IPWAVE Working Group J. Jeong, Ed.
Internet-Draft Sungkyunkwan University
Intended status: Informational July 16, 2018
Expires: January 17, 2019
IP Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (IPWAVE): Problem Statement
and Use Cases
draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-networking-04
Abstract
This document discusses the problem statement and use cases on IP-
based vehicular networks, which are considered a key component of
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The main topics of
vehicular networking are vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-
infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networking.
First, this document surveys use cases using V2V, V2I, and V2X
networking. Second, it analyzes proposed protocols for IP-based
vehicular networking and highlights the limitations and difficulties
found on those protocols. Third, it presents a problem exploration
for key aspects in IP-based vehicular networking, such as IPv6
Neighbor Discovery, Mobility Management, and Security & Privacy. For
each key aspect, this document discusses a problem statement to
analyze the gap between the state-of-the-art techniques and
requirements in IP-based vehicular networking.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 17, 2019.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. V2V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. V2I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3. V2X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Analysis for Current Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Current Protocols for Vehicular Networking . . . . . . . 7
4.1.1. IPv6 over 802.11-OCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.2. IP Address Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.3. Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.4. Mobility Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.5. DNS Naming Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.6. Service Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.7. Security and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. General Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.1. Vehicular Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2. Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.3. Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.4. Pseudonym Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Problem Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1. Neighbor Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1.1. Link Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1.2. MAC Address Pseudonym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1.3. Prefix Dissemination/Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1.4. Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2. Mobility Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3. Security and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix A. Relevant Work Items to IPWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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A.1. Vehicle Identity Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
A.2. Multihop V2X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
A.3. Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
A.4. DNS Naming Services and Service Discovery . . . . . . . . 26
A.5. IPv6 over Cellular Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
A.5.1. Cellular V2X (C-V2X) Using 4G-LTE . . . . . . . . . . 26
A.5.2. Cellular V2X (C-V2X) Using 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix B. Changes from draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-
networking-03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix C. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix D. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1. Introduction
Vehicular networks have been focused on the driving safety, driving
efficiency, and entertainment in road networks. The Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) in the US allocated wireless channels
for Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) [DSRC], service in
the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Radio Service in the
5.850 - 5.925 GHz band (5.9 GHz band). DSRC-based wireless
communications can support vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-
infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networking.
Also, the European Union (EU) made a law for radio spectrum for
safety-related applications of ITS with the frequency band of 5.875 -
5.905 GHz, which is called Commission Decision 2008/671/EC
[EU-2008-671-EC].
For driving safety services based on the DSRC, IEEE has standardized
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) standards, such as
IEEE 802.11p [IEEE-802.11p], IEEE 1609.2 [WAVE-1609.2], IEEE 1609.3
[WAVE-1609.3], and IEEE 1609.4 [WAVE-1609.4]. Note that IEEE 802.11p
has been published as IEEE 802.11 Outside the Context of a Basic
Service Set (OCB) [IEEE-802.11-OCB] in 2012. Along with these WAVE
standards, IPv6 and Mobile IP protocols (e.g., MIPv4 and MIPv6) can
be extended to vehicular networks [RFC8200][RFC5944][RFC6275]. Also,
ETSI has standardized a GeoNetworking (GN) protocol
[ETSI-GeoNetworking] and a protocol adaptation sub-layer from
GeoNetworking to IPv6 [ETSI-GeoNetwork-IP]. In addition, ISO has
standardized a standard specifying the IPv6 network protocols and
services for Communications Access for Land Mobiles (CALM)
[ISO-ITS-IPv6].
This document discusses problem statements and use cases related to
IP-based vehicular networking for Intelligent Transportation Systems
(ITS), which is IP Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments
(IPWAVE). First, it surveys the use cases for using V2V, V2I, and
V2X networking in the ITS. Second, for literature review, it
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analyzes proposed protocols for IP-based vehicular networking and
highlights the limitations and difficulties found on those protocols.
Third, for problem statement, it presents a problem exploration with
key aspects in IPWAVE, such as IPv6 Neighbor Discovery, Mobility
Management, and Security & Privacy. For each key aspect, it
discusses a problem statement to analyze the gap between the state-
of-the-art techniques and requirements in IP-based vehicular
networking. Also, it also discusses relevant work items to IPWAVE,
such as Vehicle Identities Management, Multihop V2X Communications,
Multicast, DNS Naming Services, Service Discovery, and IPv6 over
Cellular Networks. Therefore, with the problem statement, this
document will open a door to develop key protocols for IPWAVE that
will be essential to IP-based vehicular networks.
2. Terminology
This document uses the following definitions:
o WAVE: Acronym for "Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments"
[WAVE-1609.0].
o DMM: Acronym for "Distributed Mobility Management"
[RFC7333][RFC7429].
o Road-Side Unit (RSU): A node that has physical communication
devices (e.g., DSRC, Visible Light Communication, 802.15.4, LTE-
V2X, etc.) for wireless communications with vehicles and is also
connected to the Internet as a router or switch for packet
forwarding. An RSU is deployed either at an intersection or in a
road segment.
o On-Board Unit (OBU): A node that has a DSRC device for wireless
communications with other OBUs and RSUs. An OBU is mounted on a
vehicle. It is assumed that a radio navigation receiver (e.g.,
Global Positioning System (GPS)) is included in a vehicle with an
OBU for efficient navigation.
o Vehicle Detection Loop (or Loop Detector): An inductive device
used for detecting vehicles passing or arriving at a certain
point, for instance approaching a traffic light or in motorway
traffic. The relatively crude nature of the loop's structure
means that only metal masses above a certain size are capable of
triggering the detection.
o Traffic Control Center (TCC): A node that maintains road
infrastructure information (e.g., RSUs, traffic signals, and loop
detectors), vehicular traffic statistics (e.g., average vehicle
speed and vehicle inter-arrival time per road segment), and
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vehicle information (e.g., a vehicle's identifier, position,
direction, speed, and trajectory as a navigation path). TCC is
included in a vehicular cloud for vehicular networks.
3. Use Cases
This section provides use cases of V2V, V2I, and V2X networking. The
use cases of the V2X networking exclude the ones of the V2V and V2I
networking, but include Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and Vehicle-to-
Device (V2D).
3.1. V2V
The use cases of V2V networking discussed in this section include
o Context-aware navigation for driving safety and collision
avoidance;
o Cooperative adaptive cruise control in an urban roadway;
o Platooning in a highway;
o Cooperative environment sensing.
These four techniques will be important elements for self-driving
vehicles.
Context-Aware Safety Driving (CASD) navigator [CASD] can help drivers
to drive safely by letting the drivers recognize dangerous obstacles
and situations. That is, CASD navigator displays obstables or
neighboring vehicles relevant to possible collisions in real-time
through V2V networking. CASD provides vehicles with a class-based
automatic safety action plan, which considers three situations, such
as the Line-of-Sight unsafe, Non-Line-of-Sight unsafe and safe
situations. This action plan can be performed among vehicles through
V2V networking.
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) [CA-Cuise-Control] helps
vehicles to adapt their speed autonomously through V2V communication
among vehicles according to the mobility of their predecessor and
successor vehicles in an urban roadway or a highway. CACC can help
adjacent vehicles to efficiently adjust their speed in a cascade way
through V2V networking.
Platooning [Truck-Platooning] allows a series of vehicles (e.g.,
trucks) to move together with a very short inter-distance. Trucks
can use V2V communication in addition to forward sensors in order to
maintain constant clearance between two consecutive vehicles at very
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short gaps (from 3 meters to 10 meters). This platooning can
maximize the throughput of vehicular traffic in a highway and reduce
the gas consumption because the leading vehicle can help the
following vehicles to experience less air resistance.
Cooperative-environment-sensing use cases suggest that vehicles can
share environmental information from various sensors, such as radars,
LiDARs and cameras, mounted on them with other vehicles and
pedestrians. [Automotive-Sensing] introduces a millimeter-wave
vehicular communication for massive automotive sensing. Data
generated by those sensors can be substantially large, and these data
shall be routed to different destinations. In addition, from the
perspective of driverless vehicles, it is expected that driverless
vehicles can be mixed with driver vehicles. Through cooperative
environment sensing, driver vehicles can use environmental
information sensed by driverless vehicles for better interaction with
the context.
3.2. V2I
The use cases of V2I networking discussed in this section include
o Navigation service;
o Energy-efficient speed recommendation service;
o Accident notification service.
A navigation service, such as the Self-Adaptive Interactive
Navigation Tool (called SAINT) [SAINT], using V2I networking
interacts with TCC for the global road traffic optimization and can
guide individual vehicles for appropriate navigation paths in real
time. The enhanced SAINT (called SAINT+) [SAINTplus] can give the
fast moving paths for emergency vehicles (e.g., ambulance and fire
engine) toward accident spots while providing other vehicles with
efficient detour paths.
A TCC can recommend an energy-efficient speed to a vehicle driving in
different traffic environments. [Fuel-Efficient] studies fuel-
efficient route and speed plans for platooned trucks.
The emergency communication between accident vehicles (or emergency
vehicles) and TCC can be performed via either RSU or 4G-LTE networks.
The First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet) [FirstNet] is
provided by the US government to establish, operate, and maintain an
interoperable public safety broadband network for safety and security
network services, such as emergency calls. The construction of the
nationwide FirstNet network requires each state in the US to have a
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Radio Access Network (RAN) that will connect to FirstNet's network
core. The current RAN is mainly constructed by 4G-LTE for the
communication between a vehicle and an infrastructure node (i.e.,
V2I) [FirstNet-Report], but DSRC-based vehicular networks can be used
for V2I in near future [DSRC].
3.3. V2X
The use case of V2X networking discussed in this section is
pedestrian protection service.
A pedestrian protection service, such as Safety-Aware Navigation
Application (called SANA) [SANA], using V2I2P networking can reduce
the collision of a pedestrian and a vehicle, which have a smartphone,
in a road network. Vehicles and pedestrians can communicate with
each other via an RSU that delivers scheduling information for
wireless communication to save the smartphones' battery.
4. Analysis for Current Protocols
4.1. Current Protocols for Vehicular Networking
We analyze the current protocols from the following aspects:
o IPv6 over 802.11-OCB;
o IP address autoconfiguration;
o Routing;
o Mobility management;
o DNS naming service;
o Service discovery;
o Security and privacy.
4.1.1. IPv6 over 802.11-OCB
For IPv6 packets transporting over IEEE 802.11-OCB,
[IPv6-over-802.11-OCB] specifies several details, such as Maximum
Transmission Unit (MTU), frame format, link-local address, address
mapping for unicast and multicast, stateless autoconfiguration, and
subnet structure. Especially, an Ethernet Adaptation (EA) layer is
in charge of transforming some parameters between IEEE 802.11 MAC
layer and IPv6 network layer, which is located between IEEE
802.11-OCB's logical link control layer and IPv6 network layer.
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4.1.2. IP Address Autoconfiguration
For IP address autoconfiguration, Fazio et al. proposed a vehicular
address configuration (VAC) scheme using DHCP where elected leader-
vehicles provide unique identifiers for IP address configurations
[Address-Autoconf]. Kato et al. proposed an IPv6 address assignment
scheme using lane and position information [Address-Assignment].
Baldessari et al. proposed an IPv6 scalable address autoconfiguration
scheme called GeoSAC for vehicular networks [GeoSAC]. Wetterwald et
al. conducted a comprehensive study of the cross-layer identities
management in vehicular networks using multiple access network
technologies, which constitutes a fundamental element of the ITS
architecture [Identity-Management].
4.1.3. Routing
For routing, Tsukada et al. presented a work that aims at combining
IPv6 networking and a Car-to-Car Network routing protocol (called
C2CNet) proposed by the Car2Car Communication Consortium (C2C-CC),
which is an architecture using a geographic routing protocol
[VANET-Geo-Routing]. Abrougui et al. presented a gateway discovery
scheme for VANET, called Location-Aided Gateway Advertisement and
Discovery (LAGAD) mechanism [LAGAD].
4.1.4. Mobility Management
For mobility management, Chen et al. tackled the issue of network
fragmentation in VANET environments [IP-Passing-Protocol] by
proposing a protocol that can postpone the time to release IP
addresses to the DHCP server and select a faster way to get the
vehicle's new IP address, when the vehicle density is low or the
speeds of vehicles are varied. Nguyen et al. proposed a hybrid
centralized-distributed mobility management called H-DMM to support
highly mobile vehicles [H-DMM]. [NEMO-LMS] proposed an architecture
to enable IP mobility for moving networks using a network-based
mobility scheme based on PMIPv6. Chen et al. proposed a network
mobility protocol to reduce handoff delay and maintain Internet
connectivity to moving vehicles in a highway [NEMO-VANET]. Lee et
al. proposed P-NEMO, which is a PMIPv6-based IP mobility management
scheme to maintain the Internet connectivity at the vehicle as a
mobile network, and provides a make-before-break mechanism when
vehicles switch to a new access network [PMIP-NEMO-Analysis]. Peng
et al. proposed a novel mobility management scheme for integration of
VANET and fixed IP networks [VNET-MM]. Nguyen et al. extended their
previous works on a vehicular adapted DMM considering a Software-
Defined Networking (SDN) architecture [SDN-DMM].
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4.1.5. DNS Naming Service
For DNS naming service, Multicast DNS (mDNS) [RFC6762] allows devices
in one-hop communication range to resolve each other's DNS name into
the corresponding IP address in multicast. DNS Name
Autoconfiguration (DNSNA) [ID-DNSNA] proposes a DNS naming service
for Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices in a large-scale network.
4.1.6. Service Discovery
For service discovery, as a popular existing service discovery
protocol, DNS-based Service Discovery (DNS-SD) [RFC6763] with mDNS
[RFC6762] provides service discovery. Vehicular ND [ID-Vehicular-ND]
proposes an extension of IPv6 ND for the prefix and service
discovery.
4.1.7. Security and Privacy
For security and privacy, Fernandez et al. proposed a secure
vehicular IPv6 communication scheme using Internet Key Exchange
version 2 (IKEv2) and Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)
[Securing-VCOMM]. Moustafa et al. proposed a security scheme
providing authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)
services in vehicular networks [VNET-AAA].
4.2. General Problems
This section describes a vehicular network architecture for V2V, V2I,
and V2X communications. Then it analyzes the limitations of the
current protocols for vehicular networking.
4.2.1. Vehicular Network Architecture
Figure 1 shows an architecture for V2I and V2V networking in a road
network. The two RSUs (RSU1 and RSU2) are deployed in the road
network and are connected to a Vehicular Cloud through the Internet.
TCC is connected to the Vehicular Cloud and the two vehicles
(Vehicle1 and Vehicle2) are wirelessly connected to RSU1, and the
last vehicle (Vehicle3) is wirelessly connected to RSU2. Vehicle1
can communicate with Vehicle2 via V2V communication, and Vehicle2 can
communicate with Vehicle3 via V2V communication. Vehicle1 can
communicate with Vehicle3 via RSU1 and RSU2 via V2I communication.
In vehicular networks, unidirectional links exist and must be
considered for wireless communications. Also, in the vehicular
networks, control plane must be separated from data plane for
efficient mobility management and data forwarding. ID/Pseudonym
change for privacy requires a lightweight DAD. IP tunneling over the
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wireless link should be avoided for performance efficiency. The
mobility information of a mobile device (e.g., vehicle), such as
trajectory, position, speed, and direction, can be used by the mobile
device and infrastructure nodes (e.g., TCC and RSU) for the
accommodation of proactive protocols because it is usually equipped
with a GPS receiver. Vehicles can use the TCC as its Home Network,
so the TCC maintains the mobility information of vehicles for
location management.
*-------------*
* * .-------.
* Vehicular Cloud *<------>| TCC |
* * ._______.
*-------------*
^ ^
| |
| |
v v
.--------. .--------.
| RSU1 |<----------->| RSU2 |
.________. .________.
^ ^ ^
: : :
: : :
v v v
.--------. .--------. .--------.
|Vehicle1|=> |Vehicle2|=> |Vehicle3|=>
| |<....>| |<....>| |
.________. .________. .________.
<----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link => Moving Direction
Figure 1: A Vehicular Network Architecture for V2I and V2V Networking
Cespedes et al. proposed a vehicular IP in WAVE called VIP-WAVE for
I2V and V2I networking [VIP-WAVE]. The standard WAVE does not
support both seamless communications for Internet services and multi-
hop communications between a vehicle and an infrastructure node
(e.g., RSU), either. To overcome these limitations of the standard
WAVE, VIP-WAVE enhances the standard WAVE by the following three
schemes: (i) an efficient mechanism for the IPv6 address assignment
and DAD, (ii) on-demand IP mobility based on Proxy Mobile IPv6
(PMIPv6), and (iii) one-hop and two-hop communications for I2V and
V2I networking.
Baccelli et al. provided an analysis of the operation of IPv6 as it
has been described by the IEEE WAVE standards 1609 [IPv6-WAVE]. This
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analysis confirms that the use of the standard IPv6 protocol stack in
WAVE is not sufficient. It recommebs that the IPv6 addressing
assignment should follow considerations for ad-hoc link models,
defined in [RFC5889] for nodes' mobility and link variability.
Petrescu et al. proposed the joint IP networking and radio
architecture for V2V and V2I communication in [Joint-IP-Networking].
The proposed architecture considers an IP topology in a similar way
as a radio link topology, in the sense that an IP subnet would
correspond to the range of 1-hop vehicular communication. This
architecture defines three types of vehicles: Leaf Vehicle, Range
Extending Vehicle, and Internet Vehicle.
4.2.1.1. V2I-based Internetworking
This section discusses the internetworking between a vehicle's moving
network and an RSU's fixed network.
(*)<..........>(*)
| | 2001:DB8:1:1::/64
.------------------------------. .---------------------------------.
| | | | | |
| .-------. .------. .-------. | | .-------. .------. .-------. |
| | Host1 | |RDNSS1| |Router1| | | |Router3| |RDNSS2| | Host3 | |
| ._______. .______. ._______. | | ._______. .______. ._______. |
| ^ ^ ^ | | ^ ^ ^ |
| | | | | | | | | |
| v v v | | v v v |
| ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- |
| 2001:DB8:10:1::/64 ^ | | ^ 2001:DB8:20:1::/64 |
| | | | | |
| v | | v |
| .-------. .-------. | | .-------. .-------. .-------. |
| | Host2 | |Router2| | | |Router4| |Server1|...|ServerN| |
| ._______. ._______. | | ._______. ._______. ._______. |
| ^ ^ | | ^ ^ ^ |
| | | | | | | | |
| v v | | v v v |
| ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- |
| 2001:DB8:10:2::/64 | | 2001:DB8:20:2::/64 |
.______________________________. ._________________________________.
Vehicle1 (Moving Network1) RSU1 (Fixed Network1)
<----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link (*) Antenna
Figure 2: Internetworking between Vehicle Network and RSU Network
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As shown in Figure 2, the vehicle's moving network and the RSU's
fixed network are self-contained networks having multiple subnets and
having an edge router for the communication with another vehicle or
RSU. The method of prefix assignment for each subnet inside the
vehicle's mobile network and the RSU's fixed network is out of scope
for this document. Internetworking between two internal networks via
either V2I or V2V communication requires an exchange of network
prefix and other parameters.
The network parameter discovery collects networking information for
an IP communication between a vehicle and an RSU or between two
neighboring vehicles, such as link layer, MAC layer, and IP layer
information. The link layer information includes wireless link layer
parameters, such as wireless media (e.g., IEEE 802.11-OCB, LTE D2D
(Device to Device), Bluetooth, and LiFi (Light Fidelity)) and a
transmission power level. Note that LiFi is a technology for light-
based wireless communication between devices in order to transmit
both data and position. The MAC layer information includes the MAC
address of an external network interface for the internetworking with
another vehicle or RSU. The IP layer information includes the IP
address and prefix of an external network interface for the
internetworking with another vehicle or RSU.
Once the network parameter discovery and prefix exchange operations
have been performed, packets can be transmitted between the vehicle's
moving network and the RSU's fixed network. DNS services should be
supported to enable name resolution for hosts or servers residing
either in the vehicle's moving network or the RSU's fixed network.
For these DNS services, a recursive DNS server (RDNSS) within each
internal network of a vehicle or RSU can be used for the hosts or
servers.
Figure 2 shows internetworking between the vehicle's moving network
and the RSU's fixed network. There exists an internal network
(Moving Network1) inside Vehicle1. Vehicle1 has the DNS Server
(RDNSS1), the two hosts (Host1 and Host2), and the two routers
(Router1 and Router2). There exists another internal network (Fixed
Network1) inside RSU1. RSU1 has the DNS Server (RDNSS2), one host
(Host3), the two routers (Router3 and Router4), and the collection of
servers (Server1 to ServerN) for various services in the road
networks, such as the emergency notification and navigation.
Vehicle1's Router1 (called mobile router) and RSU1's Router3 (called
fixed router) use 2001:DB8:1:1::/64 for an external link (e.g., DSRC)
for I2V networking.
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4.2.1.2. V2V-based Internetworking
This section discusses the internetworking between the moving
networks of two neighboring vehicles.
Figure 3 shows internetworking between the moving networks of two
neighboring vehicles. There exists an internal network (Moving
Network1) inside Vehicle1. Vehicle1 has the DNS Server (RDNSS1), the
two hosts (Host1 and Host2), and the two routers (Router1 and
Router2). There exists another internal network (Moving Network2)
inside Vehicle2. Vehicle2 has the DNS Server (RDNSS2), the two hosts
(Host3 and Host4), and the two routers (Router3 and Router4).
Vehicle1's Router1 (called mobile router) and Vehicle2's Router3
(called mobile router) use 2001:DB8:1:1::/64 for an external link
(e.g., DSRC) for V2V networking.
(*)<..........>(*)
| | 2001:DB8:1:1::/64
.------------------------------. .---------------------------------.
| | | | | |
| .-------. .------. .-------. | | .-------. .------. .-------. |
| | Host1 | |RDNSS1| |Router1| | | |Router3| |RDNSS2| | Host3 | |
| ._______. .______. ._______. | | ._______. .______. ._______. |
| ^ ^ ^ | | ^ ^ ^ |
| | | | | | | | | |
| v v v | | v v v |
| ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- |
| 2001:DB8:10:1::/64 ^ | | ^ 2001:DB8:30:1::/64 |
| | | | | |
| v | | v |
| .-------. .-------. | | .-------. .-------. |
| | Host2 | |Router2| | | |Router4| | Host4 | |
| ._______. ._______. | | ._______. ._______. |
| ^ ^ | | ^ ^ |
| | | | | | | |
| v v | | v v |
| ---------------------------- | | ------------------------------- |
| 2001:DB8:10:2::/64 | | 2001:DB8:30:2::/64 |
.______________________________. ._________________________________.
Vehicle1 (Moving Network1) Vehicle2 (Moving Network2)
<----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link (*) Antenna
Figure 3: Internetworking between Two Vehicle Networks
The differences between IPWAVE (including Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
(VANET)) and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) are as follows:
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o IPWAVE is not power-constrained operation;
o Traffic can be sourced or sinked outside of IPWAVE;
o IPWAVE shall support both distributed and centralized operations;
o No "sleep" period operation is required for energy saving.
4.2.2. Latency
The communication delay (i.e., latency) between two vehicular nodes
(vehicle and RSU) should be bounded to a certain threshold. For IP-
based safety applications (e.g., context-aware navigation, adaptive
cruise control, and platooning) in vehicular network, this bounded
data delivery is critical. The real implementations for such
applications are not available, so the feasibility of IP-based safety
applications is not tested yet.
4.2.3. Security
Security protects vehicles roaming in road networks from the attacks
of malicious vehicular nodes, which are controlled by hackers. For
safety applications, the cooperation among vehicles is assumed.
Malicious vehicular nodes may disseminate wrong driving information
(e.g., location, speed, and direction) to make driving be unsafe.
Sybil attack, which tries to illude a vehicle with multiple false
identities, disturbs a vehicle in taking a safe maneuver.
Applications on IP-based vehicular networking, which are resilient to
such a sybil attack, are not developed and tested yet.
4.2.4. Pseudonym Handling
For the protection of privacy, pseudonym for a vehicle's network
interface is used, which the interface's identifier is changed
periodically. Such a pseudonym affects an IPv6 address based on the
network interface's identifier, and a transport-layer session with an
IPv6 address pair. The pseudonym handling is not implemented and
test yet for applications on IP-based vehicular networking.
5. Problem Exploration
This section discusses key work items for IPWAVE, such as neighbor
discovery, mobility management, and security & privacy.
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5.1. Neighbor Discovery
Neighbor Discovery (ND) [RFC4861] is a core part of the IPv6 protocol
suite. This section discusses the need for modifying ND for use with
vehicular networking (e.g., V2V, V2I, and V2X). The vehicles are
moving fast within the communication coverage of a vehicular node
(e.g., vehicle and RSU). The external link between two vehicular
nodes can be used for vehicular networking, as shown in Figure 2 and
Figure 3.
ND time-related parameters such as router lifetime and Neighbor
Advertisement (NA) interval should be adjusted for high-speed
vehicles and vehicle density. As vehicles move faster, the NA
interval should decrease for the NA messages to reach the neighboring
vehicles promptly. Also, as vehicle density is higher, the NA
interval should increase for the NA messages to collide with other NA
messages with lower collision probability.
5.1.1. Link Model
IPv6 protocols work under certain assumptions for the link model that
do not necessarily hold in WAVE [IPv6-WAVE]. For instance, some IPv6
protocols assume symmetry in the connectivity among neighboring
interfaces. However, interference and different levels of
transmission power may cause unidirectional links to appear in a WAVE
link model.
Also, in an IPv6 link, it is assumed that all interfaces which are
configured with the same subnet prefix are on the same IP link.
Hence, there is a relationship between link and prefix, besides the
different scopes that are expected from the link-local and global
types of IPv6 addresses. Such a relationship does not hold in a WAVE
link model due to node mobility and highly dynamic topology.
Thus, IPv6 ND should be extended to support the concept of a link for
an IPv6 prefix in terms of multicast in VANET.
5.1.2. MAC Address Pseudonym
As the ETSI GeoNetworking, for the sake of security and privacy, an
ITS station (e.g., vehicle) can use pseudonyms for its network
interface identities (e.g., MAC address) and the corresponding IPv6
addresses [Identity-Management]. Whenever the network interface
identifier changes, the IPv6 address based on the network interface
identifier should be updated. For the continuity of an end-to-end
transport-layer (e.g., TCP, UDP, and SCTP) session, the IP addresses
of the transport-layer session should be notified to both the end
points and the packets of the session should be forwarded to their
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destinations with the changed network interface identifier and IPv6
address.
5.1.3. Prefix Dissemination/Exchange
A vehicle and an RSU can have their internal network, as shown in
Figure 2 and Figure 3. In this case, nodes in within the internal
networks of two vehicular nodes (e.g., vehicle and RSU) want to
communicate with each other. For this communication, the network
prefix dissemination or exchange is required. It is assumed that a
vehicular node has an external network interface and its internal
network. The standard IPv6 ND needs to be extended for the
communication between the internal-network vehicular nodes by letting
each of them know the other side's prefix with a new ND option
[ID-Vehicular-ND].
5.1.4. Routing
For Neighbor Discovery in vehicular networks (called vehicular ND),
Ad Hoc routing is required for either unicast or multicast in the
links in a connected VANET with the same IPv6 prefix [GeoSAC]. Also,
a rapid DAD should be supported to prevent or reduce IPv6 address
conflicts in such links.
5.2. Mobility Management
The seamless connectivity and timely data exchange between two end
points requires an efficient mobility management including location
management and handover. Most of vehicles are equipped with a GPS
navigator as a dedicated navigation system or a smartphone App. With
this GPS navigator, an efficient mobility management is possible by
vehicles periodically reporting their current position and trajectory
(i.e., navigation path) to TCC. TCC can predict the future positions
of the vehicles with their mobility information (i.e., the current
position, speed, direction, and trajectory) for location management.
With the prediction of the vehicle mobility, TCC can support RSUs to
perform DAD, data packet routing, and horizontal/vertical handover in
a proactive manner. When it is assigned a new IPv6 address belonging
to a different subnet,a vehicle can skip the DAD operation, reducing
IPv6 control traffic overhead. RSUs can efficiently forward data
packets from the wired network to a moving destination vehicle along
its trajectory. RSUs can smoothly perform handover for the sake of a
moving vehicle along its trajectory.
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5.3. Security and Privacy
Security and privacy are paramount in the V2I, V2V, and V2X
networking in vehicular networks. Only authorized vehicles should be
allowed to use vehicular networking. Also, in-vehicle devices and
mobile devices in a vehicle need to communicate with other in-vehicle
devices and mobile devices in another vehicle, and other servers in
an RSU in a secure way.
A Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) and a user certificate along
with in-vehicle device's identifier generation can be used to
efficiently authenticate a vehicle or a user through a road
infrastructure node (e.g., RSU) connected to an authentication server
in TCC. Also, Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates can be
used for secure end-to-end vehicle communications.
For secure V2I communication, a secure channel between a mobile
router in a vehicle and a fixed router in an RSU should be
established, as shown in Figure 2. Also, for secure V2V
communication, a secure channel between a mobile router in a vehicle
and a mobile router in another vehicle should be established, as
shown in Figure 3.
To prevent an adversary from tracking a vehicle with its MAC address
or IPv6 address, MAC address pseudonym should be provided to the
vehicle; that is, each vehicle should periodically update its MAC
address and the corresponding IPv6 address as suggested in
[RFC4086][RFC4941]. Such an update of the MAC and IPv6 addresses
should not interrupt the end-to-end communications between two
vehicular nodes (e.g., vehicle and RSU) in terms of transport layer.
6. Security Considerations
This document discussed security and privacy for IP-based vehicular
networking.
The security and privacy for key components in IP-based vehicular
networking, such as neighor discovery and mobility management, needs
to be analyzed in depth.
7. Informative References
[Address-Assignment]
Kato, T., Kadowaki, K., Koita, T., and K. Sato, "Routing
and Address Assignment using Lane/Position Information in
a Vehicular Ad-hoc Network", IEEE Asia-Pacific Services
Computing Conference, December 2008.
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[Address-Autoconf]
Fazio, M., Palazzi, C., Das, S., and M. Gerla, "Automatic
IP Address Configuration in VANETs", ACM International
Workshop on Vehicular Inter-Networking, September 2016.
[Automotive-Sensing]
Choi, J., Va, V., Gonzalez-Prelcic, N., Daniels, R., R.
Bhat, C., and R. W. Heath, "Millimeter-Wave Vehicular
Communication to Support Massive Automotive Sensing",
IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2016.
[Broadcast-Storm]
Wisitpongphan, N., K. Tonguz, O., S. Parikh, J., Mudalige,
P., Bai, F., and V. Sadekar, "Broadcast Storm Mitigation
Techniques in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Wireless
Communications, December 2007.
[CA-Cuise-Control]
California Partners for Advanced Transportation Technology
(PATH), "Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control", [Online]
Available:
http://www.path.berkeley.edu/research/automated-and-
connected-vehicles/cooperative-adaptive-cruise-control,
2017.
[CASD] Shen, Y., Jeong, J., Oh, T., and S. Son, "CASD: A
Framework of Context-Awareness Safety Driving in Vehicular
Networks", International Workshop on Device Centric Cloud
(DC2), March 2016.
[DSRC] ASTM International, "Standard Specification for
Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between
Roadside and Vehicle Systems - 5 GHz Band Dedicated Short
Range Communications (DSRC) Medium Access Control (MAC)
and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications",
ASTM E2213-03(2010), October 2010.
[ETSI-GeoNetwork-IP]
ETSI Technical Committee Intelligent Transport Systems,
"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular
Communications; GeoNetworking; Part 6: Internet
Integration; Sub-part 1: Transmission of IPv6 Packets over
GeoNetworking Protocols", ETSI EN 302 636-6-1, October
2013.
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[ETSI-GeoNetworking]
ETSI Technical Committee Intelligent Transport Systems,
"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular
Communications; GeoNetworking; Part 4: Geographical
addressing and forwarding for point-to-point and point-to-
multipoint communications; Sub-part 1: Media-Independent
Functionality", ETSI EN 302 636-4-1, May 2014.
[EU-2008-671-EC]
European Union, "Commission Decision of 5 August 2008 on
the Harmonised Use of Radio Spectrum in the 5875 - 5905
MHz Frequency Band for Safety-related Applications of
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)", EU 2008/671/EC,
August 2008.
[FirstNet]
U.S. National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA), "First Responder Network Authority
(FirstNet)", [Online]
Available: https://www.firstnet.gov/, 2012.
[FirstNet-Report]
First Responder Network Authority, "FY 2017: ANNUAL REPORT
TO CONGRESS, Advancing Public Safety Broadband
Communications", FirstNet FY 2017, December 2017.
[Fuel-Efficient]
van de Hoef, S., H. Johansson, K., and D. V. Dimarogonas,
"Fuel-Efficient En Route Formation of Truck Platoons",
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,
January 2018.
[GeoSAC] Baldessari, R., Bernardos, C., and M. Calderon, "GeoSAC -
Scalable Address Autoconfiguration for VANET Using
Geographic Networking Concepts", IEEE International
Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications, September 2008.
[H-DMM] Nguyen, T. and C. Bonnet, "A Hybrid Centralized-
Distributed Mobility Management for Supporting Highly
Mobile Users", IEEE International Conference on
Communications, June 2015.
[ID-DNSNA]
Jeong, J., Ed., Lee, S., and J. Park, "DNS Name
Autoconfiguration for Internet of Things Devices", draft-
jeong-ipwave-iot-dns-autoconf-03 (work in progress), July
2018.
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[ID-Vehicular-ND]
Jeong, J., Ed., Shen, Y., Jo, Y., Jeong, J., and J. Lee,
"IPv6 Neighbor Discovery for Prefix and Service Discovery
in Vehicular Networks", draft-jeong-ipwave-vehicular-
neighbor-discovery-03 (work in progress), July 2018.
[Identity-Management]
Wetterwald, M., Hrizi, F., and P. Cataldi, "Cross-layer
Identities Management in ITS Stations", The 10th
International Conference on ITS Telecommunications,
November 2010.
[IEEE-802.11-OCB]
IEEE 802.11 Working Group, "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium
Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications", IEEE Std 802.11-2012, February 2012.
[IEEE-802.11p]
IEEE 802.11 Working Group, "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium
Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications - Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environments", IEEE Std 802.11p-2010, June 2010.
[IP-Passing-Protocol]
Chen, Y., Hsu, C., and W. Yi, "An IP Passing Protocol for
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks with Network Fragmentation",
Elsevier Computers & Mathematics with Applications,
January 2012.
[IPv6-over-802.11-OCB]
Petrescu, A., Benamar, N., Haerri, J., Lee, J., and T.
Ernst, "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.11
Networks operating in mode Outside the Context of a Basic
Service Set (IPv6-over-80211-OCB)", draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-25 (work in progress), June 2018.
[IPv6-WAVE]
Baccelli, E., Clausen, T., and R. Wakikawa, "IPv6
Operation for WAVE - Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environments", IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference,
December 2010.
[ISO-ITS-IPv6]
ISO/TC 204, "Intelligent Transport Systems -
Communications Access for Land Mobiles (CALM) - IPv6
Networking", ISO 21210:2012, June 2012.
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[Joint-IP-Networking]
Petrescu, A., Boc, M., and C. Ibars, "Joint IP Networking
and Radio Architecture for Vehicular Networks",
11th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications,
August 2011.
[LAGAD] Abrougui, K., Boukerche, A., and R. Pazzi, "Location-Aided
Gateway Advertisement and Discovery Protocol for VANets",
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 59, No. 8,
October 2010.
[Multicast-802]
Perkins, C., Stanley, D., Kumari, W., and JC. Zuniga,
"Multicast Considerations over IEEE 802 Wireless Media",
draft-perkins-intarea-multicast-ieee802-03 (work in
progress), July 2017.
[Multicast-Alert]
Camara, D., Bonnet, C., Nikaein, N., and M. Wetterwald,
"Multicast and Virtual Road Side Units for Multi
Technology Alert Messages Dissemination", IEEE 8th
International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor
Systems, October 2011.
[NEMO-LMS]
Soto, I., Bernardos, C., Calderon, M., Banchs, A., and A.
Azcorra, "NEMO-Enabled Localized Mobility Support for
Internet Access in Automotive Scenarios",
IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2009.
[NEMO-VANET]
Chen, Y., Hsu, C., and C. Cheng, "Network Mobility
Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks",
Wiley International Journal of Communication Systems,
November 2014.
[PMIP-NEMO-Analysis]
Lee, J., Ernst, T., and N. Chilamkurti, "Performance
Analysis of PMIPv6-Based Network Mobility for Intelligent
Transportation Systems", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, January 2012.
[RFC4086] Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
"Randomness Requirements for Security", RFC 4086, June
2005.
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[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
September 2007.
[RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.
[RFC4941] Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
IPv6", RFC 4941, September 2007.
[RFC5889] Baccelli, E. and M. Townsley, "IP Addressing Model in Ad
Hoc Networks", RFC 5889, September 2010.
[RFC5944] Perkins, C., Ed., "IP Mobility Support in IPv4, Revised",
RFC 5944, November 2010.
[RFC6275] Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, July 2011.
[RFC6762] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
February 2013.
[RFC6763] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
Discovery", RFC 6763, February 2013.
[RFC7333] Chan, H., Liu, D., Seite, P., Yokota, H., and J. Korhonen,
"Requirements for Distributed Mobility Management",
RFC 7333, August 2014.
[RFC7429] Liu, D., Zuniga, JC., Seite, P., Chan, H., and CJ.
Bernardos, "Distributed Mobility Management: Current
Practices and Gap Analysis", RFC 7429, January 2015.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 8200, July 2017.
[SAINT] Jeong, J., Jeong, H., Lee, E., Oh, T., and D. Du, "SAINT:
Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool for Cloud-Based
Vehicular Traffic Optimization", IEEE Transactions on
Vehicular Technology, Vol. 65, No. 6, June 2016.
[SAINTplus]
Shen, Y., Lee, J., Jeong, H., Jeong, J., Lee, E., and D.
Du, "SAINT+: Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool+
for Emergency Service Delivery Optimization",
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,
June 2017.
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[SANA] Hwang, T. and J. Jeong, "SANA: Safety-Aware Navigation
Application for Pedestrian Protection in Vehicular
Networks", Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science
(LNCS), Vol. 9502, December 2015.
[SDN-DMM] Nguyen, T., Bonnet, C., and J. Harri, "SDN-based
Distributed Mobility Management for 5G Networks",
IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,
April 2016.
[Securing-VCOMM]
Fernandez, P., Santa, J., Bernal, F., and A. Skarmeta,
"Securing Vehicular IPv6 Communications",
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing,
January 2016.
[TR-22.886-3GPP]
3GPP, "Study on Enhancement of 3GPP Support for 5G V2X
Services", 3GPP TS 22.886, June 2018.
[Truck-Platooning]
California Partners for Advanced Transportation Technology
(PATH), "Automated Truck Platooning", [Online] Available:
http://www.path.berkeley.edu/research/automated-and-
connected-vehicles/truck-platooning, 2017.
[TS-23.285-3GPP]
3GPP, "Architecture Enhancements for V2X Services", 3GPP
TS 23.285, June 2018.
[VANET-Geo-Routing]
Tsukada, M., Jemaa, I., Menouar, H., Zhang, W., Goleva,
M., and T. Ernst, "Experimental Evaluation for IPv6 over
VANET Geographic Routing", IEEE International Wireless
Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, June 2010.
[VIP-WAVE]
Cespedes, S., Lu, N., and X. Shen, "VIP-WAVE: On the
Feasibility of IP Communications in 802.11p Vehicular
Networks", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation
Systems, March 2013.
[VMaSC-LTE]
Ucar, S., Ergen, S., and O. Ozkasap, "Multihop-Cluster-
Based IEEE 802.11p and LTE Hybrid Architecture for VANET
Safety Message Dissemination", IEEE Transactions on
Vehicular Technology, April 2016.
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[VNET-AAA]
Moustafa, H., Bourdon, G., and Y. Gourhant, "Providing
Authentication and Access Control in Vehicular Network
Environment", IFIP TC-11 International Information
Security Conference, May 2006.
[VNET-MM] Peng, Y. and J. Chang, "A Novel Mobility Management Scheme
for Integration of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and Fixed IP
Networks", Springer Mobile Networks and Applications,
February 2010.
[WAVE-1609.0]
IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Guide for Wireless Access
in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Architecture", IEEE Std
1609.0-2013, March 2014.
[WAVE-1609.2]
IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for Wireless
Access in Vehicular Environments - Security Services for
Applications and Management Messages", IEEE Std
1609.2-2016, March 2016.
[WAVE-1609.3]
IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for Wireless
Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Networking
Services", IEEE Std 1609.3-2016, April 2016.
[WAVE-1609.4]
IEEE 1609 Working Group, "IEEE Standard for Wireless
Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Multi-Channel
Operation", IEEE Std 1609.4-2016, March 2016.
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Appendix A. Relevant Work Items to IPWAVE
This section discusses relevant work items to IPWAVE: (i) vehicle
identity management; (ii) multihop V2X; (iii) multicast; (iv) DNS
naming services and service discovery; (v) IPv6 over cellular
networks.
A.1. Vehicle Identity Management
A vehicle can have multiple network interfaces using different access
network technologies [Identity-Management]. These multiple network
interfaces mean multiple identities. To identify a vehicle with
multiple indenties, a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) can be used
as a globally unique vehicle identifier.
To support the seamless connectivity over the multiple identities, a
cross-layer network architecture is required with vertical handover
functionality [Identity-Management]. Also, an AAA service for
multiple identities should be provided to vehicles in an efficient
way to allow horizontal handover as well as vertical handover; note
that AAA stands for Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting.
A.2. Multihop V2X
Multihop packet forwarding among vehicles in 802.11-OCB mode shows an
unfavorable performance due to the common known broadcast-storm
problem [Broadcast-Storm]. This broadcast-storm problem can be
mitigated by the coordination (or scheduling) of a cluster head in a
connected VANET or an RSU in an intersection area, which is a
coordinator for the access to wireless channels.
A.3. Multicast
IP multicast in vehicular network environments is especially useful
for various services. For instance, an automobile manufacturer can
multicast a particular group/class/type of vehicles for service
notification. As another example, a vehicle or an RSU can
disseminate alert messages in a particular area [Multicast-Alert].
In general IEEE 802 wireless media, some performance issues about
multicast are found in [Multicast-802]. Since serveral procedures
and functions based on IPv6 use multicast for control-plane messages,
such as Neighbor Discovery (called ND) and Service Discovery,
[Multicast-802] describes that the ND process may fail due to
unreliable wireless link, causing failure of the DAD process. Also,
the Router Advertisement messages can be lost in multicasting.
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A.4. DNS Naming Services and Service Discovery
When two vehicular nodes communicate with each other with the DNS
name of the partner node, DNS naming service (i.e., DNS name
resolution) is required. As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, a
recursive DNS server (called RDNSS) within an internal network can
perform such DNS name resolution for the sake of other vehicular
nodes.
A service discovery service is required for an application in a
vehicular node to search for another application or server in another
vehicular node, which resides in either the same internal network or
the other internal network. In V2I or V2V networking, as shown in
Figure 2 and Figure 3, such a service discovery service can be
provided by either DNS-based Service Discovery (DNS-SD) [RFC6763]
with mDNS [RFC6762] or the vehicular ND with a new option for service
discovery [ID-Vehicular-ND].
A.5. IPv6 over Cellular Networks
Recently, 3GPP has announced a new technical specification, Release
14 (3GPP-R14), which proposes an architecture enhancements for V2X
services using the modified sidelink interface that originally is
designed for the LTE-D2D communications. 3GPP-R14 regulates that the
V2X services only support IPv6 implementation. 3GPP is also
investigating and discussing the evolved V2X services in the next
generation cellular networks, i.e., 5G new radio (5G-NR), for
advanced V2X communications and automated vehicles' applications.
A.5.1. Cellular V2X (C-V2X) Using 4G-LTE
Before 3GPP-R14, some researchers have studied the potential usage of
C-V2X communications. For example, [VMaSC-LTE] explores a multihop
cluster-based hybrid architecture using both DSRC and LTE for safety
message dissemination. Most of the research consider a short message
service for safety instead of IP datagram forwarding. In other C-V2X
research, the standard IPv6 is assumed.
The 3GPP technical specification [TS-23.285-3GPP] states that both IP
based and non-IP based V2X messages are supported, and only IPv6 is
supported for IP based messages. Moreover, [TS-23.285-3GPP]
instructs that a UE autoconfigures a link- local IPv6 address by
following [RFC4862], but without sending Neighbor Solicitation and
Neighbor Advertisement messages for DAD.
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A.5.2. Cellular V2X (C-V2X) Using 5G
The emerging services, functions and applications in automotive
industry spurs ehhanced V2X (eV2X)-based services in the future 5G
era. The 3GPP Technical Report [TR-22.886-3GPP] is studying new use
cases for V2X using 5G in the future.
Appendix B. Changes from draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-networking-03
The following changes are made from draft-ietf-ipwave-vehicular-
networking-03:
o EU wireless channel allocation (frequency band 5.875 - 5.905 GHz)
for vehicular networking was specified in Section 1.
o Relevant work items to IPWAVE is discussed in Appendix A as
follows: (i) vehicle identity management; (ii) multihop V2X; (iii)
multicast; (iv) DNS naming services and service discovery; (v)
IPv6 over cellular networks.
Appendix C. Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of
Education (2017R1D1A1B03035885).
This work was supported in part by Global Research Laboratory Program
through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)
(NRF-2013K1A1A2A02078326) and by the DGIST R&D Program of the MSIT
(18-EE-01).
This work was supported in part by the French research project
DataTweet (ANR-13-INFR-0008) and in part by the HIGHTS project funded
by the European Commission I (636537-H2020).
Appendix D. Contributors
This document is a group work of IPWAVE working group, greatly
benefiting from inputs and texts by Rex Buddenberg (Naval
Postgraduate School), Thierry Ernst (YoGoKo), Bokor Laszlo (Budapest
University of Technology and Economics), Jose Santa Lozanoi
(Universidad of Murcia), Richard Roy (MIT), Francois Simon (Pilot),
and Sri Gundavelli (Cisco). The authors sincerely appreciate their
contributions.
The following are co-authors of this document:
Nabil Benamar
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Department of Computer Sciences
High School of Technology of Meknes
Moulay Ismail University
Morocco
Phone: +212 6 70 83 22 36
EMail: benamar73@gmail.com
Sandra Cespedes
Department of Electrical Engineering
Universidad de Chile
Av. Tupper 2007, Of. 504
Santiago, 8370451
Chile
Phone: +56 2 29784093
EMail: scespede@niclabs.cl
Jerome Haerri
Communication Systems Department
EURECOM
Sophia-Antipolis
France
Phone: +33 4 93 00 81 34
EMail: jerome.haerri@eurecom.fr
Dapeng Liu
Alibaba
Beijing, Beijing 100022
China
Phone: +86 13911788933
EMail: max.ldp@alibaba-inc.com
Tae (Tom) Oh
Department of Information Sciences and Technologies
Rochester Institute of Technology
One Lomb Memorial Drive
Rochester, NY 14623-5603
USA
Phone: +1 585 475 7642
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EMail: Tom.Oh@rit.edu
Charles E. Perkins
Futurewei Inc.
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, CA 95050
USA
Phone: +1 408 330 4586
EMail: charliep@computer.org
Alexandre Petrescu
CEA, LIST
CEA Saclay
Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France 91190
France
Phone: +33169089223
EMail: Alexandre.Petrescu@cea.fr
Yiwen Chris Shen
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4106
Fax: +82 31 290 7996
EMail: chrisshen@skku.edu
URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-chris-shen.php
Michelle Wetterwald
FBConsulting
21, Route de Luxembourg
Wasserbillig, Luxembourg L-6633
Luxembourg
EMail: Michelle.Wetterwald@gmail.com
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Author's Address
Jaehoon Paul Jeong (editor)
Department of Software
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4957
Fax: +82 31 290 7996
EMail: pauljeong@skku.edu
URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-jaehoon-jeong.php
Jeong Expires January 17, 2019 [Page 30]
