Routing Area Working Group S. Hares
Internet-Draft M. Chen
Intended status: Informational Huawei Technologies
Expires: January 5, 2015 July 4, 2014
Use Cases for Virtual Connections on Demand (VCoD) and Virtual Network
on Demand (VNoD) using Interface to Routing System
draft-hares-i2rs-use-case-vn-vc-03
Abstract
Software Defined Networks (SDN) provide a way to virtualize and
abstract the network in order to present virtual or abstract
resources to third-party applications running in software.
Applications can utilize a programmable interface to receive these
virtual or abstract resource descriptions in a form that allows
monitoring or manipulation of resources within the network. The
Interface to the Routing System (I2RS) provides an interface directly
to the routing System to monitor best paths to any destination or
change routes in the routing information base (RIB) or MPLS Label
Information Base (LIB). The I2RS interfaces may be combined with
other interfaces to the forwarding plane (ForCES (RFC3746)), device
configuration (NETCONF), or mid-level/peer-to-peer (ALTO, draft-ietf-
alto-protocol) system to create these virtual pathways.
This document outlines how SDN networks can use the I2RS interface to
implement an automated set of network services for the Virtual
Connection on Demand (VCoD) and Virtual Network on Demand (VNoD).
These systems provide service routing a better way to create paths
within a hub and spoke environment, and provide service routing the
ability to create pathways based on service.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
This Internet-Draft will expire on January 5, 2015.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Summary of I2RS requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Virtual Circuit on Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Why I2RS enabled solutions are necessary . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Why is not in scope for I2RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3. Example Topology for Virtual Circuit on Demand (VCoD) . . 6
3.4. I2RS Requirements for Virtual Circuit on Demand (VCoD) . 7
4. Virtual Network on Demand (VNoD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Automated On Demand Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. What is Missing in RIB Informational Model (RIB IM) . . . . . 11
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Introduction
The Interface to the Routing System (I2RS) architecture
([I-D.ietf-i2rs-architecture]) describes a mechanism where the
distributed control plane can be augmented by an outside control
plane through an open accessible programmatic interface. I2RS
provides a "halfway point" between completely an architecture that
replaces the traditional distributed control planes and directly
configuring devices via off-board processes.
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
This draft proposes a set of use cases using I2RS mechanisms to
implement a Software Defined Network (SDN) to enact virtual
connections and virtual networks as automated services. This
document focuses on how I2RS would support two automated network
services: Virtual Connection on Demand (VCoD) and Virtual Network on
Demand (VNoD). Virtual Connections on Demand (VCoD) and Virtual
Network on Demand (VNoD) may be used within hub-spoke networks and
improve service routing. In the future, an application enabled SDN
service may provide the Virtual Circuits (VCoD) and Virtual Networks
on Demand (VNoD) for any type of network service.
This document contains a summary of I2RS requirements from VCoD and
VNoD use case, background to I2RS, a VCoD use case, a VNoD use case,
and a discussion of what the RIB Information Model is missing. Those
familiar with I2RS problem statement
([I-D.ietf-i2rs-problem-statement]), I2RS architecture
([I-D.ietf-i2rs-architecture]), and the concepts of Virtual
Connections (VCs) or Virtual Networks (VNs) may wish to skip the
background section.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
2. Summary of I2RS requirements
This section contains a summary of what each use case indicates is
needed in the I2RS protocol (features and data). Section 3-5 provide
descriptions of the Virtual Circuit on Demand (VCoD), Virtual Network
on Demand (VNoD), and Automated on Demand Networks. Each of these
sections specifies a use case description followed by a summary of
I2RS requirements.
The use cases in this document have been numbered to allow coherent
compilation of the the I2RS requirements into a single list. In this
draft, each unique requirement for the I2RS protocol(I2RS client-I2RS
agent) for the Virtual Circuit on Demand (VCoD) use caes has the
label VCoD-REQnn where nn is an number. Each unique requirement for
the VNoD use case has the label VNoD-REQnn where nn is a number.
This use case also indicates things which are lacking in the Each
unique requirement for for VCoD additions to the I2RS RIB
Informational Model VCOD-IM-REQnn (where nn is a unique number).
Similarly, each unique requirement for VNoD additions to the RIB
informational Model is identified with VNoD-IM-REQnn where nn is a
unique number. Section 6 contains a list of what is missing in the
RIB Informational Model.
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
The requirements for Virtual Connections on Demand (VCoD) use cases
are:
o VCoD-REQ01: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide the ability to read the
virtual network topology database for the technology supported to
determine nodes and connections. For optical, these are the
optical connections and what node they connect to, and the
topologies created. For MPLS, this is virtual circuit available,
what nodes they connect to, and the network topologies created.
For IP technologies, this could include the GRE tunnels, what
interface it connects to, and the topologies created. For
Ethernet circuits this should involve circuit type (e.g, point-to-
point (P2P) or point-to-multipoint (P2MP)) and what nodes it can
reach, and the topologies created.
o VCoD-REQ02: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide the ability to influence the
configuration of a virtual circuit in a node.
o VCod-REQ03: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide monitor and provide
statistics on the virtual connection to the I2RS client via a Read
request or status Notification. The I2RS client can then
determine if the connection falls below a quality level the
application has requested. If the I2RS client does determine the
circuit is below the required quality, it could create another
circuit. The I2RS may choose to create the second virtual
circuit, transfer flows, and then break the first circuit.
The Virtual Network on Demand (VCoD) contains the same first three
requirements. This means that:
o VNoD-REQ01 = VCoD-REQ01,
o VNoD-REQ02 = VCoD-REQ02, and
o VNoD-REQ03 = VCoD-REQ03.
These requirements will not be repeated, so the VNoD begin with VNoD-
REQ-04.
The requirements for the Virtual Networks on Demand (VNoD) are:
o VT-VN-REQ04: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide the ability to influence
the configuration of a virtual network in a node.
o VT-VN-REQ05: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide the ability to report
statistics on the network nodes and end-to-end traffic flows via
read of status data or via notifications of status.
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
o VT-VN-REQ06: The I2RS protocol and RIB Informational Model (IM)
MUST support logical tunnels of type MPLS as well as IP, GRE,
VxLAN, and GRE. Large carrier networks utilize MPLS in a variety
of forms (LDP, static MPLS TE, or dynamic TE LSPs created by RSVP-
TE).
o VT-VN-REQ07: I2RS SHOULD support Informational Models and features
to allow MPLS technologies to create Hub-spoke topology and
service routing in networks in Carriers, Enterprise, and Data
Centers.
o VT-VN-REQ08: I2RS protocols, Information Models, and Data Models
MUST be able to support Carriers using these MPLS technologies to
support networks for Mobile BackHaul, on-demand MPLS overlays, and
on-demand video conferencing networkings.
3. Virtual Circuit on Demand
Virtual Circuit on Demand (VCoD) application associates to I2RS
client (or clients) which can communicate with the I2RS agent (or
agents) which control the VCoD circuit's creation, deletion,
modification, query for information or status changes. Information
for this application needs to include for network topology, interface
statistics, available circuits per node, available bandwidth on
circuits. Interface statistics might be required on a historical and
instantaneous time basis. The circuit statistics might also need
jitter, delay, and exit-point performance.
The virtual circuits may be obtained via RIB Informational Model (RIB
IM) ([I-D.ietf-i2rs-rib-info-model]) from the interface list, or from
the nexthop lists. Write access to set-up new interfaces is not
clearly spelled out in the current version of the RIB IM, nor are the
statistics (historical or time). This use case points out additional
Information Models (IMs) that need to be added to the I2RS
information models.
In the example topology below, the VCoD application's I2RS client
communicates with I2RS agents to set-up virtual circuits from Edge 1
to Edge 2. The I2RS client communicates with I2RS Agent-1 on node 1,
I2RS Agent-2 on node 2, I2RS Agent-3 on node 3, and I2RS Agent 4 on
node 4 for to set-up the virtual circuit. The VCoD application
contains the necessary logic to determine the pathway from Edge 1 to
Edge 2.
A second option for VCoD is to have an application communicate with
two I2RS clients who cooperate to set-up the virtual connections
between Edge 1 and Edge 2. Information passed between the two
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
clients can be done via other IETF protocols (E.g. stateful PCE or
ALTO).
3.1. Why I2RS enabled solutions are necessary
Past solutions in this area have included uses of device
configuration across multiple nodes (SNMP or NETCONF based) with
proprietary services combined with topology queries. The lack of
coordinated responses to routing topology queries has created
problems in quickly obtaining and configuring changes for Virtual
Circuits. New algorithms can create better services in routing and
switching. These algorithms include Fast-Reroute of RSVP or IGPs
which aid the automatic re-establishment of some circuits, but the
complexity of some of these algorithms increases cost within the
network elements. It's often difficult to justify the added
complexity in the database and algorithms of routing protocols to
solve what is considered a point case.
While the set-up of these virtual circuits is possible with current
technology, the lack of the I2RS-like framework makes VCoD network
complex. With this support, VCoD may be able to reduce complexity on
the individual nodes.
3.2. Why is not in scope for I2RS
The means by which the VCoD application determines which I2RS client
to associate with is outside the I2RS protocol and architecture. A
list of virtual circuits per node may be queried from the RIB
Informational Model's (RIB IM) ([I-D.ietf-i2rs-rib-info-model])
interface and nexthop lists. However, other means may be used to
determine the possible interfaces on a node. For example, ALTO could
inform the application which nodes have an I2RS Agent supporting the
VCoD service, and SNMP/NETCONF could be used to determine which
interfaces were configured.
3.3. Example Topology for Virtual Circuit on Demand (VCoD)
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
+----------------------------+
| Application (VCoD) |
+---*------------------------+
| |
| |
+-------*------------+<NETCONF>+-------------------+< NETCONF
|I2RS client 1 |< PCE info> |I2RS Commissioner-2 |< PCEP
|VC controller | | VN controller |
+--*----------*--*-*-+ +-------------------+
| | | | | |
| | | |--------------------------+ |
| | |-----------+ | | |
| | | | | |
+--------+ +--------+ +---------+ +----------+
| I2RS | | I2RS | | I2RS | | I2RS |
| Agent-1| |Agent-2 | | Agent-3 | | Agent-4 |
|--------| |--------+ +---------+ +----------+
| node 1 | | node 2 | | node 3 | | node 4 |
+--------+ +--------+ +---------+ +----------+
| | | | | |
edge1 |--------| |------------| |
|----edge2
3.4. I2RS Requirements for Virtual Circuit on Demand (VCoD)
The following things need to be supported for this application:
o VCoD-REQ01: I2RS Agents SHOULD provide the ability to read the
virtual network topology database for the technology supported.
For optical, these are the optical connections and what node they
connect to, and the topologies created. For MPLS, this is virtual
circuit available, what nodes they connect to, and the network
topologies created. For IP technologies, this could include the
GRE tunnels, what interface it connects to, and the topologies
created. For Ethernet circuits this should involve circuit type
(e.g, point-to-point (p2p) or point-to-multipoint (p2mp)) and what
nodes it can reach, and the topologies created.
o VCoD-REQ02: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide the ability to influence the
configuration of a virtual circuit in a node.
o VCoD-REQ03: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide monitor and provide
statistics on the virtual connection to the I2RS client via a Read
request or status Notification. The I2RS client can then
determine if the connection falls below a quality level the
application has requested. If the I2RS client does determine the
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
circuit is below the required quality, it could create another
circuit. The I2RS may choose to create the second virtual
circuit, transfer flows, and then break the first circuit.
What is needed in the RIB IM Model
o VCoD-RIB_IM-REQ01: The RIB IM model
([I-D.ietf-i2rs-rib-info-model] provides with each route an
associated nexthop-list 0-N members. Each nexthop-list is flagged
with a protection preference (1 or 2), and a Load balance weight
(1 to 99). If the host routes for all nodes in the topology exist
within the RIB IM model's instantiation, then the nexthop member
on the nexthop-list SHOULD provide the following information:
* identifier for interface
* egress interface (logical, virtual, or physical)
* address of physical interface (IP address or MAC) plus RIB
* tunnel encapsulation for interface (IP GRE, MPLS tunnel),
* logical tunnel identifier
* RIB name (for look-up resolution)
* flags for specialized look-ups (Discard packets, discard with
error notification, receive)
o VT-VC-RIB_IM-REQ02: The RIB IM model's primitives SHOULD include
circuit type (p2p, mp2mp), optical connection information, and
additional statistics per virtual circuit.
o VT-VC_RIB_IM-REQ03:The RIB IM model's instantiation within the
protocol must provide an easy way to specify queries for this
information.
4. Virtual Network on Demand (VNoD)
Virtual Networks on Demand (VNoD) are simply extensions to the
Virtual Connections on Demand concept. The I2RS client is tasked to
create a virtual network instead of a single connection.
The example sequence would be that the application discovers the
appropriate I2RS clients (I2RS VNoD client 1 and I2RS VNoD Client 2)
which support VNoD via a protocol outside the I2RS framework (e.g.
ALTO). The I2RS Client-2 works with the I2RS Agents 1-4 to set-up a
virtual network. This involves the following:
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
o gathering potential topology information (in order to create the
network,
o set-up the virtual network (via influencing configurations on
node),
o monitoring changes in topology (in order to potential failovers,
o influencing changes to virtual network via configurations, and
o removing the virtual network after the demand has expired.
+-------------------------+
| Application |
+-------------------------+
| |
| |
+------------------+< Policy +-------------------+<Policy
|I2RS VNoD client 1|<PCE info |I2RS client 2 |< PCEP
| | | |
+------------------+ +-------------------+
| | | |
|----------------------------+ | | |
| +------------------ | |
| | | |
+--------+ +--------+ +---------+ +----------+
| I2RS | | I2RS | | I2RS | | I2RS |
| Agent-1| |Agent-2 | | Agent-3 | | Agent-4 |
|--------| |--------+ +---------+ +----------+
| node 1 | | node 2 | | node 3 | | node 4 |
+--------+ +--------+ +---------+ +----------+
| | | | | | | | |
| |--------| |------------| | +------+ |-end-point-3
| | |
end-point-1 |
|----end-point2
This topology shares some configuration needs with the central
membership computation for MPLS VPNs from (draft-white-i2rs-use-
cases) but the mechanisms are not specific to MPLS VPNs.
This requires the following from I2RS protocol (client-agent)
o VCoD/VNoD-REQ01: I2RS Agents SHOULD provide the ability to read
the virtual network topology database for the technology
supported. For optical, these are the optical connections and
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
what node they connect to, and the topologies created. For MPLS,
this is virtual circuit available, what nodes they connect to, and
the network topologies created. For IP technologies, this could
include the GRE tunnels, what interface it connects to, and the
topologies created. For Ethernet circuits this should involve
circuit type (e.g, point-to-point (p2p) or point-to-multipoint
(p2mp)) and what nodes it can reach, and the topologies created.
o VCoD/VNoD-REQ02: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide the ability to
influence the configuration of a virtual circuit in a node.
o VCoD/VnoD-REQ03: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide the ability to report
statistics on the virtual connection to the I2RS client via read
of status data or via notifications of status. The I2RS client
can then determine if the connection falls below a quality level
the application has requested. If the I2RS client does determine
the circuit is below the required quality, it could create another
circuit. The I2RS may choose to create the second virtual
circuit, transfer flows, and then break the first circuit.
o VNOD-REQ04: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide the ability to influence the
configuration of a virtual network in a node.
o VNoD-REQ05: I2RS Agent SHOULD provide the ability to report
statistics on the network nodes and end-to-end traffic flows via
read of status data or via notifications of status.
5. Automated On Demand Networks
Automated On-Demand networks becomes a reasonable technology within a
network by utilizing the I2RS architecture. While automated on-
demand circuit provisioning and de-provisioning is possible now, the
effort to configure and reconfigure nodes to provide the Automatic
On-Demand circuits can be difficult. With I2RS, the I2RS client can
instruct the I2RS Agents within a network to create On-Demand
circuits and then remove the circuits returning the network to its
configured state. With I2RS enhanced monitoring capability, the
monitoring needed for these state changes is incorporated within the
I2RS framework.
The current scope for these Automated On-Demand Circuits in the
IETF's I2RS working group's charter is limited to hub-spoke networks
and service routing. This section discusses the progress on the I2RS
against the use cases, and proposes additional additional Automated
On-Demand Circuits.
Current Status of the Automated On-Demand Functionality
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
Both the hub-spoke network and service network may include a
centralized control network element such as
[I-D.ji-i2rs-usecases-ccne-service]. These centralized control
network elements may use I2RS access to individual node's RIB
information via the I2RS RIB Information Model (IM)
([I-D.ietf-i2rs-rib-info-model]), or obtain full network topology
information from other protocols (BGP Route Reflector, PCE
([RFC4655]), or ALTO [I-D.bernstein-alto-topo]). With the recent
inclusion of IGP (OSPF and ISIS) link-state information into BGP TLVs
via [I-D.ietf-idr-ls-distribution], all of these sources can provide
centralized services that can provide topology maps at the AS and IGP
level.
I2RS Information Models (IM) are being proposed which can store:
o Network Topologies (IM) [I-D.medved-i2rs-topology-im], and
o Service Topologies IM) [I-D.hares-i2rs-info-model-service-topo].
I2RS features Needed Future On-Demand Networks
o VNoD-REQ06: The I2RS protocol and RIB Informational Model (IM)
MUST support logical tunnels of type MPLS as well as IP, GRE,
VxLAN and GRE. L Large Carrier networks utilize MPLS in a variety
of forms (LDP, static MPLS TE, or dynamic TE LSPS created by RSVP-
TE or CR-LDP).
o VNoD-REQ07: I2RS SHOULD support Informational Models and features
to allow MPLS technologies to create Hub-spoke topology and
service routing in networks in Carriers, Enterprise, and Data
Centers.
o VNoD-REQ08: I2RS protocols, Information Models, and Data Models
MUST be able to support Carriers using these MPLS technologies to
support networks for Mobile BackHaul, on-demand MPLS overlays, and
on-demand video conferencing networkings.
6. What is Missing in RIB Informational Model (RIB IM)
Based on these requirements, the following is needed in the RIB IM
Model:
o VNoD-RIB_IM-REQ01: The RIB IM model
([I-D.ietf-i2rs-rib-info-model] provides with each route an
associated nexthop-list 0-N members. Each nexthop-list is flagged
with a protection preference (1 or 2), and a Load balance weight
(1 to 99). If the host routes for all nodes in the topology exist
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
within the RIB IM model's instantiation, then the nexthop member
on the nexthop-list SHOULD provide the following information:
* identifier for interface
* egress interface (logical, virtual, or physical)
* address of physical interface (IP address or MAC) plus RIB
* tunnel encapsulation for interface (IP GRE, MPLS tunnel),
* logical tunnel identifier
* RIB name (for look-up resolution)
* flags for specialized look-ups (Discard packets, discard with
error notification, receive)
o VNoD-RIB_IM-REQ02: The RIB IM model's primitives SHOULD include
circuit type (p2p, mp2mp), optical connection information, and
additional statistics per virtual circuit.
o VNoD_RIB_IM-REQ03:The RIB IM model's instantiation within the
protocol must provide an easy way to specify queries for this
information.
7. IANA Considerations
This document includes no request to IANA.
8. Security Considerations
This document has no security issues as it just contains use cases.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
9.2. Informative References
[I-D.bernstein-alto-topo]
Bernstein, G., Yang, Y., and Y. Lee, "ALTO Topology
Service: Uses Cases, Requirements, and Framework", draft-
bernstein-alto-topo-00 (work in progress), October 2013.
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
[I-D.hares-i2rs-info-model-service-topo]
Hares, S., Wu, W., and X. Guan, "An Information model for
service topology", draft-hares-i2rs-info-model-service-
topo-00 (work in progress), February 2014.
[I-D.ietf-i2rs-architecture]
Atlas, A., Halpern, J., Hares, S., Ward, D., and T.
Nadeau, "An Architecture for the Interface to the Routing
System", draft-ietf-i2rs-architecture-04 (work in
progress), June 2014.
[I-D.ietf-i2rs-problem-statement]
Atlas, A., Nadeau, T., and D. Ward, "Interface to the
Routing System Problem Statement", draft-ietf-i2rs-
problem-statement-04 (work in progress), June 2014.
[I-D.ietf-i2rs-rib-info-model]
Bahadur, N., Folkes, R., Kini, S., and J. Medved, "Routing
Information Base Info Model", draft-ietf-i2rs-rib-info-
model-03 (work in progress), May 2014.
[I-D.ietf-idr-ls-distribution]
Gredler, H., Medved, J., Previdi, S., Farrel, A., and S.
Ray, "North-Bound Distribution of Link-State and TE
Information using BGP", draft-ietf-idr-ls-distribution-05
(work in progress), May 2014.
[I-D.ji-i2rs-usecases-ccne-service]
Ji, X., Zhuang, S., Huang, T., and S. Hares, "I2RS Use
Cases for Control of Forwarding Path by Central Control
Network Element (CCNE)", draft-ji-i2rs-usecases-ccne-
service-01 (work in progress), February 2014.
[I-D.medved-i2rs-topology-im]
Medved, J., Bahadur, N., Clemm, A., and H.
Ananthakrishnan, "An Information Model for Network
Topologies", draft-medved-i2rs-topology-im-01 (work in
progress), October 2013.
[RFC4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, J., and J. Ash, "A Path Computation
Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655, August 2006.
Authors' Addresses
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft I2RS Use Cases VCoD VNoD July 2014
Susan Hares
Huawei Technologies
7453 Hickory Hill
Saline, MI 48176
USA
Email: shares@ndzh.com
Mach Chen
Huawei Technologies
Huawei Bld., No.156 Beiqing Rd.
Beijing 100095
China
Email: mach.chen@huawei.com
Hares & Chen Expires January 5, 2015 [Page 14]