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Pre-standard Linear Protection Switching in MPLS-TP
draft-zulr-mpls-tp-linear-protection-switching-10

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7347.
Authors Huub van Helvoort , Jeong-dong Ryoo , Zhang Haiyan , Feng Huang , Han Li , Alessandro D'Alessandro
Last updated 2014-02-09 (Latest revision 2014-02-03)
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draft-zulr-mpls-tp-linear-protection-switching-10
MPLS Working Group                                  H. van Helvoort, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                       Huawei Technologies
Intended status: Informational                              J. Ryoo, Ed.
Expires: August 7, 2014                                             ETRI
                                                                H. Zhang
                                                     Huawei Technologies
                                                                F. Huang
                                                                 Philips
                                                                   H. Li
                                                            China Mobile
                                                         A. D'Alessandro
                                                          Telecom Italia
                                                        February 3, 2014

          Pre-standard Linear Protection Switching in MPLS-TP
         draft-zulr-mpls-tp-linear-protection-switching-10.txt

Abstract

   The IETF Standards Track solution for MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-
   TP) Linear Protection is provided in RFC 6378, draft-ietf-mpls-psc-
   updates and draft-ietf-mpls-tp-psc-itu.

   This document describes the pre-standard implementation of MPLS-TP
   Linear Protection that has been deployed by several network operators
   using equipment from multiple vendors.  At the time of publication
   these pre-standard implementations were still in operation carrying
   live traffic.

   The specified mechanism supports 1+1 unidirectional/bidirectional
   protection switching and 1:1 bidirectional protection switching.  It
   is purely supported by MPLS-TP data plane, and can work without any
   control plane.

   [Editor's note] To be included in "Status of Memo": This document is
   not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for
   informational purposes.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 7, 2014.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Acronyms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Linear protection switching overview  . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Protection architecture types . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       4.1.1.  1+1 architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       4.1.2.  1:1 architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       4.1.3.  1:n architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.2.  Protection switching type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.3.  Protection operation type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  Protection switching trigger conditions . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.1.  Fault conditions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.2.  External commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       5.2.1.  End-to-end commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       5.2.2.  Local commands  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Protection switching schemes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     6.1.  1+1 unidirectional protection switching . . . . . . . . .   9
     6.2.  1+1 bidirectional protection switching  . . . . . . . . .  10
     6.3.  1:1 bidirectional protection switching  . . . . . . . . .  11
   7.  APS protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     7.1.  APS PDU format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     7.2.  APS transmission  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     7.3.  Hold-off timer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     7.4.  WTR timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16

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     7.5.   Command acceptance and retention . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     7.6.  Exercise operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   8.  Protection switching logic  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.1.  Principle of operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.2.  Equal priority requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     8.3.  Signal degrade of the protection transport entity . . . .  21
   9.  Protection switching state transition table . . . . . . . . .  21
   10. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   11. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   12. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   13. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     13.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     13.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   Appendix A.  Operation examples of APS protocol . . . . . . . . .  24
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30

1.  Introduction

   The IETF Standards Track solution for MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-
   TP) Linear Protection is provided in RFC 6378 [RFC6378], draft-ietf-
   mpls-psc-updates [I-D.ietf-mpls-psc-updates] and draft-ietf-mpls-tp-
   psc-itu [I-D.ietf-mpls-tp-psc-itu].

   This document describes the pre-standard implementation of MPLS-TP
   Linear Protection that has been deployed by several network operators
   using equipment from multiple vendors.  At the time of publication
   these pre-standard implementations were still in operation carrying
   live traffic.

   This document might be useful in the future if a vendor is trying to
   interwork with a different vendor who has deployed the pre-standard
   implementation.  It is also worth noting that the experience gained
   during deployment of the implementations of this document is used to
   refine draft-ietf-mpls-tp-psc-itu.

   MPLS-TP is defined as transport profile of MPLS technology to fulfill
   the deployment in transport network.  A typical feature of transport
   network is that it can provide fast protection switching for end-to-
   end or segments.  The protection switching time is generally required
   to be less than 50ms according to the strict requirement of services
   such as voice, private line, etc.

   The goal of linear protection switching mechanism is to satisfy the
   requirement of fast protection switching for MPLS-TP network.  Linear
   protection switching means that, for one or more working transport
   entities (working paths), there is one protection transport entity
   (protection path), which is disjoint from any of working transport

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   entities, ready for taking over the service transmission when a
   working transport entity failed.

   This document specifies 1+1 unidirectional protection switching
   mechanism for unidirectional transport entity (either point-to-point
   or point-to-multipoint) as well as bidirectional point-to-point
   transport entity, and 1+1/1:1 bidirectional protection switching
   mechanism for point-to-point bidirectional transport entity.  Since
   bidirectional protection switching needs the coordination of the two
   endpoints of the transport entity, this document also specifies
   Automatic Protection Switching (APS) protocol details which is used
   for this purpose.

   The linear protection mechanism described in this document is
   applicable to both Label Switched Paths (LSPs) and Pseudowires (PWs).

   The APS protocol specified in this document is based on the same
   principles and behavior of the APS protocol designed for Synchronous
   Optical Network (SONET)/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
   (i.e., it is mature and proven) and provides commonality with the
   established operation models utilized in other transport network
   technologies (e.g., SDH/SONET and Optical Transport Network (OTN)).

2.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

3.  Acronyms

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   This document uses the following acronyms:

   APS     Automatic Protection Switching
   DNR     Do not Revert
   EXER    Exercise
   G-ACh   Generic Associated Channel
   FS      Forced Switch
   LO      Lockout of Protection
   LSP     Label Switched Path
   MPLS-TP MPLS Transport Profile
   MS      Manual Switch
   MS-P    Manual Switch to Protection transport entity
   MS-W    Manual Switch to Working transport entity
   NR      No Request
   OAM     Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
   OTN     Optical Transport Network
   PDU     Protocol Data Unit
   PW      Pseudowire
   RR      Reverse Request
   SD      Signal Degrade
   SD-P    Signal Degrade on Protection transport entity
   SD-W    Signal Degrade on Working transport entity
   SDH     Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
   SF      Signal Fail
   SF-P    Signal Fail on Protection transport entity
   SF-W    Signal Fail on Working transport entity
   SONET   Synchronous Optical Network
   WTR     Wait to Restore

4.  Linear protection switching overview

   To guarantee the protection switching time, for a working transport
   entity, its protection transport entity is always pre-configured
   before the failure occurs.  Normally, the normal traffic will be
   transmitted and received on the working transport entity.  The
   switching to protection transport entity is usually triggered by link
   /node failure, external commands, etc.  Note that external commands
   are often used in transport network by operators, and they are very
   useful in cases of service adjustment, path maintenance, etc.

4.1.  Protection architecture types

4.1.1.  1+1 architecture

   In the 1+1 architecture, the protection transport entity is
   associated with a working transport entity.  The normal traffic is
   permanently bridged onto both the working transport entity and the
   protection transport entity at the source endpoint of the protected

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   domain.  The normal traffic on working and protection transport
   entities is transmitted simultaneously to the sink endpoint of the
   protected domain where a selection between the working and protection
   transport entity is made, based on predetermined criteria, such as
   signal fail and signal degrade indications.

4.1.2.  1:1 architecture

   In the 1:1 architecture, the protection transport entity is
   associated with a working transport entity.  When the working
   transport entity is determined to be impaired, the normal traffic
   MUST be transferred from the working to the protection transport
   entity at both the source and sink endpoints of the protected domain.
   The selection between the working and protection transport entities
   is made based on predetermined criteria, such as signal fail and
   signal degrade indications from the working or protection transport
   entity.

   The bridge at source endpoint can be realized in two ways: it is
   either a selector bridge or a broadcast bridge.  With a selector
   bridge the normal traffic is connected either to the working
   transport entity or the protection transport entity.  With a
   broadcast bridge the normal traffic is permanently connected to the
   working transport entity, and in case a protection switch is active
   also to the protection transport entity.  Broadcast bridge is
   recommended to be used in revertive mode only.

4.1.3.  1:n architecture

   Details for the 1:n protection switching architecture are out of
   scope of this document and will be provided in a different document
   in the future.

   It is worth noting that the APS protocol defined here is ready to
   support 1:n operations.

4.2.  Protection switching type

   The linear protection switching types can be a unidirectional
   switching type or a bidirectional switching type.

   o  Unidirectional switching type: Only the affected direction of
      working transport entity is switched to protection transport
      entity; the selectors at each endpoint operate independently.
      This switching type is recommended to be used for 1+1 protection
      in this document.

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   o  Bidirectional switching type: Both directions of working transport
      entity, including the affected direction and the unaffected
      direction, are switched to protection transport entity.  For
      bidirectional switching, APS protocol is required to coordinate
      the two endpoints so that both have the same bridge and selector
      settings, even for a unidirectional failure.  This type is
      applicable for 1+1 and 1:1 protection.

4.3.  Protection operation type

   The linear protection operation types can be a non-revertive
   operation type or a revertive operation type.

   o  Non-revertive operation: The normal traffic will not be switched
      back to the working transport entity even after a protection
      switching cause has cleared.  This is generally accomplished by
      replacing the previous switch request with a "Do not Revert (DNR)"
      request, which has a low priority.

   o  Revertive operation: The normal traffic is restored to the working
      transport entity after the condition(s) causing the protection
      switching has cleared.  In the case of clearing a command (e.g.,
      Forced Switch), this happens immediately.  In the case of clearing
      of a defect, this generally happens after the expiry of a "Wait to
      Restore (WTR)" timer, which is used to avoid chattering of
      selectors in the case of intermittent defects.

5.  Protection switching trigger conditions

5.1.  Fault conditions

   Fault conditions mean the requests generated by the local Operations,
   Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) function.

   o  Signal Failure (SF): If an endpoint detects a failure by OAM
      function or other mechanism, it will submit a local signal failure
      (local SF) to APS module to request a protection switching.  The
      local SF could be on working transport entity (Signal Fail on
      Working transport entity (SF-W)) or protection transport entity
      (Signal Fail on Protection transport entity (SF-P)).

   o  Signal Degrade (SD): If an endpoint detects signal degrade by OAM
      function or other mechanism, it will submit a local signal degrade
      (local SD) to APS module to request a protection switching.  The
      local SD could be on working transport entity (Signal Degrade on
      Working transport entity (SD-W)) or protection transport entity
      (Signal Degrade on Protection transport entity (SD-P)).

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5.2.  External commands

   The external command issues an appropriate external request on to the
   protection process.

5.2.1.  End-to-end commands

   These commands are applied to both local and remote nodes.  When the
   APS protocol is present, these commands except Clear command are
   signaled to the far end of the connection.  In bidirectional
   switching, these commands affect the bridge and selector at both
   ends.

   o  Lockout of Protection (LO): This command is used to provide
      operator a tool for temporarily disabling access to the protection
      transport entity.

   o  Manual switch (MS): This command is used to provide operator a
      tool for temporarily switching normal traffic to working transport
      entity (Manual Switch to Working transport entity (MS-W)) or
      protection transport entity (Manual Switch to Protection transport
      entity (MS-P)), unless a higher priority switch request (i.e., LO,
      FS, or SF) is in effect.

   o  Forced switch (FS): This command is used to provide operator a
      tool for temporarily switching normal traffic from working
      transport entity to protection transport entity, unless a higher
      priority switch request (i.e., LO or SF-P is in effect.

   o  Exercise (EXER): Exercise is a command to test if the APS
      communication is operating correctly.  The EXER command SHALL NOT
      affect the state of the protection selector and bridge.

   o  Clear: This command between management and local protection
      process is not a request sent by APS to other endpoints.  It is
      used to clear the active near end external command or WTR state.

5.2.2.  Local commands

   These commands apply only to the near end (local node) of the
   protection group.  Even when an APS protocol is supported, they are
   not signalled to the far end.

   o  Freeze: This command freezes the state of the protection group.
      Until the freeze is cleared, additional near end commands are
      rejected and condition changes and received APS information are
      ignored.  When the Freeze command is cleared, the state of the

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      protection group is recomputed based on the condition and received
      APS information.

      Because the freeze is local, if the freeze is issued at one end
      only, a failure of protocol can occur as the other end is open to
      accept any operator command or a fault condition.

   o  Clear Freeze: This command clears the local freeze.

6.  Protection switching schemes

6.1.  1+1 unidirectional protection switching

     +-----------+                                       +-----------+
     |           |---------------------------------------|           |
     |          -+---------------------------------------+-          |
     |         / |---------------------------------------| \         |
     |        /  |       Working transport entity        |  \        |
   --+------->   |                                       |   --------+->
     |        \  |                                       |           |
     |         \ |---------------------------------------|           |
     |          -+---------------------------------------|           |
     |  source   |---------------------------------------|    sink   |
     +-----------+       Protection transport entity     +-----------+
                            (normal condition)

     +-----------+                                       +-----------+
     |           |---------------------------------------|           |
     |          -+------------------XX-------------------+           |
     |         / |---------------------------------------|           |
     |        /  |   Working transport entity (failure)  |           |
   --|------->   |                                       |   --------+->
     |        \  |                                       |  /        |
     |         \ |---------------------------------------| /         |
     |          -+---------------------------------------+-          |
     |  source   |---------------------------------------|    sink   |
     +-----------+     Protection transport entity       +-----------+
                           (failure condition)

         Figure 1: 1+1 unidirectional linear protection switching

   1+1 unidirectional protection switching is the simplest protection
   switching mechanism.  The normal traffic is permanently bridged on
   both the working and protection transport entities at the source
   endpoint of the protected domain.  In normal condition, the sink
   endpoint receives traffic from the working transport entity.  If the
   sink endpoint detects a failure on the working transport entity, it
   will switch to receive traffic from the protection transport entity.

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   1+1 unidirectional protection switching is recommended to be used for
   unidirectional transport entity.

   Note that 1+1 unidirectional protection switching does not need APS
   coordination protocol since it only perform protection switching
   based on the local request.

6.2.  1+1 bidirectional protection switching

     +-----------+                                       +-----------+
     |           |---------------------------------------|           |
     |          -+<--------------------------------------+-          |
     |         / +-------------------------------------->+ \         |
     | sink   / /|---------------------------------------|\ \   sink |
   <-+-------/ / |        working transport entity       | --\-------+->
   --+-------->  |                                       |    <------+--
     | source  \ |                                       |   / Source|
     |          \|---------------------------------------|  /        |
     |           +-------------------------------------->| /         |
     |           |<--------------------------------------+-          |
     | APS <...................................................> APS |
     |           |---------------------------------------+           |
     +-----------+      Protection transport entity      +-----------+
                            (normal condition)

     +-----------+                                       +-----------+
     |           |---------------------------------------|           |
     |           +<----------------XX--------------------+-          |
     |           +-------------------------------------->+ \         |
     |          /|---------------------------------------|  \        |
     | source  / |   working transport entity (failure)  |   \ source|
   --+-------->  |                                       |    \<-----+--
   <-+-------  \ |                                       |  --/------+->
     | sink  \  \|---------------------------------------| / /  sink |
     |        \  +-------------------------------------->+- /        |
     |         --+<--------------------------------------+-/         |
     | APS <...................................................> APS |
     |           |---------------------------------------+           |
     +-----------+      Protection transport entity      +-----------+
                             (failure condition)

          Figure 2: 1+1 bidirectional linear protection switching

   In 1+1 bidirectional protection switching, for each direction, the
   normal traffic is permanently bridged on both the working and
   protection transport entities at the source endpoint of the protected
   domain.  In normal condition, for each direction, the sink endpoint
   receives traffic from the working transport entity.

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   If the sink endpoint detects a failure on the working transport
   entity, it will switch to receive traffic from the protection
   transport entity.  It will also send an APS message to inform the
   sink endpoint on another direction to switch to receive traffic from
   the protection transport entity.

   APS mechanism is necessary to coordinate the two endpoints of
   transport entity and implement 1+1 bidirectional protection switching
   even for a unidirectional failure.

6.3.  1:1 bidirectional protection switching

     +-----------+                                       +-----------+
     |           |---------------------------------------|           |
     |          -+<--------------------------------------+-          |
     |         / +-------------------------------------->+ \         |
     | sink   / /|---------------------------------------|\ \  source|
   <-+-------/ / |        working transport entity       | \ <-------+--
   --+-------->  |                                       |  ---------+->
     | source    |                                       |      sink |
     |           |---------------------------------------|           |
     |           |                                       |           |
     |           |                                       |           |
     | APS <...................................................> APS |
     |           |---------------------------------------|           |
     +-----------+      Protection transport entity      +-----------+
                           (normal condition)

     +-----------+                                       +-----------+
     |           |---------------------------------------|           |
     |           |                 \/                    |           |
     |           |                 /\                    |           |
     |           |---------------------------------------|           |
     | source    |   working transport entity (failure)  |      sink |
   --+------->   |                                       |   --------+->
   <-+------- \  |                                       |  / <------+--
     | sink  \ \ |---------------------------------------| / / source|
     |        \ -+-------------------------------------->+- /        |
     |         --+<--------------------------------------+--         |
     | APS <...................................................> APS |
     |           |---------------------------------------+           |
     +-----------+      Protection transport entity      +-----------+
                           (failure condition)

          Figure 3: 1:1 bidirectional linear protection switching

   In 1:1 bidirectional protection switching, for each direction, the
   source endpoint sends traffic on either the working transport entity

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   or the protection transport entity.  The sink endpoint receives the
   traffic from the transport entity where the source endpoint sends on.

   In normal condition, for each direction, the source endpoint and sink
   endpoint send and receive traffic from the working transport entity.

   If the sink endpoint detects a failure on the working transport
   entity, it will switch to send and receive traffic from the
   protection transport entity.  It will also send an APS message to
   inform the sink endpoint on another direction to switch to send and
   receive traffic from the protection transport entity.

   APS mechanism is necessary to coordinate the two endpoints of
   transport entity and implement 1:1 bidirectional protection switching
   even for a unidirectional failure.

7.  APS protocol

7.1.  APS PDU format

   APS packets MUST be sent over a Generic Associated Channel (G-ACh) as
   defined in RFC 5586 [RFC5586].

   The format of APS Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is specified in Figure 4
   below.

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |0 0 0 1|0 0 0 0|0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0|     Channel Type (=0x7FFA)    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    | MEL | Version |    OpCode     |     Flags     |   TLV Offset  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                  APS Specific Information                     |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |    End TLV    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                         Figure 4: APS PDU format

   The following values MUST be used for APS PDU:

   o  Channel Type: The Channel Type MUST be configurable.  The DEFAULT
      value is 0x7FFA.  This is a code point value in the range of
      experimental Channel Types as described in RFC 5586 section 10.

   o  MEL: The MEL value to set and check MUST be configurable.  The
      DEFAULT value MUST be "111".  With co-routed bidirectional

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      transport paths, the configured MEL MUST be the same in both
      directions.

   o  Version: 0x00

   o  OpCode: 0x27 (=0d39)

   o  Flags: 0x00

   o  TLV Offset: 4

   o  End TLV: 0x00

   The format of the APS-specific information is defined in Figure 5

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |Request|Pr.Type|   Requested   |   Bridged     | |             |
    |   /   |-+-+-+-|               |               |T|  Reserved(0)|
    | State |A|B|D|R|    Signal     |    Signal     | |             |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 5: APS specific information format

   All bits defined as "Reserved" MUST be transmitted as 0 and ignored
   on reception.

   o  Request/State:

      The 4 bits indicate the protection switching request type.  See
      Figure 6 for the code of each request/state type.

      In case that there are multiple protection switching requests,
      only the protection switching request with the highest priority
      MUST be processed.

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          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |            Request/State           | code/priority |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Lockout of Protection (LO)          | 1111 (highest)|
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Signal Fail on Protection (SF-P)    | 1110          |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Forced Switch (FS)                  | 1101          |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Signal Fail on Working (SF-W)       | 1011          |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Signal Degrade (SD)                 | 1001          |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Manual Switch (MS)                  | 0111          |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Wait to Restore (WTR)               | 0101          |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Exercise (EXER)                     | 0100          |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Reverse Request (RR)                | 0010          |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |Do Not Revert (DNR)                 | 0001          |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+
          |No Request (NR)                     | 0000 (lowest) |
          +------------------------------------+---------------+

           Figure 6: Protection switching request code/priority

   o  Protection type (Pr.Type):

      The 4 bits are used to specify the protection type.

      A: reserved (set by default to 1)
      B: 0 - 1+1 (permanent bridge)
      1 - 1:1 (no permanent bridge)
      D: 0 - Unidirectional switching
      1 - Bidirectional switching
      R: 0 - Non-revertive operation
      1 - Revertive operation

   o  Requested Signal:

      This byte is used to indicate the traffic that the near end
      requests to be carried over the protection entity.

      value = 0: Null traffic
      value = 1: Normal traffic 1
      value = 2~255: Reserved

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   o  Bridged Signal:

      This byte is used to indicate the traffic that is bridged onto the
      protection entity.

      value = 0: Null traffic
      value = 1: Normal traffic 1
      value = 2~255: Reserved

   o  Bridge Type (T):

      This bit is used to further specify the type of non-permanent
      bridge for 1:1 protection switching.

      value = 0: Selector bridge
      value = 1: Broadcast bridge

   o  Reserved:

      This field MUST be set to zero.

7.2.  APS transmission

   The APS message MUST be transported on protection transport entity by
   encapsulated with the protection transport entity label.  If an
   endpoint receives APS-specific information from the working transport
   entity, it MUST ignore this information, and MUST report the Failure
   of Protocol defect (see Section 8.1) to the operator.

   A new APS packet MUST be transmitted immediately when a change in the
   transmitted status occurs.  The first three APS packets MUST be
   transmitted as fast as possible only if the APS information to be
   transmitted has been changed so that fast protection switching is
   possible even if one or two APS packets are lost or corrupted.  The
   interval of the first three APS packets SHOULD be 3.3ms.  APS packets
   after the first three MUST be transmitted with the interval of 5
   seconds.

   If no valid APS-specific information is received, the last valid
   received information remains applicable.

7.3.  Hold-off timer

   In order to coordinate timing of protection switches at multiple
   layers, a hold-off timer MAY be required.  The purpose is to allow a
   server layer protection switch to have a chance to fix the problem
   before switching at a client layer.

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   Each selector SHOULD have a provisioned hold-off timer.  The
   suggested range of the hold-off timer is 0 to 10 seconds in steps of
   100 ms (accuracy of +/-5 ms).

   When a new defect or more severe defect occurs (new SF or SD) on the
   active transport entity (the transport entity that currently carries
   and selects traffic), this event will not be reported immediately to
   protection switching if the provisioned hold-off timer value is non-
   zero.  Instead, the hold-off timer SHALL be started.  When the hold-
   off timer expires, it SHALL be checked whether a defect still exists
   on the transport entity that started the timer.  If it does, that
   defect SHALL be reported to protection switching.  The defect need
   not be the same one that started the timer.

   This hold-off timer mechanism SHALL be applied for both working and
   protection transport entities.

7.4.  WTR timer

   In revertive mode of operation, to prevent frequent operation of the
   protection switch due to an intermittent defect, a failed working
   transport entity MUST become fault-free.  After the failed working
   transport entity meets this criterion, a fixed period of time SHALL
   elapse before a normal traffic signal uses it again.  This period,
   called a WTR period, MAY be configured by the operator in 1 minute
   steps between 5 and 12 minutes; the default value is 5 minutes.  An
   SF or SD condition will override the WTR.  To activate the WTR timer
   appropriately, even when both ends concurrently detect clearance of
   SF-W and SD-W, when the local state transits from SF-W or SD-W to No
   Request (NR) with the requested signal number 1, the previous local
   state, SF-W or SD-W, MUST be memorized.  If both the local state and
   far-end state are NR with the requested signal number 1, the local
   state transits to WTR only when the previous local state is SF-W or
   SD-W.  Otherwise, the local state transits to NR with the requested
   signal number 0.

   In revertive mode of operation, when the protection is no longer
   requested, i.e., the failed working transport entity is no longer in
   SF or SD condition (and assuming no other requesting transport
   entities), a local WTR state will be activated.  Since this state
   becomes the highest in priority, it is indicated on the APS signal,
   and maintains the normal traffic signal from the previously failed
   working transport entity on the protection transport entity.  This
   state SHALL normally time out and become a NR state.  The WTR timer
   deactivates earlier when any request of higher priority request pre-
   empts this state.

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7.5.  Command acceptance and retention

   The commands Clear, LO, FS, MS, and EXER are accepted or rejected in
   the context of previous commands, the condition of the working and
   protection entities in the protection group, and (in bidirectional
   switching only) the APS information received.

   The Clear command MUST be only valid if a near end LO, FS, MS, or
   EXER command is in effect, or if a WTR state is present at the near
   end and rejected otherwise.  This command will remove the near-end
   command or WTR state, allowing the next lower-priority condition or
   (in bidirectional switching) APS request to be asserted.

   Other commands MUST be rejected unless they are higher priority than
   the previously existing command, condition, or (in bidirectional
   switching) APS request.  If a new command is accepted, any previous,
   lower-priority command that is overridden MUST be forgotten.  If a
   higher priority command overrides a lower-priority condition or (in
   bidirectional switching) APS request, that other request will be
   reasserted if it still exists at the time the command is cleared.  If
   a command is overridden by a condition or (in bidirectional
   switching) APS request, that command MUST be forgotten.

7.6.  Exercise operation

   Exercise is a command to test if the APS communication is operating
   correctly.  It is lower priority than any "real" switch request.  It
   is only valid in bidirectional switching, since this is the only
   place where you can get a meaningful test by looking for a response.

   The Exercise command SHALL issue the command with the same requested
   and bridged signal numbers of the NR, Reverse Request (RR) or DNR
   request that it replaces.  The valid response will be an RR with the
   corresponding requested and bridged signal numbers.  When Exercise
   commands are input at both ends, an EXER, instead of RR, MUST be
   transmitted from both ends.  The standard response to DNR MUST be DNR
   rather than NR.  When the exercise command is cleared, it MUST be
   replaced with NR or RR if the requested signal number is 0, and DNR
   or RR if the requested signal number is 1.

8.  Protection switching logic

8.1.  Principle of operation

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                +-------------+ Persistent +----------+
    SF,SD       | Hold-off    | fault      | Local    |
    ----------->| timer logic |----------->| request  |
                +-------------+            | logic    |
    Other local requests ----------------->|          |
    (LO, FS, MS, EXER, Clear)              +----------+
                                               |
                                               | Highest
                                               | local request
                                               |
    Remote APS                                 V
    Message       +-------+ Remote APS    +----------------+
    ------------->|  APS  | request/state |  APS process   |
    (received     | check |-------------->|  logic         |
    from far end) +-------+               +----------------+
                    |   ^                   |            |
                    |   |                   | Signaled   |
                    |   |                   | APS        |
                    |   | Txed              |            |
                    |   | "Requested        V            |
                    |   | Signal"         +-----------+  |
                    |   +-----------------| APS mess. |  |
                    |                     | generator |  |
                    |                     +-----------+  |
                    |                       |            |
                    V                       |            |
                Failure of                  V            |
                Protocol                  APS Message    |
                Detection                                V
                                                    Set local
                                                    bridge/selector

                   Figure 7: Protection Switching Logic

   Figure 7 describes the protection switching logic.

   One or more local protection switching requests may be active.  The
   "local request logic" determines which of these requests is highest
   using the order of priority given in Figure 6.  This highest local
   request information SHALL be passed on to the "APS process logic".
   Note that an accepted Clear command, clearance of SF or SD or
   expiration of WTR timer SHALL NOT be processed by the local request
   logic, but SHALL be considered as the highest local request and
   submitted to the APS process logic for processing.

   The remote APS message is received from the far end and is subjected
   to the validity check and mismatch detection in "APS check".  Failure
   of Protocol situations are as follows:

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   o  The "B" field mismatch due to incompatible provisioning;

   o  The reception of APS message from the working entity due to
      working/protection configuration mismatch;

   o  No match in sent "Requested Signal" and received "Requested
      Signal" for more than 50 ms;

   o  No APS message is received on the protection transport entity
      during at least 3.5 times the long APS interval (e.g. at least
      17.5 seconds) and there is no defect on the protection transport
      entity.

   Provided the "B" field matches:

   o  If "D" bit mismatches, the bidirectional side will fall back to
      unidirectional switching.

   o  If the "R" bit mismatches, one side will clear switches to WTR and
      the other will clear to DNR.  The two sides will interwork and the
      traffic is protected.

   o  If the "T" bit mismatches, the side using a broadcast bridge will
      fall back to using a selector bridge.

   The APS message with invalid information MUST be ignored, and the
   last valid received information remains applicable.

   The linear protection switching algorithm SHALL commence immediately
   every time one of the input signals changes, i.e., when the status of
   any local request changes, or when a different APS specific
   information is received from the far end.  The consequent actions of
   the algorithm are also initiated immediately, i.e., change the local
   bridge/selector position (if necessary), transmit a new APS specific
   information (if necessary), or detect the failure of protocol defect
   if the protection switching is not completed within 50 ms.

   The state transition is calculated in the "APS process logic" based
   on the highest local request, the request of the last received
   "Request/State" information, and state transition tables defined in
   Section 9, as follows:

   o  If the highest local request is Clear, clearance of SF or SD, or
      expiration of WTR, a state transition is calculated first based on
      the highest local request and state machine table for local
      requests to obtain an intermediate state.  This intermediate state
      is the final state in case of clearance of SF-P otherwise,
      starting at this intermediate state, the last received far end

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      request and the state machine table for far end requests are used
      to calculate the final state.

   o  If the highest local request is neither Clear, nor clearance of SF
      or of SD, nor expiration of WTR, the APS process logic compares
      the highest local request with the request of the last received
      "Request/State" information based on Figure 6.

      1.  If the highest local request has higher or equal priority, it
          is used with the state transition table for local requests
          defined in Section 9 to determine the final state; otherwise

      2.  The request of the last received "Request/State" information
          is used with the state transition table for far end requests
          defined in Section 9 to determine the final state.

   The "APS message generator" generates APS specific information with
   the signaled APS information for the final state from the state
   transition calculation (with coding as described in Figure 5).

8.2.  Equal priority requests

   In general, once a switch has been completed due to a request, it
   will not be overridden by another request of the same priority
   (first-come, first-served policy).  Equal priority requests from both
   sides of a bidirectional protection group are both considered valid,
   as follows:

   o  If the local state is NR, with the requested signal number 1, and
      the far-end state is NR, with the requested signal number 0, the
      local state transits to NR with the requested signal number 0.
      This applies to the case when the remote request for switching to
      the protection transport entity has been cleared.

   o  If both the local and far-end states are NR, with the requested
      signal number 1, the local state transits to the appropriate new
      state (DNR state for non-revertive mode and WTR state for
      revertive mode).  This applies to the case when the old request
      has been cleared at both ends.

   o  If both the local and far-end states are RR, with the same
      requested signal number, both ends transit to the appropriate new
      state according to the requested signal number.  This applies to
      the case of concurrent deactivation of EXER from both ends.

   o  In other cases, no state transition occurs, even if equal priority
      requests are activated from both ends.  Note that if MSs are
      issued simultaneously to both working and protection transport

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      entities, either as local or far-end requests, the MS to the
      working transport entity is considered as having higher priority
      than the MS to the protection transport entity.

8.3.  Signal degrade of the protection transport entity

   Signal degrade on protection transport entity has the same priority
   as signal degrade on working transport entity.  As a result, if an SD
   condition affects both transport entities, the first SD detected MUST
   NOT overridden by the second SD detected.  If the SD is detected
   simultaneously, either as local or far-end requests on both working
   and protection transport entities, then the SD on the standby
   transport entity MUST be considered as having higher priority than
   the SD on the active transport entity, and the normal traffic signal
   continues to be selected from the active transport entity (i.e., no
   unnecessary protection switching is performed).

   In the preceding sentence, "simultaneously" relates to the occurrence
   of SD on both the active and standby transport entities at input to
   the protection switching process at the same time, or as long as a SD
   request has not been acknowledged by the remote end in bidirectional
   protection switching.

9.  Protection switching state transition table

   In this section, state transition tables for the following protection
   switching configurations are described.

   o  1:1 bidirectional (revertive mode, non-revertive mode);

   o  1+1 bidirectional (revertive mode, non-revertive mode);

   o  1+1 unidirectional (revertive mode, non-revertive mode).

   Note that any other global or local request which is not described in
   state transition tables does not trigger any state transition.

   The states specified in the state transition tables can be described
   as follows:

   o  NR: NR is the state entered by the local priority under all
      conditions where no local protection switching requests (including
      WTR and DNR) are active.  NR can also indicates that the highest
      local request is overridden by the far end request, whose priority
      is higher than the highest local request.  Normal traffic signal
      is selected from the corresponding transport entity.

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   o  LO, SF-P, SD-P: The access by the normal traffic to the protection
      transport entity is NOT allowed in this state.  The normal traffic
      is carried by the working transport entity, regardless of the
      fault/degrade condition possibly present (due to the highest
      priority of the switching triggers leading to this state).

   o  FS, SF-W, SD-W, MS-W, MS-P: A switching trigger, NOT resulting in
      the protection transport entity unavailability is present.  The
      normal traffic is selected either from the corresponding working
      transport entity or from the protection transport entity,
      according to the behavior of the specific switching trigger.

   o  WTR: In revertive operation, after the clearing of an SF-W or
      SD-W, maintains normal traffic as selected from the protection
      transport entity until the WTR timer expires or another request
      with higher priority, including Clear command, is received.  This
      is used to prevent frequent operation of the selector in the case
      of intermittent failures.

   o  DNR: In non-revertive operation, this is used to maintain a normal
      traffic to be selected from the protection transport entity.

   o  EXER: Exercise of the APS protocol.

   o  RR: The near end will enter and signal Reverse Request only in
      response to an EXER from the far end.

   [State transition tables are shown at the end of the PDF form of this
   document.]

10.  Security considerations

   MPLS-TP is a subset of MPLS and so builds upon many of the aspects of
   the security model of MPLS.  MPLS networks make the assumption that
   it is very hard to inject traffic into a network and equally hard to
   cause traffic to be directed outside the network.  The control-plane
   protocols utilize hop-by-hop security and assume a "chain-of-trust"
   model such that end-to-end control-plane security is not used.  For
   more information on the generic aspects of MPLS security, see RFC
   5920 [RFC5920].

   This document describes a protocol carried in the G-ACh [RFC5586],
   and so is dependent on the security of the G-ACh, itself.  The G-ACh
   is a generalization of the Associated Channel defined in [RFC4385].
   Thus, this document relies heavily on the security mechanisms
   provided for the Associated Channel and described in those two
   documents.

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11.  IANA considerations

   There are no IANA actions requested.

12.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Hao Long, Vincenzo Sestito, Italo
   Busi, Igor Umansky for their input to and review of the current
   document.

13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC4385]  Bryant, S., Swallow, G., Martini, L., and D. McPherson,
              "Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Control Word for
              Use over an MPLS PSN", RFC 4385, February 2006.

   [RFC5586]  Bocci, M., Vigoureux, M., and S. Bryant, "MPLS Generic
              Associated Channel", RFC 5586, June 2009.

   [RFC5920]  Fang, L., "Security Framework for MPLS and GMPLS
              Networks", RFC 5920, July 2010.

13.2.  Informative References

   [RFC6378]  Weingarten, Y., Bryant, S., Osborne, E., Sprecher, N., and
              A. Fulignoli, "MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) Linear
              Protection", RFC 6378, October 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-mpls-psc-updates]
              Osborne, E., "Updates to PSC", draft-ietf-mpls-psc-
              updates-00 (work in progress), October 2013.

   [I-D.ietf-mpls-tp-psc-itu]
              Ryoo, J., Gray, E., Helvoort, H., D'Alessandro, A.,
              Cheung, T., and E. Osborne, "MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-
              TP) Linear Protection in Support of ITU-T's Requirements",
              draft-ietf-mpls-tp-psc-itu-00 (work in progress), November
              2013.

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Appendix A.  Operation examples of APS protocol

   The sequence diagrams shown in this section are only a few examples
   of the APS operations.  The first APS message which differs from the
   previous APS message is shown.  The operation of hold-off timer is
   omitted.  The fields whose values are changed during APS packet
   exchange are shown in the APS packet exchange.  They are Request/
   State, requested traffic, and bridged traffic.  For an example,
   SF(0,1) represents an APS packet with the following field values:
   Request/State = SF, Requested Signal = 0, and Bridged Signal = 1.
   The values of the other fields remain unchanged from the initial
   configuration.  The signal numbers 0 and 1 refer to null signal and
   normal traffic signal, respectively.  W(A->Z) and P(A->Z) indicate
   the working and protection paths in the direction of A to Z,
   respectively.

   Example 1. 1:1 bidirectional protection switching (revertive mode) -
   Unidirectional SF case

                       A                  Z
                       |                  |
                   (1) |---- NR(0,0)----->|
                       |<----- NR(0,0)----|
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (2) | (SF on W(Z->A))  |
                       |---- SF(1,1)----->| (3)
                       |<----- NR(1,1)----|
                   (4) |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (5) | (Recovery)       |
                       |---- WTR(1,1)---->|
                      /|                  |
             WTR timer |                  |
                      \|                  |
                   (6) |---- NR(0,0)----->| (7)
                   (8) |<----- NR(0,0)----|
                       |                  |

   (1) The protected domain is operating without any defect, and the
   working entity is used for delivering the normal traffic.

   (2) Signal Fail occurs on the working entity in the Z to A direction.
   Selector and bridge of node A select protection entity.  Node A
   generates SF(1,1) message.

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   (3) Upon receiving SF(1,1), node Z sets selector and bridge to
   protection entity.  As there is no local request in node Z, node Z
   generates NR(1,1) message.

   (4) Node A confirms that the far end is also selecting protection
   entity.

   (5) Node A detects clearing of SF condition, starts the WTR timer,
   and sends WTR(1,1) message.

   (6) At expiration of the WTR timer, node A sets selector and bridge
   to working entity and sends NR(0,0) message.

   (7) Node Z is notified that the far end request has been cleared, and
   sets selector and bridge to working entity.

   (8) It is confirmed that the far end is also selecting working
   entity.

   Example 2. 1:1 bidirectional protection switching (revertive mode) -
   Bidirectional SF case

                       A                  Z
                       |                  |
                   (1) |---- NR(0,0)----->| (1)
                       |<----- NR(0,0)----|
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (2) | (SF on W(Z<->A)) | (2)
                       |<---- SF(1,1)---->|
                   (3) |                  | (3)
                       |                  |
                   (4) |    (Recovery)    | (4)
                       |<---- NR(1,1)---->|
                   (5) |<--- WTR(1,1)---->| (5)
                      /|                  |\
             WTR timer |                  | WTR timer
                      \|                  |/
                   (6) |<---- NR(1,1)---->| (6)
                   (7) |<----- NR(0,0)--->| (7)
                   (8) |                  | (8)

   (1) The protected domain is operating without any defect, and the
   working entity is used for delivering the normal traffic.

   (2) Nodes A and Z detect local Signal Fail conditions on the working
   entity, set selector and bridge to protection entity, and generate
   SF(1,1) messages.

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   (3) Upon receiving SF(1,1), each node confirms that the far end is
   also selecting protection entity.

   (4) Each node detects clearing of SF condition, and sends NR(1,1)
   message as the last received APS message was SF.

   (5) Upon receiving NR(1,1), each node starts the WTR timer and sends
   WTR(1,1).

   (6) At expiration of the WTR timer, each node sends NR(1,1) as the
   last received APS message was WTR.

   (7) Upon receiving NR(1,1), each node sets selector and bridge to
   working entity and sends NR(0,0) message.

   (8) It is confirmed that the far end is also selecting working
   entity.

   Example 3. 1:1 bidirectional protection switching (revertive mode) -
   Bidirectional SF case - Inconsistent WTR timers

                       A                  Z
                       |                  |
                   (1) |---- NR(0,0)----->| (1)
                       |<----- NR(0,0)----|
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (2) | (SF on W(Z<->A)) | (2)
                       |<---- SF(1,1)---->|
                   (3) |                  | (3)
                       |                  |
                   (4) |    (Recovery)    | (4)
                       |<---- NR(1,1)---->|
                   (5) |<--- WTR(1,1)---->| (5)
                      /|                  |\
             WTR timer |                  | |
                      \|                  | WTR timer
                   (6) |----- NR(1,1)---->| | (7)
                       |                  |/
                   (9) |<----- NR(0,0)----| (8)
                       |---- NR(0,0)----->| (10)

   (1) The protected domain is operating without any defect, and the
   working entity is used for delivering the normal traffic.

   (2) Nodes A and Z detect local Signal Fail conditions on the working
   entity , set selector and bridge to protection entity, and generate
   SF(1,1) messages.

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   (3) Upon receiving SF(1,1), each node confirms that the far end is
   also selecting protection entity.

   (4) Each node detects clearing of SF condition, and sends NR(1,1)
   message as the last received APS message was SF.

   (5) Upon receiving NR(1,1), each node starts the WTR timer and sends
   WTR(1,1).

   (6) At expiration of the WTR timer in node A, node A sends NR(1,1) as
   the last received APS message was WTR.

   (7) At node Z, the received NR(1,1) is ignored as the local WTR has a
   higher priority.

   (8) At expiration of the WTR timer in node Z, node Z node sets
   selector and bridge to working entity, and sends NR(0,0) message.

   (9) Upon receiving NR(0,0), node A sets selector and bridge to
   working entity and sends NR(0,0) message.

   (10) It is confirmed that the far end is also selecting working
   entity.

   Example 4. 1:1 bidirectional protection switching (non-revertive
   mode) - Unidirectional SF on working followed by unidirectional SF on
   protection

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                       A                  Z
                       |                  |
                   (1) |---- NR(0,0)----->| (1)
                       |<----- NR(0,0)----|
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (2) | (SF on W(Z->A))  |
                       |----- SF(1,1)---->| (3)
                   (4) |<----- NR(1,1)----|
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (5) |    (Recovery)    |
                       |----- DNR(1,1)--->| (6)
                       |<--- DNR(1,1)---->|
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                       | (SF on P(A->Z))  | (7)
                   (8) |<--- SF-P(0,0)----|
                       |---- NR(0,0)----->|
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                       |     (Recovery)   | (9)
                       |<----- NR(0,0)----|
                       |                  |

   (1) The protected domain is operating without any defect, and the
   working entity is used for delivering the normal traffic.

   (2) Signal Fail occurs on the working entity in the Z to A direction.
   Selector and bridge of node A select the protection entity.  Node A
   generates SF(1,1) message.

   (3) Upon receiving SF(1,1), node Z sets selector and bridge to
   protection entity.  As there is no local request in node Z, node Z
   generates NR(1,1) message.

   (4) Node A confirms that the far end is also selecting protection
   entity.

   (5) Node A detects clearing of SF condition, and sends DNR(1,1)
   message.

   (6) Upon receiving DNR(1,1), node Z also generates DNR(1,1) message.

   (7) Signal Fail occurs on the protection entity in the A to Z
   direction.  Selector and bridge of node Z select the working entity.
   Node Z generates SF-P(0,0) message.

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   (8) Upon receiving SF-P(0,0), node A sets selector and bridge to
   working entity, and generates NR(0,0) message.

   (9) Node Z detects clearing of SF condition, and sends NR(0,0)
   message.

   Exmaple 5. 1:1 bidirectional protection switching (non-revertive
   mode) - Bidirectional SF on working followed by bidirectional SF on
   protection

                       A                  Z
                       |                  |
                   (1) |---- NR(0,0)----->| (1)
                       |<----- NR(0,0)----|
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (2) | (SF on W(A<->Z)) | (2)
                   (3) |<---- SF(1,1)---->| (3)
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (4) |    (Recovery)    | (4)
                   (5) |<---- NR(1,1)---->| (5)
                       |<--- DNR(1,1)---->|
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (6) | (SF on P(A<->Z)) | (6)
                   (7) |<--- SF-P(0,0)--->| (7)
                       |                  |
                       |                  |
                   (8) |     (Recovery)   | (8)
                       |<---- NR(0,0)---->|
                       |                  |

   (1) The protected domain is operating without any defect, and the
   working entity is used for delivering the normal traffic.

   (2) Nodes A and Z detect local Signal Fail conditions on the working
   entity, set selector and bridge to protection entity, and generate
   SF(1,1) messages.

   (3) Upon receiving SF(1,1), each node confirms that the far end is
   also selecting protection entity.

   (4) Each node detects clearing of SF condition, and sends NR(1,1)
   message as the last received APS message was SF.

   (5) Upon receiving NR(1,1), each node sends DNR(1,1).

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   (6) Signal Fail occurs on the protection entity in both directions.
   Selector and bridge of each node selects the working entity.  Each
   node generates SF-P(0,0) message.

   (7) Upon receiving SF-P(0,0), each node confirms that the far end is
   also selecting working entity

   (8) Each node detects clearing of SF condition, and sends NR(0,0)
   message.

Authors' Addresses

   Huub van Helvoort (editor)
   Huawei Technologies

   Email: huub.van.helvoort@huawei.com

   Jeong-dong Ryoo (editor)
   ETRI

   Email: ryoo@etri.re.kr

   Haiyan Zhang
   Huawei Technologies

   Email: zhanghaiyan@huawei.com

   Feng Huang
   Philips

   Email: feng.huang@philips.com

   Han Li
   China Mobile

   Email: lihan@chinamobile.com

   Alessandro D'Alessandro
   Telecom Italia

   Email: alessandro.dalessandro@telecomitalia.it

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