BEHAVE WG F. Gont
Internet-Draft UTN/FRH
Intended status: BCP P. Srisuresh
Expires: April 29, 2010 EMC Corporation
October 26, 2009
Security implications of Network Address Translators (NATs)
draft-gont-behave-nat-security-03.txt
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Abstract
This document analyzes the security implications of Network Address
Translators (NATs). It neither deprecates nor encourages the use of
NATs, but rather aims to raise awareness about their security
implications, and possible implementation approaches to improve their
security.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Resilience to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. IP fragmentation attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Port reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Peer-to-peer Communication for the end hosts behind devices . 5
5. Secure Transport for the end hosts behind NAT Devices . . . . 5
6. Security considerations arising from protocol header fields . 6
6.1. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) header fields . . . . . 7
6.1.1. Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) header fields . . . . 7
6.2.1. Source Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.2.2. Sequence Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.2.3. Acknowledgment Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.2.4. Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Appendix A. Change log (to be removed before publication of
the document as an RFC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A.1. Changes from draft-gont-behave-nat-security-01 . . . . . . 13
A.2. Changes from draft-gont-behave-nat-security-01 . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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1. Introduction
This document analyzes the security implications of Network Address
Translators (NATs). It neither deprecates nor encourages the use of
NATs, but rather aims to raise awareness about their security
implications, and possible implementation approaches to improve their
security.
Note: the security implications of a NAT device due to it being a
stateful device are not discussed in the current version of this
document (but may be added in future revisions). For what is worth,
many of these security implications are described in [RFC5382],
[RFC4787] and [I-D.ietf-behave-nat-icmp].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
2. Resilience to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks
2.1. IP fragmentation attacks
Routers in the network are able to forward fragmented IP packets just
as they do any other non-fragmented IP packets because packet
forwarding is based solely on looking up the destination IP address
in the routing table and finding the largest prefix match to identify
the next-hop to forward to. Routers do not need to retain any state
pertaining to fragmented packets traversing them.
A NAT device operates differently from a router in that the NAT
device must find the matching NAT Session for an IP packet and
perform NAT translation on the packet, prior to forwarding. NAT
Session lookup requires the full 5-tuple of the IP datagram. Only
the first fragment of the IP datagram contains the full-tuple.
Subsequent fragmented packets contain the fragment Id, but do not
contain transport protocol specific details such as source and
destination port numbers. The NAT device must be able to associate
the same session tuple for all fragments by virtue of the fragment ID
and use that information to locate the NAT Session the packets belong
to. Note however, the IP fragments cannot be assumed to arrive in
order. Some operating systems transmit the fragments of an IP
datagram out of their logical order as a matter of course. In
addition, network conditions can also cause dynamic packet reordering
in transit.
A NAT device not capable of processing all fragments of an inbound IP
datagram can cause the fragmented packets to be dropped causing some
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applications to not function correctly.
NATs, capable of processing out-of-order packets store the out-of-
order packets prior to forwarding. This can open up the NAT device
for external attacks. As pointed out in [RFC4787], fragmentation has
been a tool used in many attacks, some involving passing fragmented
packets through NATs, and others involving DoS attacks based on the
state needed to reassemble the fragments. NAT implementers should be
aware of [RFC3128] and [RFC1858].
NATs may protect themselves against such attacks by limiting the
length of time they retain an incomplete IP packet before discarding
it, or by limiting the amount of internal buffer space incomplete IP
packets may consume before the oldest fragments are discarded. The
appropriate values of these limits vary across NATs, and may be
determined by the network administrator.
[CPNI-IP] contains a detailed discussion of the security implications
arising from the reassembly of IP fragments and of a number of
approaches to mitigate them.
REQ-1: A NAT device capable of forwarding out-of-order IP fragments
MUST take measures to protect itself against well-known IP fragment
based attacks.
3. Port reservation
A NAT device implementing NAPT function shares the source ports for
its public IP address with nodes in the private realm. The NAPT
device may also have end host applications of its own. Consider the
following scenario when a NAPT device uses the same TCP/UDP port for
local use as well as for mapping to a private host.
Say, an application on the NAPT device runs on port 5060 (SIP
Server), but not enabled. Say, a host in the private domain of the
Nat device also uses 5060 and obtains port 5060 from the NAT device.
While this Port Binding is active, say, the application on NAPT
device is activated. The application on the NAT device is unlikely
to be aware of the NAT function enforced by the NAT device. Once the
same port is assigned for NAT use as well as for use by local
application on the NAT device, data packets directed to the NAT
device could end up with the end host within the private domain or
the application on the NAT device. This behavior can cause
unpredictable behavior and may even result in data snooping.
Manual intervention becomes necessary to ensure that only one
instance of an application is actively using a port at a given time.
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It is not desirable to either allow possible simulataneous use (or)
require manual intervention to serialize the use.
REQ-2: When a NAT device supports local applications on the device,
it is RECOMMENDED that the NAT device reserves specific ports for
local use, different from NAT use, so there is no overlap of ports
between local use and NAT use. Doing this will ensure there is no
possibility of cross session contamination between NAT sessions and
local sessions.
4. Peer-to-peer Communication for the end hosts behind devices
[RFC5128] refers to applications using TCP/UDP hole punching
technique to establish peer-to-peer communication. Section 6.1 of
[RFC5128] describes a scenario in which it can be problematic for
applications that do not use appropriate authentication mechanisms
while setting up peer connections. An application could end up
connecting to the wrong host or have its connections hijacked
maliciously by other hosts.
REQ-3: Applications attempting to establish peer-to-peer
communication across NAT devices using TCP/UDP hole punching
technique SHOULD employ relevant authentication mechanism to connect
to their peers.
5. Secure Transport for the end hosts behind NAT Devices
NAT devices are ubiquitous in the Internet. NAT devices can be found
in homes, hotels, Airports, conferences, coffee shops and plethora of
internet cafes.
Most users needing to carry out financial transactions and other
personal, sensitive applications use SSL/TLS protocol [RFC2246] to do
this. NAT devices enroute MUST support the traversal of SSL/TLS
protocol. TCP port 443 is the default port used for SSL/TLS
protocol.
Secure VPNs is another important use of secure protocols to access
corporate networks. Telecommuters and users in remote locations use
secure VPN to access their corporate networks. The secure VPNs may
use a combination of NAT-T [RFC3947] and IPSec-over-UDP [RFC3948] to
secure the VPN traffic. Alternately, some VPN vendors use SSL/TLS
protocol [RFC2246] to secure the VPN traffic. NAT devices enroute
MUST support the traversal of NAT compliant security protocols such
as SSL/TLS, NAT-T and IPsec-over-UDP.
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Enforcement of NAT-T for IKE negotiation can be problematic, as
described in Section 2.3 of [RFC3715], if the NAT device enroute has
an Application Level Gateway (ALG) that attempts to treat IKE packets
differently from other UDP packets. A NAT device MUST NOT include an
ALG that treats IKE or SSL/TLS packets differently than any other
TCP/UDP packet.
REQ-4: A NAT device MUST permit the traversal of NAT compliant
security protocols. Specifically, a NAT device MUST do the
following.
a. A NAT device MUST NOT block traffic directed to or coming from
UDP port numbers 500 and 4500.
b. A NAT device MUST NOT block traffic directed to or coming from
TCP/UDP port number 443.
c. A NAT device MUST NOT include an ALG that treats IKE packets or
SSL/TLS packets differently than any other TCP/UDP packet.
6. Security considerations arising from protocol header fields
From the external realm, all packets originated by any host in the
internal realm (or by the NAT itself) are seen as originating from
the NAT box. As a result, the same requirements that are applied to
an internet host must be applied to the aggregate traffic at the NAT
box. For example, in the same way that an internet host is required
not to reuse a tuple (SrcIP, DstIP, Protocol, IP ID) at any given
time, a NAT should enforce that a tuple (SrcIP, DstIP, Protocol, IP
ID) of the aggregate traffic is not reused at any given time.
In order to enforce some of these requirements, a NAT will usually
need to rewrite some of the TCP and/or IP header fields of the
incoming and outgoing packets.
In some cases, rewriting a header field can be mandatory to ensure
interoperability (e.g., the IP Identification field). In other
cases, rewriting a header field (e.g., the TCP Sequence Number)
ensures that the NAT will not introduce new interoperability problems
in some corner cases
If a NAT implementation opts to rewrite some header field, there is
still the question of how to do it security-wise.
The following subsections discusses those header fields that may need
to be rewriten by the NAT to avoid interoperability problems, and
discusses the best possible policies to rewrite them.
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6.1. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) header fields
6.1.1. Identification
For interoperability reasons, NATs must ensure that a tuple (SrcIP,
DstIP, Protocol, IP ID) is not reused while there are still packets
in the network with that tuple. In order to enforce this
requirement, NATs MUST rewrite the IP Identification field of the
outgoing IP packets.
A trivial approach to enforce this requirement would be to rewrite
the IP Identification from a global counter that is increment by one
each time a packet is transmitted. However, while this would fulfil
the interoperability requirements, this would lead to predictable
Identification values, which have been found to have a number of
security implications [CPNI-IP].
In order to mitigate these security implications, NATs SHOULD rewrite
the IP Identification field such that it is not trivial for an
attacker to detect different "sequences" of the Identification field.
[CPNI-IP] discusses a number of approaches for selecting the
Identification value at end-systems, which could also be applied for
the selection of the Identification value at NATs.
REQ-5: NATs MUST ensure that a tuple (SrcIP, DstIP, Protocol, IP ID)
is not reused while there are still packets in the network with that
tuple. Additionally, they SHOULD generate the IP Identification
values such that they are not trivially predictable.
6.2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) header fields
6.2.1. Source Port
As part of its basic functionality, a NAPT will usually rewrite
(translate) the TCP Source Port of packets sent to the external
realm. As a result, the ephemeral port selection algorithm of a NAT
will "override" that of the end-systems behind the NAT.
In some cases, this may have the undesireable consequence that a
system implementing some algorithm for ephemeral port obfuscation may
end up establishing TCP connections with systems in the external
realm using a predictable (as seen from the external realm) ephemeral
port sequence.
NATs should implement an ephemeral port selection algorithm such that
the source port of outgoing packets is obfuscated, thus mitigating
blind (off-path) spoofing attacks.
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It should be noted that use of an improper ephemeral port selection
algorithm may lead to collisions of connection-ids, with the
potential of failure in the establishment of new TCP connections.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-port-randomization]
6.2.2. Sequence Number
Based on the premise that the Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) of
succesive TCP connections are monotonically-increasing, BSD-derived
implementations use the ISN of an incomming connection request to
perform heuristics aiming at allowing a new incarnation of a previous
connection to be created, even if the pervious incarnation is still
in the TIME-WAIT state.
When succesive TCP connection requests are sent from different nodes
in the internal realm to a node in the external realm, the resulting
ISN sequence may not be monotonically-increasing (even if if every
node in the external real enforces monotonically-increasing ISNs for
their own connection requests). As a result, succesive connection
requests through a NAT may result in a connection reset or may simply
time-out.
One possible workaround for this problem would be to maintain a TIME-
WAIT state (for 2*MSL seconds) for every connection that is closed,
so that a given four-tuple is not reused two quickly. However, this
increases the state that must be kept at the NAT (every terminated
TCP connection requires the NAT to maintain state for an additional
2*MSL seconds), and might also reduce the maximum connection-
establishment rate through the NAT.
An alternative workaround would be to have the NAT rewrite the
Sequence Number of outgoing segments such that consecutive
connections to a specific TCP endpoint use ISNs that are
monotonically-increasing. From a security point of view, the ISN
generator should be such that it should be difficult for an off-path
attacker to predict the ISNs of future connections. [RFC1948]
describes an algorithm for the generation of ISN that complies with
these two "requirements".
REQ-6: A NAT MAY rewrite the TCP Sequence Number of packets forwarded
to the external realm, such that all connection requests from to a
TCP endpoint in the external realm result in monotonically-increasing
Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs). The ISN generator SHOULD select
Initial Sequence Numbers such that it is difficult for an off-path
attacker to predict the ISNs of future connections. If the NAT
rewrites the Sequence Number of packets forwarded to the external
realm, it MUST also rewrite the TCP Acknowledgement Number of packets
being forwarded into the internal realm.
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6.2.3. Acknowledgment Number
As mentioned in Section 6.2.2, if the NAT rewrites the Sequence
Number of TCP segments forwarded from the internal realm to the
external realm, it must also rewrite the Acknowledgement Number of
TCP segments forwarded from the external realm to the internal realm.
6.2.4. Options
6.2.4.1. TCP timestamps
The Timestamps option, specified in RFC 1323 [RFC1323], allows a TCP
to include a timestamp value in its segments, that can be used used
to perform two functions: Round-Trip Time Measurement (RTTM), and
Protect Against Wrapped Sequences (PAWS).
For the purpose of PAWS, the timestamps sent on a connection are
required to be monotonically increasing. While there is no
requirement that timestamps are monotonically increasing across TCP
connections, a number of systems for improving the handling of SYN
segments that are received while the corresponding four-tuple is in
the TIME-WAIT state, similar to the processing of TCP ISNs for
connections in the TIME-WAIT state by BSD-derived systems. That is,
the timestamp option is to perform heuristics to determine whether to
allow the creation of a new incarnation of a connection that is in
the TIME-WAIT state.
When succesive TCP connection requests are sent from different nodes
in the internal realm to a node in the external realm, the resulting
initial timestamps may not be monotonically-increasing (even if if
every node in the external realm enforces monotonically-increasing
timestamps across connection requests to the same destination
endpoint). As a result, succesive connection requests through a NAT
might result in a connection reset or might simply time-out.
One possible workaround for this problem would be to maintain a TIME-
WAIT state (for 2*MSL seconds) for every connection that is closed,
so that a given four-tuple is not reused two quickly. However, this
increases the state that must be kept at the NAT (every terminated
TCP connection requires the NAT to maintain state for an additional
2*MSL seconds), and might also reduce the maximum connection-
establishment rate through the NAT.
An alternative workaround would be to have the NAT rewrite the TCP
timestamp option of outgoing segments (TSval) such that consecutive
connections to a specific TCP endpoint use timestamps that are
monotonically-increasing. From a security point of view, the
timestamps generator should be such that it makes it difficult for an
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off-path attacker to predict the timestamps of future connections.
[I-D.gont-tcpm-tcp-timestamps] describes an algorithm for the
generation of timestamps that complies with these two "requirements".
If the NAT rewrites the TCP timestamp of packets forwarded to the
external realm, it must also rewrite the TCP timestamp echo (TSecr)
of packets forwarded from the external realm into the internal realm.
REQ-7: A NAT MAY rewrite the TCP timestamps option(TSval) of packets
forwarded to the external realm, such that all connection requests
from to a specific TCP endpoint in the external realm result in
monotonically-increasing timestamps. The timestamps generator SHOULD
be such such that it makes it difficult for an off-path attacker to
predict the timestamps of future connections. If the NAT rewrites
the TCP timestamp of packets forwarded to the external realm, it MUST
also rewrite the TCP timestamp echo (TSecr) of packets forwarded from
the external realm into the internal realm.
7. Security Considerations
This document analyzes the security implications of Network Address
Translators (NATs). It neither deprecates nor encourages the use of
NATs, but rather aims to raise awareness about their security
implications, and possible implementation approaches to improve their
security.
Note: the security implications of a NAT device due to it being a
stateful device are not discussed in the current version of this
document (but may be added in future revisions). For what is worth,
many of these security implications are described in [RFC5382],
[RFC4787] and [I-D.ietf-behave-nat-icmp].
8. IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
9. Acknowledgements
The authors of this document would like to thank (in alphabetical
order) Brian Carpenter, Remi Denis-Courmont, Reinaldo Penno, Dave
Thaler, and Dan Wing for providing valuable feedback on earlier
versions of this document.
10. References
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10.1. Normative References
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
September 1981.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, September 1981.
[RFC1122] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
[RFC1323] Jacobson, V., Braden, B., and D. Borman, "TCP Extensions
for High Performance", RFC 1323, May 1992.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
RFC 2246, January 1999.
[RFC3715] Aboba, B. and W. Dixon, "IPsec-Network Address Translation
(NAT) Compatibility Requirements", RFC 3715, March 2004.
[RFC3947] Kivinen, T., Swander, B., Huttunen, A., and V. Volpe,
"Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE", RFC 3947,
January 2005.
[RFC3948] Huttunen, A., Swander, B., Volpe, V., DiBurro, L., and M.
Stenberg, "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets",
RFC 3948, January 2005.
10.2. Informative References
[Bellovin2002]
Bellovin, S., "A Technique for Counting NATted Hosts",
IMW'02 Nov. 6-8, 2002, Marseille, France, 2002.
[CPNI-IP] CPNI, "Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol",
2008 .
[CPNI-TCP]
CPNI, "Security Assessment of the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)", (to be published) .
[I-D.ford-behave-top]
Srisuresh, P. and B. Ford, "Unintended Consequence of two
NAT deployments with Overlapping Address Space",
draft-ford-behave-top-07 (work in progress), August 2009.
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[I-D.gont-tcpm-tcp-timestamps]
Gont, F., "On the generation of TCP timestamps",
draft-gont-tcpm-tcp-timestamps-02 (work in progress),
September 2009.
[I-D.ietf-behave-nat-icmp]
Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and S. Guha, "NAT
Behavioral Requirements for ICMP protocol",
draft-ietf-behave-nat-icmp-12 (work in progress),
January 2009.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-port-randomization]
Larsen, M. and F. Gont, "Port Randomization",
draft-ietf-tsvwg-port-randomization-04 (work in progress),
July 2009.
[RFC1858] Ziemba, G., Reed, D., and P. Traina, "Security
Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering", RFC 1858,
October 1995.
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
[RFC1948] Bellovin, S., "Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks",
RFC 1948, May 1996.
[RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol",
RFC 2131, March 1997.
[RFC2663] Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations",
RFC 2663, August 1999.
[RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
January 2001.
[RFC3128] Miller, I., "Protection Against a Variant of the Tiny
Fragment Attack (RFC 1858)", RFC 3128, June 2001.
[RFC4787] Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation
(NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
RFC 4787, January 2007.
[RFC5128] Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., and D. Kegel, "State of Peer-to-
Peer (P2P) Communication across Network Address
Translators (NATs)", RFC 5128, March 2008.
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[RFC5382] Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
RFC 5382, October 2008.
Appendix A. Change log (to be removed before publication of the
document as an RFC)
A.1. Changes from draft-gont-behave-nat-security-01
o A number of sections were removed and/or reorganized.
o Where appropriate, requirements have been explicitly indicated as
REQ-n.
o Updated Pyda's affiliation.
o Addressed part of the feedback received off-list from Reinaldo
Penno.
A.2. Changes from draft-gont-behave-nat-security-01
o Addded Section 5.
Authors' Addresses
Fernando Gont
Universidad Tecnologica Nacional / Facultad Regional Haedo
Evaristo Carriego 2644
Haedo, Provincia de Buenos Aires 1706
Argentina
Phone: +54 11 4650 8472
Email: fernando@gont.com.ar
URI: http://www.gont.com.ar
Pyda Srisuresh
EMC Corporation
1161 San Antonio Rd.
Mountain View, CA 94043
U.S.A.
Phone: +1 408 836 4773
Email: srisuresh@yahoo.com
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