KARP                                                          S. Hartman
Internet-Draft                                         Painless Security
Intended status: Informational                                  D. Zhang
Expires: September 13, 2012                  Huawei Technologies co. ltd
                                                          March 12, 2012


        Analysis of OSPF Security According to KARP Design Guide
                  draft-ietf-karp-ospf-analysis-03.txt

Abstract

   This document analyzes OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 according to the guidelines
   set forth in section 4.2 of draft-ietf-karp-design-guide.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 13, 2012.

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   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  Requirements to Meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.2.  Requirements notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Current State  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.  OSPFv2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.2.  OSPFv3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   3.  Impacts of OSPF Replays  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.  Gap Analysis and Specific Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   5.  Solution Work  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   7.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   8.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     8.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     8.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11




























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1.  Introduction

   This document performs the initial analysis of the current state of
   OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 according to the requirements of [RFC6518].  This
   draft builds on several previous analysis efforts into routing
   security.  The OPSEC working group put together [RFC6039] an analysis
   of cryptographic issues with routing protocols.  Earlier, the RPSEC
   working group put together [I-D.ietf-rpsec-ospf-vuln] a detailed
   analysis of OSPF vulnerabilities.

   OSPF meets many of the requirements expected from a manually keyed
   routing protocol.  Integrity protection is provided with modern
   cryptographic algorithms.  Algorithm agility is provided: the
   algorithm can be changed as part of re-keying an interface or peer.
   Intra-connection re-keying is provided by the specifications,
   although apparently some implementations have trouble with this in
   practice.  OSPFv2 security does not interfere with prioritization of
   packets.

   However, some gaps remain between the current state and the
   requirements for manually keyed routing security expressed in
   [I-D.ietf-karp-threats-reqs] the requirements.  This document
   explores these gaps and proposes directions for addressing the gaps.

1.1.  Requirements to Meet

   There are a number of requirements described in section 3 of
   [I-D.ietf-karp-threats-reqs] that OSPF does not currently meet:

      Secure Simple PSKs: Today, OSPF directly uses the key as
      specified.  Related key attacks such as those described in section
      4.1 of [I-D.hartman-karp-ops-model] are possible.

      Replay Protection: OSPFv3 has no replay protection at all.  OSPFv2
      has most of the mechanisms necessary for intra-connection replay
      protection.  Unfortunately, OSPFv2 does not securely identify the
      neighbor with whom replay protection state is associated in all
      cases.  This weakness can be used to create significant denial-of-
      service issues using intra-connection replays.  OSPFv2 has no
      inter-connection replay protection; this creates significant
      denial-of-service opportunities.

      Packet Prioritization: OSPFv3 uses IPsec to process packets.  This
      complicates implementations that wish to process some packets such
      as hellos and acknowledgements above others.  In addition, if
      IPsec replay mechanisms were used, packets would need to be
      processed at least by IPsec even if they were low priority.




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      Neighbor Identification: In some cases, OSPF identifies a neighbor
      based on the IP address.  This is never protected with OSPFv2 and
      is not typically protected with OSPFv3.

   The remainder of this document explains the details of how these
   requirements fail to be met and proposes mechanisms for addressing
   them.

1.2.  Requirements notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].


2.  Current State

   This section describes the security mechanisms built into OSPFv2 and
   OSPFv3.  There are two goals to this section.  First, this section
   gives a brief explanation of the OSPF security mechanisms to those
   familiar with connectionless integrity mechanisms but not with OSPF.
   Second, this section explains the background necessary to understand
   how OSPF fails to meet some of the requirements proposed for routing
   security.

2.1.  OSPFv2

   Appendix D of [RFC2328] describes the basic procedure for
   cryptographic authentication in OSPFv2.  An authentication data field
   in the OSPF packet header contains a key ID, the length of the
   authentication data and a sequence number.  A message authentication
   code (MAC) is appended to the OSPF packet.  This code protects all
   fields of the packet including the sequence number but not the IP
   header.

   RFC 2328 defined the use of a keyed-MD5 MAC.  While MD5 has not been
   broken as a MAC, it is not the algorithm of choice for new MACs.

   However, RFC 5709 [RFC5709] adds support for the SHA [FIPS180] family
   of hashes to OSPFv2.  The cryptographic authentication described in
   RFC 5709 meets modern standards for per-packet integrity protection.
   Thus, OSPFv2 meets the requirement for strong algorithms.  Since
   multiple algorithms are defined and a new algorithm can be selected
   with each key, OSPFv2 meets the requirement for algorithm agility.
   In order to provide cryptographic algorithms believed to have a
   relatively long useful life, RFC 5709 mandates support for SHA-2
   rather than SHA-1.




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   These security services provide integrity protection on each packet.
   In addition, limited replay detection is provided.  The sequence
   number is non-decreasing.  So, once a router has increased its
   sequence number, an attacker cannot replay an old packet.
   Unfortunately, sequence numbers are not required to increase for each
   packet.  For instance, because existing OSPF security solutions do
   not specify how to set the sequence number, it is possible that some
   implementation use, e.g., "seconds since reboot" as their sequence
   numbers.  The sequence numbers is thus only increased by every
   second.  Also, no mechanism is provided to deal with the loss of
   anti-replay state; if sequence numbers are reused when a router
   reboots, then inter-connection replays are straight forward.  In
   [I-D.ietf-ospf-security-extension-manual-keying], the OSPFv2 sequence
   number is expanded to 64-bits with the least significant 32-bit value
   containing a strictly increasing sequence number and the most
   significant 32-bit value containing the boot count.  The boot count
   is retained in non-volatile storage for the deployment life of a OSPF
   router.  Therefore, the sequence number will never decrease even
   after a cold reboot.

   Also, because the IP header is not protected, the sequence number may
   not be associated with the right neighbor; this opens up
   opportunities for outsiders to perform replay attacks.  See Section 3
   for analysis of these attacks.  In
   [I-D.ietf-ospf-security-extension-manual-keying], this issue is
   addressed by changing the definition of Apad from a constant defined
   in [RFC5709] to the source address from the IP header of the OSPFv2
   protocol packet.  In this way, the source address from the IP header
   is incorporated in the cryptographic authentication computation, and
   any change of the IP source address will be detected.

   The mechanism provides good support for key rollover.  There is a key
   ID; in addition mechanisms are described for managing key lifetimes
   and starting the use of a new key in an orderly manner.  Performing
   orderly key rollover requires that implementations support accepting
   a new key for received packets before using that key to generate
   packets.  Section D.3 of RFC 2328 requires this support in the form
   of four configurable lifetimes for each key: two lifetimes control
   the beginning and ending period for acceptance while two lifetimes
   control the beginning and ending period for generation.  This
   provides a superset of the functionality in the key table
   [I-D.ietf-karp-crypto-key-table] regarding lifetime.

   The OSPFv2 replay mechanism does not handle packet priorities as
   described.  If packets are processed out-of-order, then if the
   sequence number increases, packets processed later will be discarded.





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2.2.  OSPFv3

   RFC 4552 [RFC4552] describes how the authentication header and
   encapsulating security payload mechanism can be used to protect
   OSPFv3 packets.  This mechanism provides per-packet integrity and
   optional confidentiality using a wide variety of cryptographic
   algorithms.  Because OSPF uses multicast traffic, only manual key
   management is supported.  This mechanism meets requirements related
   to algorithm selection and agility.

   The Security Parameter Index (SPI) provides an identifier for the
   security association.  This along with other IPsec facilities
   provides a mechanism for moving from one key to another, meeting the
   key rollover requirements.

   Because manual keying is used, no replay protection is provided for
   OSPFv3.  Thus the intra-connection and inter-connection replay
   requirements are not met.

   There is another serious problem with the OSPFv3 security: rather
   than being integrated into OSPF, it is based on IPsec.  In practice,
   this has lead to deployment problems.

   OSPF implementations generally prioritize packets in order to
   minimize disruption when router resources such as CPU or memory
   experience contention.  When IPsec is used with OSPFv3, the offset of
   the packet type, which is used to prioritize packets, depends on what
   integrity transform is used.  For this reason, prioritizing packets
   may be more complex for OSPFv3.  One approach is to establish per-SPI
   filters to find the packet type and act accordingly.


3.  Impacts of OSPF Replays

   As discussed, neither version of OSPF meets the requirements of
   inter-connection or intra-connection replay protection.  This section
   discusses the impacts of OSPF replays.

   In OSPFv2, two facilities limit the scope of replay attacks.  First,
   when cryptographic authentication is used, each packet includes a
   sequence number that is non-decreasing.  In the current
   specifications, the sequence number is remembered as part of an
   adjacency: if an attacker can cause an adjacency to go down, then
   replay state is lost.  Database Description packets also include a
   per-LSA sequence number that is part of the information that is
   flooded.  Even if a packet is replayed, the per-LSA sequence number
   will prevent an old LSA from being installed.  Unlike the per-packet
   sequence number, the per-LSA sequence number must increase when an



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   LSA is changed.  As a result, replays cannot be used to install old
   routing information.

   While the LSA sequence number provides some defense, there are a
   number of attacks that are possible because of a per-packet replay.
   The RPSEC analysis [I-D.ietf-rpsec-ospf-vuln] describes a number of
   attacks that are possible because of per-packet replays.  The most
   serious appear to be attacks against Hello packets, which may cause
   an adjacency to fail.  Other attacks may cause excessive flooding or
   excessive use of CPU.

   Another serious attack concerns Database Description packets.  In
   addition to the per-packet sequence number that is part of
   cryptographic authentication for OSPFv2 and the per-LSA sequence
   numbers, Database Description packets also include a Database
   Description sequence number.  If a Database Description packet with
   the incorrect sequence number is received, then the database exchange
   process will be restarted.

   The per-packet OSPFv2 sequence number can be used to reduce the
   window in which a replay is valid.  A receiver will harmlessly reject
   a packet whose per-packet sequence number is older than the one most
   recently received from a neighbor.  Replaying the most recent packet
   from a neighbor does not appear to create problems.  So, if the per-
   packet sequence number is incremented on every packet sent, then
   replay attacks should not disrupt OSPFv2.  Unfortunately, OSPFv2 does
   not have a procedure for dealing with sequence numbers reaching the
   maximum age.  It may be possible to figure out a set of rules
   sufficient to disrupt the damage of packet replays while minimizing
   the use of the sequence number space.

   As mentioned previously, when an adjacency is dropped, replay state
   is lost.  So, after rebooting or when all adjacencies are lost, a
   router may allow its sequence number to decrease.  An attacker can
   cause significant damage by replaying a packet captured before the
   sequence number decrease at a time after the sequence number
   decrease.  If this happens, then the replayed packet will be accepted
   and the sequence number will be updated.  However, the legitimate
   sender will be using a lower sequence number, so legitimate packets
   will be rejected.  A similar attack is possible in cases where OSPF
   identifies a neighbor based on source address.  An attacker can
   change the source address of a captured packet and replay it.  If the
   attacker causes a replay from a neighbor with a high sequence number
   to appear to be from a low sequence number neighbor, then
   connectivity with that neighbor will be disrupted until the adjacency
   fails.

   OSPFv3 lacks the per-packet sequence number but has the per-LSA



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   sequence number.  As such, OSPFv3 has no defense against denial of
   service attacks that exploit replay.


4.  Gap Analysis and Specific Requirements

   The design guide requires each design team to enumerate a set of
   requirements for the routing protocol.  The only concerns identified
   with OSPF are areas where it fails to meet general requirements
   outlined in the threats and requirements document.  This section
   explains how some of these general requirements map specifically onto
   the OSPF protocol and enumerates the specific gaps that need to be
   addressed.

   There is a general requirement for inter-connection replay
   protection.  In the context of OSPF, this means that if an adjacency
   goes down between two neighbors and later is re-established,
   replaying packets from before the adjacency went down cannot disrupt
   the adjacency.  In the context of OSPF, intra-connection replay
   protection means that replaying a packet cannot prevent an adjacency
   from forming or disrupt an adjacency.  Meeting the requirements for
   intra-connection and inter-connection replay protection is a
   significant gap between the optimal state and where OSPF is today.

   Since OSPF uses fields in the IP header, the general requirement to
   protect the IP header and handle neighbor identification applies.
   This is another gap that needs to be addressed.  Because the replay
   protection will depend on neighbor identification, the replay
   protection cannot be adequately addressed without handling this issue
   as well.

   In order to encourage deployment of OSPFv3 security, an
   authentication option is required that does not have the deployment
   challenges of IPsec.

   In order to support the requirement for simple preshared keys, OSPF
   needs to make sure that when the same key is used for two different
   purposes, no problems result.

   In order to support packet prioritization, the information needed to
   prioritize OSPF packets (the packet type) MUST be at a constant
   location in the packet.


5.  Solution Work

   A security solution will be developed for OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 based on
   the OSPFv2 cryptographic authentication option.  This solution will



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   have the following improvements over the existing OSPFv2 option:

      Address most inter-connection replay attacks by splitting the
      sequence number and requiring preservation of state so that the
      sequence number increases on every packet.

      Add a form of simple key derivation so that if the same preshared
      key is used for OSPF and other purposes, cross-protocol attacks do
      not result

      Support OSPFv3 authentication without use of IPsec

      Specify processing rules sufficient to permit replay detection and
      packet prioritization

      Emphasize requirements already present in the OSPF specification
      sufficient to permit key migration without disrupting adjacencies

      Specify the proper use of the key table for OSPF

      Protect the source IP address

      Require that sequence numbers be incremented on each packet


6.  Security Considerations

   This memo discusses and compiles vulnerabilities in the existing OSPF
   cryptographic handling.

   In analyzing proposed improvements to OSPF per-packet security, it is
   desirable to consider how these improvements interact with potential
   improvements in overall routing security.  For example, the impact of
   replay attacks currently depends on the LSA sequence number
   mechanism.  If cryptographic protections against insider attackers
   are considered by future work, then that work will need to provide a
   solution that meets the needs of the per-packet replay defense as
   well as protection of routing data from insider attack.  RFC 2154
   [RFC2154] provides an experimental solution for end-to-end protection
   of routing data in OSPF.  It may be beneficial to consider how
   improvements to the per-packet protections would interact with such a
   mechanism to future-proof these mechanisms.

   Implementations have a number of options in minimizing the potential
   denial of service impact of OSPF cryptographic authentication.  The
   Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM) [RFC5082] might be
   appropriate for OSPF packets other than those traversing virtual
   links.  Using this mechanism requires support of the sender; new OSPF



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   cryptographic authentication could specify this behavior if desired.
   Alternatively implementations can limit the source addresses from
   which they accept packets.  Non-hello packets need only be accepted
   from existing neighbors.  If a system is under attack hello packets
   from existing neighbors could be prioritized over hellos from new
   neighbors.  These mechanisms can be considered to limit the potential
   impact of denial of service attacks on the cryptographic
   authentication mechanism itself.


7.  Acknowledgements

   Funding for Sam Hartman's work on this memo is provided by Huawei.

   The authors would like to thank Ran Atkinson, Michael Barnes, and
   Manav Bhatia for valuable comments.


8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2328]  Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.

   [RFC4552]  Gupta, M. and N. Melam, "Authentication/Confidentiality
              for OSPFv3", RFC 4552, June 2006.

   [RFC5709]  Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Fanto, M., White, R., Barnes, M.,
              Li, T., and R. Atkinson, "OSPFv2 HMAC-SHA Cryptographic
              Authentication", RFC 5709, October 2009.

8.2.  Informative References

   [FIPS180]  US National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
              Hash Standard (SHS)", August 2002.

   [I-D.hartman-karp-ops-model]
              Hartman, S. and D. Zhang, "Operations Model for Router
              Keying", draft-hartman-karp-ops-model-01 (work in
              progress), October 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-karp-crypto-key-table]
              Housley, R. and T. Polk, "Database of Long-Lived Symmetric
              Cryptographic Keys", draft-ietf-karp-crypto-key-table-02
              (work in progress), October 2011.



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   [I-D.ietf-karp-threats-reqs]
              Lebovitz, G. and M. Bhatia, "Keying and Authentication for
              Routing Protocols (KARP) Overview, Threats, and
              Requirements", draft-ietf-karp-threats-reqs-04 (work in
              progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-opsec-routing-protocols-crypto-issues]
              Jaeggli, J., Hares, S., Bhatia, M., Manral, V., and R.
              White, "Issues with existing Cryptographic Protection
              Methods for Routing Protocols",
              draft-ietf-opsec-routing-protocols-crypto-issues-07 (work
              in progress), August 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-ospf-security-extension-manual-keying]
              Bhatia, M., Hartman, S., Zhang, D., and A. Lindem,
              "Security Extension for OSPFv2 when using Manual Key
              Management",
              draft-ietf-ospf-security-extension-manual-keying-01 (work
              in progress), October 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-rpsec-ospf-vuln]
              Jones, E. and O. Moigne, "OSPF Security Vulnerabilities
              Analysis", draft-ietf-rpsec-ospf-vuln-02 (work in
              progress), June 2006.

   [RFC2154]  Murphy, S., Badger, M., and B. Wellington, "OSPF with
              Digital Signatures", RFC 2154, June 1997.

   [RFC5082]  Gill, V., Heasley, J., Meyer, D., Savola, P., and C.
              Pignataro, "The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism
              (GTSM)", RFC 5082, October 2007.

   [RFC6039]  Manral, V., Bhatia, M., Jaeggli, J., and R. White, "Issues
              with Existing Cryptographic Protection Methods for Routing
              Protocols", RFC 6039, October 2010.

   [RFC6518]  Lebovitz, G. and M. Bhatia, "Keying and Authentication for
              Routing Protocols (KARP) Design Guidelines", RFC 6518,
              February 2012.












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Authors' Addresses

   Sam Hartman
   Painless Security

   Email: hartmans-ietf@mit.edu
   URI:   http://www.painless-security.com/


   Dacheng Zhang
   Huawei Technologies co. ltd
   Huawei Building No.3 Xinxi Rd., Shang-Di Information Industrial Base Hai-Dian District, Beijing
   China

   Email: zhangdacheng@huawei.com




































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