, Y., Bryant, S., Ceccarelli, D., Caviglia, D.,
              Fondelli, F., Corsi, M., Wu, B., and X. Dai,
              "Applicability of MPLS Transport Profile for Ring
              Topologies", RFC 6974, DOI 10.17487/RFC6974, July 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6974>.

Authors' Addresses

   Weiqiang Cheng
   China Mobile

   Email: chengweiqiang@chinamobile.com


   Lei Wang
   China Mobile

   Email: wangleiyj@chinamobile.com


   Han Li
   China Mobile

   Email: lihan@chinamobile.com


   Huub van Helvoort
   Hai Gaoming BV

   Email: huubatwork@gmail.com


   Jie Dong
   Huawei Technologies

   Email: jie.dong@huawei.com















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