Network Working Group                                           J. Arkko
Internet-Draft                                             V. Lehtovirta
Updates: 4187 (if approved)                                     Ericsson
Intended status: Informational                                 P. Eronen
Expires: March 14, 2009                                            Nokia
                                                      September 10, 2008


 Improved Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3rd Generation
              Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA')
                       draft-arkko-eap-aka-kdf-03

Status of this Memo

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 14, 2009.

Abstract

   This specification defines a new EAP method, EAP-AKA', a small
   revision of the EAP-AKA method.  The change is a new key derivation
   function that binds the keys derived within the method to the name of
   the access network.  The new key derivation mechanism has been
   defined in 3GPP.  This specification allows its use in EAP in an
   interoperable manner.  In addition, EAP-AKA' employs SHA256 instead
   of SHA1.

   This specification also updates RFC 4187 EAP-AKA to add support for



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   preventing bidding down attacks between itself and EAP-AKA'.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Requirements language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  EAP-AKA' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     3.1.  AT_KDF_INPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.2.  AT_KDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  Key Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.4.  Hash Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       3.4.1.  PRF' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       3.4.2.  AT_MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       3.4.3.  AT_CHECKCODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   4.  Bidding Down Prevention for EAP-AKA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.1.  Security Properties of Binding Network Names . . . . . . . 16
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   7.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   8.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     8.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     8.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   Appendix A.  Changes from RFC 4187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   Appendix B.  Editor's Note: Importance of Explicit Negotiation . . 19
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 21
























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1.  Introduction

   This specification defines a new Extensible Authentication Protocol
   (EAP)[RFC3748] method, EAP-AKA', a small revision of the EAP-AKA
   method originally defined in [RFC4187].  What is new in EAP-AKA' is
   that it has a new key derivation function specified in [3GPP.33.402].
   This function binds the keys derived within the method to the name of
   the access network.  This limits the effects of compromised access
   network nodes and keys.  This specification defines the EAP
   encapsulation for AKA when the new key derivation mechanism is in
   use.

   3GPP has defined a number of applications for the revised AKA
   mechanism, some based on native encapsulation of AKA over 3GPP radio
   access networks and others based on the use of EAP.

   For making the new key derivation mechanisms usable in EAP-AKA
   additional protocol mechanisms are necessary.  Given that RFC 4187
   calls for the use of CK (the encryption key) and IK (the integrity
   key) from AKA, existing implementations continue to use these.  Any
   change of the key derivation must be unambiguous to both sides in the
   protocol.  That is, it must not be possible to accidentally connect
   old equipment to new equipment and get the key derivation wrong or
   attempt to use wrong keys without getting a proper error message.
   The change must also be secure against bidding down attacks that
   attempt to force the participants to use the least secure mechanism.

   This specification therefore introduces a variant of the EAP-AKA
   method, called EAP-AKA'.  This method can employ the derived keys CK'
   and IK' from the 3GPP specification and updates the used hash
   function to SHA256.  But it is otherwise equivalent to RFC 4187.
   Given that a different EAP method Type value is used for EAP-AKA and
   EAP-AKA', a mutually supported method may be negotiated using the
   standard mechanisms in EAP [RFC3748].

      Editor's Note: A number of other possible ways to use the new key
      derivation functions have been proposed.  These include
      configuration and reliance on a particular domain employing only
      the new functions.  Appendix B explains why these approaches lead
      to severe interoperability problems and why it is important to be
      explicit about the change of semantics in protocol design.  RFC
      Editor: Please delete this and other Editor's Notes upon
      publication of this specification as an RFC.

   The rest of this specification is structured as follows.  Section 3
   defines the EAP-AKA' method.  Section 4 adds support to EAP-AKA to
   prevent bidding down attacks from EAP-AKA'.  Section 5 explains the
   security differences between EAP-AKA and EAP-AKA'.  Section 6



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   describes the IANA considerations and Appendix A explains what
   updates to RFC 4187 EAP-AKA have been made in this specification.

      Editor's Note: The publication of this RFC depends on its
      normative references [3GPP.33.102] and [3GPP.33.402] from 3GPP
      reaching their final Release 8 status at 3GPP.  This is expected
      to happen shortly.  The RFC Editor should check with the 3GPP
      liaisons that this has happened.


2.  Requirements language

   In this document, the key words "MAY", "MUST, "MUST NOT", "OPTIONAL",
   "RECOMMENDED", "SHOULD", and "SHOULD NOT", are to be interpreted as
   described in [RFC2119].


3.  EAP-AKA'

   EAP-AKA' is a new EAP method that follows the EAP-AKA specification
   [RFC4187] in all respects except the following:

   o  It uses the Type code TBD1 BY IANA, not 23 which is used by EAP-
      AKA.

   o  It carries the AT_KDF_INPUT attribute, as defined in Section 3.1
      to ensure that both the peer and server know the name of the
      access network.

   o  It calculates keys as defined in Section 3.3, not as defined in
      EAP-AKA.

   o  It employs SHA256, not SHA1 (Section 3.4).

   o  It has support for possible future key derivation function changes
      via the AT_KDF attribute (Section 3.2) .

   Figure 1 shows an example of the authentication process.  Each
   message AKA'-Challenge and so on represents the corresponding message
   from EAP-AKA, but with EAP-AKA' Type code.  The definition of these
   messages, along with the definition of attributes AT_RAND, AT_AUTN,
   AT_MAC, and AT_RES can be found from [RFC4187].









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    Peer                                                    Server
       |                      EAP-Request/Identity             |
       |<------------------------------------------------------|
       |                                                       |
       | EAP-Response/Identity                                 |
       | (Includes user's NAI)                                 |
       |------------------------------------------------------>|
       |                           +-------------------------------+
       |                           | Server determines the         |
       |                           | network name, runs AKA'       |
       |                           | algorithms generating RAND    |
       |                           | and AUTN, derives session     |
       |                           | keys from CK'/IK'. RAND and   |
       |                           | AUTN are sent as AT_RAND and  |
       |                           | AT_AUTN attributes, whereas   |
       |                           | network name is transported   |
       |                           | in AT_KDF_INPUT attribute.    |
       |                           | AT_KDF signals the used key   |
       |                           | derivation function. The      |
       |                           | session keys are used in      |
       |                           | creating the AT_MAC attribute.|
       |                           +-------------------------------+
       |                        EAP-Request/AKA'-Challenge     |
       |       (AT_RAND, AT_AUTN, AT_KDF, AT_KDF_INPUT, AT_MAC)|
       |<------------------------------------------------------|
   +--------------------------------------+                    |
   | Peer verifies the network name from  |                    |
   | AT_KDF_INPUT, and uses it in running |                    |
   | the AKA' algorithms, verifying AUTN  |                    |
   | and generating RES. The peer also    |                    |
   | derives session keys from CK'/IK'.   |                    |
   | AT_RES and AT_MAC are constructed.   |                    |
   +--------------------------------------+                    |
       | EAP-Response/AKA'-Challenge                           |
       | (AT_RES, AT_MAC)                                      |
       |------------------------------------------------------>|
       |                          +--------------------------------+
       |                          | Server checks the RES and MAC  |
       |                          | values received in AT_RES and  |
       |                          | AT_MAC, respectively.  Success |
       |                          | requires both to be found      |
       |                          | correct.                       |
       |                          +--------------------------------+
       |                                          EAP-Success  |
       |<------------------------------------------------------|

              Figure 1: EAP-AKA' Authentication Process




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3.1.  AT_KDF_INPUT

   The format of the AT_KDF_INPUT attribute is shown below.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | AT_KDF_INPUT  | Length        | Actual Network Name Length    |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      .                        Network Name                           .
      .                                                               .
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   The fields are as follows:

   AT_KDF_INPUT

      This is set to TBD2 BY IANA.

   Length

      The length of the attribute, calculated as defined in [RFC4187]
      Section 8.1.

   Actual Network Name Length

      This a 2-byte actual length field, needed due to the requirement
      that previous field is expressed in multiples of 4 bytes per the
      usual EAP-AKA rules.  The Actual Network Name Length field
      provides the length of the Network Name in bytes.

   Network Name

      This field contains the network name of the access network for
      which the authentication is being performed.  The name does not
      include any terminating null characters.  Because the length of
      the entire attribute must be a multiple of 4 bytes, the sender
      pads the name with one, two, or three bytes of all zero bits when
      necessary.

   Only the server sends the AT_KDF_INPUT attribute.  The peer SHOULD
   check the received value against its own understanding of the network
   name.  Upon detecting a discrepancy, the peer either warns the user
   and continues, or fails the authentication process.  More
   specifically, the peer SHOULD have a configurable policy which it can



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   follow under these circumstances.  If the policy indicates that it
   can continue, the peer SHOULD log a warning message or display it to
   the user.  If the peer chooses to proceed, it MUST use the network
   name as received in the AT_KDF_INPUT attribute.  If the policy
   indicates that the authentication should fail, the peer behaves as if
   AUTN had been incorrect and authentication fails.  See Section 3 and
   Figure 3 of [RFC4187] for an overview of how authentication failures
   are handled.

   The Network Name field contains an octet string.  This string MUST be
   constructed as specified in [3GPP.23.003].  This is done in a manner
   that is specific to a particular access technology.  For access
   technologies where the above reference does not provide an
   instruction on how to construct the name, the empty (zero length)
   octet string SHOULD be used.

      Editor's Note: It is assumed that this 3GPP specification ensures
      that conflicts potentially arising from using the same name in
      different types of networks are avoided.  It is also assumed that
      the 3GPP specification will have detailed rules about how a client
      can determine these based on information available to the client,
      such as the type of protocol used to attach to the network,
      beacons sent out by the network, and so on.  Information that the
      client cannot directly observe (such as the type or version of the
      home network) should not be used by this algorithm.

   The AT_KDF_INPUT attribute MUST be sent when AT_KDF attribute has the
   value 2.  Otherwise, the AT_KDF_INPUT attribute SHOULD NOT be sent.

3.2.  AT_KDF

   AT_KDF is an attribute that the server uses to reference a specific
   key derivation function.  It offers a negotiation capability that can
   be useful for future evolution of the key derivation functions.

   The format of the AT_KDF attribute is shown below.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | AT_KDF        | Length        |    Key Derivation Function    |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   The fields are as follows:






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   AT_KDF

      This is set to TBD3 BY IANA.

   Length

      The length of the attribute, MUST be set to 1.

   Key Derivation Function

      An enumerated value representing the key derivation function that
      the server (or peer) wishes to use.  Value 1 represents RFC 4187
      key derivation, i.e., fallback to EAP-AKA functionality.  Value 2
      represents the default key derivation function for EAP-AKA', i.e.,
      employing CK' and IK' as defined in Section 3.3.

   Servers MUST send one or more AT_KDF attributes in the EAP-Request/
   AKA'-Challenge message.  The first of these attributes represents the
   desired function and the other ones are acceptable alternatives, the
   most desired alternative being the second attribute.

   Upon receiving this attribute, if the peer supports and is willing to
   use the key derivation function indicated by the first attribute, the
   function is taken into use without any further negotiation.  However,
   if the peer does not support this function or is unwilling to use it,
   it responds with the EAP-Response/AKA'-Challenge message that
   contains only one attribute, AT_KDF with the value set to the
   selected alternative.  If there is no suitable alternative, the peer
   behaves as if AUTN had been incorrect and authentication fails (see
   Figure 3 of [RFC4187]).

   Upon receiving an EAP-Response/AKA'-Challenge with AT_KDF from the
   peer, the server checks that the suggested AT_KDF value was one of
   the alternatives in its offer.  The first AT_KDF value in the message
   from the serer is not such an alternative.  If this check fails, the
   server behaves as if AT_MAC of the response had been incorrect and
   fails the authentication.  For an overview of the failed
   authentication process in the server side, see Section 3 and Figure 2
   in [RFC4187].  Otherwise, the server re-sends the EAP-Response/
   AKA'-Challenge message, but moves the selected alternative to the
   beginning of the list of AT_KDF attributes.

   When the peer receives the new EAP-Request/AKA'-Challenge message, it
   MUST check that requested change, and only the requested change
   occurred in the list of AT_KDF attributes.  If yes, it continues.  If
   not, it behaves as if AT_MAC had been incorrect and fails the
   authentication.  If the peer receives multiple EAP-Request/
   AKA'-Challenge with differing AT_KDF attributes without having



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   requested negotiation, the peer MUST behave as if AT_MAC had been
   incorrect and fails the authentication.

3.3.  Key Generation

   Both the peer and server MUST derive the keys as follows.

   AT_KDF set to 1

      The Master Key (MK) is generated and used as defined in [RFC4187].
      Similarly, if fast re-authentication is employed, [RFC4187]
      procedures for generating the relevant keys are followed.

      There are no restrictions on how the parameters of the AKA
      algorithm are selected.  In particular, implementations MAY set
      the so called AMF separation bit to either 0 or 1 in the AKA
      algorithm.  The specification of this bit can be found from Annex
      H in [3GPP.33.102].  Even if this bit is 1, it MUST NOT change the
      key derivation procedures when AT_KDF is set to 1.  The same rules
      apply even to the EAP-AKA method; the new key derivation
      procedures MUST NOT be applied.

   AT_KDF set to 2

      In this case MK is derived and used as follows:


       MK = PRF'(IK'|CK',"EAP-AKA'"|Identity)
       K_encr|K_aut|K_re|MSK|EMSK = MK[0..1663]

      Here [n..m] denotes the substring from bit n to m.  PRF' is a new
      pseudo random function specified in Section 3.4.  The 1664 first
      bits from its output are used for K_encr (encryption key, 128
      bits), K_aut (authentication key, 256 bits), K_re (re-
      authentication key, 256 bits), MSK (Master Session Key, 512 bits)
      and EMSK (Extended Master Session Key, 512 bits).  These keys are
      used by the subsequent EAP-AKA' process.  K_encr is used by the
      AT_ENCR_DATA attribute, and K_aut by the AT_MAC attribute.  K_re
      is used later in this section.  MSK and EMSK are outputs from a
      successful EAP method run [RFC3748].

      IK' and CK' are derived as specified in [3GPP.33.402].  The
      functions that derive IK' and CK' take the following parameters:
      CK and IK produced by the AKA algorithm, and value of the Network
      Name field (without length or padding) from AT_KDF_INPUT.

      Identity is the peer identity as specified in Section 7 of
      [RFC4187].



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      When the server creates an AKA challenge and corresponding AUTN,
      CK, CK', IK, and IK' values it MUST set the AMF separation bit to
      1 in the AKA algorithm [3GPP.33.102].  Similarly, the peer MUST
      check that the AMF separation bit set is to 1.  If the bit is not
      set to 1, the peer behaves as if the AUTN had been incorrect and
      fails the authentication.

      On fast re-authentication, the following keys are calculated:


       MK = PRF'(K_re,"EAP-AKA' re-auth"|Identity|counter|NONCE_S)
       MSK|EMSK = MK[0..1023]


      MSK and EMSK are the resulting 512 bit keys, taking the first 1024
      bits from the result of PRF'.  Note that K_encr and K_aut are not
      re-derived on fast re-authentication.  K_re is the re-
      authentication key from the preceding full authentication and
      stays unchanged over any fast re-authentication(s) that may happen
      based on it.  Identity is the fast re-authentication identity,
      counter is the value from AT_COUNTER attribute, NONCE_S is the
      nonce value from the AT_NONCE_S attribute, all as specified in
      Section 7 of [RFC4187].  To prevent the use of compromised keys on
      other places, it is forbidden to change the network name when
      going from the full to the fast re-authentication process.  The
      peer SHOULD NOT attempt fast re-authentication when it knowns that
      the network name in the current access network is different from
      the one in the initial, full authentication.  Upon seeing a re-
      authentication request with a changed network name, the server
      SHOULD behave as if the re-authentication identifer had been
      unrecognized and fall back to full authentication.  The server
      observers the change in the name by comparing where the fast re-
      authentication and full authentication EAP transactions were
      received from at the Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
      (AAA) protocol level.

   AT_KDF has any other value

      Future variations of key derivation functions may be defined, and
      they will be represented by new values of AT_KDF.  If the peer
      does not recognize the value it cannot calculate the keys and
      behaves as explained in Section 3.2.

   AT_KDF is missing

      The peer behaves as if the AUTN had been incorrect and fails the
      authentication.




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   If the peer supports a given key derivation function but is unwilling
   to perform it for policy reasons, it refuses to calculate the keys
   and behaves as explained in Section 3.2.

3.4.  Hash Functions

   EAP-AKA' uses SHA256 [FIPS.180-2.2002], not SHA1 as in EAP-AKA.  This
   requires a change to the pseudo random function (PRF) as well as the
   AT_MAC and AT_CHECKCODE attributes.

3.4.1.  PRF'

   The PRF' construction is the same one as IKEv2 uses (see Section 2.13
   in [RFC4306]).  The function takes two arguments.  K is a 256 bit
   value and S is an octet string of arbitrary length.  PRF' is defined
   as follows:

   PRF'(K,S) = T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | ...

      where:
      T1 = HMAC-SHA256 (K, S | 0x01)
      T2 = HMAC-SHA256 (K, T1 | S | 0x02)
      T3 = HMAC-SHA256 (K, T2 | S | 0x03)
      T4 = HMAC-SHA256 (K, T3 | S | 0x04)
      ...

   PRF' produces as many bits of output as is needed.  HMAC-SHA256 is
   the application of HMAC [RFC2104] to SHA256.

3.4.2.  AT_MAC

   The AT_MAC attribute is changed as follows.  The MAC algorithm is
   HMAC-SHA256-128, a keyed hash value.  The HMAC-SHA256-128 value is
   obtained from the 32-byte HMAC-SHA256 value by truncating the output
   to the first 16 bytes.  Hence, the length of the MAC is 16 bytes.

   Otherwise the use of AT_MAC in EAP-AKA' follows Section 10.15 of
   [RFC4187].

3.4.3.  AT_CHECKCODE

   The AT_CHECKCODE attribute is changed as follows.  First, a 32 byte
   value is needed to accommodate a 256 bit hash output:








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    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | AT_CHECKCODE  | Length        |           Reserved            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |                     Checkcode (0 or 32 bytes)                 |
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Second, the checkcode is a hash value, calculated with SHA256
   [FIPS.180-2.2002], over the data specified in Section 10.13 of
   [RFC4187].


4.  Bidding Down Prevention for EAP-AKA

   As discussed in [RFC3748], negotiation of methods within EAP is
   insecure.  That is, a man-in-the-middle attacker may force the
   endpoints to use a method that is not the strongest one they both
   support.  This is a problem, as we expect EAP-AKA and EAP-AKA' to be
   negotiated via EAP.

   In order to prevent such attacks, this specification specifies a new
   mechanism for EAP-AKA that allows the endpoints to securely discover
   the capabilities of each other.  This mechanism comes in the form of
   the AT_BIDDING attribute.  This allows both endpoints to communicate
   their desire and support for EAP-AKA' when exchanging EAP-AKA
   messages.  This attribute is not included in EAP-AKA' messages as
   defined in this RFC.  It is only included in EAP-AKA messages.  This
   is based on the assumption that EAP-AKA' is always preferrable (see
   Section 5).  If during the EAP-AKA authentication process it is
   discovered that both endpoints would have been able to use EAP-AKA',
   the authentication process SHOULD be aborted, as a bidding down
   attack may have happened.

   The format of the AT_BIDDING attribute is shown below.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | AT_BIDDING    | Length        |D|          Reserved           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   The fields are as follows:



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   AT_BIDDING

      This is set to TBD4 BY IANA.

   Length

      The length of the attribute, MUST be set to 1.

   D

      This bit is set to 1 if the sender does support EAP-AKA', is
      willing to use it, and prefers it over EAP-AKA.  Otherwise it
      should be set to 0.

   Reserved

      This field MUST be set to zero when sent and ignored on receipt.

   The server sends this attribute in the EAP-Request/AKA-Challenge
   message.  If the peer supports EAP-AKA', it compares the received
   value to its own capabilities.  If it turns out that both the server
   and peer would have been able to use EAP-AKA' and preferred it over
   EAP-AKA, the peer behaves as if AUTN had been incorrect, and fails
   the authentication (see Figure 3 of [RFC4187]).  A peer not
   supporting EAP-AKA' will simply ignore this attribute.  In all cases,
   the attribute is protected by the integrity mechanisms of EAP-AKA, so
   it cannot be removed by a man-in-the-middle attacker.


5.  Security Considerations

   A summary of the security properties of EAP-AKA' follows.  These
   properties are very similar to those in EAP-AKA.  We assume that
   SHA256 is at least as secure as SHA1.  This is called the SHA256
   assumption in the remainder of this section.  Under this assumption
   EAP-AKA' is at least as secure as EAP-AKA.

   If AT_KDF has value 1, the security properties of EAP-AKA' are
   equivalent to those of EAP-AKA [RFC4187].  If AT_KDF has value 2,
   then the security properties are as follows:

   Protected ciphersuite negotiation

      EAP-AKA' has no ciphersuite negotiation mechanisms.  It does have
      a negotiation mechanism for selecting the key derivation
      functions.  This mechanism is secure against bidding down attacks.





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   Mutual authentication

      Under the SHA256 assumption, the properties of EAP-AKA' are at
      least as good as those of EAP-AKA in this respect.  Refer to
      [RFC4187] Section 12 for further details.

   Integrity protection

      Under the SHA256 assumption, the properties of EAP-AKA' are at
      least as good (most likely better) as those of EAP-AKA in this
      respect.  Refer to [RFC4187] Section 12 for further details.  The
      only difference is that a stronger hash algorithm, SHA256 is used
      instead of SHA1.

   Replay protection

      Under the SHA256 assumption, the properties of EAP-AKA' are at
      least as good as those of EAP-AKA in this respect.  Refer to
      [RFC4187] Section 12 for further details.

   Confidentiality

      The properties of EAP-AKA' are exactly the same as those of EAP-
      AKA in this respect.  Refer to [RFC4187] Section 12 for further
      details.

   Key derivation

      EAP-AKA' supports key derivation with an effective key strength
      against brute force attacks equal to the minimum of the length of
      the derived keys and the length of the AKA base key, i.e. 128-bits
      or more.  The key hierarchy is specified in Section 3.3.

      The Transient EAP Keys used to protect EAP-AKA packets (K_encr,
      K_aut, K_re), the MSK, and the EMSK are cryptographically
      separate.  An attacker can thus be assumed to be incapable to
      derive any non-trivial information about any of these keys based
      on the other keys.  An attacker also cannot calculate the pre-
      shared secret from IK, CK, IK', CK', K_encr, K_aut, K_re, MSK, or
      the EMSK by any non-trivial means.

      EAP-AKA' adds an additional layer of key derivation functions
      within itself to protect against the use of compromised keys.
      This is discussed further in Section 5.1.

      EAP-AKA' uses a pseudo random function modeled after the one used
      in IKEv2 [RFC4306] together with SHA256.




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   Key strength

      See above.

   Dictionary attack resistance

      Under the SHA256 assumption, the properties of EAP-AKA' are at
      least as good as those of EAP-AKA in this respect.  Refer to
      [RFC4187] Section 12 for further details.

   Fast reconnect

      Under the SHA256 assumption, the properties of EAP-AKA' are at
      least as good as those of EAP-AKA in this respect.  Refer to
      [RFC4187] Section 12 for further details.  Note that
      implementations MUST prevent performing a fast reconnect across
      method types.

   Cryptographic binding

      Note that this term refers to a very specific form of binding,
      something that is performed between two layers of authentication.
      It is not the same as the binding to a particular network name.
      The properties of EAP-AKA' are exactly as those of EAP-AKA in this
      respect, i.e., as it is not a tunnel method this property is not
      applicable to it.  Refer to [RFC4187] Section 12 for further
      details.

   Session independence

      The properties of EAP-AKA' are exactly the same as those of EAP-
      AKA in this respect.  Refer to [RFC4187] Section 12 for further
      details.

   Fragmentation

      The properties of EAP-AKA' are exactly the same as those of EAP-
      AKA in this respect.  Refer to [RFC4187] Section 12 for further
      details.

   Channel binding

      EAP-AKA', like EAP-AKA, does not provide channel bindings as
      they're defined in [RFC3748] and [RFC5247].  New skippable
      attributes can be used to add channel binding support in the
      future, if required.

      However, including the network name field in the AKA' algorithms



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      (which are also used for other purposes than EAP-AKA') does
      provide a form of cryptographic separation between different
      network names, which resembles channel bindings.  However, the
      network name does not typically identify the EAP (pass-through)
      authenticator.  See the following section for more discussion.

5.1.  Security Properties of Binding Network Names

   The ability of EAP-AKA' to bind the network name into the used keys
   provides some additional protection against key leakage to
   inappropriate parties.  The keys used in the protocol are specific to
   a particular network name.  If key leakage occurs due to an accident,
   access node compromise, or another attack, the leaked keys are only
   useful when providing access with that name.  For instance, a
   malicious access point cannot claim to be network Y if has stolen
   keys from network X. Obviously, if an access point is compromised,
   the malicious node can still represent the compromised node.  As a
   result, neither EAP-AKA' or any other extension can prevent such
   attacks, but the binding to a particular name limits the attacker's
   choices, allows better tracking of attacks, makes it possible to
   identify compromised networks, and applies good cryptographic
   hygiene.

   The peer verifies that its own observations about the access network
   name are consistent with the server's observations.  The server
   receives the EAP transaction from a given access network, and can
   either trust the name claim the access network made over AAA
   protocols, or it may additionally verify that this corresponds to the
   name that this access network should be using.  Where such
   verification is implemented, it becomes impossible for an access
   network to claim to the peer that it is another access network.  This
   prevents some "lying NAS" (Network Access Server) attacks.  For
   instance, a roaming partner, R, might claim that it is the home
   network H in an effort to lure peers to connect to itself.  Such an
   attack would be beneficial for the roaming partner if it can attract
   more users, and damaging for the users if their access costs in R are
   higher than those in other alternative networks, such as H.

   Any attacker who gets hold of the keys CK, IK produced by the AKA
   algorithm can compute the keys CK', IK' and hence the master key MK
   according to the rules in Section 3.3.  The attacker could then act
   as a lying NAS.  In 3GPP systems in general, the keys CK and IK have
   been distributed to, for instance, nodes in visited access network
   where they may be vulnerable.  In order to reduce this risk this
   specification mandates that the AKA algorithm must be computed with
   the AMF separation bit set to 1, and that the peer checks that this
   is indeed the case whenever it runs EAP-AKA'.  Furthermore,
   [3GPP.33.402] requires that no CK, IK keys computed in this way ever



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   leave the home subscriber system.

   The additional security benefits obtained from the binding depend
   obviously on the way names are assigned to different access networks.
   This is specified in [3GPP.23.003].  Ideally, the names allow
   separating each different access technology, each different access
   network, and each different NAS within a domain.  If this is not
   possible, the full benefits may not be achieved.  For instance, if
   the names identify just an access technology, use of compromised keys
   in a different technology can be prevented, but it is not possible to
   prevent their use by other domains or devices using the same
   technology.


6.  IANA Considerations

   EAP-AKA' has the EAP Type value TBD1 BY IANA.  Per [RFC3748] Section
   6.2, this allocation can be made with Designated Expert and
   Specification Required.

   EAP-AKA' shares its attribute space and message Subtypes, with EAP-
   SIM [RFC4186] and EAP-AKA [RFC4186].  No new registries are needed.

   However, a new Attribute Type value (TBD2) in the non-skippable range
   needs to be assigned for AT_KDF_INPUT (Section 3.1).

   Also, a new Attribute Type value (TBD3) in the non-skippable range
   needs to be assigned for AT_KDF (Section 3.2).  IANA also needs to
   create a namespace for EAP-AKA' KDF Type values.  The initial
   contents of this namespace are given below; new values can be created
   through Specification Required policy [RFC5226].

   Value      Description              Reference
   ---------  ----------------------   ---------------
   0          Reserved
   1          EAP-AKA with CK/IK       [this document]
   2          EAP-AKA' with CK'/IK'    [this document]
   3-65535    Unassigned

   Finally, a new Attribute Type value (TBD4) in the skippable range
   needs to be assigned for AT_BIDDING (Section 4).


7.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Guenther Horn, Joe Salowey, Mats
   Naslund, Adrian Escott, Brian Rosenberg, Ahmad Muhanna, Stefan
   Rommer, and Russ Housley for their in-depth reviews and interesting



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   discussions in this problem space.


8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              February 1997.

   [RFC3748]  Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
              Levkowetz, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)",
              RFC 3748, June 2004.

   [RFC4187]  Arkko, J. and H. Haverinen, "Extensible Authentication
              Protocol Method for 3rd Generation Authentication and Key
              Agreement (EAP-AKA)", RFC 4187, January 2006.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [3GPP.23.003]
              3GPP, "3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical
              Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; Numbering,
              addressing and identification (Release 8)", 3GPP Draft
              Technical Specification 23.003 v 8.0.0, June 2008.

   [3GPP.33.102]
              3GPP, "3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical
              Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3G
              Security; Security architecture (Release 8)", 3GPP Draft
              Technical Specification 33.102 v 8.0.0, June 2008.

   [3GPP.33.402]
              3GPP, "3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE); Security
              aspects of non-3GPP accesses; Release 8", 3GPP Draft
              Technical Specification 33.402 v 8.0.0, June 2008.

   [FIPS.180-2.2002]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
              Hash Standard", FIPS PUB 180-2, August 2002, <http://
              csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/fips180-2.pdf>.




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8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4186]  Haverinen, H. and J. Salowey, "Extensible Authentication
              Protocol Method for Global System for Mobile
              Communications (GSM) Subscriber Identity Modules (EAP-
              SIM)", RFC 4186, January 2006.

   [RFC4284]  Adrangi, F., Lortz, V., Bari, F., and P. Eronen, "Identity
              Selection Hints for the Extensible Authentication Protocol
              (EAP)", RFC 4284, January 2006.

   [RFC4306]  Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
              RFC 4306, December 2005.

   [RFC5113]  Arkko, J., Aboba, B., Korhonen, J., and F. Bari, "Network
              Discovery and Selection Problem", RFC 5113, January 2008.

   [RFC5247]  Aboba, B., Simon, D., and P. Eronen, "Extensible
              Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework",
              RFC 5247, August 2008.


Appendix A.  Changes from RFC 4187

   The changes to RFC 4187 relate only to the bidding down prevention
   support defined Section 4.


Appendix B.  Editor's Note: Importance of Explicit Negotiation

   Choosing between the traditional and revised AKA key derivation
   functions is easy when their use is unambiguously tied to a
   particular radio access network, e.g LTE as defined by 3GPP or eHRPD
   as defined by 3GPP2.  There is no possibility for interoperability
   problems if this radio access network is always used in conjunction
   with new protocols that cannot be mixed with the old ones; clients
   will always know whether they are connecting to the old or new
   system.

   However, using the new key derivation functions over EAP introduces
   several degrees of separation, making the choice of the correct key
   derivation functions much harder.  Many different types of networks
   employ EAP.  Most of these networks have no means to carry any
   information about what is expected from the authentication process.
   EAP itself is severely limited in carrying any additional
   information, as noted in [RFC4284] [RFC5113].  Even if these networks
   or EAP were extended to carry additional information, it would not
   affect millions of deployed access networks and clients attaching to



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   them.

   Simply changing the key derivation functions that EAP-AKA [RFC4187]
   uses would cause interoperability problems with all of the existing
   implementations.  Perhaps it would be possible to employ strict
   separation into domain names that should be used by the new clients
   and networks.  Only these new devices would then employ the new key
   derivation mechanism.  While this can be made to work for specific
   cases, it would be an extremely brittle mechanism, ripe to result in
   problems whenever client configuration, routing of authentication
   requests, or server configuration does not match expectations.  It
   also does not help to assume that the EAP client and server are
   running a particular release of 3GPP network specifications.  Network
   vendors often provide features from the future releases early or do
   not provide all features of the current release.  And obviously,
   there are many EAP and even some EAP-AKA implementations that are not
   bundled with the 3GPP network offerings.  In general, these
   approaches are expected to lead to hard-to-diagnose problems and
   increased support calls.


Authors' Addresses

   Jari Arkko
   Ericsson
   Jorvas  02420
   Finland

   Email: jari.arkko@piuha.net


   Vesa Lehtovirta
   Ericsson
   Jorvas  02420
   Finland

   Email: vesa.lehtovirta@ericsson.com


   Pasi Eronen
   Nokia Research Center
   P.O. Box 407
   FIN-00045 Nokia Group
   Finland

   Email: pasi.eronen@nokia.com





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