dnsop W. Kumari
Internet-Draft Google
Intended status: Informational A. Sullivan
Expires: August 5, 2017 Dyn
February 1, 2017
The ALT Special Use Top Level Domain
draft-ietf-dnsop-alt-tld-07
Abstract
This document reserves a string (ALT) to be used as a TLD label in
non-DNS contexts, or for names that have no meaning in a global
context. It also provides advice and guidance to developers
developing alternate namespaces.
[Ed note: Text inside square brackets ([]) is additional background
information, answers to frequently asked questions, general musings,
etc. They will be removed before publication.This document is being
collaborated on in Github at: https://github.com/wkumari/draft-
wkumari-dnsop-alt-tld. The most recent version of the document, open
issues, etc should all be available here. The authors (gratefully)
accept pull requests. NOTE: This document is currently a parked WG
document -- as such, all changes are being handled in GitHub and a
new version will be posted once unparked.
It had been suggested (off-list) that the draft should contain <TBD>
instead of .ALT, and then make the WG choose a string before
publication. A version of the draft like this was published on
GitHub (https://github.com/wkumari/draft-wkumari-dnsop-alt-tld/
tree/7988fcf06100f7a17f21e6993b781690b5774472) (and generated no
feedback). This version reverts to .ALT -- the chairs stated that
the document was adopted with the string .alt, it has been discussed
as .alt. IMO, it is more readable as .alt; it would also be a
difficult consensus call, boiling down to beauty contests. If the WG
selects a different string ("not-dns" had been suggested in the
past), the editors will, of course, replace it. ]
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
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This Internet-Draft will expire on August 5, 2017.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Requirements notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. The ALT namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Choice of the ALT Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Domain Name Reservation Considerations . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Appendix A. Changes / Author Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1. Introduction
Many protocols and systems need to name entities. Names that look
like DNS names (a series of labels separated with dots) have become
common, even in systems that are not part of the global DNS
administered by IANA.
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This document reserves the label "ALT" (short for "Alternate") as a
Special Use Domain ([RFC6761]). This label is intended to be used as
the final (rightmost) label to signify that the name is not rooted in
the DNS, and that normal registration and lookup rules do not apply.
1.1. Requirements notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
1.2. Terminology
This document assumes familiarity with DNS terms and concepts.
Please see [RFC1034] for background and concepts, and [RFC7719] for
terminology. Readers are also expected to be familiar with the
discussions in [I-D.ietf-dnsop-sutld-ps]
o DNS name: Domain names that are intended to be used with DNS
resolution, either in the global DNS or in some other context
o DNS context: The namespace anchored at the globally-unique DNS
root. This is the namespace or context that "normal" DNS uses.
o non-DNS context: Any other (alternate) namespace.
o pseudo-TLD: A label that appears in a fully-qualified domain name
in the position of a TLD, but which is not registered in the
global DNS. This term is in no way intended to be pejorative.
o TLD: The last visible label in either a fully-qualified domain
name or a name that is qualified relative to the root. See the
discussion in Section 2.
2. Background
The success of the DNS makes it a natural starting point for systems
that need to name entities in a non-DNS context.
In many cases, these systems build a DNS-style tree parallel to, but
separate from, the global DNS. They often use a pseudo-TLD to cause
resolution in the alternate namespace, using browser plugins, shims
in the name resolution process, or simply applications that perform
special handling of this particular alternate namespace. An example
of such a system is the Tor network's [Dingledine2004] use of the
".onion" Special-Use Top-Level Domain Name (see [RFC7686]).
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In many cases, the creators of these alternative namespaces have
chosen a convenient or descriptive string and started using it.
These strings are not registered anywhere nor are they part of the
DNS. However, to users and to some applications they appear to be
TLDs; and issues may arise if they are looked up in the DNS.
An alternate name resolution system might be specifically designed to
provide confidentiality of the looked up name, and to provide a
distributed and censorship-resistant namespace. This goal would
necessarily be defeated if the queries leak into the DNS, because the
attempt to look up the name would be visible to the operators of root
name servers at a minimum as well as to any entity viewing the DNS
lookups going to the root nameservers.
The techniques in this document are primarily intended to address the
"Experimental Squatting Problem", the "Land Rush Problem" and "Name
Collisions" issues discussed in [I-D.ietf-dnsop-sutld-ps] (whiich
contains much additional background, etc).
3. The ALT namespace
This document reserves the ALT label, using the [RFC6761] process,
for use as an unmanaged pseudo-TLD namespace. The ALT label MAY be
used in any domain name as a pseudo-TLD to signify that this is an
alternate (non-DNS) namespace, and should not be looked up in a DNS
context.
Alternative namespaces should differentiate themselves from other
alternate namespaces by choosing a name and using it in the label
position just before the pseudo-TLD (ALT). For example, a group
wishing to create a namespace for Friends Of Olaf might choose the
string "foo" and use any set of labels under foo.alt.
As they are in an alternative namespace, they have no significance in
the regular DNS context and so should not be looked up in the DNS
context. Some of these requests will inevitably leak into the DNS
context (for example, because of clicks on a link in a browser that
does not have a extension installed that implements the alternate
namespace resolution), and so the ALT TLD has been added to the
"Locally Served DNS Zones" ( [RFC6303]) registry to limit how far
these flow.
Groups wishing to create new alternate namespaces MAY create their
alternate namespace under a label that names their namespace under
the ALT label. They SHOULD choose a label that they expect to be
unique and, ideally, descriptive. There is no IANA controlled
registry for names under the ALT TLD - it is an unmanaged namespace,
and developers are responsible for dealing with any collisions that
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may occur under .alt. Informal lists of namespaces under .alt may
appear to assist the developer community.
[Editor note (to be removed before publication): There was
significant discussion on an IANA registry for the ALT namespace -
please consult the lists for full thread, but the consensus was that
it would be better for the IETF / IANA to not administer a registry
for this. It is expected one or more unofficial lists will be
created where people can list the strings that they are using. ]
Currently deployed projects and protocols that are using pseudo-TLDs
may choose to move under the ALT TLD, but this is not a requirement.
Rather, the ALT TLD is being reserved so that current and future
projects of a similar nature have a designated place to create
alternative resolution namespaces that will not conflict with the
regular DNS context.
3.1. Choice of the ALT Name
A number of names other than "ALT" were considered and discarded. In
order for this technique to be effective the names need to continue
to follow both the DNS format and conventions (a prime consideration
for alternative name formats is that they can be entered in places
that normally take DNS context names); this rules out using suffixes
that do not follow the usual letter, digit, and hyphen label
convention.
4. IANA Considerations
The IANA is requested to add the ALT string to the "Special-Use
Domain Name" registry ([RFC6761], and reference this document. In
addition, the "Locally Served DNS Zones" ([RFC6303]) registry should
be updated to reference this document.
4.1. Domain Name Reservation Considerations
This section is to satisfy the requirement in Section 5 of RFC6761.
The domain "alt.", and any names falling within ".alt.", are special
in the following ways:
1. Human users are expected to know that strings that end in .alt
behave differently to normal DNS names. Users are expected to
have applications running on their machines that intercept
strings of the form <namespace>.alt and perform special handing
of them. If the user tries to resolve a name of the form
<namespace>.alt without the <namespace> plugin installed, the
request will leak into the DNS, and receive a negative response.
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2. Writers of application software that implement a non-DNS
namespace are expected to intercept names of the form
<namespace>.alt and perform application specific handing with
them. Other applications are not intended to perform any special
handing.
3. Writers of name resolution APIs and libraries which operate in
the DNS context should not attempt to look these names up in the
DNS. If developers of other namespaces implement their namespace
through a "shim" or library, they will need to intercept and
perform their own handling.
4. Caching DNS servers SHOULD recognize these names as special and
SHOULD NOT, by default, attempt to look up NS records for them,
or otherwise query authoritative DNS servers in an attempt to
resolve these names. Instead, caching DNS servers SHOULD
generate immediate negative responses for all such queries.
5. Authoritative DNS servers SHOULD recognize these names as special
and SHOULD, by default, generate immediate negative responses for
all such queries, unless explicitly configured by the
administrator to give positive answers for private-address
reverse-mapping names.
6. DNS server operators SHOULD be aware that queries for names
ending in .alt are not DNS names, and were leaked into the DNS
context (for example, by a missing browser plugin). This
information may be useful for support or debugging purposes.
7. DNS Registries/Registrars MUST NOT grant requests to register
"alt" names in the normal way to any person or entity. These
"alt" names are defined by protocol specification to be
nonexistent, and they fall outside the set of names available for
allocation by registries/registrars.
5. Security Considerations
One of the motivations for the creation of the .alt pseudo-TLD is
that unmanaged labels in the managed root name space are subject to
unexpected takeover. This could occur if the manager of the root
name space decides to delegate the unmanaged label. Another
motivation for implementing the .alt namespace to increase user
privacy for those who do use alternate name resolution systems; it
would limit how far these queries leak (e.g if used on a system which
does not implement the alternate resolution system).
The unmanaged and "registration not required" nature of labels
beneath .alt provides the opportunity for an attacker to re-use the
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chosen label and thereby possibly compromise applications dependent
on the special host name.
6. Acknowledgements
We would also like to thank Joe Abley, Mark Andrews, Marc Blanchet,
John Bond, Stephane Bortzmeyer, David Cake, David Conrad, Patrik
Faltstrom, Olafur Gudmundsson, Bob Harold, Paul Hoffman, Joel
Jaeggli, Ted Lemon, Edward Lewis, George Michaelson, Ed Pascoe,
Arturo Servin, and Paul Vixie for feedback.
Christian Grothoff was also very helpful.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC6303] Andrews, M., "Locally Served DNS Zones", BCP 163, RFC
6303, DOI 10.17487/RFC6303, July 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6303>.
[RFC6761] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Special-Use Domain Names",
RFC 6761, DOI 10.17487/RFC6761, February 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6761>.
[RFC7686] Appelbaum, J. and A. Muffett, "The ".onion" Special-Use
Domain Name", RFC 7686, DOI 10.17487/RFC7686, October
2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7686>.
[RFC7719] Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS
Terminology", RFC 7719, DOI 10.17487/RFC7719, December
2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7719>.
7.2. Informative References
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[Dingledine2004]
Dingledine, R., Mathewson, N., and P. Syverson, "Tor: The
Second-Generation Onion Router", , 8 2004,
<<https://svn.torproject.org/svn/projects/design-paper/
tor-design.html>>.
[I-D.ietf-dnsop-sutld-ps]
Lemon, T., Droms, R., and W. Kumari, "Special-Use Names
Problem Statement", draft-ietf-dnsop-sutld-ps-00 (work in
progress), October 2016.
Appendix A. Changes / Author Notes.
[RFC Editor: Please remove this section before publication ]
From -06 to -07:
o Rolled up the GItHub releases in to a full release.
From -07.2 to -07.3 (GitHub point release):
Removed 'sandbox' at Stephane's suggestion - https://www.ietf.org/
mail-archive/web/dnsop/current/msg18495.html
Suggested (in 4.1 bullet 3) that DNS libraries ignore these -- Bob
Harold - https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/dnsop/
a_ruPf8osSzi_hCzCqOxYLXhYoA
Added some pointers to the SUTLD document.
From -07.1 to -07.2 (Github point release):
o Reverted the <TBD> string (at request of chairs).
o Added an editors note explaining the above.
o Removed some more background, editorializing, etc.
From -06 to -07.1 (https://github.com/wkumari/draft-wkumari-dnsop-
alt-tld/tree/7988fcf06100f7a17f21e6993b781690b5774472):
o Replaced ALT with <TBD> at the suggestions of George.
From -05 to -06:
o Removed a large amount of background - we now have the (adopted)
tldr document for that.
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o Made it clear that pseudo-TLD is not intended to be pejorative.
o Tried to make it cleat that this is something people can choose to
use - or not.
From -04 to -05:
o Version bump - we are waiting in the queue for progress on SUN,
bumping this to keep it alive.
From -03 to -04:
o 3 changes - the day, the month and the year (a bump to keep
alive).
From -02 to -03:
o Incorporate suggestions from Stephane and Paul Hoffman.
From -01 to -02:
o Merged a bunch of changes from Paul Hoffman. Thanks for sending a
git pull.
From -00 to 01:
o Removed the "delegated to new style AS112 servers" text -this was
legacy from the omnicient AS112 days. (Joe Abley)
o Removed the "Advice to implemntors" section. This used to
recommend that people used a subdomain of a domain in the DNS. It
was pointed out that this breaks things badly if the domain
expires.
o Added text about why we don't want to adminster a registry for
ALT.
From Individual-06 to DNSOP-00
o Nothing changed, simply renamed draft-wkumari-dnsop-alt-tld to
draft-ietf-dnsop-alt-tld
From -05 to -06
o Incorporated comments from a number of people, including a number
of suggestion heard at the IETF meeting in Dallas, and the DNSOP
Interim meeting in May, 2015.
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o Removed the "Let's have an (optional) IANA registry for people to
(opportinistically) register their string, if they want that
option" stuff. It was, um, optional....
From -04 to -05
o Went through and made sure that I'd captured the feedback
received.
o Comments from Ed Lewis.
o Filled in the "Domain Name Reservation Considerations" section of
RFC6761.
o Removed examples from .Onion.
From -03 to -04
o Incorporated some comments from Paul Hoffman
From -02 to -03
o After discussions with chairs, made this much more generic (not
purely non-DNS), and some cleanup.
From -01 to -02
o Removed some fluffy wording, tightened up the language some.
From -00 to -01.
o Fixed the abstract.
o Recommended that folk root their non-DNS namespace under a DNS
namespace that they control (Joe Abley)
Authors' Addresses
Warren Kumari
Google
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View, CA 94043
US
Email: warren@kumari.net
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Andrew Sullivan
Dyn
150 Dow Street
Manchester, NH 03101
US
Email: asullivan@dyn.com
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