CoRE Working Group                                          M. Boucadair
Internet-Draft                                                    Orange
Intended status: Standards Track                              J. Shallow
Expires: October 16, 2021                                 April 14, 2021


Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Block-Wise Transfer Options for
                          Faster Transmission
                      draft-ietf-core-new-block-10

Abstract

   This document specifies alternative Constrained Application Protocol
   (CoAP) Block-Wise transfer options: Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options.

   These options are similar to the CoAP Block1 and Block2 Options
   defined in RFC 7959, not a replacement for them, but do enable faster
   transmission rates for large amounts of data with less packet
   interchanges.  Also, Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options support faster
   recovery should any of the blocks get lost in transmission.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 16, 2021.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Alternative CoAP Block-Wise Transfer Options  . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  CoAP Response Code (4.08) Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Applicability Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  The Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Properties of Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  Structure of Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options  . . . . . . .   9
     4.3.  Using the Q-Block1 Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.4.  Using the Q-Block2 Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.5.  Using Observe Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.6.  Using Size1 and Size2 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.7.  Using Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options Together  . . . . . .  16
     4.8.  Using Q-Block2 Option With Multicast  . . . . . . . . . .  16
   5.  The Use of 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) Response Code . .  16
   6.  The Use of Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   7.  Congestion Control for Unreliable Transports  . . . . . . . .  18
     7.1.  Confirmable (CON) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     7.2.  Non-confirmable (NON) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   8.  Caching Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   9.  HTTP-Mapping Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   10. Examples with Non-confirmable Messages  . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     10.1.  Q-Block1 Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       10.1.1.  A Simple Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       10.1.2.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS Limits . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       10.1.3.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS with Recovery  . . . . . . . .  25
       10.1.4.  Handling Recovery with Failure . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     10.2.  Q-Block2 Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       10.2.1.  A Simple Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       10.2.2.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS Limits . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       10.2.3.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS with Recovery  . . . . . . . .  29
       10.2.4.  Handling Recovery using M-bit Set  . . . . . . . . .  30
     10.3.  Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       10.3.1.  A Simple Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       10.3.2.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS Limits . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       10.3.3.  Handling Recovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
   12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     12.1.  CoAP Option Numbers Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     12.2.  Media Type Registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     12.3.  CoAP Content-Formats Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37



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   13. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     13.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     13.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
   Appendix A.  Examples with Confirmable Messages . . . . . . . . .  40
     A.1.  Q-Block1 Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     A.2.  Q-Block2 Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
   Appendix B.  Examples with Reliable Transports  . . . . . . . . .  44
     B.1.  Q-Block1 Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     B.2.  Q-Block2 Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45

1.  Introduction

   The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [RFC7252], although
   inspired by HTTP, was designed to use UDP instead of TCP.  The
   message layer of CoAP over UDP includes support for reliable
   delivery, simple congestion control, and flow control.  [RFC7959]
   introduced the CoAP Block1 and Block2 Options to handle data records
   that cannot fit in a single IP packet, so not having to rely on IP
   fragmentation and was further updated by [RFC8323] for use over TCP,
   TLS, and WebSockets.

   The CoAP Block1 and Block2 Options work well in environments where
   there are no or minimal packet losses.  These options operate
   synchronously, i.e., each individual block has to be requested.  A
   CoAP endpoint can only ask for (or send) the next block when the
   transfer of the previous block has completed.  Packet transmission
   rate, and hence block transmission rate, is controlled by Round Trip
   Times (RTTs).

   There is a requirement for these blocks of data to be transmitted at
   higher rates under network conditions where there may be asymmetrical
   transient packet loss (i.e., responses may get dropped).  An example
   is when a network is subject to a Distributed Denial of Service
   (DDoS) attack and there is a need for DDoS mitigation agents relying
   upon CoAP to communicate with each other (e.g.,
   [RFC8782][I-D.ietf-dots-telemetry]).  As a reminder, [RFC7959]
   recommends the use of Confirmable (CON) responses to handle potential
   packet loss.  However, such a recommendation does not work with a
   flooded pipe DDoS situation.

   This document introduces the CoAP Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options
   (Section 3).







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2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   Readers should be familiar with the terms and concepts defined in
   [RFC7252], [RFC7959], and [RFC8132].

   The terms "payload" and "body" are defined in [RFC7959].  The term
   "payload" is thus used for the content of a single CoAP message
   (i.e., a single block being transferred), while the term "body" is
   used for the entire resource representation that is being transferred
   in a block-wise fashion.

3.  Alternative CoAP Block-Wise Transfer Options

   This document introduces the CoAP Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options.
   These options are similar in operation to the CoAP Block1 and Block2
   Options, respectively.  They are not a replacement for them, but have
   the following benefits:

   o  They can operate in environments where packet loss is highly
      asymmetrical.

   o  They enable faster transmissions of sets of blocks of data with
      less packet interchanges.

   o  They support faster recovery should any of the blocks get lost in
      transmission.

   o  They support sending an entire body using Non-confirmable (NON)
      messages without requiring a response from the peer.

   There are the following disadvantages over using CoAP Block1 and
   Block2 Options:

   o  Loss of lock-stepping so payloads are not always received in the
      correct (block ascending) order.

   o  Additional congestion control measures need to be put in place for
      NON messages (Section 7.2).

   o  To reduce the transmission times for CON transmission of large
      bodies, NSTART needs to be increased from 1, but this affects
      congestion control where other parameters need to be tuned



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      (Section 4.7 of [RFC7252]).  Such tuning is out of scope of this
      document.

   o  Mixing of NON and CON during requests/responses using Q-Block is
      not supported.

   o  The Q-Block Options do not support stateless operation/random
      access.

   o  Proxying of Q-Block is limited to caching full representations.

   o  There is no multicast support.

   Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options are designed to work in particular with
   NON requests and responses.

   Using NON messages, the faster transmissions occur as all the blocks
   can be transmitted serially (as are IP fragmented packets) without
   having to wait for a response or next request from the remote CoAP
   peer.  Recovery of missing blocks is faster in that multiple missing
   blocks can be requested in a single CoAP message.  Even if there is
   asymmetrical packet loss, a body can still be sent and received by
   the peer whether the body comprises of a single or multiple payloads
   assuming no recovery is required.

   A CoAP endpoint can acknowledge all or a subset of the blocks.
   Concretely, the receiving CoAP endpoint either informs the CoAP
   sender endpoint of successful reception or reports on all blocks in
   the body that have not yet been received.  The CoAP sender endpoint
   will then retransmit only the blocks that have been lost in
   transmission.

   Note that similar performance benefits can be applied to Confirmable
   messages if the value of NSTART is increased from 1 (Section 4.7 of
   [RFC7252]).  However, the use of Confirmable messages will not work
   if there is asymmetrical packet loss.  Some examples with Confirmable
   messages are provided in Appendix A.

   There is little, if any, benefit of using these options with CoAP
   running over a reliable connection [RFC8323].  In this case, there is
   no differentiation between CON and NON as they are not used.  Some
   examples using a reliable transport are provided in Appendix B.

   Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options can be used instead of Block1 and
   Block2 Options when the different transmission properties are
   required.  If the new options are not supported by a peer, then
   transmissions can fall back to using Block1 and Block2 Options
   (Section 4.1).



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   The deviations from Block1 and Block2 Options are specified in
   Section 4.  Pointers to appropriate [RFC7959] sections are provided.

   The specification refers to the base CoAP methods defined in
   Section 5.8 of [RFC7252] and the new CoAP methods, FETCH, PATCH, and
   iPATCH introduced in [RFC8132].

   The No-Response Option [RFC7967] was considered but was abandoned as
   it does not apply to Q-Block2 responses.  A unified solution is
   defined in the document.

3.1.  CoAP Response Code (4.08) Usage

   This document adds a media type for the 4.08 (Request Entity
   Incomplete) response defining an additional message format for
   reporting on payloads using the Q-Block1 Option that are not received
   by the server.

   See Section 5 for more details.

3.2.  Applicability Scope

   The block-wise transfer specified in [RFC7959] covers the general
   case, but falls short in situations where packet loss is highly
   asymmetrical.  The mechanism specified in this document provides
   roughly similar features to the Block1/Block2 Options.  It provides
   additional properties that are tailored towards the intended use case
   of Non-Confirmable transmission.  Concretely, this mechanism
   primarily targets applications such as DDoS Open Threat Signaling
   (DOTS) that cannot use CON responses to handle potential packet loss
   and that support application-specific mechanisms to assess whether
   the remote peer is able to handle the messages sent by a CoAP
   endpoint (e.g., DOTS heartbeats in Section 4.7 of [RFC8782]).

   The mechanism includes guards to prevent a CoAP agent from
   overloading the network by adopting an aggressive sending rate.
   These guards MUST be followed in addition to the existing CoAP
   congestion control as specified in Section 4.7 of [RFC7252].  See
   Section 7 for more details.

   This mechanism is not intended for general CoAP usage, and any use
   outside the intended use case should be carefully weighed against the
   loss of interoperability with generic CoAP applications.  It is hoped
   that the experience gained with this mechanism can feed future
   extensions of the block-wise mechanism that will both be generally
   applicable and serve this particular use case.





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   It is not recommended that these options are used in a NoSec security
   mode (Section 9 of [RFC7252]) as the source endpoint needs to be
   trusted.  Using OSCORE [RFC8613] does provide a security context and,
   hence, a trust of the source endpoint.  However, using a NoSec
   security mode may still be inadequate for reasons discussed in
   Section 11.

4.  The Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options

4.1.  Properties of Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options

   The properties of the Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options are shown in
   Table 1.  The formatting of this table follows the one used in
   Table 4 of [RFC7252] (Section 5.10).  The C, U, N, and R columns
   indicate the properties Critical, UnSafe, NoCacheKey, and Repeatable
   defined in Section 5.4 of [RFC7252].  Only Critical and UnSafe
   columns are marked for the Q-Block1 Option.  Critical, UnSafe, and
   Repeatable columns are marked for the Q-Block2 Option.  As these
   options are UnSafe, NoCacheKey has no meaning and so is marked with a
   dash.

   +--------+---+---+---+---+--------------+--------+--------+---------+
   | Number | C | U | N | R | Name         | Format | Length | Default |
   +========+===+===+===+===+==============+========+========+=========+
   |  TBA1  | x | x | - |   | Q-Block1     | uint   |  0-3   | (none)  |
   |  TBA2  | x | x | - | x | Q-Block2     | uint   |  0-3   | (none)  |
   +--------+---+---+---+---+--------------+--------+--------+---------+

         Table 1: CoAP Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Option Properties

   The Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options can be present in both the request
   and response messages.  The Q-Block1 Option pertains to the request
   payload and the Q-Block2 Option pertains to the response payload.
   When the Content-Format Option is present together with the Q-Block1
   or Q-Block2 Option, the option applies to the body not to the payload
   (i.e., it must be the same for all payloads of the same body).

   Q-Block1 Option is useful with the payload-bearing POST, PUT, FETCH,
   PATCH, and iPATCH requests and their responses.

   Q-Block2 Option is useful with GET, POST, PUT, FETCH, PATCH, and
   iPATCH requests and their payload-bearing responses (2.01, 2.02,
   2.03, 2.04, and 2.05) (Section 5.5 of [RFC7252]).

   A CoAP endpoint (or proxy) MUST support either both or neither of the
   Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options.





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   If Q-Block1 Option is present in a request or Q-Block2 Option in a
   response (i.e., in that message to the payload of which it pertains),
   it indicates a block-wise transfer and describes how this specific
   block-wise payload forms part of the entire body being transferred.
   If it is present in the opposite direction, it provides additional
   control on how that payload will be formed or was processed.

   To indicate support for Q-Block2 responses, the CoAP client MUST
   include the Q-Block2 Option in a GET or similar request (FETCH, for
   example), the Q-Block2 Option in a PUT or similar request, or the
   Q-Block1 Option in a PUT or similar request so that the server knows
   that the client supports this Q-Block2 functionality should it need
   to send back a body that spans multiple payloads.  Otherwise, the
   server would use the Block2 Option (if supported) to send back a
   message body that is too large to fit into a single IP packet
   [RFC7959].

   How a client decides whether it needs to include a Q-Block1 or
   Q-Block2 Option can be driven by a local configuration knob,
   triggered by an application (DOTS, for example), etc.  Such
   considerations are out of the scope of the document.

   Implementation of the Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options is intended to be
   optional.  However, when it is present in a CoAP message, it MUST be
   processed (or the message rejected).  Therefore, Q-Block1 and
   Q-Block2 Options are identified as Critical options.

   With CoAP over UDP, the way a request message is rejected for
   critical options depends on the message type.  A Confirmable message
   with an unrecognized critical option is rejected with a 4.02 (Bad
   Option) response (Section 5.4.1 of [RFC7252]).  A Non-confirmable
   message with an unrecognized critical option is either rejected with
   a Reset message or just silently ignored (Sections 5.4.1 and 4.3 of
   [RFC7252]).  To reliably get a rejection message, it is therefore
   REQUIRED that clients use a Confirmable message for determining
   support for Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options.

   The Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options are unsafe to forward.  That is, a
   CoAP proxy that does not understand the Q-Block1 (or Q-Block2) Option
   MUST reject the request or response that uses either option.

   The Q-Block2 Option is repeatable when requesting retransmission of
   missing blocks, but not otherwise.  Except that case, any request
   carrying multiple Q-Block1 (or Q-Block2) Options MUST be handled
   following the procedure specified in Section 5.4.5 of [RFC7252].

   The Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options, like the Block1 and Block2
   Options, both of class E and class U for OSCORE processing (Table 2).



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   The Q-Block1 (or Q-Block2) Option MAY be an Inner or Outer option
   (Section 4.1 of [RFC8613]).  The Inner and Outer values are therefore
   independent of each other.  The Inner option is encrypted and
   integrity protected between clients and servers, and provides message
   body identification in case of end-to-end fragmentation of requests.
   The Outer option is visible to proxies and labels message bodies in
   case of hop-by-hop fragmentation of requests.

                       +--------+-----------------+---+---+
                       | Number | Name            | E | U |
                       +========+=================+===+===+
                       |  TBA1  | Q-Block1        | x | x |
                       |  TBA2  | Q-Block2        | x | x |
                       +--------+-----------------+---+---+
           Table 2: OSCORE Protection of Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options

   Note that if Q-Block1 or Q-Block2 Options are included in a packet as
   Inner options, Block1 or Block2 Options MUST NOT be included as Inner
   options.  Similarly there MUST NOT be a mix of Q-Block and Block for
   the Outer options.  Messages that do not adhere with this behavior
   MUST be rejected with 4.02 (Bad Option).  Q-Block and Block Options
   can be mixed across Inner and Outer options as these are handled
   independently of each other.

4.2.  Structure of Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options

   The structure of Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options follows the structure
   defined in Section 2.2 of [RFC7959].

   There is no default value for the Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options.
   Absence of one of these options is equivalent to an option value of 0
   with respect to the value of block number (NUM) and more bit (M) that
   could be given in the option, i.e., it indicates that the current
   block is the first and only block of the transfer (block number is
   set to 0, M is unset).  However, in contrast to the explicit value 0,
   which would indicate a size of the block (SZX) of 0, and thus a size
   value of 16 bytes, there is no specific explicit size implied by the
   absence of the option -- the size is left unspecified.  (As for any
   uint, the explicit value 0 is efficiently indicated by a zero-length
   option; this, therefore, is different in semantics from the absence
   of the option).

4.3.  Using the Q-Block1 Option

   The Q-Block1 Option is used when the client wants to send a large
   amount of data to the server using the POST, PUT, FETCH, PATCH, or
   iPATCH methods where the data and headers do not fit into a single
   packet.



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   When Q-Block1 Option is used, the client MUST include a Request-Tag
   Option [I-D.ietf-core-echo-request-tag].  The Request-Tag value MUST
   be the same for all of the requests for the body of data that is
   being transferred.  The Request-Tag is opaque, the server still
   treats it as opaque but the client MUST ensure that it is unique for
   every different body of transmitted data.

      Implementation Note: It is suggested that the client treats the
      Request-Tag as an unsigned integer of 8 bytes in length.  An
      implementation may want to consider limiting this to 4 bytes to
      reduce packet overhead size.  The initial Request-Tag value should
      be randomly generated and then subsequently incremented by the
      client whenever a new body of data is being transmitted between
      peers.

   Section 4.6 discusses the use of Size1 Option.

   For Confirmable transmission, the server continues to acknowledge
   each packet, but a response is not required (whether separate or
   piggybacked) until successful receipt of the body by the server.  For
   Non-confirmable transmission, no response is required until the
   successful receipt of the body by the server or some of the payloads
   have not arrived after a timeout and a retransmit missing payloads
   response is needed.  For reliable transports (e.g., [RFC8323]), a
   response is not required until successful receipt of the body by the
   server.

   Each individual message that carries a block of the body is treated
   as a new request (Section 6).

   The client MUST send the payloads with the block numbers increasing,
   starting from zero, until the body is complete (subject to any
   congestion control (Section 7)).  Any missing payloads requested by
   the server must in addition be separately transmitted with increasing
   block numbers.

   The following Response Codes are used:

   2.01 (Created)

      This Response Code indicates successful receipt of the entire body
      and that the resource was created.  The token used MUST be any
      token that was received in a request using the same Request-Tag.
      However, it is desirable to provide the one used in the last
      received request, since that will aid any troubleshooting.  The
      client should then release all of the tokens used for this body.
      Note that the last received payload may not be the one with the
      highest block number.



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   2.02 (Deleted)

      This Response Code indicates successful receipt of the entire body
      and that the resource was deleted when using POST (Section 5.8.2
      [RFC7252]).  The token used MUST be any token that was received in
      a request using the same Request-Tag.  However, it is desirable to
      provide the one used in the last received request.  The client
      should then release all of the tokens used for this body.

   2.04 (Changed)

      This Response Code indicates successful receipt of the entire body
      and that the resource was updated.  The token used MUST be any
      token that was received in a request using the same Request-Tag.
      However, it is desirable to provide the one used in the last
      received request.  The client should then release all of the
      tokens used for this body.

   2.05 (Content)

      This Response Code indicates successful receipt of the entire
      FETCH request body (Section 2 of [RFC8132]) and that the
      appropriate representation of the resource is being returned.  The
      token used MUST be any token that was received in a request using
      the same Request-Tag. However, it is desirable to provide the one
      used in the last received request.

      If the FETCH request includes the Observe Option, then the server
      MUST use the same token as used for the initial response for
      returning any Observe triggered responses so that the client can
      match them up.

      The client should then release all of the tokens used for this
      body unless a resource is being observed.

   2.31 (Continue)

      This Response Code can be used to indicate that all of the blocks
      up to and including the Q-Block1 Option block NUM (all having the
      M bit set) have been successfully received.  The token used MUST
      be any token that was received in a request using the same
      Request-Tag. However, it is desirable to provide the one used in
      the last received request.

      A response using this Response Code SHOULD NOT be generated for
      every received Q-Block1 Option request (Section 7.2).  It SHOULD
      only be generated when all the payload requests are Non-
      confirmable and a set of MAX_PAYLOADS payloads have been received



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      by the server.  More details about the motivations for this
      optimization are discussed in Section 7.2.

      It SHOULD NOT be generated for CON.

   4.00 (Bad Request)

      This Response Code MUST be returned if the request does not
      include neither a Request-Tag Option nor a Size1 Option but does
      include a Q-Block1 option.

   4.02 (Bad Option)

      Either this Response Code (in case of Confirmable request) or a
      reset message (in case of Non-confirmable request) MUST be
      returned if the server does not support the Q-Block Options.

   4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete)

      As a reminder, this Response Code returned without Content-Type
      "application/missing-blocks+cbor-seq" (Section 12.3) is handled as
      in Section 2.9.2 [RFC7959].

      This Response Code returned with Content-Type "application/
      missing-blocks+cbor-seq" indicates that some of the payloads are
      missing and need to be resent.  The client then retransmits the
      missing payloads using the same Request-Tag, Size1 and Q-Block1 to
      specify the block NUM, SZX, and M bit as appropriate.

      The Request-Tag value to use is determined by taking the token in
      the 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) response, locating the
      matching client request, and then using its Request-Tag.

      The token used MUST be any token that was received in a request
      using the same Request-Tag. However, it is desirable to provide
      the one used in the last received request.  See Section 5 for
      further information.

      If the server has not received all the blocks of a body, but one
      or more NON payloads have been received, it SHOULD wait for up to
      NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (Section 7.2) before sending a 4.08 (Request
      Entity Incomplete) response.

   4.13 (Request Entity Too Large)

      This Response Code can be returned under similar conditions to
      those discussed in Section 2.9.3 of [RFC7959].




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      This Response Code can be returned if there is insufficient space
      to create a response PDU with a block size of 16 bytes (SZX = 0)
      to send back all the response options as appropriate.  In this
      case, the Size1 Option is not included in the response.

   Further considerations related to the transmission timings of 4.08
   (Request Entity Incomplete) and 2.31 (Continue) Response Codes are
   discussed in Section 7.2.

   If a server receives payloads with different Request-Tags for the
   same resource, it should continue to process all the bodies as it has
   no way of determining which is the latest version, or which body, if
   any, the client is terminating the transmission for.

   If the client elects to stop the transmission of a complete body, and
   absent any local policy, the client MUST "forget" all tracked tokens
   associated with the body's Request-Tag so that a reset message is
   generated for the invalid token in the 4.08 (Request Entity
   Incomplete) response.  The server on receipt of the reset message
   SHOULD delete the partial body.

   If the server receives a duplicate block with the same Request-Tag,
   it MUST ignore the payload of the packet, but MUST still respond as
   if the block was received for the first time.

   A server SHOULD maintain a partial body (missing payloads) for up to
   NON_PARTIAL_TIMEOUT (Section 7.2).

4.4.  Using the Q-Block2 Option

   In a request for any block number, the M bit unset indicates the
   request is just for that block.  If the M bit is set, this has
   different meanings based on the NUM value:

   NUM is zero:  This is a request for the entire body.

   'NUM modulo MAX_PAYLOADS' is zero, while NUM is not zero:  This is
      used to confirm that the current set of MAX_PAYLOADS payloads (the
      latest one having block number NUM-1) has been successfully
      received and that, upon receipt of this request, the server can
      continue to send the next set of payloads (the first one having
      block number NUM).  This is the 'Continue' Q-Block-2 and
      conceptually has the same usage (i.e., continue sending the next
      set of data) as the use of 2.31 (Continue) for Q-Block1.

   Any other value of NUM:  This is a request for that block and for all
      of the remaining blocks in the current MAX_PAYLOADS set.




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   If the request includes multiple Q-Block2 Options and these options
   overlap (e.g., combination of M being set (this and later blocks) and
   being unset (this individual block)) resulting in an individual block
   being requested multiple times, the server MUST only send back one
   instance of that block.  This behavior is meant to prevent
   amplification attacks.

   The payloads sent back from the server as a response MUST all have
   the same ETag (Section 5.10.6 of [RFC7252]) for the same body.  The
   server MUST NOT use the same ETag value for different representations
   of a resource.

   The ETag is opaque, the client still treats it as opaque but the
   server MUST ensure that it is unique for every different body of
   transmitted data.

      Implementation Note: It is suggested that the server treats the
      ETag as an unsigned integer of 8 bytes in length.  An
      implementation may want to consider limiting this to 4 bytes to
      reduce packet overhead size.  The initial ETag value should be
      randomly generated and then subsequently incremented by the server
      whenever a new body of data is being transmitted between peers.

   Section 4.6 discusses the use of Size2 Option.

   The client may elect to request any detected missing blocks or just
   ignore the partial body.  This decision is implementation specific.

   The client SHOULD wait for up to NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (Section 7.2)
   after the last received payload for NON payloads before issuing a
   GET, POST, PUT, FETCH, PATCH, or iPATCH request that contains one or
   more Q-Block2 Options that define the missing blocks with the M bit
   unset.  It is permissible to set the M bit to request this and later
   blocks from this MAX_PAYLOADS set.  Further considerations related to
   the transmission timing for missing requests are discussed in
   Section 7.2.

   The requested missing block numbers MUST have an increasing block
   number in each additional Q-Block2 Option with no duplicates.  The
   server SHOULD respond with a 4.00 (Bad Request) to requests not
   adhering to this behavior.  Note that the ordering constraint is
   meant to force the client to check for duplicates and remove them.
   This also helps with troubleshooting.

   For Confirmable responses, the client continues to acknowledge each
   packet.  Typically, the server acknowledges the initial request using
   an ACK with the payload, and then sends the subsequent payloads as
   CON responses.  The server will detect failure to send a packet, but



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   the client can issue, after a MAX_TRANSMIT_SPAN delay, a separate
   GET, POST, PUT, FETCH, PATCH, or iPATCH for any missing blocks as
   needed.

   If the client receives a duplicate block with the same ETag, it MUST
   silently ignore the payload.

   A client SHOULD maintain a partial body (missing payloads) for up to
   NON_PARTIAL_TIMEOUT (Section 7.2) or as defined by the Max-Age Option
   (or its default of 60 seconds (Section 5.6.1 of [RFC7252])),
   whichever is the less.  On release of the partial body, the client
   should then release all of the tokens used for this body unless a
   resource is being observed.

   The ETag Option should not be used in the request for missing blocks
   as the server could respond with a 2.03 (Valid) response with no
   payload.  It can be used in the request if the client wants to check
   the freshness of the locally cached body response.

   It is RECOMMENDED that the server maintains a cached copy of the body
   when using the Q-Block2 Option to facilitate retransmission of any
   missing payloads.

   If the server detects part way through a body transfer that the
   resource data has changed and the server is not maintaining a cached
   copy of the old data, then the transmission is terminated.  Any
   subsequent missing block requests MUST be responded to using the
   latest ETag and Size2 Option values with the updated data.

   If the server responds during a body update with a different ETag
   Option value (as the resource representation has changed), then the
   client should treat the partial body with the old ETag as no longer
   being fresh.

   If the server transmits a new body of data (e.g., a triggered Observe
   notification) with a new ETag to the same client as an additional
   response, the client should remove any partially received body held
   for a previous ETag for that resource as it is unlikely the missing
   blocks can be retrieved.

   If there is insufficient space to create a response PDU with a block
   size of 16 bytes (SZX = 0) to send back all the response options as
   appropriate, a 4.13 (Request Entity Too Large) is returned without
   the Size1 Option.







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4.5.  Using Observe Option

   For a request that uses Q-Block1, the Observe value [RFC7641] MUST be
   the same for all the payloads of the same body.  This includes any
   missing payloads that are retransmitted.

   For a response that uses Q-Block2, the Observe value MUST be the same
   for all the payloads of the same body.  This includes payloads
   transmitted following receipt of the 'Continue' Q-Block2 Option
   (Section 4.4) by the server.  If a missing payload is requested, then
   both the request and response MUST NOT include the Observe Option.

4.6.  Using Size1 and Size2 Options

   Section 4 of [RFC7959] defines two CoAP options: Size1 for indicating
   the size of the representation transferred in requests and Size2 for
   indicating the size of the representation transferred in responses.

   The Size1 or Size2 option values MUST exactly represent the size of
   the data on the body so that any missing data can easily be
   determined.

   The Size1 Option MUST be used with the Q-Block1 Option when used in a
   request and MUST be present in all payloads of the request preserving
   the same value.  The Size2 Option MUST be used with the Q-Block2
   Option when used in a response and MUST be present in all payloads of
   the response preserving the same value.

4.7.  Using Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options Together

   The behavior is similar to the one defined in Section 3.3 of
   [RFC7959] with Q-Block1 substituted for Block1 and Q-Block2 for
   Block2.

4.8.  Using Q-Block2 Option With Multicast

   Servers MUST ignore multicast requests that contain the Q-Block2
   Option.  As a reminder, Block2 Option can be used as stated in
   Section 2.8 of [RFC7959].

5.  The Use of 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) Response Code

   4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) Response Code has a new Content-Type
   "application/missing-blocks+cbor-seq" used to indicate that the
   server has not received all of the blocks of the request body that it
   needs to proceed.  Such messages must not be treated by the client as
   a fatal error.




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   Likely causes are the client has not sent all blocks, some blocks
   were dropped during transmission, or the client has sent them
   sufficiently long ago that the server has already discarded them.

   The data payload of the 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) response is
   encoded as a CBOR Sequence [RFC8742].  It comprises of one or more
   missing block numbers encoded as CBOR unsigned integers [RFC8949].
   The missing block numbers MUST be unique in each 4.08 (Request Entity
   Incomplete) response when created by the server; the client MUST
   ignore any duplicates in the same 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete)
   response.

   The Content-Format Option (Section 5.10.3 of [RFC7252]) MUST be used
   in the 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) response.  It MUST be set to
   "application/missing-blocks+cbor-seq" (Section 12.3).

   The Concise Data Definition Language [RFC8610] (and see Section 4.1
   [RFC8742]) for the data describing these missing blocks is as
   follows:

         ; A notional array, the elements of which are to be used
         ; in a CBOR Sequence:
         payload = [+ missing-block-number]
         ; A unique block number not received:
         missing-block-number = uint

             Figure 1: Structure of the Missing Blocks Payload

   The token to use for the response SHOULD be the token that was used
   in the last block number received so far with the same Request-Tag
   value.  Note that the use of any received token with the same
   Request-Tag would be acceptable, but providing the one used in the
   last received payload will aid any troubleshooting.  The client will
   use the token to determine what was the previously sent request to
   obtain the Request-Tag value to be used.

   If the size of the 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) response packet
   is larger than that defined by Section 4.6 [RFC7252], then the number
   of missing blocks MUST be limited so that the response can fit into a
   single packet.  If this is the case, then the server can send
   subsequent 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) responses containing the
   missing other blocks on receipt of a new request providing a missing
   payload with the same Request-Tag.

   The missing blocks MUST be reported in ascending order without any
   duplicates.  The client SHOULD silently drop 4.08 (Request Entity
   Incomplete) responses not adhering with this behavior.




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   Implementation Note:  Consider limiting the number of missing
      payloads to MAX_PAYLOADS to minimize congestion control being
      needed.  The CBOR sequence does not include any array wrapper.

   The 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) with Content-Type "application/
   missing-blocks+cbor-seq" SHOULD NOT be used when using Confirmable
   requests or a reliable connection [RFC8323] as the client will be
   able to determine that there is a transmission failure of a
   particular payload and hence that the server is missing that payload.

6.  The Use of Tokens

   Each new request generally uses a new Token (and sometimes must, see
   Section 4 of [I-D.ietf-core-echo-request-tag]).  Additional responses
   to a request all use the token of the request they respond to.

   Implementation Note:  By using 8-byte tokens, it is possible to
      easily minimize the number of tokens that have to be tracked by
      clients, by keeping the bottom 32 bits the same for the same body
      and the upper 32 bits containing the current body's request number
      (incrementing every request, including every re-transmit).  This
      allows the client to be alleviated from keeping all the per-
      request-state, e.g., in Section 3 of [RFC8974].

7.  Congestion Control for Unreliable Transports

   The transmission of the blocks of a body over an unreliable transport
   MUST either all be Confirmable or all be Non-confirmable.  This is
   meant to simplify the congestion control procedure.

   As a reminder, there is no need for CoAP-specific congestion control
   for reliable transports [RFC8323].

7.1.  Confirmable (CON)

   Congestion control for CON requests and responses is specified in
   Section 4.7 of [RFC7252].  For faster transmission rates, NSTART will
   need to be increased from 1.  However, the other CON congestion
   control parameters will need to be tuned to cover this change.  This
   tuning is out of scope of this document as it is expected that all
   requests and responses using Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 will be Non-
   confirmable (Section 3.2).

   It is implementation specific as to whether there should be any
   further requests for missing data as there will have been significant
   transmission failure as individual payloads will have failed after
   MAX_TRANSMIT_SPAN.




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7.2.  Non-confirmable (NON)

   This document introduces new parameters MAX_PAYLOADS, NON_TIMEOUT,
   NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT, NON_MAX_RETRANSMIT, NON_PROBING_WAIT, and
   NON_PARTIAL_TIMEOUT primarily for use with NON (Table 3).

   MAX_PAYLOADS should be configurable with a default value of 10.  Both
   CoAP endpoints SHOULD have the same value (otherwise there will be
   transmission delays in one direction) and the value MAY be negotiated
   between the endpoints to a common value by using a higher level
   protocol (out of scope of this document).  This is the maximum number
   of payloads that can be transmitted at any one time.

      Note: The default value of 10 is chosen for reasons similar to
      those discussed in Section 5 of [RFC6928].

   NON_TIMEOUT is the maximum period of delay between sending sets of
   MAX_PAYLOADS payloads for the same body.  By default, NON_TIMEOUT has
   the same value as ACK_TIMEOUT (Section 4.8 of [RFC7252]).

   NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT is the initial maximum time to wait for a missing
   payload before requesting retransmission for the first time.  Every
   time the missing payload is re-requested, the time to wait value
   doubles.  The time to wait is calculated as:

      Time-to-Wait = NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT * (2 ** (Re-Request-Count - 1))

   NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT has a default value of twice NON_TIMEOUT.
   NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT MUST always be greater than NON_TIMEOUT by at
   least one second so that the sender of the payloads has the
   opportunity to start sending the next set of payloads before the
   receiver times out.

   NON_MAX_RETRANSMIT is the maximum number of times a request for the
   retransmission of missing payloads can occur without a response from
   the remote peer.  After this occurs, the local endpoint SHOULD
   consider the body stale, remove any body, and release Tokens and
   Request-Tag on the client (or the ETag on the server).  By default,
   NON_MAX_RETRANSMIT has the same value as MAX_RETRANSMIT (Section 4.8
   of [RFC7252]).

   NON_PROBING_WAIT is used to limit the potential wait needed
   calculated when using PROBING_WAIT.  NON_PROBING_WAIT has the same
   value as computed for EXCHANGE_LIFETIME (Section 4.8.2 of [RFC7252]).

   NON_PARTIAL_TIMEOUT is used for expiring partially received bodies.
   NON_PARTIAL_TIMEOUT has the same value as computed for
   EXCHANGE_LIFETIME (Section 4.8.2 of [RFC7252]).



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                  +---------------------+---------------+
                  | Parameter Name      | Default Value |
                  +=====================+===============|
                  | MAX_PAYLOADS        |            10 |
                  | NON_MAX_RETRANSMIT  |             4 |
                  | NON_TIMEOUT         |           2 s |
                  | NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT |           4 s |
                  | NON_PROBING_WAIT    |         247 s |
                  | NON_PARTIAL_TIMEOUT |         247 s |
                  +---------------------+---------------+

                  Table 3: Congestion Control Parameters

   PROBING_RATE parameter in CoAP indicates the average data rate that
   must not be exceeded by a CoAP endpoint in sending to a peer endpoint
   that does not respond.  The single body of blocks will be subjected
   to PROBING_RATE (Section 4.7 of [RFC7252]), not the individual
   packets.  If the wait time between sending bodies that are not being
   responded to based on PROBING_RATE exceeds NON_PROBING_WAIT, then the
   gap time is limited to NON_PROBING_WAIT.

      Note: For the particular DOTS application, PROBING_RATE and other
      transmission parameters are negotiated between peers.  Even when
      not negotiated, the DOTS application uses customized defaults as
      discussed in Section 4.5.2 of [RFC8782].  Note that MAX_PAYLOADS,
      NON_MAX_RETRANSMIT, and NON_TIMEOUT can be negotiated between DOTS
      peers as per [I-D.bosh-dots-quick-blocks].

   Each NON 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) response is subject to
   PROBING_RATE.

   Each NON GET or FETCH request using Q-Block2 Option is subject to
   PROBING_RATE.

   As the sending of many payloads of a single body may itself cause
   congestion, it is RECOMMENDED that after transmission of every set of
   MAX_PAYLOADS payloads of a single body, a delay is introduced of
   NON_TIMEOUT before sending the next set of payloads to manage
   potential congestion issues.

   If the CoAP peer reports at least one payload has not arrived for
   each body for at least a 24 hour period and it is known that there
   are no other network issues over that period, then the value of
   MAX_PAYLOADS can be reduced by 1 at a time (to a minimum of 1) and
   the situation re-evaluated for another 24 hour period until there is
   no report of missing payloads under normal operating conditions.  The
   newly derived value for MAX_PAYLOADS should be used for both ends of
   this particular CoAP peer link.  Note that the CoAP peer will not



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   know about the MAX_PAYLOADS change until it is reconfigured.  As a
   consequence of the two peers having different MAX_PAYLOADS values, a
   peer may continue indicate that there are some missing payloads as
   all of its MAX_PAYLOADS set may not have arrived.  How the two peer
   values for MAX_PAYLOADS are synchronized is out of the scope.

   The sending of a set of missing blocks of a body is subject to
   MAX_PAYLOADS set of payloads.

   For Q-Block1 Option, if the server responds with a 2.31 (Continue)
   Response Code for the latest payload sent, then the client can
   continue to send the next set of payloads without any delay.  If the
   server responds with a 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) Response
   Code, then the missing payloads SHOULD be retransmitted before going
   into another NON_TIMEOUT delay prior to sending the next set of
   payloads.

   For the server receiving NON Q-Block1 requests, it SHOULD send back a
   2.31 (Continue) Response Code on receipt of all of the MAX_PAYLOADS
   payloads to prevent the client unnecessarily delaying.  Otherwise the
   server SHOULD delay for NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (exponentially scaled
   based on the repeat request count for a payload), before sending the
   4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) Response Code for the missing
   payload(s).  If this is a repeat for the 2.31 (Continue) response,
   the server SHOULD send a 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) response
   detailing the missing payloads after the block number that would have
   been indicated in the 2.31 (Continue).  If the repeat request count
   for a missing payload exceeds NON_MAX_RETRANSMIT, the server SHOULD
   discard the partial body and stop requesting the missing payloads.

   It is likely that the client will start transmitting the next set of
   MAX_PAYLOADS payloads before the server times out on waiting for the
   last of the previous MAX_PAYLOADS payloads.  On receipt of the first
   payload from the new set of MAX_PAYLOADS payloads, the server SHOULD
   send a 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) Response Code indicating any
   missing payloads from any previous MAX_PAYLOADS payloads.  Upon
   receipt of the 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete) Response Code, the
   client SHOULD send the missing payloads before continuing to send the
   remainder of the MAX_PAYLOADS payloads and then go into another
   NON_TIMEOUT delay prior to sending the next set of payloads.

   For the client receiving NON Q-Block2 responses, it SHOULD send a
   'Continue' Q-Block2 request (Section 4.4) for the next set of
   payloads on receipt of all of the MAX_PAYLOADS payloads to prevent
   the server unnecessarily delaying.  Otherwise the client SHOULD delay
   for NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (exponentially scaled based on the repeat
   request count for a payload), before sending the request for the
   missing payload(s).  If the repeat request count for a missing



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   payload exceeds NON_MAX_RETRANSMIT, the client SHOULD discard the
   partial body and stop requesting the missing payloads.

   The server SHOULD recognize the 'Continue' Q-Block2 request as a
   continue request and just continue the transmission of the body
   (including Observe Option, if appropriate for an unsolicited
   response) rather than as a request for the remaining missing blocks.

   It is likely that the server will start transmitting the next set of
   MAX_PAYLOADS payloads before the client times out on waiting for the
   last of the previous MAX_PAYLOADS payloads.  Upon receipt of the
   first payload from the new set of MAX_PAYLOADS payloads, the client
   SHOULD send a request indicating any missing payloads from any
   previous set of MAX_PAYLOADS payloads.  Upon receipt of such request,
   the server SHOULD send the missing payloads before continuing to send
   the remainder of the MAX_PAYLOADS payloads and then go into another
   NON_TIMEOUT delay prior to sending the next set of payloads.

   The client does not need to acknowledge the receipt of the entire
   body.

      Note: If there is asymmetric traffic loss causing responses to
      never get received, a delay of NON_TIMEOUT after every
      transmission of MAX_PAYLOADS blocks will be observed.  The
      endpoint receiving the body is still likely to receive the entire
      body.

8.  Caching Considerations

   Caching block based information is not straight forward in a proxy.
   For Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options, for simplicity it is expected that
   the proxy will reassemble the body (using any appropriate recovery
   options for packet loss) before passing on the body to the
   appropriate CoAP endpoint.  This does not preclude an implementation
   doing a more complex per payload caching, but how to do this is out
   of the scope of this document.  The onward transmission of the body
   does not require the use of the Q-Block1 or Q-Block2 Options as these
   options may not be supported in that link.  This means that the proxy
   must fully support the Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options.

   How the body is cached in the CoAP client (for Q-Block1
   transmissions) or the CoAP server (for Q-Block2 transmissions) is
   implementation specific.

   As the entire body is being cached in the proxy, the Q-Block1 and
   Q-Block2 Options are removed as part of the block assembly and thus
   do not reach the cache.




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   For Q-Block2 responses, the ETag Option value is associated with the
   data (and onward transmitted to the CoAP client), but is not part of
   the cache key.

   For requests with Q-Block1 Option, the Request-Tag Option is
   associated with the build up of the body from successive payloads,
   but is not part of the cache key.  For the onward transmission of the
   body using CoAP, a new Request-Tag SHOULD be generated and used.
   Ideally this new Request-Tag should replace the client's request
   Request-Tag.

   It is possible that two or more CoAP clients are concurrently
   updating the same resource through a common proxy to the same CoAP
   server using Q-Block1 (or Block1) Option.  If this is the case, the
   first client to complete building the body causes that body to start
   transmitting to the CoAP server with an appropriate Request-Tag
   value.  When the next client completes building the body, any
   existing partial body transmission to the CoAP server is terminated
   and the new body representation transmission starts with a new
   Request-Tag value.  Note that it cannot be assumed that the proxy
   will always receive a complete body from a client.

   A proxy that supports Q-Block2 Option MUST be prepared to receive a
   GET or similar request indicating one or more missing blocks.  The
   proxy will serve from its cache the missing blocks that are available
   in its cache in the same way a server would send all the appropriate
   Q-Block2 responses.  If the cache key matching body is not available
   in the cache, the proxy MUST request the entire body from the CoAP
   server using the information in the cache key.

   How long a CoAP endpoint (or proxy) keeps the body in its cache is
   implementation specific (e.g., it may be based on Max-Age).

9.  HTTP-Mapping Considerations

   As a reminder, the basic normative requirements on HTTP/CoAP mappings
   are defined in Section 10 of [RFC7252].  The implementation
   guidelines for HTTP/CoAP mappings are elaborated in [RFC8075].

   The rules defined in Section 5 of [RFC7959] are to be followed.

10.  Examples with Non-confirmable Messages

   This section provides some sample flows to illustrate the use of
   Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options with NON.  Examples with CON are
   provided in Appendix A.





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   The examples in the following subsections assume MAX_PAYLOADS is set
   to 10 and NON_MAX_RETRANSMIT is set to 4.

   Figure 2 lists the conventions that are used in the following
   subsections.

              T: Token value
              O: Observe Option value
              M: Message ID
             RT: Request-Tag
             ET: ETag
            QB1: Q-Block1 Option values NUM/More/SZX
            QB2: Q-Block2 Option values NUM/More/SZX
              \: Trimming long lines
           [[]]: Comments
           -->X: Message loss (request)
           X<--: Message loss (response)
            ...: Passage of time
      Payload N: Corresponds to the CoAP message that conveys
                 a block number (N-1) of a given block-wise exchange.

                  Figure 2: Notations Used in the Figures

10.1.  Q-Block1 Option

10.1.1.  A Simple Example

   Figure 3 depicts an example of a NON PUT request conveying Q-Block1
   Option.  All the blocks are received by the server.

           CoAP        CoAP
          Client      Server
            |          |
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x81 T:0xc0 RT=9 QB1:0/1/1024
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x82 T:0xc1 RT=9 QB1:1/1/1024
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x83 T:0xc2 RT=9 QB1:2/1/1024
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x84 T:0xc3 RT=9 QB1:3/0/1024
            |<---------+ NON 2.04 M:0xf1 T:0xc3
            |   ...    |

   Figure 3: Example of NON Request with Q-Block1 Option (Without Loss)

10.1.2.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS Limits

   Figure 4 depicts an example of a NON PUT request conveying Q-Block1
   Option.  The number of payloads exceeds MAX_PAYLOADS.  All the blocks
   are received by the server.




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           CoAP        CoAP
          Client      Server
            |          |
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x01 T:0xf1 RT=10 QB1:0/1/1024
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x02 T:0xf2 RT=10 QB1:1/1/1024
            +--------->| [[Payloads 3 - 9 not detailed]]
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x0a T:0xfa RT=10 QB1:9/1/1024
         [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
            |     [[MAX_PAYLOADS blocks receipt acknowledged by server]]
            |<---------+ NON 2.31 M:0x81 T:0xfa
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x0b T:0xfb RT=10 QB1:10/0/1024
            |<---------+ NON 2.04 M:0x82 T:0xfb
            |   ...    |

    Figure 4: Example of MAX_PAYLOADS NON Request with Q-Block1 Option
                              (Without Loss)

10.1.3.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS with Recovery

   Consider now a scenario where a new body of data is to be sent by the
   client, but some blocks are dropped in transmission as illustrated in
   Figure 5.

           CoAP        CoAP
          Client      Server
            |          |
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x11 T:0xe1 RT=11 QB1:0/1/1024
            +--->X     | NON PUT /path M:0x12 T:0xe2 RT=11 QB1:1/1/1024
            +--------->| [[Payloads 3 - 8 not detailed]]
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x19 T:0xe9 RT=11 QB1:8/1/1024
            +--->X     | NON PUT /path M:0x1a T:0xea RT=11 QB1:9/1/1024
         [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
            |   ...    |
         [[NON_TIMEOUT (client) delay expires]]
            |     [[Client starts sending next set of payloads]]
            +--->X     | NON PUT /path M:0x1b T:0xeb RT=11 QB1:10/1/1024
            +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x1c T:0xec RT=11 QB1:11/1/1024
            |          |

    Figure 5: Example of MAX_PAYLOADS NON Request with Q-Block1 Option
                                (With Loss)

   On seeing a payload from the next set of payloads, the server
   realizes that some blocks are missing from the previous MAX_PAYLOADS
   payloads and asks for the missing blocks in one go (Figure 6).  It
   does so by indicating which blocks from the previous MAX_PAYLOADS
   payloads have not been received in the data portion of the response.
   The token used in the response should be the token that was used in



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   the last received payload.  The client can then derive the Request-
   Tag by matching the token with the sent request.

          CoAP        CoAP
         Client      Server
           |          |
           |<---------+ NON 4.08 M:0x91 T:0xec [Missing 1,9]
           |     [[Client responds with missing payloads]]
           +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x1d T:0xed RT=11 QB1:1/1/1024
           +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x1e T:0xee RT=11 QB1:9/1/1024
           |     [[Client continues sending next set of payloads]]
           +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x1f T:0xef RT=11 QB1:12/0/1024
           |   ...    |
        [[NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (server) delay expires]]
           |     [[The server realizes a block is still missing and asks
           |        for the missing one]]
           |<---------+ NON 4.08 M:0x92 T:0xef [Missing 10]
           +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x20 T:0xf0 RT=11 QB1:10/1/1024
           |<---------+ NON 2.04 M:0x93 T:0xf0
           |   ...    |

       Figure 6: Example of NON Request with Q-Block1 Option (Blocks
                                 Recovery)

10.1.4.  Handling Recovery with Failure

   Figure 7 depicts an example of a NON PUT request conveying Q-Block1
   Option where recovery takes place, but eventually fails.























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          CoAP        CoAP
         Client      Server
           |          |
           +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x91 T:0xd0 RT=12 QB1:0/1/1024
           +--->X     | NON PUT /path M:0x92 T:0xd1 RT=12 QB1:1/1/1024
           +--------->| NON PUT /path M:0x93 T:0xd2 RT=12 QB1:2/0/1024
           |   ...    |
        [[NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (server) delay expires]]
           |     [[The server realizes a block is missing and asks
           |        for the missing one.  Retry #1]]
           |<---------+ NON 4.08 M:0x01 T:0xd2 [Missing 1]
           |   ...    |
        [[2 * NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (server) delay expires]]
           |     [[The server realizes a block is still missing and asks
           |        for the missing one.  Retry #2]]
           |<---------+ NON 4.08 M:0x02 T:0xd2 [Missing 1]
           |   ...    |
        [[4 * NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (server) delay expires]]
           |     [[The server realizes a block is still missing and asks
           |        for the missing one.  Retry #3]]
           |<---------+ NON 4.08 M:0x03 T:0xd2 [Missing 1]
           |   ...    |
        [[8 * NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (server) delay expires]]
           |     [[The server realizes a block is still missing and asks
           |        for the missing one.  Retry #4]]
           |<---------+ NON 4.08 M:0x04 T:0xd2 [Missing 1]
           |   ...    |
        [[16 * NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (server) delay expires]]
           |     [[NON_MAX_RETRANSMIT exceeded. Server stops requesting
           |       for missing blocks and releases partial body]]
           |   ...    |

   Figure 7: Example of NON Request with Q-Block1 Option (With Eventual
                                 Failure)

10.2.  Q-Block2 Option

   These examples include the Observe Option to demonstrate how that
   option is used.  Note that the Observe Option is not required for
   Q-Block2; the observe detail can thus be ignored.

10.2.1.  A Simple Example

   Figure 8 illustrates the example of Q-Block2 Option.  The client
   sends a NON GET carrying Observe and Q-Block2 Options.  The Q-Block2
   Option indicates a block size hint (1024 bytes).  This request is
   replied to by the server using four (4) blocks that are transmitted
   to the client without any loss.  Each of these blocks carries a



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   Q-Block2 Option.  The same process is repeated when an Observe is
   triggered, but no loss is experienced by any of the notification
   blocks.

          CoAP        CoAP
         Client      Server
           |          |
           +--------->| NON GET /path M:0x01 T:0xc0 O:0 QB2:0/1/1024
           |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xf1 T:0xc0 O:1220 ET=19 QB2:0/1/1024
           |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xf2 T:0xc0 O:1220 ET=19 QB2:1/1/1024
           |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xf3 T:0xc0 O:1220 ET=19 QB2:2/1/1024
           |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xf4 T:0xc0 O:1220 ET=19 QB2:3/0/1024
           |   ...    |
           |     [[Observe triggered]]
           |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xf5 T:0xc0 O:1221 ET=20 QB2:0/1/1024
           |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xf6 T:0xc0 O:1221 ET=20 QB2:1/1/1024
           |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xf7 T:0xc0 O:1221 ET=20 QB2:2/1/1024
           |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xf8 T:0xc0 O:1221 ET=20 QB2:3/0/1024
           |   ...    |


   Figure 8: Example of NON Notifications with Q-Block2 Option (Without
                                   Loss)

10.2.2.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS Limits

   Figure 9 illustrates the same as Figure 8 but this time has eleven
   (11) payloads which exceeds MAX_PAYLOADS.  There is no loss
   experienced.






















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         CoAP        CoAP
        Client      Server
          |          |
          +--------->| NON GET /path M:0x01 T:0xf0 O:0 QB2:0/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x81 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:0/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x82 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:1/1/1024
          |<---------+ [[Payloads 3 - 9 not detailed]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x8a T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:9/1/1024
       [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
          |     [[MAX_PAYLOADS blocks acknowledged by client using
          |       'Continue' Q-Block2]]
          +--------->| NON GET /path M:0x02 T:0xf1 QB2:10/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x8b T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:10/0/1024
          |   ...    |
          |     [[Observe triggered]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x91 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:0/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x92 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:1/1/1024
          |<---------+ [[Payloads 3 - 9 not detailed]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x9a T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:9/1/1024
       [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
          |     [[MAX_PAYLOADS blocks acknowledged by client using
          |       'Continue' Q-Block2]]
          +--------->| NON GET /path M:0x03 T:0xf2 QB2:10/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x9b T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:10/0/1024
       [[Body has been received]]
          |   ...    |


   Figure 9: Example of NON Notifications with Q-Block2 Option (Without
                                   Loss)

10.2.3.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS with Recovery

   Figure 10 shows the example of an Observe that is triggered but for
   which some notification blocks are lost.  The client detects the
   missing blocks and requests their retransmission.  It does so by
   indicating the blocks that are missing as one or more Q-Block2
   Options.













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         CoAP        CoAP
        Client      Server
          |   ...    |
          |     [[Observe triggered]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xa1 T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:0/1/1024
          |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xa2 T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:1/1/1024
          |<---------+ [[Payloads 3 - 9 not detailed]]
          |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xaa T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:9/1/1024
       [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
          |   ...    |
       [[NON_TIMEOUT (server) delay expires]]
          |     [[Server sends next set of payloads]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xab T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:10/0/1024
          |   ...    |
       [[NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (client) delay expires]]
          |     [[Client realizes blocks are missing and asks for the
          |       missing ones in one go]]
          +--------->| NON GET /path M:0x04 T:0xf3 QB2:1/0/1024\
          |          |                             QB2:9/0/1024
          |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xac T:0xf3 ET=23 QB2:1/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xad T:0xf3 ET=23 QB2:9/1/1024
          |   ...    |
       [[NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (client) delay expires]]
          |     [[Client realizes block is still missing and asks for
          |       missing block]]
          +--------->| NON GET /path M:0x05 T:0xf4 QB2:1/0/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xae T:0xf4 ET=23 QB2:1/1/1024
       [[Body has been received]]
          |   ...    |

   Figure 10: Example of NON Notifications with Q-Block2 Option (Blocks
                                 Recovery)

10.2.4.  Handling Recovery using M-bit Set

   Figure 11 shows the example of an Observe that is triggered but only
   the first two notification blocks reach the client.  In order to
   retrieve the missing blocks, the client sends a request with a single
   Q-Block2 Option with the M bit set.












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         CoAP        CoAP
        Client      Server
          |   ...    |
          |     [[Observe triggered]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xb1 T:0xf0 O:1237 ET=24 QB2:0/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xb2 T:0xf0 O:1237 ET=24 QB2:1/1/1024
          |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xb3 T:0xf0 O:1237 ET=24 QB2:2/1/1024
          |     X<---+ [[Payloads 4 - 9 not detailed]]
          |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xb9 T:0xf0 O:1237 ET=24 QB2:9/1/1024
       [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
          |   ...    |
       [[NON_TIMEOUT (server) delay expires]]
          |     [[Server sends next set of payloads]]
          |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xba T:0xf0 O:1237 ET=24 QB2:10/0/1024
          |   ...    |
       [[NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (client) delay expires]]
          |     [[Client realizes blocks are missing and asks for the
          |       missing ones in one go by setting the M bit]]
          +--------->| NON GET /path M:0x06 T:0xf5 QB2:2/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xbb T:0xf5 ET=24 QB2:2/1/1024
          |<---------+ [[Payloads 3 - 9 not detailed]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xc2 T:0xf5 ET=24 QB2:9/1/1024
       [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
          |     [[MAX_PAYLOADS acknowledged by client using 'Continue'
          |       Q-Block2]]
          +--------->| NON GET /path M:0x87 T:0xf6 QB2:10/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xc3 T:0xf0 O:1237 ET=24 QB2:10/0/1024
       [[Body has been received]]
          |   ...    |


   Figure 11: Example of NON Notifications with Q-Block2 Option (Blocks
                         Recovery with M bit Set)

10.3.  Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options

10.3.1.  A Simple Example

   Figure 12 illustrates the example of a FETCH using both Q-Block1 and
   Q-Block2 Options along with an Observe Option.  No loss is
   experienced.










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      CoAP        CoAP
     Client      Server
       |          |
       +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x10 T:0x90 O:0 RT=30 QB1:0/1/1024
       +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x11 T:0x91 O:0 RT=30 QB1:1/1/1024
       +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x12 T:0x93 O:0 RT=30 QB1:2/0/1024
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x60 T:0x93 O:1320 ET=90 QB2:0/1/1024
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x61 T:0x93 O:1320 ET=90 QB2:1/1/1024
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x62 T:0x93 O:1320 ET=90 QB2:2/1/1024
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x63 T:0x93 O:1320 ET=90 QB2:3/0/1024
       |   ...    |
       |     [[Observe triggered]]
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x64 T:0x93 O:1321 ET=91 QB2:0/1/1024
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x65 T:0x93 O:1321 ET=91 QB2:1/1/1024
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x66 T:0x93 O:1321 ET=91 QB2:2/1/1024
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x67 T:0x93 O:1321 ET=91 QB2:3/0/1024
       |   ...    |


    Figure 12: Example of NON FETCH with Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options
                              (Without Loss)

10.3.2.  Handling MAX_PAYLOADS Limits

   Figure 13 illustrates the same as Figure 12 but this time has eleven
   (11) payloads in both directions which exceeds MAX_PAYLOADS.  There
   is no loss experienced.
























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     CoAP        CoAP
    Client      Server
      |          |
      +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x30 T:0xa0 O:0 RT=10 QB1:0/1/1024
      +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x31 T:0xa1 O:0 RT=10 QB1:1/1/1024
      +--------->| [[Payloads 3 - 9 not detailed]]
      +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x39 T:0xa9 O:0 RT=10 QB1:9/1/1024
   [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
      |     [[MAX_PAYLOADS blocks receipt acknowledged by server]]
      |<---------+ NON 2.31 M:0x80 T:0xa9
      +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x3a T:0xaa O:0 RT=10 QB1:10/0/1024
      |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x81 T:0xaa O:1334 ET=21 QB2:0/1/1024
      |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x82 T:0xaa O:1334 ET=21 QB2:1/1/1024
      |<---------+ [[Payloads 3 - 9 not detailed]]
      |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x8a T:0xaa O:1334 ET=21 QB2:9/1/1024
   [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
      |     [[MAX_PAYLOADS blocks acknowledged by client using
      |       'Continue' Q-Block2]]
      +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x3b T:0xab QB2:10/1/1024
      |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x8b T:0xaa O:1334 ET=21 QB2:10/0/1024
      |   ...    |
      |     [[Observe triggered]]
      |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x8c T:0xaa O:1335 ET=22 QB2:0/1/1024
      |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x8d T:0xaa O:1335 ET=22 QB2:1/1/1024
      |<---------+ [[Payloads 3 - 9 not detailed]]
      |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x95 T:0xaa O:1335 ET=22 QB2:9/1/1024
   [[MAX_PAYLOADS has been reached]]
      |     [[MAX_PAYLOADS blocks acknowledged by client using
      |       'Continue' Q-Block2]]
      +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x3c T:0xac QB2:10/1/1024
      |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0x96 T:0xaa O:1335 ET=22 QB2:10/0/1024
   [[Body has been received]]
      |   ...    |

    Figure 13: Example of NON FETCH with Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options
                              (Without Loss)

10.3.3.  Handling Recovery

   Consider now a scenario where some blocks are lost in transmission as
   illustrated in Figure 14.










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      CoAP        CoAP
     Client      Server
       |          |
       +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x50 T:0xc0 O:0 RT=31 QB1:0/1/1024
       +--->X     | NON FETCH /path M:0x51 T:0xc1 O:0 RT=31 QB1:1/1/1024
       +--->X     | NON FETCH /path M:0x52 T:0xc2 O:0 RT=31 QB1:2/1/1024
       +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x53 T:0xc3 O:0 RT=31 QB1:3/0/1024
       |   ...    |
    [[NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (server) delay expires]]

    Figure 14: Example of NON FETCH with Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options
                                (With Loss)

   The server realizes that some blocks are missing and asks for the
   missing blocks in one go (Figure 15).  It does so by indicating which
   blocks have not been received in the data portion of the response.
   The token used in the response is the token that was used in the last
   received payload.  The client can then derive the Request-Tag by
   matching the token with the sent request.

      CoAP        CoAP
     Client      Server
       |          |
       |<---------+ NON 4.08 M:0xa0 T:0xc3 [Missing 1,2]
       |     [[Client responds with missing payloads]]
       +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x54 T:0xc4 O:0 RT=31 QB1:1/1/1024
       +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x55 T:0xc5 O:0 RT=31 QB1:2/1/1024
       |     [[Server received FETCH body,
       |       starts transmitting response body]]
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xa1 T:0xc3 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:0/1/1024
       |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xa2 T:0xc3 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:1/1/1024
       |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xa3 T:0xc3 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:2/1/1024
       |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xa4 T:0xc3 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:3/0/1024
       |   ...    |
    [[NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (client) delay expires]]
       |          |

      Figure 15: Example of NON Request with Q-Block1 Option (Server
                                 Recovery)

   The client realizes that not all the payloads of the response have
   been returned.  The client then asks for the missing blocks in one go
   (Figure 16).  Note that, following Section 2.7 of [RFC7959], the
   FETCH request does not include the Q-Block1 or any payload.







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         CoAP        CoAP
        Client      Server
          |          |
          +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x56 T:0xc6 RT=31 QB2:1/0/1024\
          |          |                                     QB2:3/0/1024
          |     [[Server receives FETCH request for missing payloads,
          |       starts transmitting missing blocks]]
          |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xa5 T:0xc6 ET=23 QB2:1/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xa6 T:0xc6 ET=23 QB2:3/0/1024
          |   ...    |
       [[NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (client) delay expires]]
          |     [[Client realizes block is still missing and asks for
          |       missing block]]
          +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x57 T:0xc7 RT=31 QB2:1/0/1024
          |     [[Server receives FETCH request for missing payload,
          |       starts transmitting missing block]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xa7 T:0xc7 ET=23 QB2:1/1/1024
       [[Body has been received]]
          |   ...    |
          |     [[Observe triggered]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xa8 T:0xc3 O:1337 ET=24 QB2:0/1/1024
          |     X<---+ NON 2.05 M:0xa9 T:0xc3 O:1337 ET=24 QB2:1/1/1024
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xaa T:0xc3 O:1337 ET=24 QB2:2/0/1024
       [[NON_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT (client) delay expires]]
          |     [[Client realizes block is still missing and asks for
          |       missing block]]
          +--------->| NON FETCH /path M:0x58 T:0xc8 RT=31 QB2:1/0/1024
          |     [[Server receives FETCH request for missing payload,
          |       starts transmitting missing block]]
          |<---------+ NON 2.05 M:0xa7 T:0xc8 ET=24 QB2:1/1/1024
       [[Body has been received]]
          |   ...    |

      Figure 16: Example of NON Request with Q-Block1 Option (Client
                                 Recovery)

11.  Security Considerations

   Security considerations discussed in Section 7 of [RFC7959] should be
   taken into account.

   Security considerations discussed in Sections 11.3 and 11.4 of
   [RFC7252] should be taken into account.

   OSCORE provides end-to-end protection of all information that is not
   required for proxy operations and requires that a security context is
   set up (Section 3.1 of [RFC8613]).  It can be trusted that the source
   endpoint is legitimate even if NoSec security mode is used.  However,



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   an intermediary node can modify the unprotected outer Q-Block1 and/or
   Q-Block2 Options to cause a Q-Block transfer to fail or keep
   requesting all the blocks by setting the M bit and, thus, causing
   attack amplification.  As discussed in Section 12.1 of [RFC8613],
   applications need to consider that certain message fields and
   messages types are not protected end-to-end and may be spoofed or
   manipulated.  It is NOT RECOMMENDED that the NoSec security mode is
   used if the Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Options are to be used.

   Security considerations related to the use of Request-Tag are
   discussed in Section 5 of [I-D.ietf-core-echo-request-tag].

12.  IANA Considerations

   RFC Editor Note:  Please replace [RFCXXXX] with the RFC number to be
      assigned to this document.

12.1.  CoAP Option Numbers Registry

   IANA is requested to add the following entries to the "CoAP Option
   Numbers" sub-registry [Options] defined in [RFC7252] within the
   "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters" registry:

            +--------+------------------+-----------+
            | Number | Name             | Reference |
            +========+==================+===========+
            |  TBA1  | Q-Block1         | [RFCXXXX] |
            |  TBA2  | Q-Block2         | [RFCXXXX] |
            +--------+------------------+-----------+

            Table 4: CoAP Q-Block1 and Q-Block2 Option Numbers

   This document suggests 19 (TBA1) and 31 (TBA2) as values to be
   assigned for the new option numbers.

12.2.  Media Type Registration

   This document requests IANA to register the "application/missing-
   blocks+cbor-seq" media type in the "Media Types" registry
   [IANA-MediaTypes].  This registration follows the procedures
   specified in [RFC6838]:










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     Type name: application

     Subtype name: missing-blocks+cbor-seq

     Required parameters: N/A

     Optional parameters: N/A

     Encoding considerations: Must be encoded as a CBOR
       sequence [RFC8742], as defined in Section 4 of [RFCXXXX].

     Security considerations: See Section 10 of [RFCXXXX].

     Interoperability considerations: N/A

     Published specification: [RFCXXXX]

     Applications that use this media type: Data serialization and
        deserialization. In particular, the type is used by applications
        relying upon block-wise transfers, allowing a server to specify
        non-received blocks and request for their retransmission, as
        defined in Section 4 of [RFCXXXX].

     Fragment identifier considerations: N/A

     Additional information: N/A

     Person & email address to contact for further information: IETF,
        iesg@ietf.org

     Intended usage: COMMON

     Restrictions on usage: none

     Author: See Authors' Addresses section.

     Change controller: IESG

     Provisional registration?  No

12.3.  CoAP Content-Formats Registry

   This document requests IANA to register the following CoAP Content-
   Format for the "application/missing-blocks+cbor-seq" media type in
   the "CoAP Content-Formats" registry [Format], defined in [RFC7252],
   within the "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters"
   registry:




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   o  Media Type: application/missing-blocks+cbor-seq
   o  Encoding: -
   o  Id: TBA3
   o  Reference: [RFCXXXX]

   This document suggests 272 (TBA3) as a value to be assigned for the
   new content format number.

13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-core-echo-request-tag]
              Amsuess, C., Mattsson, J., and G. Selander, "CoAP: Echo,
              Request-Tag, and Token Processing", draft-ietf-core-echo-
              request-tag-11 (work in progress), November 2020.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC6838]  Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
              Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
              RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC7641]  Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7641>.

   [RFC7959]  Bormann, C. and Z. Shelby, Ed., "Block-Wise Transfers in
              the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7959,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7959, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7959>.

   [RFC8075]  Castellani, A., Loreto, S., Rahman, A., Fossati, T., and
              E. Dijk, "Guidelines for Mapping Implementations: HTTP to
              the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 8075,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8075, February 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8075>.




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   [RFC8132]  van der Stok, P., Bormann, C., and A. Sehgal, "PATCH and
              FETCH Methods for the Constrained Application Protocol
              (CoAP)", RFC 8132, DOI 10.17487/RFC8132, April 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8132>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8323]  Bormann, C., Lemay, S., Tschofenig, H., Hartke, K.,
              Silverajan, B., and B. Raymor, Ed., "CoAP (Constrained
              Application Protocol) over TCP, TLS, and WebSockets",
              RFC 8323, DOI 10.17487/RFC8323, February 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8323>.

   [RFC8613]  Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz,
              "Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments
              (OSCORE)", RFC 8613, DOI 10.17487/RFC8613, July 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8613>.

   [RFC8742]  Bormann, C., "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)
              Sequences", RFC 8742, DOI 10.17487/RFC8742, February 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8742>.

   [RFC8949]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.

13.2.  Informative References

   [Format]   "CoAP Content-Formats", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/
              core-parameters/core-parameters.xhtml#content-formats>.

   [I-D.bosh-dots-quick-blocks]
              Boucadair, M. and J. Shallow, "Distributed Denial-of-
              Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Signal Channel
              Configuration Attributes for Faster Block Transmission",
              draft-bosh-dots-quick-blocks-01 (work in progress),
              January 2021.

   [I-D.ietf-dots-telemetry]
              Boucadair, M., Reddy.K, T., Doron, E., chenmeiling, c.,
              and J. Shallow, "Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat
              Signaling (DOTS) Telemetry", draft-ietf-dots-telemetry-15
              (work in progress), December 2020.





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   [IANA-MediaTypes]
              IANA, "Media Types",
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types>.

   [Options]  "CoAP Option Numbers", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/
              core-parameters/core-parameters.xhtml#option-numbers>.

   [RFC6928]  Chu, J., Dukkipati, N., Cheng, Y., and M. Mathis,
              "Increasing TCP's Initial Window", RFC 6928,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6928, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6928>.

   [RFC7967]  Bhattacharyya, A., Bandyopadhyay, S., Pal, A., and T.
              Bose, "Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Option for
              No Server Response", RFC 7967, DOI 10.17487/RFC7967,
              August 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7967>.

   [RFC8610]  Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
              Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
              Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
              JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
              June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.

   [RFC8782]  Reddy.K, T., Ed., Boucadair, M., Ed., Patil, P.,
              Mortensen, A., and N. Teague, "Distributed Denial-of-
              Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Signal Channel
              Specification", RFC 8782, DOI 10.17487/RFC8782, May 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8782>.

   [RFC8974]  Hartke, K. and M. Richardson, "Extended Tokens and
              Stateless Clients in the Constrained Application Protocol
              (CoAP)", RFC 8974, DOI 10.17487/RFC8974, January 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8974>.

Appendix A.  Examples with Confirmable Messages

   The following examples assume NSTART has been increased to 3.

   The notations provided in Figure 2 are used in the following
   subsections.

A.1.  Q-Block1 Option

   Let's now consider the use of Q-Block1 Option with a CON request as
   shown in Figure 17.  All the blocks are acknowledged (ACK).






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           CoAP        CoAP
          Client      Server
            |          |
            +--------->| CON PUT /path M:0x01 T:0xf0 RT=10 QB1:0/1/1024
            +--------->| CON PUT /path M:0x02 T:0xf1 RT=10 QB1:1/1/1024
            +--------->| CON PUT /path M:0x03 T:0xf2 RT=10 QB1:2/1/1024
         [[NSTART(3) limit reached]]
            |<---------+ ACK 0.00 M:0x01
            +--------->| CON PUT /path M:0x04 T:0xf3 RT=10 QB1:3/0/1024
            |<---------+ ACK 0.00 M:0x02
            |<---------+ ACK 0.00 M:0x03
            |<---------+ ACK 2.04 M:0x04
            |          |

   Figure 17: Example of CON Request with Q-Block1 Option (Without Loss)

   Now, suppose that a new body of data is to be sent but with some
   blocks dropped in transmission as illustrated in Figure 18.  The
   client will retry sending blocks for which no ACK was received.

           CoAP        CoAP
          Client      Server
            |          |
            +--------->| CON PUT /path M:0x05 T:0xf4 RT=11 QB1:0/1/1024
            +--->X     | CON PUT /path M:0x06 T:0xf5 RT=11 QB1:1/1/1024
            +--->X     | CON PUT /path M:0x07 T:0xf6 RT=11 QB1:2/1/1024
         [[NSTART(3) limit reached]]
            |<---------+ ACK 0.00 M:0x05
            +--------->| CON PUT /path M:0x08 T:0xf7 RT=11 QB1:3/1/1024
            |<---------+ ACK 0.00 M:0x08
            |   ...    |
         [[ACK_TIMEOUT (client) for M:0x06 delay expires]]
            |     [[Client retransmits packet]]
            +--------->| CON PUT /path M:0x06 T:0xf5 RT=11 QB1:1/1/1024
         [[ACK_TIMEOUT (client) for M:0x07 delay expires]]
            |     [[Client retransmits packet]]
            +--->X     | CON PUT /path M:0x07 T:0xf6 RT=11 QB1:2/1/1024
            |<---------+ ACK 0.00 M:0x06
            |   ...    |
         [[ACK_TIMEOUT exponential backoff (client) delay expires]]
            |     [[Client retransmits packet]]
            +--->X     | CON PUT /path M:0x07 T:0xf6 RT=11 QB1:2/1/1024
            |   ...    |
         [[Either body transmission failure (acknowledge retry timeout)
            or successfully transmitted.]]

      Figure 18: Example of CON Request with Q-Block1 Option (Blocks
                                 Recovery)



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   It is up to the implementation as to whether the application process
   stops trying to send this particular body of data on reaching
   MAX_RETRANSMIT for any payload, or separately tries to initiate the
   new transmission of the payloads that have not been acknowledged
   under these adverse traffic conditions.

   If there is likely to be the possibility of network transient losses,
   then the use of NON should be considered.

A.2.  Q-Block2 Option

   An example of the use of Q-Block2 Option with Confirmable messages is
   shown in Figure 19.






































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         Client      Server
           |          |
           +--------->| CON GET /path M:0x01 T:0xf0 O:0 QB2:0/1/1024
           |<---------+ ACK 2.05 M:0x01 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:0/1/1024
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xe1 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:1/1/1024
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xe2 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:2/1/1024
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xe3 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:3/0/1024
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xe1
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xe2
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xe3
           |   ...    |
           |     [[Observe triggered]]
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xe4 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:0/1/1024
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xe5 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:1/1/1024
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xe6 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:2/1/1024
        [[NSTART(3) limit reached]]
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xe4
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xe7 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:3/0/1024
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xe5
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xe6
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xe7
           |   ...    |
           |     [[Observe triggered]]
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xe8 T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:0/1/1024
           |     X<---+ CON 2.05 M:0xe9 T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:1/1/1024
           |     X<---+ CON 2.05 M:0xea T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:2/1/1024
        [[NSTART(3) limit reached]]
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xe8
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xeb T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:3/0/1024
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xeb
           |   ...    |
        [[ACK_TIMEOUT (server) for M:0xe9 delay expires]]
           |     [[Server retransmits packet]]
           |<---------+ CON 2.05 M:0xe9 T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:1/1/1024
        [[ACK_TIMEOUT (server) for M:0xea delay expires]]
           |     [[Server retransmits packet]]
           |     X<---+ CON 2.05 M:0xea T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:2/1/1024
           |--------->+ ACK 0.00 M:0xe9
           |   ...    |
        [[ACK_TIMEOUT exponential backoff (server) delay expires]]
           |     [[Server retransmits packet]]
           |     X<---+ CON 2.05 M:0xea T:0xf0 O:1236 ET=23 QB2:2/1/1024
           |   ...    |
        [[Either body transmission failure (acknowledge retry timeout)
           or successfully transmitted.]]

       Figure 19: Example of CON Notifications with Q-Block2 Option




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   It is up to the implementation as to whether the application process
   stops trying to send this particular body of data on reaching
   MAX_RETRANSMIT for any payload, or separately tries to initiate the
   new transmission of the payloads that have not been acknowledged
   under these adverse traffic conditions.

   If there is likely to be the possibility of network transient losses,
   then the use of NON should be considered.

Appendix B.  Examples with Reliable Transports

   The notations provided in Figure 2 are used in the following
   subsections.

B.1.  Q-Block1 Option

   Let's now consider the use of Q-Block1 Option with a reliable
   transport as shown in Figure 20.  There is no acknowledgment of
   packets at the CoAP layer, just the final result.

           CoAP        CoAP
          Client      Server
            |          |
            +--------->| PUT /path T:0xf0 RT=10 QB1:0/1/1024
            +--------->| PUT /path T:0xf1 RT=10 QB1:1/1/1024
            +--------->| PUT /path T:0xf2 RT=10 QB1:2/1/1024
            +--------->| PUT /path T:0xf3 RT=10 QB1:3/0/1024
            |<---------+ 2.04
            |          |

        Figure 20: Example of Reliable Request with Q-Block1 Option

   If there is likely to be the possibility of network transient losses,
   then the use of unreliable transport with NON should be considered.

B.2.  Q-Block2 Option

   An example of the use of Q-Block2 Option with a reliable transport is
   shown in Figure 21.












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               Client      Server
                 |          |
                 +--------->| GET /path T:0xf0 O:0 QB2:0/1/1024
                 |<---------+ 2.05 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:0/1/1024
                 |<---------+ 2.05 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:1/1/1024
                 |<---------+ 2.05 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:2/1/1024
                 |<---------+ 2.05 T:0xf0 O:1234 ET=21 QB2:3/0/1024
                 |   ...    |
                 |     [[Observe triggered]]
                 |<---------+ 2.05 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:0/1/1024
                 |<---------+ 2.05 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:1/1/1024
                 |<---------+ 2.05 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:2/1/1024
                 |<---------+ 2.05 T:0xf0 O:1235 ET=22 QB2:3/0/1024
                 |   ...    |

         Figure 21: Example of Notifications with Q-Block2 Option

   If there is likely to be the possibility of network transient losses,
   then the use of unreliable transport with NON should be considered.

Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Achim Kraus, Jim Schaad, and Michael Richardson for their
   comments.

   Special thanks to Christian Amsuess, Carsten Bormann, and Marco
   Tiloca for their suggestions and several reviews, which improved this
   specification significantly.  Thanks to Francesca Palombini for the
   AD review.

   Some text from [RFC7959] is reused for readers convenience.

Authors' Addresses

   Mohamed Boucadair
   Orange
   Rennes  35000
   France

   Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com


   Jon Shallow
   United Kingdom

   Email: supjps-ietf@jpshallow.com





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