IETF                                              B. Carpenter, IBM
Internet Draft                                        C. Jung, 3Com
December 1998



    Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4 Domains without Explicit Tunnels


                    draft-ietf-ipngwg-6over4-01.txt


Status of this Memo

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This memo specifies the frame format for transmission of IPv6 [IPV6]
   packets and the method of forming IPv6 link-local addresses over IPv4
   domains.  It also specifies the content of the Source/Target Link-
   layer Address option used in the Router Solicitation, Router
   Advertisement, Neighbor Solicitation, and Neighbor Advertisement
   and Redirect messages, when those messages are transmitted on an
   IPv4 network.

   The motivation for this method is to allow isolated IPv6 hosts,
   located on a physical link which has no directly connected IPv6
   router, to become fully functional IPv6 hosts by using an IPv4
   domain that supports IPv4 multicast as their virtual local
   link. It uses IPv4 multicast as a 'virtual Ethernet.'




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Table of Contents:

   1. Introduction....................................................2
   2. Maximum Transmission Unit.......................................3
   3. Frame Format....................................................3
   4. Stateless Autoconfiguration and Link-Local Addresses............4
   5. Address Mapping -- Unicast......................................4
   6. Address Mapping -- Multicast....................................5
   7. Scaling and Transition Isues....................................5
   8. IANA considerations.............................................6
   9. Security considerations.........................................6
   Acknowledgements...................................................7
   References.........................................................7
   APPENDIX A: IPv4 Multicast Addresses for Neighbor Discovery........8
   Authors' Addresses.................................................9
   Full Copyright Notice..............................................9

1. Introduction

   This memo specifies the frame format for transmission of IPv6 [IPV6]
   packets and the method of forming IPv6 link-local addresses over IPv4
   "domains".  For the purposes of this document, an IPv4 domain is a
   fully interconnected set of IPv4 subnets, within the same local
   multicast scope, on which there are at least two IPv6 nodes
   conforming to this specification.  This IPv4 domain could form part of the
   globally-unique IPv4 address space, or could form part of a private IPv4
   network [RFC 1918].

   This memo also specifies the content of the Source/Target Link-layer
   Address option used in the Router Solicitation, Router Advertisement,
   Neighbor Solicitation, Neighbor Advertisement and Redirect messages
   described in [DISC], when those messages are transmitted on an IPv4
   domain.

   The motivation for this method is to allow isolated IPv6 hosts,
   located on a physical link which has no directly connected IPv6
   router, to become fully functional IPv6 hosts by using an IPv4 domain
   as their virtual local link.  Thus, at least one IPv6 router using
   the same method must be connected to the same IPv4 domain if IPv6
   routing to other links is required.

   IPv6 hosts connected using this method do not require IPv4-compatible
   addresses or configured tunnels.  In this way IPv6 gains considerable
   independence of the underlying links and can step over many hops of
   IPv4 subnets. The mechanism is known formally as "IPv6 over IPv4"
   or "6over4" and colloquially as "virtual Ethernet."

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].



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2. Maximum Transmission Unit

   The default MTU size for IPv6 packets on an IPv4 domain is 1480
   octets.  This size may be varied by a Router Advertisement [DISC]
   containing an MTU option which specifies a different MTU, or by
   manual configuration of each node.

   Note that if by chance the IPv6 MTU size proves to be too large for
   some intermediate IPv4 subnet, IPv4 fragmentation will ensue.  While
   undesirable, this is not disastrous. However, the IPv4 "do not fragment"
   bit MUST NOT be set in the encapsulating IPv4 header.

3. Frame Format

   IPv6 packets are transmitted in IPv4 packets [RFC 791] with an IPv4
   protocol type of 41, the same as has been assigned in RFC 1933 for
   IPv6 packets that are tunneled inside of IPv4 frames.  The IPv4
   header contains the Destination and Source IPv4 addresses.  The IPv4
   packet body contains the IPv6 header followed immediately by the
   payload.


     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |  Time to Live | Protocol 41   |         Header Checksum       |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                       Source Address                          |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                    Destination Address                        |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                    Options                    |    Padding    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |            IPv6 header and payload ...              /
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+


   If there are IPv4 options, then padding SHOULD be added to the IPv4
   header such that the IPv6 header starts on a boundary that is a 32-
   bit offset from the end of the datalink header.

   The Time to Live field SHOULD be set to a low value, to prevent such
   packets accidentally leaking from the IPv4 domain.  This MUST be a
   configurable parameter, with a recommended default of 8.






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4. Stateless Autoconfiguration and Link-Local Addresses

   The Interface Identifier [AARCH] of an IPv4 interface is the 32-bit
   IPv4 address of that interface, with the octets in the same order in
   which they would appear in the header of an IPv4 packet, padded at
   the left with zeros to a total of 64 bits.  Note that the "Universal/
   Local" bit is zero, indicating that the Interface Identifer is not
   globally unique.  When the host has more than one IPv4 address in use
   on the physical interface concerned, an administrative choice of one
   of these IPv4 addresses is made.

   An IPv6 address prefix used for stateless autoconfiguration of an
   IPv4 interface MUST have a length of 64 bits except for a special
   case mentioned in Section 7.

   The IPv6 Link-local address [AARCH] for an IPv4 virtual interface is
   formed by appending the Interface Identifier, as defined above, to
   the prefix FE80::/64.

    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+
    |  FE      80      00      00      00      00      00     00  |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+
    |  00      00   |  00   |  00   |   IPv4 Address              |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+


5. Address Mapping -- Unicast

   The procedure for mapping IPv6 addresses into IPv4 virtual link-layer
   addresses is described in [DISC].  The Source/Target Link-layer
   Address option has the following form when the link layer is IPv4.
   Since the length field is in units of 8 bytes, the value below is 1.

    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
    | Type  |Length | must be zero  |        IPv4 Address           |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+


   Type:
    1 for Source Link-layer address.
    2 for Target Link-layer address.

   Length:
    1 (in units of 8 octets).

   IPv4 Address:

   The 32 bit IPv4 address, in network byte order.  This is the address
   the interface currently responds to, and may be different from the
   Interface Identifier for stateless autoconfiguration.



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6. Address Mapping -- Multicast

   IPv4 multicast MUST be available. An IPv6 packet with a multicast
   destination address DST MUST be transmitted to the IPv4 multicast
   address of Organization-Local Scope using the mapping below.  These
   IPv4 multicast addresses SHOULD be taken from the block 239.192.0.0/16,
   a sub-block of the Organization-Local Scope address block, or, if
   all of those are not available, from the expansion blocks
   defined in [ADMIN].  Note that when they are formed
   using the expansion blocks, they use only a /16 sized block.

        +-------+-------+-------+-------+
        |  239  |  OLS  | DST14 | DST15 |
        +-------+-------+-------+-------+

        DST14, DST15        last two bytes of IPv6 multicast address.

        OLS                 from the configured Organization-Local
                            Scope address block.  SHOULD be 192,
                            see [ADMIN] for details.

   No new IANA registration procedures are required for the above.
   See appendix A. for a list of all the multicast groups that must be
   joined to support Neighbor Discovery.


7. Scaling and Transition Issues

   The multicast mechanism described in Section 6 above appears to have
   essentially the same scaling properties as native IPv6 over most
   media, except for the slight reduction in MTU size which will
   slightly reduce bulk throughput.  On an ATM network, where IPv4
   multicast relies on relatively complex mechanisms, it is to be
   expected that IPv6 over IPv4 over ATM will perform less well than
   native IPv6 over ATM.

   The "IPv6 over IPv4" mechanism is intended to take its place in the
   range of options available for transition from IPv4 to IPv6.  In
   particular it allows a site to run both IPv4 and IPv6 in coexistence,
   without having to configure IPv6 hosts either with IPv4-compatible
   addresses or with tunnels.  Interfaces of the IPv6 router and hosts
   will of course need to be enabled in "6over4" mode.

   A site may choose to start its IPv6 transition by configuring one
   IPv6 router to support "6over4" on an interface connected to
   the site's IPv4 domain, and another IPv6 format on an interface
   connected to the IPv6 Internet.  Any enabled "6over4" hosts
   in the IPv4 domain will then be able to communicate both with the
   router and with the IPv6 Internet, without manual configuration of a
   tunnel and without the need for an IPv4-compatible IPv6 address,
   either stateless or stateful address configuration providing the IPv6
   address to the IPv6 host.

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   During transition, routers may need to advertise at least two
   IPv6 prefixes, one for the native LAN (e.g. Ethernet) and one for
   "6over4." As with any IPv6 prefix assigned to an IPv6 subnet, the
   latter MUST be unique within its scope, whether site-local or
   global addressing is used.

   Also note that when a router is handling both native LAN and
   "6over4" on the same physical interface,  during
   stateless autoconfiguration, there is a period when IPv6 link-local
   addresses are used, in both cases with the prefix FE80::/64.
   Note that the prefix-length for these link-local adddress MUST
   then be 128 so that the two cases can be distinguished.

   As the site installs additional IPv6 routers, "6over4" hosts
   which become physically adjacent to IPv6 routers can be changed to
   run as native IPv6 hosts, with the the only impact on IPv6
   applications being a slight increase in MTU size. At some stage
   during transition, it might be convenient to dual home hosts
   in both native LAN and "6over4" mode, but this is not required.

8. IANA considerations

   No assignments by the IANA are required beyond those in [ADMIN].

9. Security considerations

   Implementors should be aware that, in addition to posssible attacks
   against IPv6, security attacks against IPv4 must also be considered.
   Use of IP security at both IPv4 and IPv6 levels should nevertheless
   be avoided, for efficiency reasons.  For example, if IPv6 is running
   encrypted, encryption of IPv4 would be redundant except if traffic
   analysis is felt to be a threat.  If IPv6 is running authenticated,
   then authentication of IPv4 will add little.  Conversely, IPv4
   security will not protect IPv6 traffic once it leaves the IPv6-over-
   IPv4 domain.  Therefore, implementing IPv6 security is required even
   if IPv4 security is available.

   There is a possible spoofing attack in which spurious 6over4
   packets are injected into a 6over4 domain from outside. Thus,
   boundary routers MUST discard multicast IPv4 packets with source
   or destination multicast addresses of organisation local scope
   as defined in section 6 above, if they arrive on physical
   interfaces outside that scope. To defend against spurious
   unicast 6over4 packets, boundary routers MUST discard incoming
   IPv4 packets with protocol type 41 from unknown sources, i.e.
   IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels must only be accepted from trusted sources.
   Unless IPSEC authentication is available, the RECOMMENDED technique
   for this is an access control list.




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Acknowledgements

   The basic idea presented above is not original, and we have had
   invaluable comments from Matt Crawford, Steve Deering, Dan
   Harrington, Rich Draves, Erik Nordmark, Quang Nguyen, and
   other members of the IPNG and NGTRANS working groups.

   This document is seriously ripped off from RFC 1972 written by
   Matt Crawford. Brian Carpenter was at CERN when the work was started.

References

   [AARCH]    Hinden, R., and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 2373

   [ADMIN]    Meyer, D., "Administratively Scoped IP Multicast",
              RFC 2365, BCP 23.

   [CONF]     Thomson, S., and T. Narten, "IPv6 Stateless Address
              Autoconfiguration", RFC xxxx (1971 update)

   [DISC]     Narten, T., Nordmark, E., and W. Simpson, "Neighbor
              Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC xxxx (1970 update)

   [IPV6]     Deering, S., and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", RFC xxxx (1883 update)

   [RFC 791]  Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", RFC 791

   [RFC 1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.,
              Lear, E., "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
              RFC 1918

   [RFC 2119] Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels.
              S. Bradner, RFC 2119
















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APPENDIX A:  IPv4 Multicast Addresses for Neighbor Discovery

   The following IPv4 multicast groups are used to support Neighbor
   Discovery with this specification.

   all-nodes multicast address
         - the administratively-scoped IPv4 multicast address used to
           reach all nodes in the local IPv4 domain supporting this
           specification.  239.OLS.0.1

   all-routers multicast address
         - the administratively-scoped IPv4 multicast address to reach
           all routers in the local IPv4 domain supporting this
           specification.  239.OLS.0.2

   solicited-node multicast address
         - an administratively scoped multicast address that is computed
           as a function of the solicited target's address by taking the
           IPv4 address used to form the IPv6 address and prepending the
           96-bit prefix FF02:0:0:0:0:1.  This is then mapped to the IPv4
           multicast address in the method described in this document.
           For example, if the IPv4 address used to form the IPv6 address
           is W.X.Y.Z, then the IPv6 solicited node multicast address is
           FF02::1:W.X.Y.Z and the corresponding IPv4 multicast address is
           239.OLS.Y.Z




























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Authors' Addresses


      Brian E. Carpenter
      Internet Division
      IBM United Kingdom Laboratories
      MP 185, Hursley Park
      Winchester, Hampshire S021 2JN, UK

      Email: brian@hursley.ibm.com


      Cyndi Jung
      3Com Corporation
      5400 Bayfront Plaza, Mailstop 3219
      Santa Clara, California  95052-8145

      Email: cmj@3Com.com

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   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.

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   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
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