Internet Engineering Task Force                         G. Bertrand, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                E. Stephan
Intended status: Informational                   France Telecom - Orange
Expires: November 24, 2012                                  T. Burbridge
                                                              P. Eardley
                                                                      BT
                                                                   K. Ma
                                                     Azuki Systems, Inc.
                                                               G. Watson
                                                Alcatel-Lucent (Velocix)
                                                            May 23, 2012


         Use Cases for Content Delivery Network Interconnection
                      draft-ietf-cdni-use-cases-05

Abstract

   Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are commonly used for improving the
   End User experience of a content delivery service, at a reasonable
   cost.  This document focuses on use cases that correspond to
   identified industry needs and that are expected to be realized once
   open interfaces and protocols supporting interconnection of CDNs are
   specified and implemented.  The document can be used to guide the
   definition of the requirements to be supported by CDN Interconnection
   (CDNI) interfaces.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on November 24, 2012.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.



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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.2.  Abbreviations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.3.  Rationale for Multi-CDN Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Footprint Extension Use Cases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.1.  Geographic Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.2.  Inter-Affiliates Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.3.  ISP Handling of Third-Party Content  . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     2.4.  Nomadic Users  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   3.  Offload Use Cases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.1.  Overload Handling and Dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.2.  Resiliency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       3.2.1.  Failure of Content Delivery Resources  . . . . . . . .  9
       3.2.2.  Content Acquisition Resiliency . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   4.  CDN Capability Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.1.  Device and Network Technology Extension  . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.2.  Technology and Vendor Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.3.  QoE and QoS Improvement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   5.  Enforcement of Content Delivery Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   6.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   Appendix A.  Content Service Providers' Delivery Policies  . . . . 13
     A.1.  Content Delivery Policy Enforcement  . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     A.2.  Secure Access  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     A.3.  Branding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15








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1.  Introduction

   Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are commonly used for improving the
   End User experience of a content delivery service, at a reasonable
   cost.  This document focuses on use cases that correspond to
   identified industry needs and that are expected to be realized once
   open interfaces and protocols supporting interconnection of CDNs are
   specified and implemented.  The document can be used to guide the
   definition of the requirements (as documented in
   [I-D.ietf-cdni-requirements]) to be supported by the set of CDN
   Interconnection (CDNI) interfaces defined in
   [I-D.ietf-cdni-problem-statement].

   This document identifies the main motivations for a CDN Provider to
   interconnect its CDN:

   o  CDN Footprint Extension Use Cases (Section 2)

   o  CDN Offload Use Cases (Section 3)

   o  CDN Capability Use Cases (Section 4)

   Then, the document highlights the need for interoperability in order
   to exchange and enforce content delivery policies (Section 5).

1.1.  Terminology

   We adopt the terminology described in
   [I-D.ietf-cdni-problem-statement], [I-D.davie-cdni-framework],
   [RFC3466], and [RFC3568].

   We extend this terminology with the following terms.

   Access CDN:

   A CDN that includes Surrogates in the same administrative network as
   the end-user.  Such CDN can use accurate information on the End
   User's network context to provide valued-added Content Delivery
   Services to Content Service Providers.

1.2.  Abbreviations

   o  CDN: Content Delivery Network also known as Content Distribution
      Network

   o  CSP: Content Service Provider





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   o  dCDN: downstream CDN

   o  DNS: Domain Name System

   o  DRM: Digital Rights Management

   o  EU: End User

   o  ISP: Internet Service Provider

   o  NSP: Network Service Provider

   o  QoE: Quality of Experience

   o  QoS: Quality of Service

   o  uCDN: upstream CDN

   o  URL: Uniform Resource Locator

   o  WiFi: Wireless Fidelity

1.3.  Rationale for Multi-CDN Systems

   Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are used to deliver content because
   they can:

   o  improve the experience for the End User; for instance delivery has
      lower latency (decreased round-trip-time and higher throughput
      between the user and the delivery server) and better robustness
      (ability to use multiple delivery servers),

   o  reduce the network operator's costs; for instance, lower delivery
      cost (reduced bandwidth usage) for cacheable content,

   o  reduce the Content Service Provider's (CSP) internal costs, such
      as datacenter capacity, space, and electricity consumption, as
      popular content is delivered externally through the CDN rather
      than through the CSP's own servers.

   Indeed, many Network Service Providers (NSPs) and enterprise service
   providers are deploying or have deployed their own CDNs.  Despite the
   potential benefits of interconnecting CDNs, today each CDN is a
   standalone network.  The objective of CDN Interconnection is to
   overcome this restriction: the interconnected CDNs should be able to
   collectively behave as a single delivery infrastructure.

   An example is depicted in Figure 1, where two CDN Providers establish



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   a CDN Interconnection.  The Content Service Provider CSP-1 reaches an
   agreement with CDN Provider 'A' for the delivery of its content.
   Independently, CDN Provider 'A' and CDN Provider 'B' agree to
   interconnect their CDNs.

   When a given User Agent requests content from CSP-1, CDN-A may
   consider that delivery by CDN-B is appropriate, for instance, because
   CDN-B is an Access CDN and the user is directly attached to it.
   Through the CDN Interconnection arrangements put in place between
   CDN-A and CDN-B (as a result of the CDN Interconnection agreement
   established between CDN Provider 'A' and CDN Provider 'B'), CDN-A can
   redirect the request to CDN-B and the content is actually delivered
   to the User Agent by CDN-B.

   The End User benefits from this arrangement through a better Quality
   of Experience (QoE), because the content is delivered from a nearby
   Surrogate.  CDN Provider 'A' benefits because it does not need to
   deploy such an extensive CDN, whilst CDN Provider 'B' may receive
   some compensation for the delivery.  CSP-1 benefits because it only
   needs to make one business agreement and one technical arrangement
   with CDN Provider 'A', but its End Users get a service quality as
   though CSP-1 had also gone to the trouble of making a business
   agreement and technical arrangement with CDN Provider 'B'.


    +-------+ +-------+
    | CSP-1 | | CSP-2 |
    +-------+ +-------+
        |         |
       ,--,--,--./            ,--,--,--.
    ,-'          `-.       ,-'          `-.
   (CDN Provider 'A')=====(CDN Provider 'B')
    `-.  (CDN-A) ,-'       `-. (CDN-B)  ,-'
       `--'--'--'             `--'--'--'
                                  |
                            +------------+
                            | User Agent |
                            +------------+
    === CDN Interconnection


                                 Figure 1

   To extend the example, another Content Service Provider, CSP-2, may
   also reach an agreement with CDN Provider 'A'.  However, CSP-2 may
   not want its content to be distributed by CDN Provider B; for
   example, CSP-2 may not have distribution rights in the country where
   CDN Provider 'B' operates.  This example illustrates that policy



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   considerations are an important part of CDNI.


2.  Footprint Extension Use Cases

   Footprint extension is expected to be a major use case for CDN
   Interconnection.

2.1.  Geographic Extension

   In this use case, the CDN Provider wants to extend the geographic
   distribution that it can offer to its CSPs:

   o  without compromising the quality of delivery,

   o  without incurring additional transit and other network costs that
      would result from serving content from geographically or
      topologically remote Surrogates,

   o  without incurring the cost of deploying and operating Surrogates
      and the associated CDN infrastructure that may not be justified in
      the corresponding geographic region (e.g., because of relatively
      low delivery volume, or conversely because of the high investments
      that would be needed to satisfy the high volume).

   If there are several CDN Providers that have a geographically limited
   footprint (e.g., restricted to one country), or do not serve all End
   Users in a geographic area, then interconnecting their CDNs enables
   these CDN Providers to provide their services beyond their own
   footprint.

   As an example, suppose a French CSP wants to distribute its TV
   programs to End Users located in France and various countries in
   North Africa.  It asks a French CDN Provider to deliver the content.
   The French CDN Provider's network only covers France, so it makes an
   agreement with another CDN Provider that covers North Africa.
   Overall, from the CSP's perspective the French CDN Provider provides
   a CDN service for both France and North Africa.

   In addition to video, this use case applies to other types of content
   such as automatic software updates (browser updates, operating system
   patches, virus database update, etc).

2.2.  Inter-Affiliates Interconnection

   The previous section describes the case of geographic extension
   between CDNs operated by different entities.  A large CDN Provider
   may have several subsidiaries that also each operate their own CDN



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   (which may rely on different CDN technologies, see Section 4.2).  In
   certain circumstances, the CDN Provider needs to make these CDNs
   interoperate to provide a consistent service to its customers on the
   whole collective footprint.

2.3.  ISP Handling of Third-Party Content

   Consider an ISP carrying to its subscribers a lot of content that
   comes from a third party CSP and that is injected into the ISP's
   network by an Authoritative CDN Provider.  There are mutual benefits
   to the ISP (acting as an Access CDN), the Authoritative CDN, and the
   CSP that would make a case for establishing a CDNI agreement.  For
   example:

   o  Allow the CSP to offer improved QoE and QoE services to
      subscribers, for example, reduced content startup time or
      increased video quality and resolution of adaptive streaming
      content.

   o  Allow the Authoritative CDN to reduce hardware capacity and
      footprint, by using the ISP caching and delivery capacity.

   o  Allow the ISP to reduce traffic load on some segments of the
      network by caching inside of the ISP network.

   o  Allow the ISP to influence and/or control the traffic ingestion
      points.

   o  Allow the ISP to derive some incremental revenue for transport of
      the traffic and to monetize QoE services.

2.4.  Nomadic Users

   In this scenario, a CSP wishes to allow End Users who move between
   access networks to continue to access their content.  The motivation
   of this case is to allow nomadic End Users to maintain access to
   content with a consistent QoE, across a range of devices and/or
   geographic regions.

   This use case covers situations like:

   o  End Users moving between different access networks, which may be
      located within the same geographic region or different geographic
      regions,

   o  End Users switching between different devices or delivery
      technologies, as discussed in Section 4.




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   Consider the following example, illustrated in Figure 2: End User A
   has subscription to a broadband service from NSP A, her "home NSP".
   NSP A hosts CDN-A.  Ordinarily, when End User A accesses content via
   NSP A (her "home NSP") the content is delivered from CDN-A, which in
   this example is within NSP A's network.

   However, while End User A is not connected to NSP A's network, for
   example, because it is connected to a WiFi provider or mobile
   network, End User A can also access the same content.  In this case,
   End User A may benefit from accessing the same content but delivered
   by an alternate CDN (CDN-B), in this case, hosted in the network of
   the WiFi or mobile provider (NSP B), rather than from CDN-A in NSP
   A's network.


       +-------+
       |Content|
       +-------+
           |
       ,--,--,--.             ,--,--,--.
    ,-'  NSP A   `-.       ,-'  NSP B   `-.
   (    (CDN-A)     )=====(    (CDN-B)     )
    `-.          ,-'       `-.          ,-'
       `--'--'--'             `--'--'--'
            |                     |
      +------------+      +---------------+
      + EU A (home)|      | EU A (nomadic)|
      +------------+      +---------------+
    === CDN Interconnection


                                 Figure 2

   The alternate CDN (CDN-B) is allowed to distribute the content of CSP
   A to End User A; however, no other End Users in the region of CDN-B
   are allowed to retrieve the content unless they too have such an
   agreement for nomadic access to content.

   Depending on CSP's content delivery policies (see Appendix A.1), a
   user moving to a different geographic region may be subject to geo-
   blocking content delivery restrictions.  In this case, he/she may not
   be allowed to access some pieces of content.


3.  Offload Use Cases






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3.1.  Overload Handling and Dimensioning

   A CDN is likely to be dimensioned to support an expected maximum
   traffic load.  However, unexpected spikes in content popularity
   (flash crowd) may drive load beyond the expected peak.  The prime
   recurrent time peaks of content distribution may differ between two
   CDNs.  Taking advantage of the different traffic peak times, a CDN
   may interconnect with another CDN to increase its effective capacity
   during the peak of traffic.  This brings dimensioning savings to the
   CDNs as they can use the resources of each other during their
   respective peaks of activity.

   Offload also applies to planned situations where a CDN Provider needs
   CDN capacity in a particular region during a short period of time.
   For example, a CDN can offload traffic to another CDN during a
   specific maintenance operation or for covering the distribution of a
   special event.  For instance, consider a TV-channel which has
   exclusive distribution rights on a major event, such as a
   celebrities' wedding, or a major sport competition.  The CDNs that
   the TV-channel uses for delivering the content related to this event
   are likely to experience a flash crowd during the event and to need
   offloading traffic, while other CDNs will support a more usual
   traffic load and be able to handle the offloaded traffic.

   In this use case, the Delivering CDN on which requests are offloaded
   should be able to handle the offloaded requests.  Therefore, the uCDN
   might require information on the dCDNs to be aware of the amount of
   traffic it can offload to every dCDN.

3.2.  Resiliency

3.2.1.  Failure of Content Delivery Resources

   It is important for CDNs to be able to guarantee service continuity
   during partial failures (e.g., failure of some Surrogates).  In
   partial failure scenarios, a CDN Provider has at least three options:

   1.  if possible, use internal mechanisms to redirect traffic on
       surviving equipment,

   2.  depending on traffic management policies, forward some requests
       to the CSP's origin servers, and

   3.  redirect some requests toward another CDN, which must be able to
       serve the redirected requests.

   The last option is a use case for CDNI.




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3.2.2.  Content Acquisition Resiliency

   Source content acquisition may be handled in one of two ways:

   o  CSP origin, where a CDN acquires content directly from the CSP's
      origin server, or

   o  CDN origin, where a downstream CDN acquires content from a
      Surrogate within an upstream CDN.

   The ability to support content acquisition resiliency, is an
   important use case for interconnected CDNs.  When the content
   acquisition source fails, the CDN might switch to another content
   acquisition source.  Similarly, when several content acquisition
   sources are available, a CDN might balance the load between these
   multiple sources.

   Though other server and/or DNS load balancing techniques may be
   employed in the network, interconnected CDNs may have a better
   understanding of origin server availability and be better equipped to
   both distribute load between origin servers and attempt content
   acquisition from alternate content sources when acquisition failures
   occur.  When normal content acquisition fails, a CDN may need to try
   other content source options, e.g.:

   o  an upstream CDN may acquire content from an alternate CSP origin
      server,

   o  a downstream CDN may acquire content from an alternate Surrogate
      within an upstream CDN,

   o  a downstream CDN may acquire content from an alternate upstream
      CDN, or

   o  a downstream CDN may acquire content directly from the CSP's
      origin server.

   Though content acquisition protocols are beyond the scope of CDNI,
   the selection of content acquisition sources should be considered and
   facilitated.


4.  CDN Capability Use Cases

4.1.  Device and Network Technology Extension

   In this use case, the CDN Provider may have the right geographic
   footprint, but may wish to extend the supported range of devices and



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   User Agents or the supported range of delivery technologies.  In this
   case, a CDN Provider may interconnect with a CDN that offers
   services:

   o  that the CDN Provider is not willing to provide or,

   o  that its own CDN is not able to support.

   The following examples illustrate this use case:

   1.  CDN-A cannot support a specific delivery protocol.  For instance,
       CDN-A may interconnect with CDN-B to serve a proportion of its
       traffic that requires HTTPS [RFC2818].  CDN-A may use CDN-B's
       footprint (which may overlap with its own) to deliver HTTPS
       without needing to deploy its own infrastructure.  This case
       could also be true of other formats, delivery protocols (RTMP,
       RTSP, etc.) and features (specific forms of authorization such as
       tokens, per session encryption, etc.).

   2.  CDN-A has footprint covering traditional fixed line broadband and
       wants to extend coverage to mobile devices.  In this case, CDN-A
       may contract and interconnect with CDN-B who has both:

       *  physical footprint inside the mobile network,

       *  the ability to deliver content over a protocol that is
          required by specific mobile devices.

   These cases can apply to many CDN features that a given CDN Provider
   may not be able to support or not be willing to invest in, and thus,
   that the CDN Provider would delegate to another CDN.

4.2.  Technology and Vendor Interoperability

   A CDN Provider may deploy a new CDN to run alongside its existing
   CDN, as a simple way of migrating its CDN service to a new
   technology.  In addition, a CDN Provider may have a multi-vendor
   strategy for its CDN deployment.  Finally, a CDN Provider may want to
   deploy a separate CDN for a particular CSP or a specific network.  In
   all these circumstances, CDNI benefits the CDN Provider, as it
   simplifies or automates some inter-CDN operations (e.g., migrating
   the request routing function progressively).

4.3.  QoE and QoS Improvement

   Some CSPs are willing to pay a premium for enhanced delivery of
   content to their End Users.  In some cases, even if the CDN Provider
   could deliver the content to the End Users, it cannot meet the CSP's



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   service level requirements.  As a result, the CDN Provider may
   establish a CDN Interconnection agreement with another CDN Provider
   that can provide the expected QoE to the End User, e.g., via an
   Access CDN able to deliver content from Surrogates located closer to
   the End User and with the required service level.


5.  Enforcement of Content Delivery Policy

   An important aspect common to all the above use cases is that CSPs
   typically want to enforce content delivery policies.  A CSP may want
   to define content delivery policies that specify when, how, and/or to
   whom the CDN delivers content.  These policies apply to all
   interconnected CDNs (uCDNs and dCDNs) in the same or similar way that
   a CSP can define content delivery policies for content delivered by a
   single, non-interconnected CDN.  Appendix A provides examples of CSP
   defined policies.


6.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Kent Leung, Francois Le Faucheur, Ben
   Niven-Jenkins, and Scott Wainner for lively discussions, as well as
   for their reviews and comments on the mailing list.

   They also thank the contributors of the EU FP7 OCEAN and ETICS
   projects for valuable inputs.


7.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.


8.  Security Considerations

   This document focuses on the motivational use cases for CDN
   Interconnection, and does not analyze the associated threats.  Those
   are discussed in [I-D.ietf-cdni-problem-statement].


9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.




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9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.davie-cdni-framework]
              Davie, B. and L. Peterson, "Framework for CDN
              Interconnection", draft-davie-cdni-framework-01 (work in
              progress), October 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-cdni-problem-statement]
              Niven-Jenkins, B., Faucheur, F., and N. Bitar, "Content
              Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Problem
              Statement", draft-ietf-cdni-problem-statement-06 (work in
              progress), May 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-cdni-requirements]
              Leung, K. and Y. Lee, "Content Distribution Network
              Interconnection (CDNI) Requirements",
              draft-ietf-cdni-requirements-02 (work in progress),
              December 2011.

   [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.

   [RFC3466]  Day, M., Cain, B., Tomlinson, G., and P. Rzewski, "A Model
              for Content Internetworking (CDI)", RFC 3466,
              February 2003.

   [RFC3568]  Barbir, A., Cain, B., Nair, R., and O. Spatscheck, "Known
              Content Network (CN) Request-Routing Mechanisms",
              RFC 3568, July 2003.


Appendix A.  Content Service Providers' Delivery Policies

   CSPs commonly apply different delivery policies to given sets of
   content assets delivered through CDNs.  Interconnected CDNs need to
   support these policies.  This annex presents examples of CSPs'
   delivery policies and their consequences on CDNI operations.

A.1.  Content Delivery Policy Enforcement

   The content distribution policies that a CSP attaches to a content
   asset may depend on many criteria.  For instance, distribution
   policies for audiovisual content often combine constraints of varying
   levels of complexity and sophistication, e.g.:

   o  temporal constraints (e.g., available for 24 hours, available 28
      days after DVD release, etc.),





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   o  user agent platform constraints (e.g., mobile device platforms,
      desktop computer platforms, set-top-box platforms, etc.),

   o  resolution-based constraints (e.g., high definition vs. standard
      definition encodings),

   o  user agent identification or authorization,

   o  access network constraints (e.g., per NSP), and

   o  geolocation-based constraints (e.g., per country).

   CSPs may use sophisticated policies in accordance to their business
   model.  However, the enforcement of those policies does not
   necessarily require that the delivery network understand the policy
   rationales or how policies apply to specific content assets.  Content
   delivery policies may indeed be distilled into simple rules which can
   be commonly enforced across all dCDNs.  These rules may influence
   dCDN delegation and Surrogate selection decisions, for instance, to
   ensure that the specific rules (e.g. time-window, geo-blocking, pre-
   authorization validation) can indeed be enforced by the delivering
   CDN.  In turn, this can guarantee to the CSP that content license
   violations can be prevented, including prevention of premature access
   to pre-positioned content or enforcement of geo-blocking policies.


   +-----+
   | CSP |  Policies driven by business   (e.g., available
   +-----+  only in UK and only from July 1st to September 1st)
      \
       \ Translate policies into
        \simple rules (e.g., provide an authorization token)
         \
          V
        +-----+
        | CDN | Apply simple rules (e.g., check an
        +-----+ authorization token and enforce geoblocking)
            \
             \ Distribute simple rules
              V
            +-----+
            | CDN | Apply simple rules
            +-----+


                                 Figure 3





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A.2.  Secure Access

   Many protocols exist for delivering content to End Users.  CSPs may
   dictate a specific protocol or set of protocols which are acceptable
   for delivery of their content, especially in the case where content
   protection or user authentication is required (e.g., must use HTTPS).
   CSPs may also perform per-request authentication/authorization
   decision and then have the CDNs enforce that decision (e.g., must
   validate URL signing, etc.).

A.3.  Branding

   Preserving the branding of the CSP throughout delivery is often
   important to the CSP.  CSPs may desire to offer content services
   under their own name, even when the associated CDN service involves
   other CDN Providers.  For instance, a CSP may desire to ensure that
   content is delivered with URIs appearing to the End Users under the
   CSP's own domain name, even when the content delivery involves
   separate CDN Providers.  The CSP may wish to prevent the delivery of
   its content by specific dCDNs that lack support for such branding
   preservation features.

   Analogous cases exist when the uCDN wants to offer CDN services under
   its own branding even if dCDNs are involved.  Similarly, a CDN
   Provider might wish to restrict the delivery delegation to a chain
   that preserves its brand visibility.


Authors' Addresses

   Gilles Bertrand (editor)
   France Telecom - Orange
   38-40 rue du General Leclerc
   Issy les Moulineaux,   92130
   FR

   Phone: +33 1 45 29 89 46
   Email: gilles.bertrand@orange.com


   Stephan Emile
   France Telecom - Orange
   2 avenue Pierre Marzin
   Lannion  F-22307
   France

   Email: emile.stephan@orange.com




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   Trevor Burbridge
   BT
   B54 Room 70, Adastral Park, Martlesham
   Ipswich,   IP5 3RE
   UK

   Email: trevor.burbridge@bt.com


   Philip Eardley
   BT
   B54 Room 77, Adastral Park, Martlesham
   Ipswich,   IP5 3RE
   UK

   Email: philip.eardley@bt.com


   Kevin J. Ma
   Azuki Systems, Inc.
   43 Nagog Park
   Acton, MA  01720
   USA

   Phone: +1 978-844-5100
   Email: kevin.ma@azukisystems.com


   Grant Watson
   Alcatel-Lucent (Velocix)
   3 Ely Road
   Milton, Cambridge  CB24 6AA
   UK

   Email: gwatson@velocix.com
















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