ECRIT                                                         R. Gellens
Internet-Draft                                Qualcomm Technologies, Inc
Intended status: Informational                                  B. Rosen
Expires: May 8, 2016                                       NeuStar, Inc.
                                                           H. Tschofenig
                                                            (Individual)
                                                        November 5, 2015


           Next-Generation Vehicle-Initiated Emergency Calls
                   draft-ietf-ecrit-car-crash-05.txt

Abstract

   This document describes how to use IP-based emergency services
   mechanisms to support the next generation of emergency calls placed
   by vehicles (automatically in the event of a crash or serious
   incident, or manually invoked by a vehicle occupant) and conveying
   vehicle, sensor, and location data related to the crash or incident.
   Such calls are often referred to as "Automatic Crash Notification"
   (ACN), or "Advanced Automatic Crash Notification" (AACN), even in the
   case of manual trigger.  The "Advanced" qualifier refers to the
   ability to carry a richer set of data.

   This document also registers a MIME Content Type and an Emergency
   Call Additional Data Block for the vehicle, sensor, and location data
   (often referred to as "crash data" even though there is not
   necessarily a crash).  An external specification for the data format,
   contents, and structure are referenced in this document.

   This document reuses the technical aspects of next-generation pan-
   European eCall (a mandated and standardized system for emergency
   calls by in-vehicle systems within Europe and other regions).
   However, this document specifies a different set of vehicle (crash)
   data, specifically, the Vehicle Emergency Data Set (VEDS) rather than
   the eCall Minimum Set of Data (MSD).  This document is an extension
   of the eCall document, with the differences being that this document
   makes the MSD data set optional and VEDS mandatory.  This document
   also discusses legacy (curcuit-switched) ACN systems and their
   migration to next-generation emergency calling.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute



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   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 8, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Document Scope  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  Overview of Legacy Deployment Models  . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  Migration to Next-Generation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   7.  Call Setup  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   8.  Call Routing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   9.  Test Calls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   10. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   12. Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     13.1.  MIME Content-type Registration for
            'application/EmergencyCall.VEDS+xml' . . . . . . . . . .  22
     13.2.  Registration of the 'VEDS' entry in the Emergency Call
            Additional Data registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   14. Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   15. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   16. Changes from Previous Versions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     16.1.  Changes from draft-ietf-04 to draft-ietf-05  . . . . . .  23



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     16.2.  Changes from draft-ietf-03 to draft-ietf-04  . . . . . .  23
     16.3.  Changes from draft-ietf-02 to draft-ietf-03  . . . . . .  23
     16.4.  Changes from draft-ietf-01 to draft-ietf-02  . . . . . .  24
     16.5.  Changes from draft-ietf-00 to draft-ietf-01  . . . . . .  24
     16.6.  Changes from draft-gellens-02 to draft-ietf-00 . . . . .  24
     16.7.  Changes from draft-gellens-01 to -02 . . . . . . . . . .  24
     16.8.  Changes from draft-gellens-00 to -01 . . . . . . . . . .  24
   17. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     17.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     17.2.  Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26

1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   This document re-uses terminology defined in Section 3 of [RFC5012].

   Additionally, we use the following abbreviations:

   +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+
   | Term   | Expansion                                                |
   +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+
   | 3GPP   | 3rd Generation Partnership Project                       |
   | AACN   | Advanced Automatic Crash Notification                    |
   | ACN    | Automatic Crash Notification                             |
   | APCO   | Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials    |
   | EENA   | European Emergency Number Association                    |
   | ESInet | Emergency Services IP network                            |
   | GNSS   | Global Satellite Navigation System (which includes the   |
   |        | various such systems including the Global Positioning    |
   |        | System or GPS)                                           |
   | IVS    | In-Vehicle System                                        |
   | MNO    | Mobile Network Operator                                  |
   | NENA   | National Emergency Number Association                    |
   | TSP    | Telematics Service Provider                              |
   | VEDS   | Vehicle Emergency Data Set                               |
   +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+

2.  Introduction

   Emergency calls made by in-vehicle systems (e.g., in the event of a
   crash) assist in significantly reducing road deaths and injuries by
   allowing emergency services to respond quickly and often with better
   location.




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   Drivers often have a poor location awareness, especially outside of
   major cities, at night and when away from home (especially abroad).
   In the most crucial cases, the victim(s) might not be able to call
   because they have been injured or trapped.

   For more than a decade, some vehicles have been equipped with
   telematics systems that, among other features, place an emergency
   call automatically in the event of a crash or manually in response to
   an emergency call button.  Such systems generally have on-board
   location determination systems that make use of satellite-based
   positioning technology, inertial sensors, gyroscopes, etc., to
   provide a fairly accurate position for the vehicle.  Such built-in
   systems can take advantage of the benefits of being integrated into a
   vehicle, such as more reliable power, ability to have larger or
   specialized antenna, ability to be engineered to avoid or minimise
   degradation by vehicle glass coatings, interference from other
   vehicle systems, etc.  Thus, the PSAP can be provided with a good
   estimate of where the vehicle is during an emergency.  Vehicle
   manufacturers are increasingly adopting such systems, both for the
   safety benefits and for the additional features and services they
   enable (e.g., remote engine diagnostics, remote door unlock, stolen
   vehicle tracking and disabling, etc.).

   The general term for such systems is Automatic Crash Notification
   (ACN) or "Advanced Automatic Crash Notification" (AACN).  "ACN" is
   used in this document as a general term.  ACN systems transmit some
   amount of data specific to the incident, referred to generally as
   "crash data" (the term is commonly used even though there might not
   have been a crash).  While different systems transmit different
   amounts of crash data, standardized formats, structures, and
   mechanisms are needed to provide interoperability among systems and
   PSAPs.

   As of the date of this document, currently deployed in-vehicle
   telematics systems are circuit-switched and lack a standards-based
   ability to convey crash data directly to the PSAP (generally relying
   on either a human call taker or an automated system to provide the
   PSAP call taker with some crash data orally, or possibly a
   proprietary mechanism).  The PSAP call taker needs to first realize
   that the call is related to a vehicle incident, and in most cases
   must then listen to the data and transcribe it.

   The transition to next-generation calling in general, and emergency
   calling in particular, provides an opportunity to vastly improve the
   scope, breadth, reliability and usefulness of crash data during an
   emergency by allowing it to be presented alongside the call, and to
   be automatically processed by the PSAP and made available to the call
   taker in an integrated, automated way.  In addition, vehicle



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   manufacturers are provided an opportunity to take advantage of the
   same standardized mechanisms for data transmission for internal use
   if they wish (such as telemetry between the vehicle and a service
   center for both emergency and non-emergency uses, including location-
   based services, multi-media entertainment systems, and road-side
   assistance applications).

   Next-generation ACN provides an opportunity for such calls to be
   recognized and processed as such during call set-up, and optionally
   routed to an upgraded PSAP where the vehicle data is available to
   assist the call taker in assessing and responding to the situation.

   An ACN call can be either occupant-initiated or automatically
   triggered.  (The "A" in "ACN" does stand for "Automatic," but the
   term is often used to refer to the class of calls that are placed by
   an in-vehicle system (IVS) and that carry incident-related data as
   well as voice.)  Automatically triggered calls indicate a car crash
   or some other serious incident (e.g., a fire) and carry a greater
   presumption of risk of injury.  Manually triggered calls are often
   reports of serious hazards (such as impaired drivers or roadway
   debris) and might require different responses depending on the
   situation.  Manually triggered calls are also more likely to be false
   (e.g., accidental) calls and so might be subject to different
   operational handling by the PSAP.

   This document describes how the IETF mechanisms for IP-based
   emergency calls, including [RFC6443] and
   [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data], are used to provide the realization
   of next-generation ACN.

   This document reuses the technical aspects of next-generation pan-
   European eCall (a mandated and standardized system for emergency
   calls by in-vehicle systems within Europe and other regions), as
   described in [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall].  However, this document
   specifies a different set of vehicle (crash) data, specifically, the
   Vehicle Emergency Data Set (VEDS) rather than the eCall Minimum Set
   of Data (MSD).  This document is an extension of
   [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall], with the differences being that this document
   makes the MSD data set optional and VEDS mandatory.

   The Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials (APCO) and
   the National Emergency Number Association (NENA) have jointly
   developed a standardized set of incident-related vehicle data for ACN
   use, called the Vehicle Emergency Data Set (VEDS) [VEDS].  Such data
   is often referred to as crash data although it is applicable in
   incidents other than crashes.





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   VEDS provides a standard data set for the transmission, exchange, and
   interpretation of vehicle-related data.  A standard data format
   allows the data to be generated by an IVS, and interpreted by PSAPs,
   emergency responders, and medical facilities (including those capable
   of providing trauma level patient care).  It includes incident-
   related information such as airbag deployment, location of the
   vehicle, if the vehicle was involved in a rollover, various sensor
   data that can indicate the potential severity of the crash and the
   likelihood of severe injuries to the vehicle occupants, etc.  This
   data better informs the PSAP and emergency responders as to the type
   of response that might be needed.  This information was recently
   included in the federal guidelines for field triage of injured
   patients.  These guidelines are designed to help responders at the
   accident scene identify the potential existence of severe internal
   injuries and to make critical decisions about how and where a patient
   needs to be transported.

   This document registers the 'application/EmergencyCallData.VEDS+xml'
   MIME content-type, and registers the 'VEDS' entry in the Emergency
   Call Additional Data registry.

   VEDS is an XML structure (see [VEDS]).  The 'application/
   EmergencyCallData.VEDS+xml' MIME content-type is used to identify it.
   The 'VEDS' entry in the Emergency Call Additional Data registry is
   used to construct a 'purpose' parameter value for conveying VEDS data
   in a Call-Info header (as described in
   [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data]).

   VEDS is a versatile structure that can accomodate varied needs.
   However, if additional sets of data are determined to be needed
   (e.g., in the future or in different regions), the steps to enable
   each data block are very briefly summarized below:

   o  A standardized format and encoding (such as XML) is defined and
      published by a Standards Development Organization (SDO)

   o  A MIME Content-Type is registered for it (typically under the
      'Application' media type) with a sub-type starting with
      'EmergencyCallData.'

   o  An entry for the block is added to the Emergency Call Additional
      Data Blocks sub-registry (established by
      [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data]); the registry entry is the root
      of the MIME sub-type (not including the 'EmergencyCallData' prefix
      and any suffix such as '+xml')

   A next-generation In-Vehicle System (IVS) transmits crash data by
   encoding it in a standardized and registered format (such as VEDS)



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   and attaching it to an INVITE as a MIME body part.  The body part is
   identified by its MIME content-type (such as 'application/
   EmergencyCallData.VEDS+xml') in the Content-Type header field of the
   body part.  The body part is assigned a unique identifier which is
   listed in a Content-ID header field in the body part.  The INVITE is
   marked as containing the crash data by adding a Call-Info header
   field at the top level of the INVITE.  This Call-Info header field
   contains a CID URL referencing the body part's unique identifier, and
   a 'purpose' parameter identifying the data as the crash data per the
   registry entry; the 'purpose' parameter's value is
   'EmergencyCallData.' and the root of the MIME type (the
   'EmergencyCallData' prefix is not repeated), omitting any suffix such
   as '+xml' (e.g., 'purpose=EmergencyCallData.VEDS').

   These mechanisms are thus used to place emergency calls that are
   identifiable as ACN calls and that carry one or more standardized
   crash data objects in an interoperable way.

3.  Document Scope

   This document is focused on the interface to the PSAP, that is, how
   an ACN emergency call is setup and incident-related data (including
   vehicle, sensor, and location data) is transmitted to the PSAP using
   IETF specifications.  (The goal is to re-use specifications rather
   than to invent new.)  For the direct model, this is the end-to-end
   description (between the vehicle and the PSAP).  For the TSP model,
   this describes the right-hand side (between the TSP and the PSAP),
   leaving the left-hand side (between the vehicle and the TSP) up to
   the entities involved (i.e., IVS and TSP vendors) who are then free
   to use the same mechanism as for the right-hand side (or not).

   Note that while ACN systems in the U.S. and other regions are not
   currently (as of the date of this document) mandated, Europe has a
   mandated and standardized system for emergency calls by in-vehicle
   systems.  This pan-European system is known as "eCall" and is the
   subject of a separate document, [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall], which this
   document build on.  Vehicles designed to operate in multiple regions
   might need to support eCall as well as the ACN described here.  If
   other regions devise their own specifications or data formats, a
   multi-region vehicle might need to support those as well.  This
   document adopts the call set-up and other technical aspects of
   [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall], which uses [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data],
   which makes it easy to substitute a different data set while keeping
   other technical aspects unchanged.  Hence, both NG-eCall and the NG-
   ACN mechanism described here are fully compatible, differing only in
   the specific data block that is sent (the eCall MSD in the case of
   NG-eCall, and the APCO/NENA VEDS used in this document).  If other




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   regions adopt their own data set, this can be similarly accomodated
   without changing other technical aspects.

4.  Overview of Legacy Deployment Models

   Legacy (circuit-switched) systems for placing emergency calls by in-
   vehicle systems, including automatic crash notification systems,
   generally have some ability to convey at least location and in some
   cases telematics data to the PSAP.  Most such systems use one of
   three architectural models, which are described here as: "Telematics
   Service Provider" (TSP), "direct", and "paired".  These three models
   are illustrated below.

   In the TSP model, both emergency and non-emergency calls are placed
   to a Telematics Service Provider (TSP); a proprietary technique is
   used for data transfer (such as proprietary in-band modems) to the
   TSP.

   In an emergency, the TSP call taker bridges in the PSAP and
   communicates location, crash data (such as impact severity and trauma
   prediction), and other data (such as the vehicle description) to the
   PSAP call taker verbally.  Since the TSP knows the location of the
   vehicle (from on-board GNSS), location-based routing is usually used
   to route to the appropriate PSAP.  In some cases, the TSP is able to
   transmit location automatically, using similar techniques as for
   wireless calls.  Typically, a three-way voice call is established
   between the vehicle, the TSP, and the PSAP, allowing communication
   between the PSAP call taker, the TSP call taker, and the vehicle
   occupants (who might be unconscious).

      ///----\\\  proprietary  +------+    911 trunk      +------+
     ||| IVS |||-------------->+ TSP  +------------------>+ PSAP |
      \\\----///  crash data   +------+                   +------+


                        Figure 1: Legacy TSP Model.

   In the paired model, the IVS uses a Bluetooth link with a previously-
   paired handset to establish an emergency call with the PSAP (by
   dialing a standard emergency number such as 9-1-1), and then
   communicates location data to the PSAP via text-to-speech; crash data
   might or might not be conveyed also using text-to-speech in an
   initial voice greeting.  Some such systems use an automated voice
   prompt menu for the PSAP call taker (e.g., "this is an automatic
   emergency call from a vehicle; press 1 to open a voice path to the
   vehicle; press 2 to hear the location read out") to allow the call
   taker to request location data via text-to-speech.




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                   +---+
      ///----\\\   | H |   911/etc voice call via handset   +------+
     ||| IVS |||-->| S +----------------------------------->+ PSAP |
      \\\----///   +---+   location via text-to-speech      +------+


                       Figure 2: Legacy Paired Model

   In the direct model, the IVS directly places an emergency call with
   the PSAP by dialing a standard emergency number such as 9-1-1.  Such
   systems might communicate location data to the PSAP via text-to-
   speech; crash data might or might not be conveyed using text-to-
   speech in an initial voice greeting.  Some such systems use an
   automated voice prompt menu (e.g., "this is an automatic emergency
   call from a vehicle; press 1 to open a voice path to the vehicle;
   press 2 to hear the location read out") to allow the call taker to
   request location data via text-to-speech.

      ///----\\\      911/etc voice call via IVS          +------+
     ||| IVS  |||---------------------------------------->+ PSAP |
      \\\----///     location via text-to-speech          +------+


                       Figure 3: Legacy Direct Model

5.  Migration to Next-Generation

   Migration of emergency calls placed by in-vehicle systems to next-
   generation (all-IP) technology provides a standardized mechanism to
   identify such calls and to present crash data with the call, as well
   as enabling additional communications modalities and enhanced
   functionality.  This allows ACN calls and crash data to be
   automatically processed by the PSAP and made available to the call
   taker in an integrated, automated way.  Because the crash data is
   carried in the initial SIP INVITE (per
   [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data]) the PSAP can present it to the call
   taker simultaneously with the appearance of the call.

   Migration to next-generation (NG) thus provides an opportunity to
   significantly improve the handling and response to vehicle-initiated
   emergency calls.  Such calls can be recognized as originating from a
   vehicle, routed to a PSAP equipped both technically and operationally
   to handle such calls, and the vehicle-determined location and crash
   data can be made available to the call taker simultaneously with the
   call appearance.

   Vehicle manufacturers using the TSP model can choose to take
   advantage of the same mechanism to carry telematics data between the



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   vehicle and the TSP for both emergency and non-emergency calls as are
   used to convey this data to the PSAP.

   A next-generation IVS establishes an emergency call using the
   emergency call solution as described in [RFC6443] and [RFC6881], with
   the difference that the Request-URI indicates an ACN type of
   emergency call and a Call-Info header field indicates that vehicle
   crash data is attached.  When an ESInet is deployed, the MNO only
   needs to recognize the call as an emergency call and route it to an
   ESInet.  The ESInet can recognize the call as an ACN with vehicle
   data and can route the call to an NG-ACN capable PSAP.  Such a PSAP
   can interpret the vehicle data sent with the call and make it
   available to the call taker.

   Because of the need to identify and specially process Next-Generation
   ACN calls (as discussed above), [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall] registers new
   service URN children within the "sos" subservice.  These URNs provide
   a mechanism by which an NG-ACN call is identified, and differentiate
   between manually and automatically triggered NG-ACN calls, which
   might be subject to different treatment depending on policy.  (The
   two service URNs registered in [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall] are
   urn:service:sos.ecall.automatic and urn:service:sos.ecall.manual.)

   Note that in North America, routing queries performed by clients
   outside of an ESInet typically treat all sub-services of "sos"
   identically to "sos" with no sub-service.  However, the Request-URI
   header field retains the full sub-service; route and handling
   decisions within an ESInet or PSAP can take the sub-service into
   account.  For example, in a region with multiple cooperating PSAPs,
   an NG-ACN call might be routed to a PSAP that is NG-ACN capable, or
   one that specializes in vehicle-related incidents.

   Migration of the three architectural models to next-generation (all-
   IP) is described below.

   In the TSP model, the IVS transmits crash and location data to the
   TSP using either a protocol that is based on a proprietary design or
   one that re-uses the mechanisms and data objects described here.  In
   an emergency, the TSP call taker bridges in the PSAP and the TSP
   transmits crash and other data to the PSAP using the mechanisms and
   data objects described here.  There is a three-way call between the
   vehicle, the TSP, and the PSAP, allowing communication between the
   PSAP call taker, the TSP call taker, and the vehicle occupants (who
   might be unconscious).







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                  proprietary
      ///----\\\  or standard       +------+     standard       +------+
     ||| IVS ||| ------------------->+ TSP +------------------->+ PSAP |
      \\\----/// crash + other data +------+ crash + other data +------+

                    Figure 4: Next-Generation TSP Model

   The vehicle manufacturer and the TSP can choose to use the same
   mechanisms and data objects to transmit crash and location data from
   the vehicle to the TSP as are described here to transmit such data
   from to the PSAP.

   In the direct model, the IVS communicates crash data to the PSAP
   directly using the mechanisms and data objects described here.

     ///----\\\           NG emergency call              +------+
    ||| IVS |||----------------------------------------->+ PSAP |
     \\\----///          crash + other data              +------+

                  Figure 5: Next-Generation Direct Model

   In the paired model, the IVS uses a Bluetooth link to a previously-
   paired handset to establish an emergency call with the PSAP; it is
   undefined what facilities are or will be available for transmitting
   crash data through the Bluetooth link to the handset for inclusion in
   an NG emergency call.  Hence, manufacturers that use the paired model
   for legacy calls might choose to adopt either the direct or TSP
   models for next-generation calls.

                                   +---+
      ///----\\\    (undefined)    | H |     standard       +------+
     ||| IVS |||------------------>| S +------------------->+ PSAP |
      \\\----///    (undefined)    +---+ crash + other data +------+

                  Figure 6: Next-Generation Paired Model

   If the call is routed to a PSAP that is not capable of processing the
   vehicle data, the PSAP ignores (or does not receive) the vehicle
   data.  This is detectable by the IVS or TSP when it receives a 200 OK
   to the INVITE which lacks an eCall control structure acknowledging
   receipt of the data [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall].  The IVS or TSP then
   proceeds as it would for a non-NG ACN call (e.g., verbal conveyance
   of data)








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6.  Profile

   In the context of emergncy calls placed by an in-vehicle system it is
   assumed that the car is equipped with a built-in GNSS receiver.  For
   this reason only geodetic location information will be sent within an
   emergency call.  The following location shapes MUST be implemented:
   2d and 3d Point (see Section 5.2.1 of [RFC5491]), Circle (see
   Section 5.2.3 of [RFC5491]), and Ellipsoid (see Section 5.2.7 of
   [RFC5491]).  The coordinate reference systems (CRS) specified in
   [RFC5491] are also mandatory for this document.  The <direction>
   element, as defined in [RFC5962] which indicates the direction of
   travel of the vehicle, is important for dispatch and hence it MUST be
   included in the PIDF-LO [RFC4119].  The <heading> element specified
   in [RFC5962] MUST be implemented and MAY be included.

   Calls by in-vehicle systems are placed via cellular networks, which
   might ignore location sent by an originating device in an emergency
   call INVITE, instead attaching their own location (often determined
   in cooperation with the originating device).  Standardized crash data
   structures often include location as determined by the IVS.  A
   benefit of this is that it allows the PSAP to see both the location
   as determined by the cellular network (often in cooperation with the
   originating device) and the location as determined by the IVS.

   This specification inherits the ability to utilize test call
   functionality from Section 15 of [RFC6881].

7.  Call Setup

   It is important that ACN calls be easily identifiable as such at all
   stages of call handling, and that automatic versus manual triggering
   be known.  ACN calls differ from general emergency calls in several
   aspects, including the presence of standardized crash data, the fact
   that the call is known to be placed by an in-vehicle system (which
   has implications for PSAP operational processes), and, especially for
   automatic calls, information that can indicate a likelihood of severe
   injury and hence need for trauma services.  Knowledge that a call is
   an ACN and further that it was automatically or manually invoked
   carries a range of implications about the call, the circumstances,
   and the vehicle occupants.  Calls by in-vehicle systems can be
   considered a specific sub-class of general emergency calls and are
   optimally handled by a PSAP with the technical and operational
   capabilities to serve such calls.  (This is especially so in
   environments such as the U.S. where there are many PSAPs and where
   individual PSAPs have a range of capabilities.)  Technical
   capabilities include the ability to recognize and process
   standardized crash data.  Operational capabilities include training
   and processes for assessing severe injury likelihood and responding



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   appropriately (e.g., dispatching trauma-capable medical responders or
   those trained and equipped to extract occupants from crashed vehicles
   and handle gasoline or other hazardous materials, transporting
   victims to a trauma center, alerting the receiving facility, etc.).

   Because ACN calls differ in significant ways from general emergency
   calls, and because such calls typically generally are best handled by
   PSAPs equipped technically to interpet and make use of crash data,
   and operationally to handle emergency calls placed by in-vehicle
   systems, [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall] registers SOS sub-services.  Using a
   sub-service allows the call to be treated as an amergency call and
   makes it readily obvious that the call is an ACN; a further child
   element distinguishes calls automatically placed due to a crash or
   other serious incident (such as a fire) from those manually invoked
   by a vehicle occupant (specifically, "SOS.ecall.automatic" and
   "SOS.ecall.manual").  The distinction between automatic and manual
   invocation is also significant; automatically triggered calls
   indicate a car crash or some other serious incident (e.g., a fire)
   and carry a greater presumption of risk of injury and hence need for
   specific responders (such as trauma or fire).  Manually triggered
   calls are often reports of serious hazards (such as impaired drivers
   or roadway debris) and might require different responses depending on
   the situation.  Manually triggered calls also have a greater chance
   of being false (e.g., accidental) calls and might thus be subject to
   different handling by the PSAP.

   A next-generation In-Vehicle System (IVS) transmits crash data by
   encoding it in a standardized and registered format and attaching it
   to an INVITE as an additional data block as specified in Section 4.1
   of [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data].  As described in that document,
   the block is identified by its MIME content-type, and pointed to by a
   CID URL in a Call-Info header with a 'purpose' parameter value
   corresponding to the block.

   Specifically, the steps required during standardization are:

   o  A set of crash data is standardized by an SDO or appropriate
      organization

   o  A MIME Content-Type for the crash data set is registered with IANA

      *  If the data is specifically for use in emergency calling, the
         MIME type is normally under the 'application' type with a
         subtype starting with 'EmergencyCallData.'

      *  If the data format is XML, then by convention the name has a
         suffix of '+xml'




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   o  The item is registered in the Emergency Call Additional Data
      registry, as defined in Section 9.1.7 of
      [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data]

      *  For emergency-call-specific formats, the registered name is the
         root of the MIME Content-Type (not including the
         'EmergencyCallData' prefix and any suffix such as '+xml') as
         described in Section 4.1 of [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data]

   When placing an emergency call:

   o  The crash data set is created and encoded per its specification

   o  The crash data set is attached to the emergency call INVITE as
      specified in Section 4.1 of [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data], that
      is, as a MIME body part identified by its MIME Content-Type in the
      body part's Content-Type header field

   o  The body part is assigned a unique identifier label in a Content-
      ID header field of the body part

   o  A Call-Info header field at the top level of the INVITE is added
      that references the crash data and identifies it by its MIME root
      (as registered in the Emergency Call Additional Data registry)

      *  The crash data is referenced in the Call-Info header field by a
         CID URL that contains the unique Content ID assigned to the
         crash data body part

      *  The crash data is identified in the Call-Info header field by a
         'purpose' parameter whose value is 'EmergencyCallData.'
         concatenated with the specific crash data entry in the
         Emergency Call Additional Data registry

      *  The Call-Info header field MAY be either solely to reference
         the crash data (and hence have only the one URL) or can also
         contain other URLs referencing other data

   o  Additional crash data sets MAY be included by following the same
      steps

   The Vehicle Emergency Data Set (VEDS) is an XML structure defined by
   the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials (APCO) and
   the National Emergency Number Association (NENA) [VEDS].  The
   'application/EmergencyCallData.VEDS+xml' MIME content-type is used to
   identify it.  The 'VEDS' entry in the Emergency Call Additional Data
   registry is used to construct a 'purpose' parameter value for
   conveying VEDS data in a Call-Info header.



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   The VEDS data is attached as a body part with MIME content type
   'application/EmergencyCallData.VEDS+xml' which is pointed at by a
   Call-Info URL of type CID with a 'purpose' parameter of
   'EmergencyCallData.VEDS'.

   Entities along the path between the vehicle and the PSAP are able to
   identify the call as an ACN call and handle it appropriately.  The
   PSAP is able to identify the crash data as well as any other
   additional data attached to the INVITE by examining the Call-Info
   header fields for 'purpose' parameters whose values start with
   'EmergencyCallData.'  The PSAP is able to access and the data it is
   capable of handling and is interested in by checking the 'purpose'
   parameter values.

   This document extends [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall] by reusing the call set-
   up and other normative requirements except that in this document,
   support for the eCall MSD is OPTIONAL and support for VEDS in
   REQUIRED.

8.  Call Routing

   An Emergency Services IP Network (ESInet) is a network operated by or
   on behalf of emergency services authorities.  It handles emergency
   call routing and processing before delivery to a PSAP.  In the
   NG9-1-1 architecture adopted by NENA as well as the NG1-1-2
   architecture adopted by EENA, each PSAP is connected to one or more
   ESInets.  Each originating network is also connected to one or more
   ESInets.  The ESInets maintain policy-based routing rules which
   control the routing and processing of emergency calls.  The
   centralization of such rules within ESInets provides for a cleaner
   separation between the responsibilities of the originating network
   and that of the emergency services network, and provides greater
   flexibility and control over processing of emergency calls by the
   emergency services authorities.  This makes it easier to react
   quickly to unusual situations that require changes in how emergency
   calls are routed or handled (e.g., a natural disaster closes a PSAP),
   as well as ease in making long-term changes that affect such routing
   (e.g., cooperative agreements to specially handle calls requiring
   translation or relay services).

   In an environment that uses ESInets, the originating network need
   only detect that the service URN of an emergency call is or starts
   with "sos", passing all types of emergency calls to an ESInet.  The
   ESInet is then responsible for routing such calls to an appropriate
   PSAP.  In an environment without an ESInet, the emergency services
   authorities and the originating carriers would need to determine how
   such calls are routed.




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9.  Test Calls

   This document builds on [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall], which inherits the
   ability to utilize test call functionality from Section 15 of
   [RFC6881].

   A service URN starting with "test." indicates a request for an
   automated test.  Per [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall],
   "urn:service:test.sos.ecall.automatic" indicates such a test feature.
   This functionality is defined in [RFC6881].

   Note that since test calls are placed using "test" as the parent
   service URN and "sos" as a child, such calls are not treated as an
   emergency call and so some functionality will not apply (such as
   preemption or service availability for devices lacking service ("non-
   service-initialized" or "NSI") if those are available for emergency
   calls); this is by design.  MNOs can recognize test calls and treat
   them in a way that tests as much functionality as desired, but this
   is outside the scope of this document.

10.  Example

   Figure 7 shows an emergency call placed by a vehicle whereby location
   information and VEDS crash data are both attached to the SIP INVITE
   message.  The INVITE has a request URI containing the
   'urn:service:sos.ecall.automatic' service URN and is thus recognized
   as an ACN type of emergency call, and is also recognizable as an
   emergency call because the request URI starts with 'urn:service:sos'.
   The mobile network operator (MNO) routes the call to an Emergency
   services IP Network (ESInet), as for any emergency call.  The ESInet
   processes the call as an ACN and routes the call to an appropriate
   ACN-capable PSAP (using location information and the fact that that
   it is an ACN).  The call is processed by the Emergency Services
   Routing Proxy (ESRP), as the entry point to the ESInet.  The ESRP
   routes the call to an appropriate ACN-capable PSAP, where the call is
   received by a call taker.  (In deployments where there is no ESInet,
   the MNO itself routes the call directly to an appropriate ACN-capable
   PSAP.)













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                               +---------------------------------------+
                               |                                       |
               +------------+  |                  +-------+            |
               |            |  |                  | PSAP2 |            |
               |            |  |                  +-------+            |
               | Originating|  |                                       |
               |   Mobile   |  |  +------+     +-------+               |
     Vehicle-->|  Network   |--+->| ESRP |---->| PSAP1 |--> Call-Taker |
               |            |  |  +------+     +-------+               |
               |            |  |                                       |
               +------------+  |                  +-------+            |
                               |                  | PSAP3 |            |
                               |                  +-------+            |
                               |                                       |
                               |                                       |
                               |                                       |
                               |                ESInet                 |
                               +---------------------------------------+

      Figure 7: Example of Vehicle-Placed Emergency Call Message Flow

   The example, shown in Figure 8, illustrates a SIP emergency call
   INVITE that is being conveyed with location information (a PIDF-LO)
   and crash data (as VEDS data).

   The example VEDS data structure shows information about about a
   crashed vehicle.  The example communicates that the car is a model
   year 2015 Saab 9-5 (a car which does not exist).  The front airbag
   deployed as a consequence of the crash.  The
   'VehicleBodyCategoryCode' indicates that the crashed vehicle is a
   passenger car (the code is set to '101') and that it is not a
   convertible (the 'ConvertibleIndicator' value is set to 'false').

   The 'VehicleCrashPulse' element provides further information about
   the crash, namely that the force of impact based on the change in
   velocity over the duration of the crash pulse was 100 MPH.  The
   principal direction of the force of the impact is set to '12' (which
   refers to 12 O'Clock, corresponding to a frontal collision).  This
   value is described in the 'CrashPulsePrincipalDirectionOfForceValue'
   element.

   The 'CrashPulseRolloverQuarterTurnsValue' indicates the number of
   quarter turns in concert with a rollover expressed as a number; in
   our case 1.

   No roll bar was deployed, as indicated in
   'VehicleRollbarDeployedIndicator' being set to 'false'.




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   Next, there is information indicating seatbelt and seat sensor data
   for individual seat positions in the vehicle.  In our example,
   information from the driver seat is available (value '1' in the
   'VehicleSeatLocationCategoryCode' element), that the seatbelt was
   monitored ('VehicleSeatbeltMonitoredIndicator' element), that the
   seatbelt was fastened ('VehicleSeatbeltFastenedIndicator' element)
   and the seat sensor determined that the seat is occupied
   ('VehicleSeatOccupiedIndicator' element).

   Finally, information about the weight of the vehicle, which is 600
   kilogram in our example.

   In addition to the information about the vehicle, further indications
   are provided, namely the presence of fuel leakage
   ('FuelLeakingIndicator' element), an indication whether the vehicle
   was subjected to multiple impacts ('MultipleImpactsIndicator'
   element), the orientation of the vehicle at final rest
   ('VehicleFinalRestOrientationCategoryCode' element) and an indication
   that there are no parts of the vehicle on fire (the
   'VehicleFireIndicator' element).

     INVITE urn:service:sos.ecall.automatic SIP/2.0
     To: urn:service:sos.ecall.automatic
     From: <sip:+13145551111@example.com>;tag=9fxced76sl
     Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@atlanta.example.com
     Geolocation: <cid:target123@example.com>
     Geolocation-Routing: no
     Call-Info: cid:1234567890@atlanta.example.com;
                purpose=EmergencyCallData.VEDS
     Accept: application/sdp, application/pidf+xml
     CSeq: 31862 INVITE
     Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=boundary1
     Content-Length: ...

     --boundary1
     Content-Type: application/sdp

     ...Session Description Protocol (SDP) goes here

     --boundary1
      Content-Type: application/pidf+xml
      Content-ID: <target123@atlanta.example.com>

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <presence
         xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf"
         xmlns:dm="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:data-model"
         xmlns:gp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10"



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         xmlns:dyn="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:dynamic"
         xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
         xmlns:gs="http://www.opengis.net/pidflo/1.0"
         entity="sip:+13145551111@example.com">
         <dm:device id="123">
             <gp:geopriv>
                 <gp:location-info>
                     <gml:Point srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326">
                        <gml:pos>-34.407 150.883</gml:pos>
                     </gml:Point>
                      <dyn:Dynamic>
                         <dyn:heading>278</dyn:heading>
                         <dyn:direction><dyn:direction>
                      </dyn:Dynamic>
                 </gp:location-info>
                 <gp:usage-rules/>
                 <method>gps</method>
             </gp:geopriv>
             <timestamp>2012-04-5T10:18:29Z</timestamp>
             <dm:deviceID>1M8GDM9A_KP042788</dm:deviceID>
         </dm:device>
  </presence>

      --boundary1
      Content-Type: application/EmergencyCallData.VEDS+xml
      Content-ID: 1234567890@atlanta.example.com
      Content-Disposition: by-reference;handling=optional

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <AutomatedCrashNotification xmlns="http://www.veds.org/acn/1.0"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

      <Crash>
          <CrashVehicle>
              <ItemMakeName xmlns="http://niem.gov/niem/niem-core/2.0">
                  Saab
              </ItemMakeName>
              <ItemModelName xmlns="http://niem.gov/niem/niem-core/2.0">
                  9-5
              </ItemModelName>
              <ItemModelYearDate
                  xmlns="http://niem.gov/niem/niem-core/2.0">
                  2015
              </ItemModelYearDate>
              <Airbag>
                  <AirbagCategoryCode>FRONT</AirbagCategoryCode>
                  <AirbagDeployedIndicator>true
                  </AirbagDeployedIndicator>



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              </Airbag>
              <ConvertibleIndicator>false</ConvertibleIndicator>
              <PowerSourceCategoryCode>MAIN</PowerSourceCategoryCode>
              <VehicleBodyCategoryCode
                  xmlns="http://niem.gov/niem/domains/jxdm/4.1">
                  101
              </VehicleBodyCategoryCode>
              <VehicleCrashPulse>
                  <CrashPulseChangeInVelocityMeasure>
                      <MeasurePointValue
                          xmlns="http://niem.gov/niem/niem-core/2.0">
                          100
                      </MeasurePointValue>
                      <MeasureUnitText
                          xmlns="http://niem.gov/niem/niem-core/2.0">
                          MPH</MeasureUnitText>
                   </CrashPulseChangeInVelocityMeasure>
                          <CrashPulsePrincipalDirectionOfForceValue>12
                          </CrashPulsePrincipalDirectionOfForceValue>
                  <CrashPulseRolloverQuarterTurnsValue>1
                  </CrashPulseRolloverQuarterTurnsValue>
              </VehicleCrashPulse>
              <VehicleRollbarDeployedIndicator>false
              </VehicleRollbarDeployedIndicator>
              <VehicleSeat>
                  <VehicleSeatLocationCategoryCode>1
                  </VehicleSeatLocationCategoryCode>
                  <VehicleSeatOccupiedIndicator>true
                  </VehicleSeatOccupiedIndicator>
                  <VehicleSeatbeltFastenedIndicator>true
                  </VehicleSeatbeltFastenedIndicator>
                  <VehicleSeatbeltMonitoredIndicator>true
                  </VehicleSeatbeltMonitoredIndicator>
              </VehicleSeat>
              <VehicleUnladenWeightMeasure
                  xmlns="http://niem.gov/niem/niem-core/2.0">
                  <MeasurePointValue
                      xmlns="http://niem.gov/niem/niem-core/2.0">
                      600
                      </MeasurePointValue>
                  <MeasureUnitText
                      xmlns="http://niem.gov/niem/niem-core/2.0">
                      kilogram
                  </MeasureUnitText>
              </VehicleUnladenWeightMeasure>
          </CrashVehicle>
          <FuelLeakingIndicator>true</FuelLeakingIndicator>
          <MultipleImpactsIndicator>false</MultipleImpactsIndicator>



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          <SevereInjuryIndicator>true</SevereInjuryIndicator>
          <VehicleFinalRestOrientationCategoryCode>Driver
          </VehicleFinalRestOrientationCategoryCode>
          <VehicleFireIndicator>false</VehicleFireIndicator>
      </Crash>
  </AutomatedCrashNotification>


      --boundary1--

    Figure 8: SIP INVITE indicating a Vehicule-Initated Emergency Call

11.  Security Considerations

   Since this document relies on [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall] and
   [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data], the security considerations
   described there and in [RFC5069] apply here.  Implementors are
   strongly cautioned to read and understand the discussion in those
   documents.

   As with emergency service systems where location data is supplied or
   determined with the assistance of an end host, there is the
   possibility that that location is incorrect, either intentially (in
   case of an a denial of service attack against the emergency services
   infrastructure) or due to a malfunctioning device.  The reader is
   referred to [RFC7378] for a discussion of some of these
   vulnerabilities.

12.  Privacy Considerations

   Since this document builds on [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall], which itself
   builds on [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data], the data structures
   specified there, and the corresponding privacy considerations
   discussed there, apply here as well.  The VEDS data structure
   contains optional elements that can carry identifying and personal
   information, both about the vehicle and about the owner, as well as
   location information, and so needs to be protected against
   unauthorized disclosure, as discussed in
   [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data].  Local regulations may impose
   additional privacy protection requirements.

13.  IANA Considerations









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13.1.  MIME Content-type Registration for 'application/
       EmergencyCall.VEDS+xml'

   This specification requests the registration of a new MIME type
   according to the procedures of RFC 4288 [RFC4288] and guidelines in
   RFC 3023 [RFC3023].

      MIME media type name: application

      MIME subtype name: EmergencyCallData.VEDS+xml

      Mandatory parameters: none

      Optional parameters: charset

      Indicates the character encoding of enclosed XML.

      Encoding considerations: Uses XML, which can employ 8-bit
      characters, depending on the character encoding used.  See
      Section 3.2 of RFC 3023 [RFC3023].

      Security considerations:

         This content type is designed to carry vehicle crash data
         during an emergency call.

         This data can contain personal information including vehicle
         VIN, location, direction, etc.  Appropriate precautions need to
         be taken to limit unauthorized access, inappropriate disclosure
         to third parties, and eavesdropping of this information.
         Please refer to Section 7 and Section 8 of
         [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data] for more information.

      Interoperability considerations: None

      Published specification: [VEDS]

      Applications which use this media type: Emergency Services

      Additional information: None

      Magic Number: None

      File Extension: .xml

      Macintosh file type code: 'TEXT'





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      Person and email address for further information: Hannes
      Tschofenig, Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net

      Intended usage: LIMITED USE

      Author: This specification is a work item of the IETF ECRIT
      working group, with mailing list address <ecrit@ietf.org>.

      Change controller: The IESG <ietf@ietf.org>

13.2.  Registration of the 'VEDS' entry in the Emergency Call Additional
       Data registry

   This specification requests IANA to add the 'VEDS' entry to the
   Emergency Call Additional Data registry, with a reference to this
   document.  The Emergency Call Additional Data registry has been
   established by [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data].

14.  Contributors

   We would like to thank Ulrich Dietz for his help with earlier
   versions of the original version of this document.

15.  Acknowledgements

   We would like to thank Michael Montag, Arnoud van Wijk, Ban Al-Bakri,
   Wes George, and Gunnar Hellstrom for their feedback.

16.  Changes from Previous Versions

16.1.  Changes from draft-ietf-04 to draft-ietf-05

   o  Reworded security text in main document and in MIME registration
      for the VEDS object

16.2.  Changes from draft-ietf-03 to draft-ietf-04

   o  Added example VEDS object
   o  Additional clarifications and corrections
   o  Removed references from Abstract
   o  Moved Document Scope section to follow Introduction

16.3.  Changes from draft-ietf-02 to draft-ietf-03

   o  Additional clarifications and corrections






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16.4.  Changes from draft-ietf-01 to draft-ietf-02

   o  This document now refers to [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall] for technical
      aspects including the service URN; this document no longer
      proposes a unique service URN for non-eCall NG-ACN calls; the same
      service URN is now used for all NG-ACN calls including NG-eCall
      and non-eCall
   o  Added discussion of an NG-ACN call placed to a PSAP that doesn't
      support it
   o  Minor wording improvements and clarifications

16.5.  Changes from draft-ietf-00 to draft-ietf-01

   o  Added further discussion of test calls
   o  Added further clarification to the document scope
   o  Mentioned that multi-region vehicles may need to support other
      crash notification specifications such as eCall
   o  Minor wording improvements and clarifications

16.6.  Changes from draft-gellens-02 to draft-ietf-00

   o  Renamed from draft-gellens- to draft-ietf-
   o  Added text to Introduction to clarify that during a CS ACN, the
      PSAP call taker usually needs to listen to the data and transcribe
      it

16.7.  Changes from draft-gellens-01 to -02

   o  Fixed case of 'EmergencyCallData', in accordance with changes to
      [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data]

16.8.  Changes from draft-gellens-00 to -01

   o  Now using 'EmergencyCallData' for purpose parameter values and
      MIME subtypes, in accordance with changes to
      [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data]
   o  Added reference to RFC 6443
   o  Fixed bug that caused Figure captions to not appear

17.  References

17.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-ecrit-additional-data]
              Gellens, R., Rosen, B., Tschofenig, H., Marshall, R., and
              J. Winterbottom, "Additional Data Related to an Emergency
              Call", draft-ietf-ecrit-additional-data-37 (work in
              progress), October 2015.



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   [I-D.ietf-ecrit-ecall]
              Gellens, R. and H. Tschofenig, "Next-Generation Pan-
              European eCall", draft-ietf-ecrit-ecall-03 (work in
              progress), July 2015.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3023]  Murata, M., St. Laurent, S., and D. Kohn, "XML Media
              Types", RFC 3023, DOI 10.17487/RFC3023, January 2001,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3023>.

   [RFC4119]  Peterson, J., "A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object
              Format", RFC 4119, DOI 10.17487/RFC4119, December 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4119>.

   [RFC4288]  Freed, N. and J. Klensin, "Media Type Specifications and
              Registration Procedures", RFC 4288, DOI 10.17487/RFC4288,
              December 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4288>.

   [RFC5031]  Schulzrinne, H., "A Uniform Resource Name (URN) for
              Emergency and Other Well-Known Services", RFC 5031, DOI
              10.17487/RFC5031, January 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5031>.

   [RFC5491]  Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and H. Tschofenig, "GEOPRIV
              Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO)
              Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations",
              RFC 5491, DOI 10.17487/RFC5491, March 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5491>.

   [RFC5962]  Schulzrinne, H., Singh, V., Tschofenig, H., and M.
              Thomson, "Dynamic Extensions to the Presence Information
              Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO)", RFC 5962, DOI
              10.17487/RFC5962, September 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5962>.

   [RFC6443]  Rosen, B., Schulzrinne, H., Polk, J., and A. Newton,
              "Framework for Emergency Calling Using Internet
              Multimedia", RFC 6443, DOI 10.17487/RFC6443, December
              2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6443>.

   [RFC6881]  Rosen, B. and J. Polk, "Best Current Practice for
              Communications Services in Support of Emergency Calling",
              BCP 181, RFC 6881, DOI 10.17487/RFC6881, March 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6881>.



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   [VEDS]     "Vehicular Emergency Data Set (VEDS) version 3", July
              2012, <https://www.apcointl.org/resources/telematics/aacn-
              and-veds.html>.

17.2.  Informative references

   [RFC5012]  Schulzrinne, H. and R. Marshall, Ed., "Requirements for
              Emergency Context Resolution with Internet Technologies",
              RFC 5012, DOI 10.17487/RFC5012, January 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5012>.

   [RFC5069]  Taylor, T., Ed., Tschofenig, H., Schulzrinne, H., and M.
              Shanmugam, "Security Threats and Requirements for
              Emergency Call Marking and Mapping", RFC 5069, DOI
              10.17487/RFC5069, January 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5069>.

   [RFC7378]  Tschofenig, H., Schulzrinne, H., and B. Aboba, Ed.,
              "Trustworthy Location", RFC 7378, DOI 10.17487/RFC7378,
              December 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7378>.

Authors' Addresses

   Randall Gellens
   Qualcomm Technologies, Inc
   5775 Morehouse Drive
   San Diego  92651
   US

   Email: rg+ietf@randy.pensive.org


   Brian Rosen
   NeuStar, Inc.
   470 Conrad Dr
   Mars, PA  16046
   US

   Email: br@brianrosen.net


   Hannes Tschofenig
   (Individual)

   Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net
   URI:   http://www.tschofenig.priv.at





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