Internet Engineering Task Force                                  W. Wang
Internet-Draft                             Zhejiang Gongshang University
Intended status: Informational                                  K. Ogawa
Expires: July 7, 2013                                    NTT Corporation
                                                           E. Haleplidis
                                                    University of Patras
                                                                  M. Gao
                                                  Hangzhou BAUD Networks
                                                           J. Hadi Salim
                                                       Mojatatu Networks
                                                         January 3, 2013


 Interoperability Report for Forwarding and Control Element Separation
                                (ForCES)
                      draft-ietf-forces-interop-05

Abstract

   This document captures test results from the second Forwarding and
   control Element Separation (ForCES) interoperability test which took
   place on February 24-25, 2011 in the Internet Technology Lab (ITL) of
   Zhejiang Gongshang University, China.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on July 7, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents



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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  ForCES Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.2.  ForCES FE Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.3.  Transport Mapping Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Terminology and Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     2.1.  Requirements Language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     2.2.  Definitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.1.  Date, Location, and Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.2.  Testbed Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       3.2.1.  Participants Access  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       3.2.2.  Testbed Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   4.  Scenarios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.1.  Scenario 1 - LFB Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.2.  Scenario 2 - TML with IPSec  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.3.  Scenario 3 - CE High Availability  . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.4.  Scenario 4 - Packet forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   5.  Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.1.  LFB Operation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.2.  TML with IPSec Test  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     5.3.  CE High Availability Test  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     5.4.  Packet Forwarding Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   6.  Discussions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
     6.1.  On Data Encapsulation Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   7.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
   8.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
   9.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36








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1.  Introduction

   This document captures the results of the second interoperability
   test of the Forwarding and control Element Separation (ForCES)
   Framework which took place February 24-25, 2011 in the Internet
   Technology Lab (ITL) of Zhejiang Gongshang University, China.  The
   test involved several documents namely: ForCES protocol [RFC5810] ,
   ForCES FE model [RFC5812] , ForCES TML [RFC5811] , ForCES LFB Library
   [I-D.ietf-forces-lfb-lib] and ForCES CE HA specification
   [I-D.ietf-forces-ceha].  Three independent ForCES implementations
   participated in the test.

   Scenarios of ForCES LFB Operation, TML with IPSec, CE High
   Availability, and Packet Forwarding are constructed.  Series of
   testing items for every scenario are carried out and interoperability
   results are achieved.  Popular packet analyzers Ethereal/
   Wireshark[Ethereal] and Tcpdump[Tcpdump] are used to verify the wire
   results.

   The first interoperability test on ForCES was held in July 2008 at
   the University of Patras, Greece.  The test focused on validating the
   basic semantics of the ForCES protocol and ForCES FE model.  The test
   results were captured by [RFC6053] .

1.1.  ForCES Protocol

   The ForCES protocol works in a master-slave mode in which FEs are
   slaves and CEs are masters.  The protocol includes commands for
   transport of Logical Function Block (LFB) configuration information,
   association setup, status, and event notifications, etc.  The reader
   is encouraged to read the ForCES protocol specification [RFC5810] for
   further information.

1.2.  ForCES FE Model

   The ForCES FE model [RFC5812] presents a formal way to define FE
   Logical Function Blocks (LFBs) using XML.  LFB configuration
   components, capabilities, and associated events are defined when the
   LFB is formally created.  The LFBs within the FE are accordingly
   controlled in a standardized way by the ForCES protocol.

1.3.  Transport Mapping Layer

   The ForCES Transport Mapping Layer (TML) transports the ForCES
   Protocol Layer (PL) messages.  The TML is where the issues of how to
   achieve transport level reliability, congestion control, multicast,
   ordering, etc are handled.  It is expected that more than one TML
   will be standardized.  The various possible TMLs could vary their



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   implementations based on the capabilities of underlying media and
   transport.  However, since each TML is standardized, interoperability
   is guaranteed as long as both endpoints support the same TML.  All
   ForCES Protocol Layer implementations MUST be portable across all
   TMLs.  Although more than one TML may be standardized for the ForCES
   Protocol, for the purposes of the interoperability test, the mandated
   MUST IMPLEMENT SCTP TML [RFC5811] was be used.












































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2.  Terminology and Conventions

2.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2.2.  Definitions

   This document follows the terminology defined by ForCES related
   documents, including RFC3654, RFC3746, RFC5810, RFC5811, RFC5812,
   RFC5813, etc.  Some definitions are repeated below for clarity.

      Control Element (CE) - A logical entity that implements the ForCES
      protocol and uses it to instruct one or more FEs on how to process
      packets.  CEs handle functionality such as the execution of
      control and signaling protocols.

      Forwarding Element (FE) - A logical entity that implements the
      ForCES protocol.  FEs use the underlying hardware to provide per-
      packet processing and handling as directed/controlled by one or
      more CEs via the ForCES protocol.

      LFB (Logical Functional Block) - The basic building block that is
      operated on by the ForCES protocol.  The LFB is a well defined,
      logically separable functional block that resides in an FE and is
      controlled by the CE via the ForCES protocol.  The LFB may reside
      at the FE's datapath and process packets or may be purely an FE
      control or configuration entity that is operated on by the CE.
      Note that the LFB is a functionally accurate abstraction of the
      FE's processing capabilities, but not a hardware-accurate
      representation of the FE implementation.

      LFB Class and LFB Instance - LFBs are categorized by LFB Classes.
      An LFB Instance represents an LFB Class (or Type) existence.
      There may be multiple instances of the same LFB Class (or Type) in
      an FE.  An LFB Class is represented by an LFB Class ID, and an LFB
      Instance is represented by an LFB Instance ID.  As a result, an
      LFB Class ID associated with an LFB Instance ID uniquely specifies
      an LFB existence.

      LFB Metadata - Metadata is used to communicate per-packet state
      from one LFB to another, but is not sent across the network.  The
      FE model defines how such metadata is identified, produced, and
      consumed by the LFBs.  It defines the functionality but not how
      metadata is encoded within an implementation.




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      LFB Components - Operational parameters of the LFBs that must be
      visible to the CEs are conceptualized in the FE model as the LFB
      components.  The LFB components include, for example, flags,
      single-parameter arguments, complex arguments, and tables that the
      CE can read and/or write via the ForCES protocol.

      ForCES Protocol - While there may be multiple protocols used
      within the overall ForCES architecture, the term "ForCES protocol"
      and "protocol" refer to the "Fp" reference points in the ForCES
      framework in [RFC3746] .  This protocol does not apply to CE-to-CE
      communication, FE-to-FE communication, or to communication between
      FE and CE managers.  Basically, the ForCES protocol works in a
      master-slave mode in which FEs are slaves and CEs are masters.

      ForCES Protocol Transport Mapping Layer (ForCES TML) - A layer in
      ForCES protocol architecture that uses the capabilities of
      existing transport protocols to specifically address protocol
      message transportation issues, such as how the protocol messages
      are mapped to different transport media (like TCP, IP, ATM,
      Ethernet, etc.), and how to achieve and implement reliability,
      multicast, ordering, etc.  The ForCES TML specifications are
      detailed in separate ForCES documents, one for each TML.





























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3.  Overview

3.1.  Date, Location, and Participants

   The second ForCES interoperability test meeting was held by IETF
   ForCES Working Group on February 24-25, 2011, and was chaired by
   Jamal Hadi Salim.  Three independent ForCES implementations
   participated in the test:

   * Zhejiang Gongshang University/Hangzhou BAUD Corporation of
   Information and Networks Technology (Hangzhou BAUD Networks), China.
   This implementation is referred to as "China" or in some cases "C" in
   the document for the sake of brevity.
   * NTT Corporation, Japan.  This implementation is referred to as
   "Japan" or in some cases "J" in the document for the sake of brevity.
   * The University of Patras, Greece.  This implementation is referred
   to as "Greece" or in some cases "G" in the document for the sake of
   brevity.

   Two other organizations, Mojatatu Networks and Hangzhou BAUD Networks
   Corporation, which independently extended two different well known
   public domain protocol analyzers, Ethereal/Wireshark [Ethereal] and
   Tcpdump [Tcpdump], also participated in the interop test.  During the
   interoperability test, the two protocol analyzers were used to verify
   the validity of ForCES protocol messages and in some cases semantics.

   Some issues related to interoperability among implementations were
   discovered.  Most of the issues were solved on site during the test.
   The most contentious issue found was on the format of encapsulation
   for protocol TLV (Refer to Section 6.1 ).

   Some errata related to ForCES document were found by the
   interoperability test.  The errata has been reported to related IETF
   RFCs.

   At times, interoperability testing was exercised between two instead
   of all three representative implementations due to a third one
   lacking a specific feature; however, in ensuing discussions, all
   implementers mentioned they will be implementing any missing features
   in the future.

3.2.  Testbed Configuration

3.2.1.  Participants Access

   Japan and China physically attended on site at the Internet
   Technology Lab (ITL) of Zhejiang Gongshang University in China.  The
   University of Patras implementation joined remotely from Greece.  The



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   chair, Jamal Hadi Salim, joined remotely from Canada by using the
   Teamviewer as the monitoring tool[Teamviewer].  The approach is as
   shown in Figure 1.  In the figure, FE/CE refers to FE or CE that the
   implementer may act alternatively.


        +---------+     +----+                    +----------+
        |  FE/CE  |     |    |                +---|Monitoring|
        |  China  |-----|    |    /\/\/\/\/\  |   |(TeamViewer)
        +---------+     |    |    \Internet/  |   |  Canada  |
                        |LAN |----/        \--|   +----------+
        +---------+     |    |    \/\/\/\/\/  |   +----------+
        |  FE/CE  |-----|    |                |   |  FE/CE   |
        |  Japan  |     |    |                +---|  Greece  |
        +---------+     +----+                    +----------+

                     Figure 1: Access for Participants

   As specified in RFC 5811, all CEs and FEs SHALL implement IPSec
   security in the TML.

   On the internet boundary, gateways used MUST allow for IPSec, SCTP
   protocol and SCTP ports as defined in the ForCES SCTP-TML [RFC5811] .

3.2.2.  Testbed Configuration

   CEs and FEs from China and Japan implementations were physically
   located within the ITL Lab of Zhejiang Gongshang University and
   connected together using Ethernet switches.  The configuration can be
   seen in Figure 2.  In the figure, the SmartBits is a third-party
   supplied routing protocol testing machine, which acts as a router
   running OSPF and RIP and exchanges routing protocol messages with
   ForCES routers in the network.  The Internet is connected via an ADSL
   channel.

















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                           /\/\/\/\/\
                           \Internet/
                           /        \
                           \/\/\/\/\/
                               |
                               |124.90.146.218 (ADSL)
                               |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                      LAN  (10.20.0.0/24)                         |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |        |        |               |                |          |
   |        |        |               |                |          |
   |.222    |.230    |.221           |.179            |.231      |.220
+-----+  +-----+  +-----+         +-----+          +-----+  +---------+
| CE  |  | CE  |  |     |         |     |          |     |  | Protocol|
|China|  |Japan|  | FE1 |.1     .2| FE  |.1      .2| FE2 |  | Analyzer|
+-----+  +-----+  |China|---------|Japan|----------|China|  +---------+
        +---------|     |192.169. |     | 192.168. |     |-------+
        |      .2 +-----+ 20.0.24 +-----+  30.0/24 +-----+ .2    |
        |         .12|                                 |.12      |
        |            |                                 |         |
  192.168.50.0/24    |                                 | 192.168.60.0/24
        |       192.168.10.0/24                192.168.40.0/24   |
     .1 |            |.11                              |.11      |.1
   +--------+     +---------------------------------------+ +--------+
   |Terminal|     |               Smartbits               | |Terminal|
   +--------+     +---------------------------------------+ +--------+

         Figure 2: Testbed Configuration Located in ITL Lab,China

   Hardwares and Softwares (CE and FE) of Greece that were located
   within the University of Patras, Greece, were connected together
   using LAN as shown in Figure 3.  The Internet is connected via a VPN
   channel.

















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                               /\/\/\/\/\
                               \Internet/
                               /        \
                               \/\/\/\/\/
                                   |
                                   |150.140.254.110(VPN)
                                   |
                +------------------------------------+
                |                LAN                 |
                +------------------------------------+
                     |           |             |
                     |           |             |
                 +------+    +--------+     +------+
                 |  FE  |    |Protocol|     |  CE  |
                 |Greece|    |Analyzer|     |Greece|
                 +------+    +--------+     +------+

       Figure 3: Testbed Configuration Located in the University of
                               Patras,Greece

   All above testbed configurations can then satisfy requirements of all
   the interoperability test scenarios that are mentioned in this
   document.




























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4.  Scenarios

4.1.  Scenario 1 - LFB Operation

   This scenario is to test the interoperability on LFB operations among
   the participants.  The connection diagram for the participants is as
   shown in Figure 4.

    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+
    |  CE  |    |  CE  |    |  CE  |    |  CE  |    |  CE  |    |  CE  |
    | China|    | Japan|    | China|    |Greece|    | Japan|    |Greece|
    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+
       |           |           |           |           |           |
       |           |           |           |           |           |
    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+
    |  FE  |    |  FE  |    |  FE  |    |  FE  |    |  FE  |    |  FE  |
    |Japan |    |China |    |Greece|    |China |    |Greece|    |Japan |
    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+    +------+

                   Figure 4: Scenario for LFB Operation

   In order to make interoperability more credible,the three
   implementers are required to carry out the test in a way acting as CE
   or FE alternatively.  As a result, every LFB operation is combined
   with 6 scenarios, as shown by Figure 4.

   The test scenario is designed with the following purposes:

   Firstly, the scenario is designed to verify all kinds of protocol
   messages with their complex data formats, which are defined in RFC
   5810.  Specially, we try to verify the data format of a PATH-DATA
   with nested PATH-DATAs, and the operation(SET, GET, DEL) of an array
   or an array with a nested array.

   Secondly,the scenario is designed to verify the definition of ForCES
   LFB Library[FORCES-LFBLIB], which defines a base set of ForCES LFB
   classes for typical router functions.  Successful test under this
   scenario also means the validity of the LFB definitions.

4.2.  Scenario 2 - TML with IPSec

   This scenario is designed to implement a TML with IPSec, which is the
   requirement by RFC 5811.  TML with IPSec was not implemented in the
   first ForCES interoperability test as reported by RFC 6053.  For this
   reason, in the second interoperability test, we specifically designed
   the test scenario to verify the TML over IPSec channel.

   In this scenario, tests on LFB operations for Scenario 1 were



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   repeated with the difference that TML was secured via IPSec.  This
   setup scenario allows us to verify whether all interactions between
   CE and FE can be made correctly under an IPSec TML environment.

   The connection diagram for this scenario is shown as Figure 5.
   Because of system deficiency to deploy IPSec over TML in Greece, the
   text only took place between China and Japan.

                 +------+                 +------+
                 |  CE  |                 |  CE  |
                 | China|                 | Japan|
                 +------+                 +------+
                    |                        |
                    |TML over IPSec          |TML over IPSec
                 +------+                 +------+
                 |  FE  |                 |  FE  |
                 |Japan |                 |China |
                 +------+                 +------+

         Figure 5: Scenario for LFB Operation with TML over IPSec

   In this scenario, ForCES TML was run over IPSec channel.
   Implementers joined in this interoperability have used the same
   third-party software 'racoon' to have established the IPSec channel.

   China and Japan have made a successful test with the scenario, and
   the following items have been realized:

   o  Internet Key Exchange (IKE) with certificates for endpoint
      authentication.

   o  Transport Mode Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP).  HMAC-SHA1-96
      [RFC2404] for message integrity protection.

4.3.  Scenario 3 - CE High Availability

   CE High Availability (CEHA) was tested based on the ForCES CEHA
   document [ForCES-CEHA].

   The design of the setup and the scenario for the CEHA were simplified
   so as to focus mostly on the mechanics of the CEHA, which are:

   o  Associating with more than one CE.

   o  Switching to backup CE on master CE failure.

   The connection diagram for the scenario is as shown in Figure 6.




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            master     standby            master     standby
            +------+    +------+          +------+    +------+
            |  CE  |    |  CE  |          |  CE  |    |  CE  |
            | China|    |Greece|          |Japan |    |Greece|
            +------+    +------+          +------+    +------+
               |          |                  |           |
               +----------+                  +-----------+
               |                             |
            +------+                      +------+
            |  FE  |                      |  FE  |
            |Greece|                      |Greece|
            +------+                      +------+
                   (a)                           (b)

                Figure 6: Scenario for CE High Availability

   In this scenario one FE is connected and associated to a master CE
   and a backup CE.  In the pre-association phase, the FE would be
   configured to have China's or Japan's CE as master CE and Greece's CE
   as standby CE.  The CEFailoverPolicy component of the FE Protocol
   Object LFB that specifies whether the FE is in High Availability mode
   (value 2 or 3) would either be set in the pre-association phase by
   the FEM interface or in post-association phase by the master CE.

   If the CEFailoverPolicy value is set to 2 or 3, the FE (in the post-
   association phase) will attempt to connect and associate with the
   standby CE.

   When the master CE is deemed disconnected, either by a TearDown, Loss
   of Heartbeats or physically disconnected, the FE would assume that
   the standby CE is now the master CE.  The FE will then send an Event
   Notification, Primary CE Down,to all associated CEs, only the standby
   CE in this case, with the value of the new master CEID.  The standby
   CE will then respond by sending a configuration message to the CEID
   component of the FE Protocol Object with its own ID to confirm that
   the CE considers itself as the master as well.

   The steps of the CEHA test scenario are as follows:

   1.  In the pre-association phase, setup of FE with master CE and
       backup CE

   2.  FE connecting and associating with master CE.

   3.  When CEFailoverPolicy is set to 2 or 3, the FE will connect and
       associate with backup CE.





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   4.  Once the master CE is considered disconnected then the FE chooses
       the first Associated backup CE.

   5.  It sends an Event Notification specifying that the master CE is
       down and who is now the master CE.

   6.  The new master CE sends a SET Configuration message to the FE
       setting the CEID value to who is now the new master CE completing
       the switch.

4.4.  Scenario 4 - Packet forwarding

   This test scenario is to verify LFBs like RedirectIn, RedirectOut,
   IPv4NextHop, IPv4UcastLPM defined by the ForCES LFB library
   document[ForCES-LFBLIB], and more importantly, to verify the
   combination of the LFBs to implement IP packet forwarding.

   The connection diagram for this scenario is as Figure 7.

                              +------+
                              |  CE  |
                              | Japan|
                              +------+
                                 |  ^
                                 |  | OSPF
                                 |  +------->
                              +------+       +------+
              +--------+      |  FE  |       | OSPF |      +--------+
              |Terminal|------|China |-------|Router|------|Terminal|
              +--------+      +------+       +------+      +--------+

                <-------------------------------------------->
                            Packet Forwarding

                                   (a)


                                     +------+
                                     |  CE  |
                                     | China|
                                     +------+
                                      ^  |  ^
                                 OSPF |  |  | OSPF
                                <-----+  |  +----->
                        +-------+    +------+     +------+
          +--------+    | OSPF  |    |  FE  |     | OSPF |    +--------+
          |Terminal|----|Router |----|Japan |-----|Router|----|Terminal|
          +--------+    +-------+    +------+     +------+    +--------+



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                  <-------------------------------------------->
                            Packet Forwarding

                                   (b)


                              +------+       +------+
                              |  CE  |       |  CE  |
                              | Japan|       | China|
                              +------+       +------+
                                 |  ^          ^ |
                                 |  |   OSPF   | |
                                 |  +----------+ |
                              +------+       +------+
              +--------+      |  FE  |       |  FE  |      +--------+
              |Terminal|------|China |-------|Japan |------|Terminal|
              +--------+      +------+       +------+      +--------+

                <-------------------------------------------->
                             Packet Forwarding

                                   (c)

                Figure 7: Scenario for IP Packet forwarding

   In case (a), a CE by Japan is connected to an FE by China to form a
   ForCES router.  A Smartbits test machine with its routing protocol
   software are used to simulate an OSPF router and are connected with
   the ForCES router to try to exchange OSPF hello packets and LSA
   packets among them.  Terminals are simulated by Smartbits to send and
   receive packets.  As a result, the CE in the ForCES router need to be
   configured to run and support OSPF routing protocol.

   In case (b), a CE by China is connected to an FE by Japan to form a
   ForCES router.  Two routers running OSPF are simulated and connected
   to the ForCES router to test if the ForCES router can support OSPF
   protocol and support packet forwarding.

   In case (c), two ForCES routers are constructed.  One is with CE by
   Japan and FE by China and the other is opposite.  OSPF and packet
   forwarding are tested in the environment.

   Testing process for this scenario is as below:

   1.  Boot terminals and routers, and set IP addresses of their
       interfaces.





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   2.  Boot CE and FE.

   3.  Establish association between CE and FE, and set IP addresses of
       FEs interfaces.

   4.  Start OSPF among CE and routers, and set FIB on FE.

   5.  Send packets between terminals.











































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5.  Test Results

5.1.  LFB Operation Test

   The test result is as reported by Figure 8.  For the convenience
   sake, as mentioned earlier, abbreviations of 'C' in the table means
   implementation from China,'J'Japan implementation, and 'G' Greece
   implementation.

   +-----+----+-----+-----+--------------+-------------------+---------+
   |Test#| CE |FE(s)|Oper |      LFB     |     Component     | Result  |
   |     |    |     |     |              |    /Capability    |         |
   +-----+----+-----+-----+--------------+-------------------+---------+
   |  1  | C  |  J  | GET |   FEObject   |    LFBTopology    | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  2  | C  |  J  | GET |   FEObject   |    LFBSelector    | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  3  | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherPHYCop |     PHYPortID     | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  4  | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherPHYCop |    AdminStatus    | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  5  | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherPHYCop |     OperStatus    | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  6  | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherPHYCop |  AdminLinkSpeed   | Success |



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   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  7  | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherPHYCop |   OperLinkSpeed   | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  8  | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherPHYCop |  AdminDuplexSpeed | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  9  | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherPHYCop |  OperDuplexSpeed  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  10 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherPHYCop |   CarrierStatus   | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  11 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACIn  |    AdminStatus    | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  12 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACIn  | LocalMacAddresses | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |



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   |  13 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACIn  |    L2Bridging     | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |   PathEnable      | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  14 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACIn  |  PromiscuousMode  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  15 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACIn  |   TxFlowControl   | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  16 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACIn  |   RxFlowControl   | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  17 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACIn  |     MACInStats    | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   | 18  | C  |  J  | GET | EtherMACOut  |     AdminStatus   | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   | 19  | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACOut |          MTU      | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |



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   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  20 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACOut |    TxFlowControl  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  21 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACOut |    TxFlowControl  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  22 | C  |  J  | GET |  EtherMACOut |     MACOutStats   | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  23 | C  |  J  | GET |      ARP     |PortV4AddrInfoTable| Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  24 | C  |  J  | SET |      ARP     |PortV4AddrInfoTable| Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  25 | C  |  J  | DEL |      ARP     |PortV4AddrInfoTable| Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  26 | C  |  J  | SET |  EtherMACIn  | LocalMACAddresses | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |



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   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  27 | C  |  J  | SET |  EtherMACIn  |          MTU      | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  28 | C  |  J  | SET |  IPv4NextHop |  IPv4NextHopTable | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  29 | C  |  J  | SET | IPv4UcastLPM |  IPv4PrefixTable  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  30 | C  |  J  | DEL |  IPv4NextHop |  IPv4NextHopTable | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  31 | C  |  J  | DEL | IPv4UcastLPM |  IPv4PrefixTable  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  32 | C  |  J  | SET |  EtherPHYCop |     AdminStatus   | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  33 | C  |  J  | SET |     Ether    |   VlanInputTable  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |  Classifier  |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |



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   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  34 | C  |  J  | DEL |     Ether    |   VlanInputTable  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |  Classifier  |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  35 | C  |  J  | SET |   Ether      |  VlanOutputTable  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     | Encapsulator |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  36 | C  |  J  | DEL |    Ether     |   VlanOutputTable | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     | Encapsulator |                   | Success |
   |     | C  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | J  |  G  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     | G  |  J  |     |              |                   | Success |
   +-----+----+-----+-----+--------------+-------------------+---------+

                   Figure 8: LFB Operation Test Results

   Note on test 1#:

   On the wire format of encapsulation on array, only the case of
   FULLDATA-in-FULLDATA was tested.

   In China's implementation,after test 2# CE have to get all LFBs'
   instance data actively according to the queried component of
   LFBSelectors.

   Note on test 28# and 29#:

   Only had new reachable network destination been set,can route entry
   be added into system.

   Note on test 30# and 31#:

   Corresponding nexthop entry must be deleted before prefix entry which
   is decided by FE's routing management.






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5.2.  TML with IPSec Test

   In this scenario, the ForCES TML is run over IPSec.  Implementers
   joined this interoperability test use the same third-party tool
   software 'racoon' to establish IPSec channel.  Some typical LFB
   operation tests as in Scenario 1 are repeated with the IPSec enabled
   TML.

   A note on this test is, because of the system difficulty to implement
   IPSec over TML, Greece did not join in the test.  Therefore, this
   scenario only took place between C and J.

   The TML with IPSec test results are reported by Figure 9.

   +-----+----+-----+-----+--------------+-------------------+---------+
   |Test#| CE |FE(s)|Oper |       LFB    |     Component/    | Result  |
   |     |    |     |     |              |     Capability    |         |
   +-----+----+-----+-----+--------------+-------------------+---------+
   |  1  | C  |  J  | GET |   FEObject   |   LFBTopology     | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  2  | C  |  J  | GET |   FEObject   |   LFBSelectors    | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     |              |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  3  | C  |  J  | SET |   Ether      |   VlanInputTable  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     | Classifier   |                   | Success |
   |     |    |     |     |              |                   |         |
   |  4  | C  |  J  | DEL |   Ether      |   VlanInputTable  | Success |
   |     | J  |  C  |     | Classifier   |                   | Success |
   +-----+----+-----+-----+--------------+-------------------+---------+

                   Figure 9: TML with IPSec Test Results

5.3.  CE High Availability Test

   In this scenario one FE connects and associates with a master CE and
   a backup CE.  When the master CE is deemed disconnected the FE would
   attempt to find another associated CE to become the master CE.

   The CEHA scenario as is described in Scenario 3 was completed
   successfully for both setups.

   Due to a bug in one of the FEs, a interesting issue was caught: it
   was observed that the buggy FE took up to a second to failover.  It
   was eventually found that the issue was due to the FE's
   prioritization of the different CEs.  All messages from the backup CE
   were being ignored unless the master CE is disconnected.




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   While the bug was fixed and the CEHA scenario was completed
   successfully, the authors feel it was important to capture the
   implementation issue in this document.  The recommended approach is
   the following:

   o  The FE SHOULD receive and handle messages first from the master CE
      on all priority channels to maintain proper functionality and then
      receive and handle messages from the backup CEs.

   o  Only when the FE is attempting to associate with the backup CEs,
      then the FE SHOULD receive and handle messages per priority
      channel from all CEs.  When all backup CEs are associated with or
      deemed unreachable, then the FE SHOULD return to receiving and
      handling messages first from the master CE.

5.4.  Packet Forwarding Test

   As described in the ForCES LFB library [I-D.ietf-forces-lfb-lib],
   packet forwarding is implemented by a set of LFB classes that compose
   a processing path for packets.  In this test scenario, as shown in
   Figure 7, a ForCES router running OSPF protocol was constructed.  In
   addition, a set of LFBs including RedirectIn, RedirectOut,
   IPv4UcastLPM, and IPv4NextHop LFBs are used.  RedirectIn and
   RedirectOut LFBs redirect OSPF hello and LSA packets from and to CE.
   A Smartbits test machine is used to simulate an OSPF router and
   exchange the OSPF hello and LSA packets with CE in ForCES router.

   Cases (a) and (b) in Figure 7 both need a RedirectIn LFB to send OSPF
   packets generated by CE to FE by use of ForCES packet redirect
   messages.  The OSPF packets are further sent to an outside OSPF
   Router by the FE via forwarding LFBs including IPv4NextHop and
   IPv4UcastLPM LFBs.  A RedirectOut LFB in the FE is used to send OSPF
   packets received from outside OSPF Router to CE by ForCES packet
   redirect messages.

   By running OSPF, the CE in the ForCES router can generate new routes
   and load them to routing table in FE.  The FE is then able to forward
   packets according to the routing table.

   The test is reported with the results in Figure 10

   +-----+----+-----+-------------------------+--------------+---------+
   |Test#| CE |FE(s)|           Item          | LFBs Related | Result  |
   +-----+----+-----+-------------------------+--------------+---------+
   |  1  | J  |  C  |  IPv4NextHopTable SET   | IPv4NextHop  | Success |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  2  | J  |  C  |   IPv4PrefixTable SET   | IPv4UcastLPM | Success |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |



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   |  3  | J  |  C  |Redirect ospf packet from|  RedirectIn  | Success |
   |     |    |     |     CE to SmartBits     |              |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  4  | J  |  C  |Redirect ospf packet from|  RedirectOut | Success |
   |     |    |     |     SmartBits to CE     |              |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  5  | J  |  C  |       Metadata in       |  RedirectOut | Success |
   |     |    |     |     redirect message    |  RedirectIn  |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  6  | J  |  C  |OSPF neighbor discovery |  RedirectOut | Success |
   |     |    |     |                         |  RedirectIn  |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  7  | J  |  C  |     OSPF DD exchange    |  RedirectOut | Success |
   |     |    |     |                         |  RedirectIn  |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |  IPv4NextHop |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  8  | J  |  C  |    OSPF LSA exchange    |  RedirectOut | Success |
   |     |    |     |                         |  RedirectIn  |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |  IPv4NextHop |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |  IPv4UcastLPM|         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  9  | J  |  C  |     Data Forwarding     |  RedirectOut | Success |
   |     |    |     |                         |  RedirectIn  |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |  IPv4NextHop |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |  IPv4UcastLPM|         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  10 | C  |  J  |  IPv4NextHopTable SET   |  IPv4NextHop | Success |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  11 | C  |  J  |   IPv4PrefixTable SET   |  IPv4UcastLPM| Success |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  12 | C  |  J  |Redirect ospf packet from|  RedirectIn  | Success |
   |     |    |     | CE to other OSPF router |              |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  13 | C  |  J  |Redirect ospf packet from|  RedirectOut | Success |
   |     |    |     |other OSPF router to CE  |              |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  14 | C  |  J  |       Metadata in       |  RedirectOut | Success |
   |     |    |     |     redirect message    |  RedirectIn  |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  15 | C  |  J  |OSPF neighbor discovery  |  RedirectOut | Success |
   |     |    |     |                         |  RedirectIn  |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  16 | C  |  J  |    OSPF DD exchange     |  RedirectOut | Failure |
   |     |    |     |                         |  RedirectIn  |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |  IPv4NextHop |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |              |         |
   |  17 | C  |  J  |    OSPF LSA exchange    |  RedirectOut | Failure |
   |     |    |     |                         |  RedirectIn  |         |



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   |     |    |     |                         |  IPv4NextHop |         |
   |     |    |     |                         |  IPv4UcastLPM|         |
   +-----+----+-----+-------------------------+--------------+---------+

                 Figure 10: Packet Forwarding Test Results

   Note on test 1# and 2#:

   Before redirect channel working normally, multicast route pointed to
   localhost must be added manually firstly.

   Note on test 3# to 9#:

   During the tests, ospf packets received from CE were found by
   Ethereal/Wireshark with checksum errors.  China's FE corrected the
   checksum in FE so that the Smartbits would not drop the packets and
   the neighbor discovery can continue.  Such correcting action does not
   affect the test scenarios and the results.

   Comment on Test #16 and #17:

   The two test items failed.  Note that Test #7 and #8 are exactly the
   same as these tests, only with CE and FE implementers are exchanged,
   and Test #12 and #13 show the redirect channel works well.  As a
   result, it can be inferred that the problem caused the test failure
   was almost certainly from the implementation of the related LFBs
   rather than from the ForCES protocol design problem, therefore the
   failure does not lead to the interoperability problem on ForCES.























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6.  Discussions

6.1.  On Data Encapsulation Format

   In the first day of the test, it was found that the LFB inter-
   operations about tables all failed.  The reason is found to be the
   different ForCES protocol data encapsulation method among different
   implementations.  The encapsulation issues are detailed as below:

   Assuming that an LFB has two components, one is a struct with ID 1
   and the other an array with ID 2, further with two components of u32
   both inside, as below:

   struct1: type struct, ID=1
           components are:
           a, type u32, ID=1
           b, type u32, ID=2

   table1: type array, ID=2
           components for each row are (a struct of):
           x, type u32, ID=1
           y, type u32, ID=2

   1.  On response of PATH-DATA format

   When a CE sends a config/query ForCES protocol message to an FE from
   a different implementer, the CE probably receives response from the
   FE with different PATH-DATA encapsulation format.  For example, if a
   CE sends a query message with a path of 1 to a third party FE to
   manipulate struct 1 as defined above, the FE is probable to generate
   response with two different PATH-DATA encapsulation format: one is
   the value with FULL/SPARSE-DATA and the other is the value with many
   parallel PATH-DATA TLV and nested PATH-DATA TLV, as below:

   format 1:
       OPER = GET-RESPONSE-TLV
           PATH-DATA-TLV:
               IDs=1
               FULLDATA-TLV containing valueof(a),valueof(b)
   format 2:
       OPER = GET-RESPONSE-TLV
           PATH-DATA-TLV:
               IDs=1
               PATH-DATA-TLV:
                   IDs=1
                   FULLDATA-TLV containing valueof(a)
               PATH-DATA-TLV:
                   IDs=2



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                   FULLDATA-TLV containing valueof(b)

   The interoperability test witnessed that a ForCES element (CE or FE)
   sender is free to choose whatever data structure that IETF ForCES
   documents define and best suits the element, while a ForCES element
   (CE or FE) MUST be able to accept and process information (requests
   and responses) that use any legitimate structure defined by IETF
   ForCES documents.  While in the case a ForCES element is free to
   choose any legitimate data structure as a response, it is preferred
   the ForCES element responds in the same format that the request was
   made, as it is most probably the data structure is the request sender
   looks forward to receive.

   2.  On operation to array

   An array operation may also have several different data encapsulation
   formats.  For instance, if a CE sends a config message to table 1
   with a path of (2.1), which refers to component with ID=2, which is
   an array, and the second ID is the row, so row 1, it may be
   encapsulated with three formats as below:

   format 1:
       OPER = SET-TLV
           PATH-DATA-TLV:
               IDs=2.1
               FULLDATA-TLV conaining valueof(x),valueof(y)
   format 2:
       OPER = SET-TLV
           PATH-DATA-TLV:
               IDs=2.1
               PATH-DATA-TLV:
                   IDs=1
                   FULLDATA-TLV containing valueof(x)
               PATH-DATA-TLV
                   IDs=2
                   FULLDATA-TLV containing valueof(y)

   Moreover, if CE is targeting the whole array, for example if the
   array is empty and CE wants to add the first row to the table, it
   could also adopt another format:

   format 3:
       OPER = SET-TLV
           PATH-DATA-TLV:
               IDs=2
               FULLDATA-TLV containing rowindex=1,valueof(x),valueof(y)





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   The interoperability test experience shows that format 1 and format
   3, which take full advantage of multiple data elements description in
   one TLV of FULLDATA-TLV, get more efficiency, although format 2 can
   also get the same operating goal.















































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7.  Contributors

   Contributors who have made major contributions to the
   interoperability test are as below:

      Hirofumi Yamazaki
      NTT Corporation
      Tokyo
      Japan
      Email: yamazaki.horofumi@lab.ntt.co.jp

      Rong Jin
      Zhejiang Gongshang University
      Hangzhou
      P.R.China
      Email: jinrong@zjgsu.edu.cn

      Yuta Watanabe
      NTT Corporation
      Tokyo
      Japan
      Email: yuta.watanabe@ntt-at.co.jp

      Xiaochun Wu
      Zhejiang Gongshang University
      Hangzhou
      P.R.China
      Email: spring-403@zjgsu.edu.cn























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8.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would also like thank the following test participants:

      Chuanhuang Li, Hangzhou BAUD Networks
      Ligang Dong, Zhejiang Gongshang University
      Jingjing Zhou, Zhejiang Gongshang Unviersity
      Liaoyuan Ke, Hangzhou BAUD Networks
      Kelei Jin,Hangzhou BAUD Networks










































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9.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.
















































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10.  Security Considerations

   Developers of ForCES FEs and CEs must take the security
   considerations of the ForCES Framework [RFC3746] and the ForCES
   Protocol [RFC5810] into account.  Also, as specified in the security
   considerations section of the SCTP-Based TML for the ForCES Protocol
   [RFC5811] the transport-level security, has to be ensured by IPsec.












































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11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [RFC5810]  Doria, A., Hadi Salim, J., Haas, R., Khosravi, H., Wang,
              W., Dong, L., Gopal, R., and J. Halpern, "Forwarding and
              Control Element Separation (ForCES) Protocol
              Specification", RFC 5810, March 2010.

   [RFC5811]  Hadi Salim, J. and K. Ogawa, "SCTP-Based Transport Mapping
              Layer (TML) for the Forwarding and Control Element
              Separation (ForCES) Protocol", RFC 5811, March 2010.

   [RFC5812]  Halpern, J. and J. Hadi Salim, "Forwarding and Control
              Element Separation (ForCES) Forwarding Element Model",
              RFC 5812, March 2010.

   [RFC5813]  Haas, R., "Forwarding and Control Element Separation
              (ForCES) MIB", RFC 5813, March 2010.

11.2.  Informative References

   [Ethereal]
              "Ethereal, also named Wireshark, is a protocol analyzer.
              The specific Ethereal that was used is an updated
              Ethereal, by Fenggen Jia, that can analyze and decode the
              ForCES protocol messages", http://www.ietf.org/
              mail-archive/web/forces/current/msg03687.html .

   [I-D.ietf-forces-ceha]
              Ogawa, K., Wang, W., Haleplidis, E., and J. Salim, "ForCES
              Intra-NE High Availability", draft-ietf-forces-ceha-04
              (work in progress), July 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-forces-lfb-lib]
              Wang, W., Haleplidis, E., Ogawa, K., Li, C., and J.
              Halpern, "ForCES Logical Function Block (LFB) Library",
              draft-ietf-forces-lfb-lib-09 (work in progress), May 2012.

   [RFC2629]  Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629,
              June 1999.

   [RFC3654]  Khosravi, H. and T. Anderson, "Requirements for Separation
              of IP Control and Forwarding", RFC 3654, November 2003.

   [RFC3746]  Yang, L., Dantu, R., Anderson, T., and R. Gopal,
              "Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES)
              Framework", RFC 3746, April 2004.



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   [RFC6053]  Haleplidis, E., Ogawa, K., Wang, W., and J. Hadi Salim,
              "Implementation Report for Forwarding and Control Element
              Separation (ForCES)", RFC 6053, November 2010.

   [Tcpdump]  "Tcpdump is a Linux protocol analyzer. The specific
              tcpdump that was used is a modified tcpdump, by Jamal Hadi
              Salim, that can analyze and decode the ForCES protocol
              messages", http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/forces/
              current/msg03811.html .

   [Teamviewer]
              "TeamViewer connects to any PC or server around the world
              within a few seconds.", http://www.teamviewer.com/ .






































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Authors' Addresses

   Weiming Wang
   Zhejiang Gongshang University
   18 Xuezheng Str., Xiasha University Town
   Hangzhou,   310018
   P.R.China

   Phone: +86-571-28877721
   Email: wmwang@zjsu.edu.cn


   Kentaro Ogawa
   NTT Corporation
   Tokyo,
   Japan

   Email: ogawa.kentaro@lab.ntt.co.jp


   Evangelos Haleplidis
   University of Patras
   Patras,
   Greece

   Email: ehalep@ece.upatras.gr


   Ming Gao
   Hangzhou BAUD Networks
   408 Wen-San Road
   Hangzhou,   310012
   P.R.China

   Phone: +86-571-28877751
   Email: gmyyqno1@pop.zjgsu.edu.cn


   Jamal Hadi Salim
   Mojatatu Networks
   Ottawa
   Canada

   Email: hadi@mojatatu.com







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