6lo                                                      P. Thubert, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                     Cisco
Updates: 6775 (if approved)                                  E. Nordmark
Intended status: Standards Track                                  Zededa
Expires: October 8, 2018                                  S. Chakrabarti
                                                                 Verizon
                                                              C. Perkins
                                                               Futurewei
                                                           April 6, 2018


         Registration Extensions for 6LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery
                    draft-ietf-6lo-rfc6775-update-18

Abstract

   This specification updates RFC 6775 - 6LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery, to
   clarify the role of the protocol as a registration technique,
   simplify the registration operation in 6LoWPAN routers, as well as to
   provide enhancements to the registration capabilities and mobility
   detection for different network topologies including the backbone
   routers performing proxy Neighbor Discovery in a low power network.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 8, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  BCP 14  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.2.  Subset of a 6LoWPAN Glossary  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.3.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.4.  New Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Applicability of Address Registration Options . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  Extended ND Options and Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.1.  Extended Address Registration Option (EARO) . . . . . . .   8
     4.2.  Extended Duplicate Address Message Formats  . . . . . . .  11
     4.3.  New 6LoWPAN Capability Bits in the Capability Indication
           Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.  Updating RFC 6775 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.1.  Extending the Address Registration Option . . . . . . . .  15
     5.2.  Transaction ID  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       5.2.1.  Comparing TID values  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.3.  Registration Ownership Verifier . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.4.  Extended Duplicate Address Messages . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.5.  Registering the Target Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.6.  Link-Local Addresses and Registration . . . . . . . . . .  20
     5.7.  Maintaining the Registration States . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  Backward Compatibility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     6.1.  Signaling EARO Capability Support . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     6.2.  First Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.3.  RFC6775-only 6LoWPAN Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.4.  RFC6775-only 6LoWPAN Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.5.  RFC6775-only 6LoWPAN Border Router  . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   8.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     9.1.  ARO Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     9.2.  ICMP Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     9.3.  New ARO Status values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     9.4.  New 6LoWPAN capability Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     11.2.  Terminology Related References . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     11.3.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32



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     11.4.  External Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   Appendix A.  Applicability and Requirements Served (Not
                Normative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   Appendix B.  Requirements (Not Normative) . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     B.1.  Requirements Related to Mobility  . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
     B.2.  Requirements Related to Routing Protocols . . . . . . . .  38
     B.3.  Requirements Related to the Variety of Low-Power Link
           types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     B.4.  Requirements Related to Proxy Operations  . . . . . . . .  39
     B.5.  Requirements Related to Security  . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     B.6.  Requirements Related to Scalability . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     B.7.  Requirements Related to Operations and Management . . . .  42
     B.8.  Matching Requirements with Specifications . . . . . . . .  42
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44

1.  Introduction

   The scope of this draft is an IPv6 Low-Power Network including star
   and mesh topologies.  In that context, "Neighbor Discovery
   Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks"
   (6LoWPAN ND) [RFC6775] defines a registration mechanism that
   leverages a central registrar for the main purpose of Duplicate
   Address Detection (DAD), with the intention to reduce the dependency
   of the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol (IPv6 ND) [RFC4861][RFC4862]
   on network-layer multicast and link-layer broadcast operations.

   This specification updates 6LoWPAN ND to simplify the registration
   operation in 6LoWPAN routers and to extend the protocol as a more
   generic registration technique.  The specified updates enable other
   specifications to define new services such as Source Address
   Validation (SAVI) with [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd], participation as an
   unaware leaf to an abstract routing protocol such as the "Routing
   Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks" [RFC6550] (RPL) with
   [I-D.thubert-roll-unaware-leaves], and registration to a backbone
   routers performing proxy Neighbor Discovery in a Low-Power and Lossy
   Network (LLN) with [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router].

   In more details, this specification modifies and extends the behavior
   and protocol elements of 6LoWPAN ND to enable the following new
   capabilities:

   o  determining the freshest location in case of mobility (TID)

   o  Simplifying the registration flow for Link-Local Addresses

   o  Support of a Leaf Node in a Route-Over network

   o  Proxy registration in a Route-Over network



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   o  Associating the registration with a variable-length Registration
      Ownership Verifier (ROVR)

   o  Registration to a IPv6 ND proxy over a Backbone Link (6BBR)

   o  Clarification of support for privacy and temporary addresses

   A more comprehensive set of requirements is provided in Appendix B.

2.  Terminology

2.1.  BCP 14

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2.2.  Subset of a 6LoWPAN Glossary

   This document often uses the following acronyms:

   6BBR: 6LoWPAN Backbone Router (proxy for the registration)

   6LBR: 6LoWPAN Border Router (authoritative on DAD)

   6LN:  6LoWPAN Node

   6LR:  6LoWPAN Router (relay to the registration process)

   6CIO: Capability Indication Option

   (E)ARO:  (Extended) Address Registration Option

   (E)DAR:  (Extended) Duplicate Address Request

   (E)DAC:  (Extended) Duplicate Address Confirmation

   DAD:  Duplicate Address Detection

   DODAG:  Destination-Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph

   LLN:  Low-Power and Lossy Network (a typical IoT network)

   NA:   Neighbor Advertisement

   NCE:  Neighbor Cache Entry



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   ND:   Neighbor Discovery

   NDP:  Neighbor Discovery Protocol

   NS:   Neighbor Solicitation

   ROVR: Registration Ownership Verifier (pronounced rover)

   RPL:  IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs (pronounced ripple)

   RA:   Router Advertisement

   RS:   Router Solicitation

   TSCH: Timeslotted Channel Hopping

   TID:  Transaction ID (a sequence counter in the EARO)

2.3.  References

   The Terminology used in this document is consistent with and
   incorporates that described in Terms Used in Routing for Low-Power
   and Lossy Networks (LLNs).  [RFC7102].

   Other terms in use in LLNs are found in Terminology for Constrained-
   Node Networks [RFC7228].

   Readers are expected to be familiar with all the terms and concepts
   that are discussed in

   o  "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6" [RFC4861],

   o  "IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration" [RFC4862],

   o  "Problem Statement and Requirements for IPv6 over Low-Power
      Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Routing" [RFC6606],

   o  "IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs):
      Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals" [RFC4919] and

   o  "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for Low-power and Lossy Networks"
      [RFC6775].

2.4.  New Terms

   This specification introduces the following terminology:





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   Backbone Link:  An IPv6 transit link that interconnects two or more
         Backbone Routers.  It is expected to be of high speed compared
         to the LLN in order to carry the traffic that is required to
         federate multiple segments of the potentially large LLN into a
         single IPv6 subnet.

   Backbone Router:  A logical network function in an IPv6 router that
         federates an LLN over a Backbone Link.  In order to do so, the
         Backbone Router (6BBR) proxies the 6LoWPAN ND operations
         detailed in this document onto the matching operations that run
         over the backbone, typically IPv6 ND.  Note that 6BBR is a
         logical function, just like 6LR and 6LBR, and that the same
         physical router may operate all three.

   Extended LLN:  Multiple LLNs as defined in [RFC6550], interconnected
         by a Backbone Link via Backbone Routers, and forming a single
         IPv6 Multi-Link Subnet.

   Registration:  The process during which a 6LN registers an IPv6
         Address with a 6LR in order to obtain services such as DAD and
         routing back.  In a Route-Over network, a router that provides
         connectivity to the LLN (typically a 6LBR, e.g., collocated
         with a RPL Root) may serve as proxy for the registration of the
         6LN to the 6BBR so the 6BBR can provide IPv6 ND proxy services
         over the Backbone.

   Binding:  The association between an IP address, a MAC address, a
         physical port on a switch, and other information about the node
         that owns the IP Address.

   Registered Node:  The 6LN for which the registration is performed,
         and which owns the fields in the Extended ARO option.

   Registering Node:  The node that performs the registration; this may
         be the Registered Node, or a proxy such as a 6LBR performing a
         registration to a 6BBR, on behalf of the Registered Node.

   Registered Address:  An address owned by the Registered Node that was
         or is being registered.

   RFC6775-only:  Applied to an implementation, a type of node, or a
         type of message, this adjective indicates a behavior that is
         strictly as specified by [RFC6775] as opposed to updated with
         this specification.

   updated:  Qualifies a 6LN, a 6LR, or a 6LBR that supports this
         specification.




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3.  Applicability of Address Registration Options

   The purpose of the Address Registration Option (ARO) in [RFC6775] is
   to facilitate duplicate address detection (DAD) for hosts as well as
   to populate Neighbor Cache Entries (NCEs) [RFC4861] in the routers.
   This reduces the reliance on multicast operations, which are often as
   intrusive as broadcast, in IPv6 ND operations.

   With this specification, a failed or useless registration can be
   detected by a 6LR or a 6LBR for reasons other than address
   duplication.  Examples include: the router having run out of space; a
   registration bearing a stale sequence number perhaps denoting a
   movement of the host after the registration was placed; a host
   misbehaving and attempting to register an invalid address such as the
   unspecified address [RFC4291]; or a host using an address that is not
   topologically correct on that link.

   In such cases the host will receive an error to help diagnose the
   issue and may retry, possibly with a different address, and possibly
   registering to a different router, depending on the returned error.
   The ability to return errors to address registrations is not intended
   to be used to restrict the ability of hosts to form and use multiple
   addresses.  Rather, the intention is to conform to "Host Address
   Availability Recommendations" [RFC7934].

   In particular, the freedom to form and register addresses is needed
   for enhanced privacy; each host may register a number of addresses
   using mechanisms such as "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
   Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) in IPv6" [RFC4941].

   In IPv6 ND [RFC4861], a router needs enough storage to hold NCEs for
   all directly connected addresses to which it is currently forwarding
   packets (entries that do not appear to be in use may be flushed).  In
   contrast, a router serving the Address Registration mechanism needs
   enough storage to hold NCEs for all the addresses that may be
   registered to it, regardless of whether or not they are actively
   communicating.  The number of registrations supported by a 6LoWPAN
   Router (6LR) or 6LoWPAN Border Router (6LBR) MUST be clearly
   documented by the vendor and the dynamic use of associated resources
   SHOULD be made available to the network operator, e.g., to a
   management console.

   In order to deploy this, network administrators need to ensure that
   6LR/6LBRs in their network support the number and type of devices
   that can register to them, based on the number of IPv6 addresses that
   those devices require and their address renewal rate and behavior.





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4.  Extended ND Options and Messages

   This specification does not introduce new options, but it modifies
   existing ones and updates the associated behaviors as specified in
   the following subsections.

4.1.  Extended Address Registration Option (EARO)

   The Address Registration Option (ARO) is defined in section 4.1 of
   [RFC6775].  This specification introduces the Extended Address
   Registration Option (EARO) based on the ARO for use in NS and NA
   messages.  The EARO conveys additional information such as a sequence
   counter called Transaction ID (TID) that is used to determine the
   latest location of a registering mobile device.  A 'T' flag is added
   to indicate that the TID field is populated.

   The EARO also signals whether the 6LN expects routing or proxy
   services from the 6LR using a new 'R' flag.

   The EUI-64 field is overloaded and renamed ROVR in order to carry
   different types of information, e.g., cryptographic information of
   variable size.  A larger ROVR size may be used if and only if
   backward compatibility is not an issue in the particular deployment.

   Section 5.1 discusses those changes in depth.

   An NS message with an EARO is a registration if and only if it also
   carries an SLLA Option [RFC6775].  The EARO is also used in NS and NA
   messages between Backbone Routers [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router] over
   the Backbone Link to sort out the distributed registration state; in
   that case, it does not carry the SLLA Option and is not confused with
   a registration.

   When using the EARO, the address being registered is found in the
   Target Address field of the NS and NA messages.

   The EARO extends the ARO and is indicated by the 'T' flag being set.

   The format of the EARO is as follows:












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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |     Type      |     Length    |    Status     |   Reserved    |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     | Reserved  |R|T|     TID       |     Registration Lifetime     |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
    ...             Registration Ownership Verifier                 ...
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                              Figure 1: EARO

   Option Fields

   Type:           33

   Length:         8-bit unsigned integer.  The length of the whole
                   option in units of 8 bytes.  It MUST be 2 when
                   operating in a backward-compatible mode with a ROVR
                   size of 64 bits.  It MAY be 3, 4 or 5, denoting a
                   ROVR size of 128, 192 and 256 bits respectively.

   Status:         8-bit unsigned integer.  Indicates the status of a
                   registration in the NA response.  MUST be set to 0 in
                   NS messages.  See Table 1 below.

   +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | Value | Description                                               |
   +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
   |  0..2 | See [RFC6775].  Note: a Status of 1 ("Duplicate Address") |
   |       | applies to the Registered Address. If the Source Address  |
   |       | conflicts with an existing registration, "Duplicate       |
   |       | Source Address" MUST be used.                             |
   |       |                                                           |
   |   3   | Moved: The registration failed because it is not the      |
   |       | freshest.  This Status indicates that the registration is |
   |       | rejected because another more recent registration was     |
   |       | done, as indicated by a same ROVR and a more recent TID.  |
   |       | One possible cause is a stale registration that has       |
   |       | progressed slowly in the network and was passed by a more |
   |       | recent one.  It could also indicate a ROVR collision.     |
   |       |                                                           |
   |   4   | Removed: The binding state was removed. This status may   |
   |       | be placed in an NA(EARO) message that is sent as the      |
   |       | rejection of a proxy registration to a Backbone Router,   |
   |       | or in an asynchronous NA(EARO) at any time.               |



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   |       |                                                           |
   |   5   | Validation Requested: The Registering Node is challenged  |
   |       | for owning the Registered Address or for being an         |
   |       | acceptable proxy for the registration.  This Status is    |
   |       | expected in asynchronous messages from a registrar (6LR,  |
   |       | 6LBR, 6BBR) to indicate that the registration state is    |
   |       | removed, for instance, due to a movement of the device.   |
   |       |                                                           |
   |   6   | Duplicate Source Address: The address used as source of   |
   |       | the NS(ARO) conflicts with an existing registration.      |
   |       |                                                           |
   |   7   | Invalid Source Address: The address used as source of the |
   |       | NS(ARO) is not a Link-Local Address as prescribed by this |
   |       | document.                                                 |
   |       |                                                           |
   |   8   | Registered Address topologically incorrect: The address   |
   |       | being registered is not usable on this link, e.g., it is  |
   |       | not topologically correct                                 |
   |       |                                                           |
   |   9   | 6LBR Registry saturated: A new registration cannot be     |
   |       | accepted because the 6LBR Registry is saturated.  Note:   |
   |       | this code is used by 6LBRs instead of Status 2 when       |
   |       | responding to a Duplicate Address message exchange and is |
   |       | passed on to the Registering Node by the 6LR.             |
   |       |                                                           |
   |   10  | Validation Failed: The proof of ownership of the          |
   |       | registered address is not correct.                        |
   +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

                           Table 1: EARO Status

   Reserved:       This field is unused.  It MUST be initialized to zero
                   by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver.

   R:              One-bit flag.  If the 'R' flag is set, the
                   Registering Node expects that the 6LR ensures
                   reachability for the registered address, e.g., by
                   injecting the address in a Route-Over routing
                   protocol or proxying ND over a Backbone Link.

   T:              One-bit flag.  Set if the next octet is used as a
                   TID.

   TID:            One-byte integer; a Transaction ID that is maintained
                   by the node and incremented with each transaction of
                   one or more registrations performed at the same time
                   to one or more respective 6LRs.  This field MUST be
                   ignored if the 'T' flag is not set.



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   Registration Lifetime:  16-bit integer; expressed in minutes.  0
                   means that the registration has ended and the
                   associated state MUST be removed.

   Registration Ownership Verifier (ROVR):  Enables the correlation
                   between multiple attempts to register a same IPv6
                   Address.  The ROVR is stored in the 6LR and the 6LBR
                   in the state associated to the registration.  This
                   can be a unique ID of the Registering Node, such as
                   the EUI-64 address of an interface.  This can also be
                   a token obtained with cryptographic methods which can
                   be used in additional protocol exchanges to associate
                   a cryptographic identity (key) with this registration
                   to ensure that only the owner can modify it later.
                   The scope of a ROVR is the registration of a
                   particular IPv6 Address and it must not be used to
                   correlate registrations of different addresses.

4.2.  Extended Duplicate Address Message Formats

   The DAR and DAC messages are defined in section 4.4 of [RFC6775].
   Those messages follow a common base format, which enables information
   from the ARO to be transported over multiple hops.

   Those messages are extended to adapt to the new EARO format, as
   follows:

























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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |     Type      |     Code      |          Checksum             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |    Status     |     TID       |     Registration Lifetime     |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
     ...          Registration Ownership Verifier                    ...
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      +                                                               +
      |                                                               |
      +                       Registered Address                      +
      |                                                               |
      +                                                               +
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                Figure 2: Duplicate Address Messages Format

   Modified Message Fields

   Code:           The ICMP Code as defined in [RFC4443].  The ICMP Code
                   MUST be set to 1 with this specification.  An non-
                   null value of the ICMP Code indicates support for
                   this specification.

   TID:            1-byte integer; same definition and processing as the
                   TID in the EARO as defined in Section 4.1.  This
                   field MUST be ignored if the ICMP Code is null.

   Registration Ownership Verifier (ROVR):  The size of the ROVR is
                   computed from the overall size of the IPv6 packet.
                   It MUST be 64bits long when operating in backward-
                   compatible mode.  This field has the same definition
                   and processing as the ROVR in the EARO option as
                   defined in Section 4.1.

4.3.  New 6LoWPAN Capability Bits in the Capability Indication Option

   This specification defines 5 new capability bits for use in the 6CIO,
   which was introduced by [RFC7400] for use in IPv6 ND RA messages.

   This specification introduces the "E" flag to indicate that extended
   ARO can be used in a registration.  A 6LR that supports this
   specification MUST set the "E" flag.



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   A similar flag "D" indicates the support of Extended Duplicate
   Address Messages by the 6LBR; A 6LBR that supports this specification
   MUST set the "D" flag.  The "D" flag is learned from advertisements
   by a 6LBR, and is propagated down a graph of 6LRs as a node acting as
   6LN registers to a 6LR (which could be the 6LBR), and in turn becomes
   a 6LR to which other 6LNs will register.

   The new "L", "B", and "P" flags, indicate whether a router is capable
   of acting as 6LR, 6LBR, and 6BBR, respectively.  These flags are not
   mutually exclusive and a node MUST set all the flags that are
   relevant to it.

   As an example, a 6LBR sets the "B" and "D" flags.  If it acts as a
   6LR, then it sets the "L" and "E" flags.  If it is collocated with a
   6BBR, then it also sets the "P" flag.


       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |     Type      |   Length = 1  |     Reserved      |D|L|B|P|E|G|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         Reserved                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

           Figure 3: New capability Bits L, B, P, E in the 6CIO

   Option Fields

   Type:  36

   L: Node is a 6LR.

   B: Node is a 6LBR.

   P: Node is a 6BBR.

   E: Node supports registrations based on EARO.

   D: 6LBR supports EDA messages.

5.  Updating RFC 6775

   The Extended Address Registration Option (EARO) (see Section 4.1)
   replaces the ARO used within Neighbor Discovery NS and NA messages
   between a 6LN and its 6LR.  Similarly, the EDA messages, EDAR and
   EDAC, replace the DAR and DAC messages so as to transport the new




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   information between 6LRs and 6LBRs across an LLN mesh such as a
   6TiSCH network.

   The extensions to the ARO option are used in the Duplicate Address
   messages, the Duplicate Address Request (DAR) and Duplicate Address
   Confirmation (DAC), so as to convey the additional information all
   the way to the 6LBR.  In turn the 6LBR may proxy the registration
   using IPv6 ND over a Backbone Link as illustrated in Figure 4.  Note
   that this specification avoids the Duplicate Address message flow for
   Link-Local Addresses in a Route-Over [RFC6606] topology (see
   Section 5.6).

        6LN              6LR             6LBR            6BBR
         |                |               |                |
         |   NS(EARO)     |               |                |
         |--------------->|               |                |
         |                | Extended DAR  |                |
         |                |-------------->|                |
         |                |               |                |
         |                |               | proxy NS(EARO) |
         |                |               |--------------->|
         |                |               |                | NS(DAD)
         |                |               |                | ------>
         |                |               |                | <wait>
         |                |               |                |
         |                |               | proxy NA(EARO) |
         |                |               |<---------------|
         |                | Extended DAC  |                |
         |                |<--------------|                |
         |   NA(EARO)     |               |                |
         |<---------------|               |                |
         |                |               |                |

                     Figure 4: (Re-)Registration Flow

   In order to support various types of link layers, this specification
   allows multiple registrations, including for privacy / temporary
   addresses and provides new mechanisms to help clean up stale
   registration state as soon as possible, e.g., after a movement (see
   Section 7).

   Section 5 of [RFC6775] specifies how a 6LN bootstraps an interface
   and locates available 6LRs.  A Registering Node prefers registering
   to a 6LR that is found to support this specification, as discussed in
   Section 6.1, over an RFC6775-only one, and operates in a backward-
   compatible fashion when attaching to an RFC6775-only 6LR.





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5.1.  Extending the Address Registration Option

   The Extended ARO (EARO) replaces the ARO and is backward compatible
   with the ARO if and only if the Length of the option is set to 2.
   Its format is presented in Section 4.1.  More details on backward
   compatibility can be found in Section 6.

   The semantics of the Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and the ARO are
   modified as follows:

   o  The Target Address in the NS containing the EARO is now the field
      that indicates the address that is being registered, as opposed to
      the Source Address field as specified in [RFC6775] (see
      Section 5.5).  This change enables a 6LBR to use one of its
      addresses as source of the proxy-registration of an address that
      belongs to a LLN Node to a 6BBR.  This also limits the use of an
      address as source address before it is registered and the
      associated DAD process is complete.

   o  The EUI-64 field in the ARO Option is renamed Registration
      Ownership Verifier (ROVR) and is not required to be derived from a
      MAC address (see Section 5.3).

   o  The option Length MAY be different than 2 and take a value between
      3 and 5, in which case the EARO is not backward compatible with an
      ARO.  The increase of size corresponds to a larger ROVR field, so
      the size of the ROVR is inferred from the option Length.

   o  This document specifies a new flag in the EARO, the 'R' flag.  If
      the 'R' flag is set, the Registering Node expects that the 6LR
      ensures reachability for the Registered Address, e.g., by means of
      routing or proxying ND.  Conversely, when it is not set, the 'R'
      flag indicates that the Registering Node is a router, which for
      instance participates to a Route-Over routing protocol such as RPL
      [RFC6550] and that it will take care of injecting its Address over
      the routing protocol by itself.  A 6LN that acts only as a host,
      when registering, MUST set the 'R' flag to indicate that it is not
      a router and that it will not handle its own reachability.  A 6LR
      that manages its reachability SHOULD NOT set the 'R' flag; if it
      does, routes towards this router may be installed on its behalf
      and may interfere with those it injects.

   o  The specification introduces a Transaction ID (TID) field in the
      EARO (see Section 5.2).  The TID MUST be provided by a node that
      supports this specification and another new flag, the 'T' flag,
      MUST be set to indicate so.





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   o  Finally, this specification introduces new status codes to help
      diagnose the cause of a registration failure (see Table 1).

5.2.  Transaction ID

   The TID is a sequence number that is incremented by the 6LN with each
   re-registration to a 6LR.  The TID is used to detect the freshness of
   the registration request and to detect one single registration by
   multiple 6LoWPAN border routers (e.g., 6LBRs and 6BBRs) supporting
   the same 6LoWPAN.  The TID may also be used by the network to route
   to the current (freshest known) location of a moving node by spotting
   the most recent TID.

   When a Registered Node is registered with multiple 6BBRs in parallel,
   the same TID MUST be used.  This enables the 6BBRs to determine that
   the registrations are the same, and distinguish that situation from a
   movement (see section 4 of [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router] and
   Section 5.7 below).

5.2.1.  Comparing TID values

   As a note to the implementer, the operation of the TID is fully
   compatible with that of the RPL Path Sequence counter as described in
   the "Sequence Counter Operation" section of the "IPv6 Routing
   Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks" [RFC6550] specification.

   A TID is deemed to be fresher than another when its value is greater
   per the operations detailed in this section.

   The TID range is subdivided in a 'lollipop' fashion ([Perlman83]),
   where the values from 128 and greater are used as a linear sequence
   to indicate a restart and bootstrap the counter, and the values less
   than or equal to 127 used as a circular sequence number space of size
   128 as in [RFC1982].  Consideration is given to the mode of operation
   when transitioning from the linear region to the circular region.
   Finally, when operating in the circular region, if sequence numbers
   are detected to be too far apart then they are not comparable, as
   detailed below.

   A window of comparison, SEQUENCE_WINDOW = 16, is configured based on
   a value of 2^N, where N is defined to be 4 in this specification.

   For a given sequence counter,

   1.  The sequence counter SHOULD be initialized to an implementation
       defined value which is 128 or greater prior to use.  A
       recommended value is 240 (256 - SEQUENCE_WINDOW).




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   2.  When a sequence counter increment would cause the sequence
       counter to increment beyond its maximum value, the sequence
       counter MUST wrap back to zero.  When incrementing a sequence
       counter greater than or equal to 128, the maximum value is 255.
       When incrementing a sequence counter less than 128, the maximum
       value is 127.

   3.  When comparing two sequence counters, the following rules MUST be
       applied:

       1.  When a first sequence counter A is in the interval [128..255]
           and a second sequence counter B is in [0..127]:

           1.  If (256 + B - A) is less than or equal to
               SEQUENCE_WINDOW, then B is greater than A, A is less than
               B, and the two are not equal.

           2.  If (256 + B - A) is greater than SEQUENCE_WINDOW, then A
               is greater than B, B is less than A, and the two are not
               equal.

           For example, if A is 240, and B is 5, then (256 + 5 - 240) is
           21.  21 is greater than SEQUENCE_WINDOW (16), thus 240 is
           greater than 5.  As another example, if A is 250 and B is 5,
           then (256 + 5 - 250) is 11. 11 is less than SEQUENCE_WINDOW
           (16), thus 250 is less than 5.

       2.  In the case where both sequence counters to be compared are
           less than or equal to 127, and in the case where both
           sequence counters to be compared are greater than or equal to
           128:

           1.  If the absolute magnitude of difference between the two
               sequence counters is less than or equal to
               SEQUENCE_WINDOW, then a comparison as described in
               [RFC1982] is used to determine the relationships greater
               than, less than, and equal.

           2.  If the absolute magnitude of difference of the two
               sequence counters is greater than SEQUENCE_WINDOW, then a
               desynchronization has occurred and the two sequence
               numbers are not comparable.

   4.  If two sequence numbers are determined to be not comparable,
       i.e., the results of the comparison are not defined, then a node
       should give precedence to the sequence number that was most
       recently incremented.  Failing this, the node should select the




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       sequence number in order to minimize the resulting changes to its
       own state.

5.3.  Registration Ownership Verifier

   The ROVR field generalizes the EUI-64 field of the ARO defined in
   [RFC6775].  It is scoped to a registration and enables recognizing
   and blocking an attempt to register a duplicate address, which is
   characterized by a different ROVR in the conflicting registrations.
   It can also be used to protect the ownership of a Registered Address,
   if the proof-of-ownership of the ROVR can be obtained (more in
   Section 5.6).

   The ROVR can be of different types, as long as the type is signaled
   in the message that carries the new type.  For instance, the type can
   be a cryptographic string and used to prove the ownership of the
   registration as specified in "Address Protected Neighbor Discovery
   for Low-power and Lossy Networks" [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd].  In order to
   support the flows related to the proof-of-ownership, this
   specification introduces new status codes "Validation Requested" and
   "Validation Failed" in the EARO.

   Note on ROVR collision: different techniques for forming the ROVR
   will operate in different name-spaces.  [RFC6775] operates on EUI-
   64(TM) addresses.  [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd] generates cryptographic
   tokens.  While collisions are not expected in the EUI-64 name-space
   only, they may happen in the case of [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd] and in a
   mixed situation.  An implementation that understands the name-space
   MUST consider that ROVRs from different name-spaces are different
   even if they have the same value.  An RFC6775-only 6LR or 6LBR will
   confuse the name-spaces, which slightly increases the risk of a ROVR
   collision.  A collision of ROVR has no effect if the two Registering
   Nodes register different addresses, since the ROVR is only
   significant within the context of one registration.  A ROVR is not
   expected to be unique to one registration, as this specification
   allows a node to use the same ROVR to register multiple IPv6
   addresses.  This is why the ROVR MUST NOT be used as a key to
   identify the Registering Node, or as an index to the registration.
   It is only used as a match to ensure that the node that updates a
   registration for an IPv6 address is the node that made the original
   registration for that IPv6 address.  Also, when the ROVR is not an
   EUI-64 address, then it MUST NOT be used as the interface ID of the
   Registered Address.  This way, a registration that uses that ROVR
   will not collision with that of an IPv6 Address derived from EUI-64
   and using the EUI-64 as ROVR per [RFC6775].

   The Registering Node SHOULD store the ROVR, or enough information to
   regenerate it, in persistent memory.  If this is not done and an



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   event such as a reboot causes a loss of state, re-registering the
   same address could be impossible until the 6LRs and the 6LBR time out
   the previous registration, or a management action is taken to clear
   the relevant state in the network.

5.4.  Extended Duplicate Address Messages

   In order to map the new EARO content in the Extended Duplicate
   Address (EDA) messages, a new TID field is added to the Extended DAR
   (EDAR) and the Extended DAC (EDAC) messages as a replacement of the
   Reserved field, and a non-null value of the ICMP Code indicates
   support for this specification.  The format of the EDA messages is
   presented in Section 4.2.

   As with the EARO, the Extended Duplicate Address messages are
   backward compatible with the RFC6775-only versions as long as the
   ROVR field is 64 bits long.  Remarks concerning backwards
   compatibility for the protocol between the 6LN and the 6LR apply
   similarly between a 6LR and a 6LBR.

5.5.  Registering the Target Address

   The Registering Node is the node that performs the registration to
   the 6BBR.  As in [RFC6775], it may be the Registered Node as well, in
   which case it registers one of its own addresses and indicates its
   own MAC Address as Source Link Layer Address (SLLA) in the NS(EARO).

   This specification adds the capability to proxy the registration
   operation on behalf of a Registered Node that is reachable over an
   LLN mesh.  In that case, if the Registered Node is reachable from the
   6BBR over a Mesh-Under mesh, the Registering Node indicates the MAC
   Address of the Registered Node as the SLLA in the NS(EARO).  If the
   Registered Node is reachable over a Route-Over mesh from the
   Registering Node, the SLLA in the NS(ARO) is that of the Registering
   Node.  This enables the Registering Node to attract the packets from
   the 6BBR and route them over the LLN to the Registered Node.

   In order to enable the latter operation, this specification changes
   the behavior of the 6LN and the 6LR so that the Registered Address is
   found in the Target Address field of the NS and NA messages as
   opposed to the Source Address.  With this convention, a TLLA option
   indicates the link-layer address of the 6LN that owns the address.

   If Registering Node expects packets for the 6LN, e.g., a 6LBR also
   acting as RPL Root, then it MUST place its own Link Layer Address in
   the SLLA Option that MUST always be placed in a registration NS(EARO)
   message.  This maintains compatibility with RFC6775-only 6LoWPAN ND
   [RFC6775].



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5.6.  Link-Local Addresses and Registration

   Considering that LLN nodes are often not wired and may move, there is
   no guarantee that a Link-Local Address stays unique between a
   potentially variable and unbounded set of neighboring nodes.

   Compared to [RFC6775], this specification only requires that a Link-
   Local Address be unique from the perspective of the two nodes that
   use it to communicate (e.g., the 6LN and the 6LR in an NS/NA
   exchange).  This simplifies the DAD process in a Route-Over topology
   for Link-Local Addresses by avoiding an exchange of EDA messages
   between the 6LR and a 6LBR for those addresses.

   In more details:

   An exchange between two nodes using Link-Local Addresses implies that
   they are reachable over one hop.  A node MUST register a Link-Local
   Address to a 6LR in order to obtain reachability from that 6LR beyond
   the current exchange, and in particular to use the Link-Local Address
   as source address to register other addresses, e.g., global
   addresses.

   If there is no collision with an address previously registered to
   this 6LR by another 6LN, then the Link-Local Address is unique from
   the standpoint of this 6LR and the registration is not a duplicate.
   Alternatively, two different 6LRs might expose the same Link-Local
   Address but different link-layer addresses.  In that case, a 6LN MUST
   only interact with at most one of the 6LRs.

   The DAD process between the 6LR and a 6LBR, which is based on an
   exchange of EDA messages, does not need to take place for Link-Local
   Addresses.

   When registering to a 6LR that conforms to this specification (see
   Section 6.2, a node MUST use a Link-Local Address as the source
   address of the registration, whatever the type of IPv6 address that
   is being registered.  That Link-Local Address MUST be either an
   address that is already registered to the 6LR, or the address that is
   being registered.

   When a Registering Node does not have an already-registered Address,
   it MUST register a Link-Local Address, using it as both the Source
   and the Target Address of an NS(EARO) message.  In that case, it is
   RECOMMENDED to use a Link-Local Address that is (expected to be)
   globally unique, e.g., derived from a globally unique EUI-64 address.
   A 6LR that supports this specification replies with an NA(EARO),
   setting the appropriate status.




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   Since there is no exchange of EDA messages for Link-Local Addresses,
   the 6LR may answer immediately to the registration of a Link-Local
   Address, based solely on its existing state and the Source Link-Layer
   Option that is placed in the NS(EARO) message as required in
   [RFC6775].

   A node needs to register its IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses (GUAs) to
   a 6LR in order to establish global reachability for these addresses
   via that 6LR.  When registering with an updated 6LR, a Registering
   Node does not use a GUA as Source Address, in contrast to a node that
   complies to [RFC6775].  For non-Link-Local Addresses, the exchange of
   EDA messages MUST conform to [RFC6775], but the extended formats
   described in this specification for the DAR and the DAC are used to
   relay the extended information in the case of an EARO.

5.7.  Maintaining the Registration States

   This section discusses protocol actions that involve the Registering
   Node, the 6LR, and the 6LBR.  It must be noted that the portion that
   deals with a 6LBR only applies to those addresses that are registered
   to it; as discussed in Section 5.6, this is not the case for Link-
   Local Addresses.  The registration state includes all data that is
   stored in the router relative to that registration, in particular,
   but not limited to, an NCE.  6LBRs and 6BBRs may store additional
   registration information in more complex abstract data structures and
   use protocols that are out of scope of this document to keep them
   synchronized when they are distributed.

   When its resource available to store registration states are
   exhausted, a 6LR cannot accept a new registration.  In that
   situation, the EARO is returned in an NA message with a Status Code
   of "Neighbor Cache Full" (Table 1), and the Registering Node may
   attempt to register to another 6LR.

   If the registry in the 6LBR is saturated, then the 6LBR cannot decide
   whether a registration for a new address is a duplicate.  In that
   case, the 6LBR replies to an EDAR message with an EDAC message that
   carries a new Status Code indicating "6LBR Registry saturated"
   (Table 1).  Note: this code is used by 6LBRs instead of "Neighbor
   Cache Full" when responding to a Duplicate Address message exchange
   and is passed on to the Registering Node by the 6LR.  There is no
   point for the node to retry this registration immediately via another
   6LR, since the problem is global to the network.  The node may either
   abandon that address, de-register other addresses first to make room,
   or keep the address in TENTATIVE state and retry later.

   A node renews an existing registration by sending a new NS(EARO)
   message for the Registered Address.  In order to refresh the



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   registration state in the 6LBR, the registration MUST be reported to
   the 6LBR.

   A node that ceases to use an address SHOULD attempt to de-register
   that address from all the 6LRs to which it has registered the
   address.  This is achieved using an NS(EARO) message with a
   Registration Lifetime of 0.  If this is not done, the associated
   state will remain in the network till the current Registration
   Lifetime expires and this may lead to a situation where the 6LR
   resources become saturated, even if they are correctly planned to
   start with.  The 6LR may then take defensive measures that may
   prevent this node or some other nodes from owning as many addresses
   as they would expect (see Section 7).

   A node that moves away from a particular 6LR SHOULD attempt to de-
   register all of its addresses registered to that 6LR and register to
   a new 6LR with an incremented TID.  When/if the node shows up
   elsewhere, an asynchronous NA(EARO) or EDAC message with a Status
   Code of "Moved" SHOULD be used to clean up the state in the previous
   location.  For instance, as described in
   [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router], the "Moved" status can be used by a
   6BBR in an NA(EARO) message to indicate that the ownership of the
   proxy state on the Backbone Link was transferred to another 6BBR as
   the consequence of a movement of the device.  If the receiver of the
   message has a state corresponding to the related address, it SHOULD
   propagate the status down the forwarding path to the Registered node
   (e.g., reversing an existing RPL [RFC6550] path as prescribed in
   [I-D.ietf-roll-efficient-npdao]).  Whether it could do so or not, the
   receiver MUST clean up said state.

   Upon receiving an NS(EARO) message with a Registration Lifetime of 0
   and determining that this EARO is the freshest for a given NCE (see
   Section 5.2), a 6LR cleans up its NCE.  If the address was registered
   to the 6LBR, then the 6LR MUST report to the 6LBR, through a
   Duplicate Address exchange with the 6LBR, indicating the null
   Registration Lifetime and the latest TID that this 6LR is aware of.

   Upon receiving the EDAR message, the 6LBR evaluates if this is the
   most recent TID it has received for that particular registry entry.
   If so, then the EDAR is answered with an EDAC message bearing a
   Status of "Success" and the entry is scheduled to be removed.
   Otherwise, a Status Code of "Moved" is returned instead, and the
   existing entry is maintained.

   When an address is scheduled to be removed, the 6LBR SHOULD keep its
   entry in a DELAY state for a configurable period of time, so as to
   protect a mobile node that de-registered from one 6LR and did not
   register yet to a new one, or the new registration did not yet reach



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   the 6LBR due to propagation delays in the network.  Once the DELAY
   time is passed, the 6LBR silently removes its entry.

6.  Backward Compatibility

   This specification changes the behavior of the peers in a
   registration flow.  To enable backward compatibility, a 6LN that
   registers to a 6LR that is not known to support this specification
   MUST behave in a manner that is backward-compatible with [RFC6775].
   On the contrary, if the 6LR is found to support this specification,
   then the 6LN MUST conform to this specification when communicating
   with that 6LR.

   A 6LN that supports this specification MUST always use an EARO as a
   replacement for an ARO in its registration to a router.  This is
   backward-compatible since the 'T' flag and TID field are reserved in
   [RFC6775], and are ignored by an RFC6775-only router.  A router that
   supports this specification MUST answer an NS(ARO) and an NS(EARO)
   with an NA(EARO).  A router that does not support this specification
   will consider the ROVR as an EUI-64 address and treat it the same,
   which has no consequence if the Registered Addresses are different.

6.1.  Signaling EARO Capability Support

   "Generic Header Compression for IPv6 over 6LoWPANs" [RFC7400]
   introduces the 6LoWPAN Capability Indication Option (6CIO) to
   indicate a node's capabilities to its peers.  The 6CIO MUST be
   present in both Router Solicitation (RS) and Router Advertisement
   (RA) messages, unless the information therein was already shared.
   This can have happened in recent exchanges.  The information can also
   be implicit, or pre-configured in all nodes in a network.  In any
   case, a 6CIO MUST be placed in an RA message that is sent in response
   to an RS with a 6CIO.

   Section 4.3 defines a new flag for the 6CIO to signal support for
   EARO by the issuer of the message and Section 6.2 specifies how the
   flag is to be used.  New flags are also added to the 6CIO to signal
   the sender's capability to act as a 6LR, 6LBR, and 6BBR (see
   Section 4.3).

   Section 4.3 also defines a new flag that indicates the support of EDA
   messages by the 6LBR.  This flag is valid in RA messages but not in
   RS messages.  More information on the 6LBR is found in a separate
   Authoritative Border Router Option (ABRO).  The ABRO is placed in RA
   messages as prescribed by [RFC6775]; in particular, it MUST be placed
   in an RA message that is sent in response to an RS with a 6CIO
   indicating the capability to act as a 6LR, since the RA propagates
   information between routers.



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6.2.  First Exchanges

   A typical flow when a node starts up is that it sends a multicast RS
   and receives one or more unicast RA messages.  If the 6LR can process
   Extended ARO, then it places a 6CIO in its RA message back with the
   "E" Flag set as required in Section 6.1.

   In order to ensure that it registers a first address successfully a
   6LN MAY register a Link Local Address that is derived from an EUI-64,
   placing the same address in the Source and Target Address fields of
   the NS(EARO) message.  For such an address, DAD is not required (see
   [RFC6775]) and using the SLLA Option in the NS is actually more
   consistent with existing ND specifications such as the "Optimistic
   Duplicate Address Detection (ODAD) for IPv6" [RFC4429].  The 6LN MAY
   then use that address to register one or more other addresses.

6.3.  RFC6775-only 6LoWPAN Node

   An RFC6775-only 6LN will use the Registered Address as the source
   address of the NS message and will not use an EARO.  An updated 6LR
   MUST accept that registration if it is valid per [RFC6775], and it
   MUST manage the binding cache accordingly.  The updated 6LR MUST then
   use the RFC6775-only EDA messages as specified in [RFC6775] to
   indicate to the 6LBR that the TID is not present in the messages.

   The main difference from [RFC6775] is that the exchange of EDA
   messages for the purpose of DAD is avoided for Link-Local Addresses.
   In any case, the 6LR MUST use an EARO in the reply, and can use any
   of the Status codes defined in this specification.

6.4.  RFC6775-only 6LoWPAN Router

   An updated 6LN discovers the capabilities of the 6LR in the 6CIO in
   RA messages from that 6LR; if the 6CIO was not present in the RA,
   then the 6LR is assumed to be a RFC6775-only 6LoWPAN Router.

   An updated 6LN MUST use an EARO in the request regardless of the type
   of 6LR, RFC6775-only or updated, which implies that the 'T' flag is
   set.  It MUST use a ROVR of 64 bits if the 6LR is an RFC6775-only
   6LoWPAN Router.

   If an updated 6LN moves from an updated 6LR to an RFC6775-only 6LR,
   the RFC6775-only 6LR will send an RFC6775-only DAR message, which
   cannot be compared with an updated one for freshness.  Allowing
   RFC6775-only DAR messages to replace a state established by the
   updated protocol in the 6LBR would be an attack vector and that
   cannot be the default behavior.  But if RFC6775-only and updated 6LRs
   coexist temporarily in a network, then it makes sense for an



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   administrator to install a policy that allows this, and the
   capability to install such a policy should be configurable in a 6LBR
   though it is out of scope for this document.

6.5.  RFC6775-only 6LoWPAN Border Router

   With this specification, the Duplicate Address messages are extended
   to transport the EARO information.  Similarly to the NS/NA exchange,
   an updated 6LBR MUST always use the EDA messages.

   Note that an RFC6775-only 6LBR will accept and process an EDAR
   message as if it were an RFC6775-only DAR, as long as the ROVR is 64
   bits long.  An updated 6LR discovers the capabilities of the 6LBR in
   the 6CIO in RA messages from the 6LR; if the 6CIO was not present in
   any RA, then the 6LBR si assumed to be a RFC6775-only 6LoWPAN Border
   Router.

   If the 6LBR is RFC6775-only, and the ROVR in the NS(EARO) was more
   than 64 bits long, then the 6LR MUST truncate the ROVR to the 64
   rightmost bit and place the result in the EDAR message to maintain
   compatibility.  This way, the support of DAD is preserved.

7.  Security Considerations

   This specification extends [RFC6775], and the security section of
   that document also applies to this as well.  In particular, it is
   expected that the link layer is sufficiently protected to prevent
   rogue access, either by means of physical or IP security on the
   Backbone Link and link-layer cryptography on the LLN.

   [RFC6775] does not protect the content of its messages and expects a
   lower layer encryption to defeat potential attacks.  This
   specification also expects that the LLN MAC provides secure unicast
   to/from the Backbone Router and secure Broadcast or Multicast from
   the Backbone Router in a way that prevents tampering with or
   replaying the Neighbor Discovery messages.

   This specification recommends using privacy techniques (see
   Section 8) and protecting against address theft such as provided by
   "Address Protected Neighbor Discovery for Low-power and Lossy
   Networks" [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd], which guarantees the ownership of the
   Registered Address using a cryptographic ROVR.

   The registration mechanism may be used by a rogue node to attack the
   6LR or the 6LBR with a Denial-of-Service attack against the registry.
   It may also happen that the registry of a 6LR or a 6LBR is saturated
   and cannot take any more registrations, which effectively denies the
   requesting node the capability to use a new address.  In order to



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   alleviate those concerns, Section 5.7 provides a number of
   recommendations that ensure that a stale registration is removed as
   soon as possible from the 6LR and 6LBR.  In particular, this
   specification recommends that:

   o  A node that ceases to use an address SHOULD attempt to de-register
      that address from all the 6LRs to which it is registered.  See
      Section 5.2 for the mechanism to avoid replay attacks and avoiding
      the use of stale registration information.

   o  The Registration lifetimes SHOULD be individually configurable for
      each address or group of addresses.  The nodes SHOULD be
      configured with a Registration Lifetime that reflects their
      expectation of how long they will use the address with the 6LR to
      which it is registered.  In particular, use cases that involve
      mobility or rapid address changes SHOULD use lifetimes that are
      larger yet of a same order as the duration of the expectation of
      presence.

   o  The router (6LR or 6LBR) SHOULD be configurable so as to limit the
      number of addresses that can be registered by a single node, but
      as a protective measure only.  In any case, a router MUST be able
      to keep a minimum number of addresses per node.  That minimum
      depends on the type of device and ranges between 3 for a very
      constrained LLN and 10 for a larger device.  A node may be
      identified by its MAC address, as long as it is not obfuscated by
      privacy measures.  A stronger identification (e.g., by security
      credentials) is RECOMMENDED.  When the maximum is reached, the
      router should use a Least-Recently-Used (LRU) algorithm to clean
      up the addresses, keeping at least one Link-Local Address.  The
      router SHOULD attempt to keep one or more stable addresses if
      stability can be determined, e.g., because they are used over a
      much longer time span than other (privacy, shorter-lived)
      addresses.

   o  In order to avoid denial of registration for the lack of
      resources, administrators should take great care to deploy
      adequate numbers of 6LRs to cover the needs of the nodes in their
      range, so as to avoid a situation of starving nodes.  It is
      expected that the 6LBR that serves an LLN is a more capable node
      than the average 6LR, but in a network condition where it may
      become saturated, a particular deployment should distribute the
      6LBR functionality, for instance by leveraging a high speed
      Backbone Link and Backbone Routers to aggregate multiple LLNs into
      a larger subnet.

   The LLN nodes depend on the 6LBR and the 6BBR for their operation.  A
   trust model must be put in place to ensure that the right devices are



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   acting in these roles so as to avoid threats such as black-holing or
   bombing attack whereby an impersonated 6LBR would destroy state in
   the network by using the "Removed" Status code.  This trust model
   could be at a minimum based on a Layer-2 access control, or could
   provide role validation as well (see Req5.1 in Appendix B.5).

8.  Privacy Considerations

   As indicated in Section 3, this protocol does not inherently limit
   the number of IPv6 addresses that each device can form.  However, to
   mitigate denial-of-service attacks, it can be useful as a protective
   measure to have a limit that is high enough not to interfere with the
   normal behavior of devices in the network.  A host should be able to
   form and register any address that is topologically correct in the
   subnet(s) advertised by the 6LR/6LBR.

   This specification does not mandate any particular way for forming
   IPv6 addresses, but it discourages using EUI-64 for forming the
   Interface ID in the Link-Local Address because this method prevents
   the usage of "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)" [RFC3971],
   "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)" [RFC3972], and that of
   address privacy techniques.

   "Privacy Considerations for IPv6 Adaptation-Layer Mechanisms"
   [RFC8065] explains why privacy is important and how to form privacy-
   aware addresses.  All implementations and deployments must consider
   the option of privacy addresses in their own environments.

   The IPv6 address of the 6LN in the IPv6 header can be compressed
   statelessly when the Interface Identifier in the IPv6 address can be
   derived from the Lower Layer address.  When it is not critical to
   benefit from that compression, e.g., the address can be compressed
   statefully, or it is rarely used and/or it is used only over one hop,
   then privacy concerns should be considered.  In particular, new
   implementations should follow the IETF "Recommendation on Stable IPv6
   Interface Identifiers" [RFC8064].  [RFC8064] recommends the use of "A
   Method for Generating Semantically Opaque Interface Identifiers with
   IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)" [RFC7217] for
   generating Interface Identifiers to be used in SLAAC.

9.  IANA Considerations

   Note to RFC Editor, to be removed: please replace "This RFC"
   throughout this document by the RFC number for this specification
   once it is allocated.






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   IANA is requested to make a number of changes under the "Internet
   Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) Parameters" registry, as
   follows.

9.1.  ARO Flags

   IANA is requested to create a new subregistry for "ARO Flags".  This
   specification defines 8 positions, bit 0 to bit 7, and assigns bit 6
   for the 'R' flag and bit 7 for the 'T' flag (see Section 4.1).  The
   policy is "IETF Review" or "IESG Approval" [RFC8126].  The initial
   content of the registry is as shown in Table 2.

     New subregistry for ARO Flags under the "Internet Control Message
             Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) [RFC4443] Parameters"

                +-------------+--------------+-----------+
                |  ARO Status | Description  | Document  |
                +-------------+--------------+-----------+
                |     0..5    | Unassigned   |           |
                |             |              |           |
                |      6      | 'R' Flag     | This RFC  |
                |             |              |           |
                |      7      | 'T' Flag     | This RFC  |
                +-------------+--------------+-----------+

                          Table 2: new ARO Flags

9.2.  ICMP Codes

   IANA is requested to create 2 new subregistries of the ICMPv6 "Code"
   Fields registry, which itself is a subregistry of the Internet
   Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) Parameters for the ICMP
   codes.  The new subregistries relate to the ICMP type 157, Duplicate
   Address Request (shown in Table 3), and 158, Duplicate Address
   Confirmation (shown in Table 4), respectively.  The range of an
   ICMPv6 "Code" Field is 0..255 in all cases.  The policy is "IETF
   Review" or "IESG Approval" [RFC8126] for both subregistries.  The new
   subregistries are initialized as follows:













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                New entries for ICMP types 157 DAR message

              +---------+----------------------+------------+
              | Code    | Name                 | Reference  |
              +---------+----------------------+------------+
              | 0       | Original DAR message | RFC 6775   |
              |         |                      |            |
              | 1       | Extended DAR message | This RFC   |
              |         |                      |            |
              | 2...255 | Unassigned           |            |
              +---------+----------------------+------------+

                      Table 3: new ICMPv6 Code Fields

                New entries for ICMP types 158 DAC message

              +---------+----------------------+------------+
              | Code    | Name                 | Reference  |
              +---------+----------------------+------------+
              | 0       | Original DAC message | RFC 6775   |
              |         |                      |            |
              | 1       | Extended DAC message | This RFC   |
              |         |                      |            |
              | 2...255 | Unassigned           |            |
              +---------+----------------------+------------+

                      Table 4: new ICMPv6 Code Fields

9.3.  New ARO Status values

   IANA is requested to make additions to the Address Registration
   Option Status Values Registry as follows:



















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            Address Registration Option Status Values Registry

   +-------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
   |  ARO Status | Description                             | Document  |
   +-------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
   |      3      | Moved                                   | This RFC  |
   |             |                                         |           |
   |      4      | Removed                                 | This RFC  |
   |             |                                         |           |
   |      5      | Validation Requested                    | This RFC  |
   |             |                                         |           |
   |      6      | Duplicate Source Address                | This RFC  |
   |             |                                         |           |
   |      7      | Invalid Source Address                  | This RFC  |
   |             |                                         |           |
   |      8      | Registered Address topologically        | This RFC  |
   |             | incorrect                               |           |
   |             |                                         |           |
   |      9      | 6LBR Registry saturated                 | This RFC  |
   |             |                                         |           |
   |      10     | Validation Failed                       | This RFC  |
   +-------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------+

                      Table 5: New ARO Status values

9.4.  New 6LoWPAN capability Bits

   IANA is requested to make additions to the Subregistry for "6LoWPAN
   capability Bits" as follows:

   Subregistry for "6LoWPAN capability Bits" under the "Internet Control
              Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) Parameters"

          +-----------------+----------------------+-----------+
          |  Capability Bit | Description          | Document  |
          +-----------------+----------------------+-----------+
          |        10       | EDA  Support (D bit) | This RFC  |
          |                 |                      |           |
          |        11       | 6LR  capable (L bit) | This RFC  |
          |                 |                      |           |
          |        12       | 6LBR capable (B bit) | This RFC  |
          |                 |                      |           |
          |        13       | 6BBR capable (P bit) | This RFC  |
          |                 |                      |           |
          |        14       | EARO support (E bit) | This RFC  |
          +-----------------+----------------------+-----------+

                   Table 6: New 6LoWPAN capability Bits



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10.  Acknowledgments

   Kudos to Eric Levy-Abegnoli who designed the First Hop Security
   infrastructure upon which the first backbone router was implemented.
   Many thanks to Sedat Gormus, Rahul Jadhav, Tim Chown, Juergen
   Schoenwaelder, Chris Lonvick, Dave Thaler, Adrian Farrel, Peter Yee,
   Warren Kumari, Benjamin Kaduk, Mirja Kuhlewind, and Lorenzo Colitti
   for their various contributions and reviews.  Also, many thanks to
   Thomas Watteyne for the world first implementation of a 6LN that was
   instrumental to the early tests of the 6LR, 6LBR and Backbone Router.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

   [RFC4443]  Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
              Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
              Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 89,
              RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.

   [RFC6282]  Hui, J., Ed. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6
              Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6282, September 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6282>.







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   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C.
              Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over
              Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
              RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.

   [RFC7400]  Bormann, C., "6LoWPAN-GHC: Generic Header Compression for
              IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
              (6LoWPANs)", RFC 7400, DOI 10.17487/RFC7400, November
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7400>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

11.2.  Terminology Related References

   [RFC4919]  Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., and C. Schumacher, "IPv6
              over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs):
              Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals",
              RFC 4919, DOI 10.17487/RFC4919, August 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4919>.

   [RFC6606]  Kim, E., Kaspar, D., Gomez, C., and C. Bormann, "Problem
              Statement and Requirements for IPv6 over Low-Power
              Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Routing",
              RFC 6606, DOI 10.17487/RFC6606, May 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6606>.

   [RFC7102]  Vasseur, JP., "Terms Used in Routing for Low-Power and
              Lossy Networks", RFC 7102, DOI 10.17487/RFC7102, January
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7102>.

   [RFC7228]  Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for
              Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7228>.

11.3.  Informative References







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   [I-D.chakrabarti-nordmark-6man-efficient-nd]
              Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., Thubert, P., and M.
              Wasserman, "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Optimizations for
              Wired and Wireless Networks", draft-chakrabarti-nordmark-
              6man-efficient-nd-07 (work in progress), February 2015.

   [I-D.delcarpio-6lo-wlanah]
              Vega, L., Robles, I., and R. Morabito, "IPv6 over
              802.11ah", draft-delcarpio-6lo-wlanah-01 (work in
              progress), October 2015.

   [I-D.hou-6lo-plc]
              Hou, J., Hong, Y., and X. Tang, "Transmission of IPv6
              Packets over PLC Networks", draft-hou-6lo-plc-03 (work in
              progress), December 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd]
              Thubert, P., Sarikaya, B., and M. Sethi, "Address
              Protected Neighbor Discovery for Low-power and Lossy
              Networks", draft-ietf-6lo-ap-nd-06 (work in progress),
              February 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router]
              Thubert, P., "IPv6 Backbone Router", draft-ietf-6lo-
              backbone-router-06 (work in progress), February 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-6lo-nfc]
              Choi, Y., Hong, Y., Youn, J., Kim, D., and J. Choi,
              "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Near Field
              Communication", draft-ietf-6lo-nfc-09 (work in progress),
              January 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture]
              Thubert, P., "An Architecture for IPv6 over the TSCH mode
              of IEEE 802.15.4", draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-13 (work
              in progress), November 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-mboned-ieee802-mcast-problems]
              Perkins, C., McBride, M., Stanley, D., Kumari, W., and J.
              Zuniga, "Multicast Considerations over IEEE 802 Wireless
              Media", draft-ietf-mboned-ieee802-mcast-problems-01 (work
              in progress), February 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-roll-efficient-npdao]
              Jadhav, R., Thubert, P., Sahoo, R., and Z. Cao, "Efficient
              Route Invalidation", draft-ietf-roll-efficient-npdao-03
              (work in progress), March 2018.




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   [I-D.perkins-intarea-multicast-ieee802]
              Perkins, C., Stanley, D., Kumari, W., and J. Zuniga,
              "Multicast Considerations over IEEE 802 Wireless Media",
              draft-perkins-intarea-multicast-ieee802-03 (work in
              progress), July 2017.

   [I-D.struik-lwip-curve-representations]
              Struik, R., "Alternative Elliptic Curve Representations",
              draft-struik-lwip-curve-representations-00 (work in
              progress), October 2017.

   [I-D.thubert-roll-unaware-leaves]
              Thubert, P., "Routing for RPL Leaves", draft-thubert-roll-
              unaware-leaves-04 (work in progress), March 2018.

   [RFC1958]  Carpenter, B., Ed., "Architectural Principles of the
              Internet", RFC 1958, DOI 10.17487/RFC1958, June 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1958>.

   [RFC1982]  Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Serial Number Arithmetic", RFC 1982,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1982, August 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1982>.

   [RFC3610]  Whiting, D., Housley, R., and N. Ferguson, "Counter with
              CBC-MAC (CCM)", RFC 3610, DOI 10.17487/RFC3610, September
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3610>.

   [RFC3810]  Vida, R., Ed. and L. Costa, Ed., "Multicast Listener
              Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3810, June 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3810>.

   [RFC3971]  Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander,
              "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3971, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3971>.

   [RFC3972]  Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
              RFC 3972, DOI 10.17487/RFC3972, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3972>.

   [RFC4429]  Moore, N., "Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
              for IPv6", RFC 4429, DOI 10.17487/RFC4429, April 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4429>.







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   [RFC4941]  Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
              Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
              IPv6", RFC 4941, DOI 10.17487/RFC4941, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4941>.

   [RFC6550]  Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J.,
              Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur,
              JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for
              Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6550>.

   [RFC7217]  Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque
              Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address
              Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7217, April 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7217>.

   [RFC7428]  Brandt, A. and J. Buron, "Transmission of IPv6 Packets
              over ITU-T G.9959 Networks", RFC 7428,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7428, February 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7428>.

   [RFC7668]  Nieminen, J., Savolainen, T., Isomaki, M., Patil, B.,
              Shelby, Z., and C. Gomez, "IPv6 over BLUETOOTH(R) Low
              Energy", RFC 7668, DOI 10.17487/RFC7668, October 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7668>.

   [RFC7934]  Colitti, L., Cerf, V., Cheshire, S., and D. Schinazi,
              "Host Address Availability Recommendations", BCP 204,
              RFC 7934, DOI 10.17487/RFC7934, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7934>.

   [RFC8064]  Gont, F., Cooper, A., Thaler, D., and W. Liu,
              "Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers",
              RFC 8064, DOI 10.17487/RFC8064, February 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8064>.

   [RFC8065]  Thaler, D., "Privacy Considerations for IPv6 Adaptation-
              Layer Mechanisms", RFC 8065, DOI 10.17487/RFC8065,
              February 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8065>.

   [RFC8105]  Mariager, P., Petersen, J., Ed., Shelby, Z., Van de Logt,
              M., and D. Barthel, "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over
              Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) Ultra
              Low Energy (ULE)", RFC 8105, DOI 10.17487/RFC8105, May
              2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8105>.




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   [RFC8163]  Lynn, K., Ed., Martocci, J., Neilson, C., and S.
              Donaldson, "Transmission of IPv6 over Master-Slave/Token-
              Passing (MS/TP) Networks", RFC 8163, DOI 10.17487/RFC8163,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8163>.

   [RFC8279]  Wijnands, IJ., Ed., Rosen, E., Ed., Dolganow, A.,
              Przygienda, T., and S. Aldrin, "Multicast Using Bit Index
              Explicit Replication (BIER)", RFC 8279,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8279, November 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8279>.

11.4.  External Informative References

   [IEEEstd802154]
              IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Networks",
              IEEE Standard 802.15.4, DOI 10.1109/IEEE
              P802.15.4-REVd/D01, June 2017,
              <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7460875/>.

   [Perlman83]
              Perlman, R., "Fault-Tolerant Broadcast of Routing
              Information", North-Holland Computer Networks 7: 395-405,
              1983, <http://www.cs.illinois.edu/~pbg/courses/cs598fa09/
              readings/p83.pdf>.

Appendix A.  Applicability and Requirements Served (Not Normative)

   This specification extends 6LoWPAN ND to provide a sequence number to
   the registration and serves the requirements expressed in
   Appendix B.1 by enabling the mobility of devices from one LLN to the
   next based on the complementary work in the "IPv6 Backbone Router"
   [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router] specification.

   In the context of the Timeslotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE
   Std. 802.15.4 [IEEEstd802154], the "6TiSCH architecture"
   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture] introduces how a 6LoWPAN ND host could
   connect to the Internet via a RPL mesh network, but this requires
   additions to the 6LoWPAN ND protocol to support mobility and
   reachability in a secured and manageable environment.  This
   specification details the new operations that are required to
   implement the 6TiSCH architecture and serves the requirements listed
   in Appendix B.2.

   The term LLN is used loosely in this specification to cover multiple
   types of WLANs and WPANs, including Low-Power IEEE Std. 802.11
   networking, Bluetooth Low Energy, IEEE Std. 802.11ah, and IEEE Std.
   802.15.4 wireless meshes, so as to address the requirements discussed
   in Appendix B.3.



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   This specification can be used by any wireless node to associate at
   Layer-3 with a 6BBR and register its IPv6 addresses to obtain routing
   services including proxy-ND operations over a Backbone Link,
   effectively providing a solution to the requirements expressed in
   Appendix B.4.

   This specification is extended by "Address Protected Neighbor
   Discovery for Low-power and Lossy Networks" [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd] to
   providing a solution to some of the security-related requirements
   expressed in Appendix B.5.

   "Efficiency aware IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Optimizations"
   [I-D.chakrabarti-nordmark-6man-efficient-nd] suggests that 6LoWPAN ND
   [RFC6775] can be extended to other types of links beyond IEEE Std.
   802.15.4 for which it was defined.  The registration technique is
   beneficial when the Link-Layer technique used to carry IPv6 multicast
   packets is not sufficiently efficient in terms of delivery ratio or
   energy consumption in the end devices, in particular to enable
   energy-constrained sleeping nodes.  The value of such extension is
   especially apparent in the case of mobile wireless nodes, to reduce
   the multicast operations that are related to IPv6 ND ([RFC4861],
   [RFC4862]) and affect the operation of the wireless medium
   [I-D.ietf-mboned-ieee802-mcast-problems]
   [I-D.perkins-intarea-multicast-ieee802].  This serves the scalability
   requirements listed in Appendix B.6.

Appendix B.  Requirements (Not Normative)

   This section lists requirements that were discussed by the 6lo WG for
   an update to 6LoWPAN ND.  How those requirements are matched with
   existing specifications at the time of this writing is shown in
   Appendix B.8.

B.1.  Requirements Related to Mobility

   Due to the unstable nature of LLN links, even in an LLN of immobile
   nodes, a 6LN may change its point of attachment from 6LR-a to 6LR-b,
   and may not be able to notify 6LR-a.  Consequently, 6LR-a may still
   attract traffic that it cannot deliver any more.  When links to a 6LR
   change state, there is thus a need to identify stale states in a 6LR
   and restore reachability in a timely fashion, e.g., by using some
   signaling upon the detection of the movement, or using a keep-alive
   mechanism with a period that is consistent with the application
   needs.

   Req1.1: Upon a change of point of attachment, connectivity via a new
   6LR MUST be restored in a timely fashion without the need to de-
   register from the previous 6LR.



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   Req1.2: For that purpose, the protocol MUST enable differentiating
   between multiple registrations from one 6LoWPAN Node and
   registrations from different 6LoWPAN Nodes claiming the same address.

   Req1.3: Stale states MUST be cleaned up in 6LRs.

   Req1.4: A 6LoWPAN Node SHOULD also be able to register its Address
   concurrently to multiple 6LRs.

B.2.  Requirements Related to Routing Protocols

   The point of attachment of a 6LN may be a 6LR in an LLN mesh.  IPv6
   routing in an LLN can be based on RPL, which is the routing protocol
   that was defined by the IETF for this particular purpose.  Other
   routing protocols are also considered by Standards Development
   Organizations (SDO) on the basis of the expected network
   characteristics.  It is required that a 6LN attached via ND to a 6LR
   indicates whether it participates in the selected routing protocol to
   obtain reachability via the 6LR, or whether it expects the 6LR to
   manage its reachability.

   Beyond the 6LBR unicast address registered by ND, other addresses
   including multicast addresses are needed as well.  For example, a
   routing protocol often uses a multicast address to register changes
   to established paths.  ND needs to register such a multicast address
   to enable routing concurrently with discovery.

   Multicast is needed for groups.  Groups may be formed by device type
   (e.g., routers, street lamps), location (Geography, RPL sub-tree), or
   both.

   The Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) Architecture [RFC8279]
   proposes an optimized technique to enable multicast in an LLN with a
   very limited requirement for routing state in the nodes.

   Related requirements are:

   Req2.1: The ND registration method SHOULD be extended so that the 6LR
   is instructed whether to advertise the Address of a 6LN over the
   selected routing protocol and obtain reachability to that Address
   using the selected routing protocol.

   Req2.2: Considering RPL, the Address Registration Option that is used
   in the ND registration SHOULD be extended to carry enough information
   to generate a DAO message as specified in section 6.4 of [RFC6550],
   in particular the capability to compute a Path Sequence and, as an
   option, a RPLInstanceID.




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   Req2.3: Multicast operations SHOULD be supported and optimized, for
   instance, using BIER or MPL.  Whether ND is appropriate for the
   registration to the 6BBR is to be defined, considering the additional
   burden of supporting the Multicast Listener Discovery Version 2
   [RFC3810] (MLDv2) for IPv6.

B.3.  Requirements Related to the Variety of Low-Power Link types

   6LoWPAN ND [RFC6775] was defined with a focus on IEEE Std.802.15.4
   and in particular the capability to derive a unique identifier from a
   globally unique EUI-64 address.  At this point, the 6lo Working Group
   is extending the 6LoWPAN Header Compression (HC) [RFC6282] technique
   to other link types including ITU-T G.9959 [RFC7428], Master-Slave/
   Token-Passing [RFC8163], DECT Ultra Low Energy [RFC8105], Near Field
   Communication [I-D.ietf-6lo-nfc], IEEE Std. 802.11ah
   [I-D.delcarpio-6lo-wlanah], as well as Bluetooth(R) Low Energy
   [RFC7668], and Power Line Communication (PLC) [I-D.hou-6lo-plc]
   Networks.

   Related requirements are:

   Req3.1: The support of the registration mechanism SHOULD be extended
   to more LLN links than IEEE Std.802.15.4, matching at least the LLN
   links for which an "IPv6 over foo" specification exists, as well as
   Low-Power Wi-Fi.

   Req3.2: As part of this extension, a mechanism to compute a unique
   identifier should be provided, with the capability to form a Link-
   Local Address that SHOULD be unique at least within the LLN connected
   to a 6LBR discovered by ND in each node within the LLN.

   Req3.3: The Address Registration Option used in the ND registration
   SHOULD be extended to carry the relevant forms of unique Identifier.

   Req3.4: The Neighbor Discovery should specify the formation of a
   site-local address that follows the security recommendations from
   [RFC7217].

B.4.  Requirements Related to Proxy Operations

   Duty-cycled devices may not be able to answer themselves to a lookup
   from a node that uses IPv6 ND on a Backbone Link and may need a
   proxy.  Additionally, the duty-cycled device may need to rely on the
   6LBR to perform registration to the 6BBR.

   The ND registration method SHOULD defend the addresses of duty-cycled
   devices that are sleeping most of the time and not capable to defend
   their own addresses.



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   Related requirements are:

   Req4.1: The registration mechanism SHOULD enable a third party to
   proxy register an address on behalf of a 6LoWPAN node that may be
   sleeping or located deeper in an LLN mesh.

   Req4.2: The registration mechanism SHOULD be applicable to a duty-
   cycled device regardless of the link type and SHOULD enable a 6BBR to
   operate as a proxy to defend the Registered Addresses on its behalf.

   Req4.3: The registration mechanism SHOULD enable long sleep
   durations, on the order of multiple days to a month.

B.5.  Requirements Related to Security

   In order to guarantee the operations of the 6LoWPAN ND flows, the
   spoofing of the 6LR, 6LBR, and 6BBRs roles should be avoided.  Once a
   node successfully registers an address, 6LoWPAN ND should provide
   energy-efficient means for the 6LBR to protect that ownership even
   when the node that registered the address is sleeping.

   In particular, the 6LR and the 6LBR then should be able to verify
   whether a subsequent registration for a given address comes from the
   original node.

   In an LLN it makes sense to base security on Layer-2 security.
   During bootstrap of the LLN, nodes join the network after
   authorization by a Joining Assistant (JA) or a Commissioning Tool
   (CT).  After joining, nodes communicate with each other via secured
   links.  The keys for the Layer-2 security are distributed by the JA/
   CT.  The JA/CT can be part of the LLN or be outside the LLN.  In both
   cases it is needed that packets are routed between JA/CT and the
   joining node.

   Related requirements are:

   Req5.1: 6LoWPAN ND security mechanisms SHOULD provide a mechanism for
   the 6LR, 6LBR, and 6BBR to authenticate and authorize one another for
   their respective roles, as well as with the 6LoWPAN Node for the role
   of 6LR.

   Req5.2: 6LoWPAN ND security mechanisms SHOULD provide a mechanism for
   the 6LR and the 6LBR to validate new registration of authorized
   nodes.  Joining of unauthorized nodes MUST be prevented.

   Req5.3: 6LoWPAN ND security mechanisms SHOULD NOT lead to large
   packet sizes.  In particular, the NS, NA, DAR, and DAC messages for a




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   re-registration flow SHOULD NOT exceed 80 octets so as to fit in a
   secured IEEE Std.802.15.4 [IEEEstd802154] frame.

   Req5.4: Recurrent 6LoWPAN ND security operations MUST NOT be
   computationally intensive on the LoWPAN Node CPU.  When a Key hash
   calculation is employed, a mechanism lighter than SHA-1 SHOULD be
   preferred.

   Req5.5: The number of Keys that the 6LoWPAN Node needs to manipulate
   SHOULD be minimized.

   Req5.6: The 6LoWPAN ND security mechanisms SHOULD enable the
   variation of CCM [RFC3610] called CCM* for use at both Layer 2 and
   Layer 3, and SHOULD enable the reuse of security code that has to be
   present on the device for upper layer security such as TLS.
   Algorithm agility and support for large keys (e.g., 256-bit key
   sizes) is also desirable, following at Layer-3 the introduction of
   those capabilities at Layer-2.

   Req5.7: Public key and signature sizes SHOULD be minimized while
   maintaining adequate confidentiality and data origin authentication
   for multiple types of applications with various degrees of
   criticality.

   Req5.8: Routing of packets should continue when links pass from the
   unsecured to the secured state.

   Req5.9: 6LoWPAN ND security mechanisms SHOULD provide a mechanism for
   the 6LR and the 6LBR to validate whether a new registration for a
   given address corresponds to the same 6LN that registered it
   initially, and, if not, determine the rightful owner and deny or
   clean up the registration that is duplicate.

B.6.  Requirements Related to Scalability

   Use cases from Automatic Meter Reading (AMR, collection tree
   operations) and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI, bi-directional
   communication to the meters) indicate the needs for a large number of
   LLN nodes pertaining to a single RPL DODAG (e.g., 5000) and connected
   to the 6LBR over a large number of LLN hops (e.g., 15).

   Related requirements are:

   Req6.1: The registration mechanism SHOULD enable a single 6LBR to
   register multiple thousands of devices.

   Req6.2: The timing of the registration operation should allow for a
   large latency such as found in LLNs with ten to more hops.



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B.7.  Requirements Related to Operations and Management

   Section 3.8 of "Architectural Principles of the Internet" [RFC1958]
   recommends to: "avoid options and parameters whenever possible.  Any
   options and parameters should be configured or negotiated dynamically
   rather than manually".  This is especially true in LLNs where the
   number of devices may be large and manual configuration is
   infeasible.  Capabilities for a dynamic configuration of LLN devices
   can also be constrained by the network and power limitation.

   A Network Administrator should be able to validate that the network
   is operating within capacity, and that in particular a 6LBR does not
   get overloaded with an excessive amount of registration, so the
   administrator can take actions such as adding a Backbone Link with
   additional 6LBRs and 6BBRs to the network.

   Related requirements are:

   Req7.1: A management model SHOULD be provided that enables access to
   the 6LBR, monitor its usage vs. capacity, and alert in case of
   congestion.  It is recommended that the 6LBR be reachable over a non-
   LLN link.

   Req7.2: A management model SHOULD be provided that enables access to
   the 6LR and its capacity to host additional NCE.  This management
   model SHOULD avoid polling individual 6LRs in a way that could
   disrupt the operation of the LLN.

   Req7.3: Information on successful and failed registration SHOULD be
   provided, including information such as the ROVR of the 6LN, the
   Registered Address, the address of the 6LR, and the duration of the
   registration flow.

   Req7.4: In case of a failed registration, information on the failure
   including the identification of the node that rejected the
   registration and the status in the EARO SHOULD be provided.

B.8.  Matching Requirements with Specifications

                   I-drafts/RFCs addressing requirements

         +-------------+-----------------------------------------+
         | Requirement | Document                                |
         +-------------+-----------------------------------------+
         | Req1.1      | [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router]          |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req1.2      | [RFC6775]                               |
         |             |                                         |



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         | Req1.3      | [RFC6775]                               |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req1.4      | This RFC                                |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req2.1      | This RFC                                |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req2.2      | This RFC                                |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req2.3      |                                         |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req3.1      | Technology Dependent                    |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req3.2      | Technology Dependent                    |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req3.3      | Technology Dependent                    |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req3.4      | Technology Dependent                    |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req4.1      | This RFC                                |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req4.2      | This RFC                                |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req4.3      | [RFC6775]                               |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req5.1      |                                         |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req5.2      | [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd]                    |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req5.3      |                                         |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req5.4      |                                         |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req5.5      | [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd]                    |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req5.6      | [I-D.struik-lwip-curve-representations] |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req5.7      | [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd]                    |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req5.8      |                                         |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req5.9      | [I-D.ietf-6lo-ap-nd]                    |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req6.1      | This RFC                                |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req6.2      | This RFC                                |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req7.1      |                                         |
         |             |                                         |



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         | Req7.2      |                                         |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req7.3      |                                         |
         |             |                                         |
         | Req7.4      |                                         |
         +-------------+-----------------------------------------+

                   Table 7: Work Addressing requirements

Authors' Addresses

   Pascal Thubert (editor)
   Cisco Systems, Inc
   Building D (Regus) 45 Allee des Ormes
   Mougins - Sophia Antipolis
   France

   Phone: +33 4 97 23 26 34
   Email: pthubert@cisco.com


   Erik Nordmark
   Zededa
   Santa Clara, CA
   United States of America

   Email: nordmark@sonic.net


   Samita Chakrabarti
   Verizon
   San Jose, CA
   United States of America

   Email: samitac.ietf@gmail.com


   Charles E. Perkins
   Futurewei
   2330 Central Expressway
   Santa Clara  95050
   United States of America

   Email: charliep@computer.org







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