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Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman Over COSE (EDHOC)
draft-selander-ace-cose-ecdhe-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Authors Göran Selander , John Preuß Mattsson , Francesca Palombini
Last updated 2016-03-21
Replaced by draft-selander-lake-edhoc
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draft-selander-ace-cose-ecdhe-00
ACE Working Group                                            G. Selander
Internet-Draft                                               J. Mattsson
Intended status: Standards Track                            F. Palombini
Expires: September 22, 2016                                  Ericsson AB
                                                          March 21, 2016

               Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman Over COSE (EDHOC)
                    draft-selander-ace-cose-ecdhe-00

Abstract

   This document specifies the Diffie-Hellman key exchange with
   ephemeral keys embedded in messages encoded with the CBOR Encoded
   Message Syntax.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 22, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  ECDH Public Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  COSE_Key Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.2.  Example: ECDH Public Key  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Authentication with Pre-Shared Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Message 1 with PSK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.2.  Example: Message 1 with PSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.3.  Message 2 with PSK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.4.  Example: Message 2 with PSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.5.  Key Derivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  Authentication with Static ECDH Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.1.  Message 1 with ECDH-SS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.2.  Example: Message 1 with ECDH-SS . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.3.  Message 2 with ECDH-SS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.4.  Example: Message 2 with ECDH-SS . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.5.  Key Derivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   8.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Appendix A.  Implementing EDHOC with CoAP . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   Appendix B.  Integrating EDHOC with ACE . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   Appendix C.  Deriving Security Context for OSCOAP . . . . . . . .  18
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19

1.  Introduction

   Security at the application layer provides an attractive option for
   protecting Internet of Things (IoT) deployments, for example where
   transport layer security is not sufficient
   [I-D.hartke-core-e2e-security-reqs].  IoT devices may be constrained
   in various ways, including memory, storage, processing capacity, and
   energy [RFC7228].  A method for protecting individual messages at
   application layer, suitable for constrained devices, is provided by
   the CBOR Encoded Message Syntax (COSE, [I-D.ietf-cose-msg]).

   In order for a communication session to provide forward secrecy, the
   communicating parties could run a Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange
   protocol with ephemeral keys, from which session keys are derived.
   This document specifies two instances of DH key exchange using COSE
   messages to transport the ephemeral public keys.  The DH key exchange
   messages are authenticated using pre-established keys, either a

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   secret key (Section 3) or public keys (Section 4).  The pre-
   established keys may be transferred to client and server from a
   trusted third party, such as an Authorization Server
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz].  Successful verification of the protocol
   messages, defined in this document, provides a method for proof-of-
   possession of the corresponding secret or private key
   [I-D.ietf-oauth-pop-key-distribution].

   This document also specifies derivation of traffic keys, from the
   shared secret established through the DH key exchange with ephemeral
   keys.  The key derivation is identical to TLS 1.3
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].  These
   words may also appear in this document in lowercase, absent their
   normative meanings.

   The key exchange messages are called "message_1" and "message_2", and
   the parties exchanging the messages are called "client" and "server",
   see Figure 1.  The messages are encoded using the CBOR Encoded
   Message Syntax (COSE, [I-D.ietf-cose-msg]), and include an ephemeral
   public key (g^x/g^y) and a Message Authentication Code (MAC).  The
   shared secret g^(xy) is used to derive a key called
   "traffic_secret_0" using the terminology of TLS 1.3
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

                      client                   server
                         |                       |
                         |    COSE(g^x, MAC)     |
                         +---------------------->|
                         |      message_1        |
                         |                       |
                         |    COSE(g^y, MAC)     |
                         |<----------------------+
                         |      message_2        |
                 g^(xy)  |                       |  g^(xy)
                   |                                  |
                   |                                  |
                   V                                  V
            traffic_secret_0                   traffic_secret_0

         Figure 1: Diffie-Hellman key exchange and key derivation

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   Most keys used in this document have an associated identifier.  The
   identifiers used in the document are placeholders for values of the
   identifiers.  The following key identifiers/value representations are
   used in the draft:

   o  kid_x and kid_y represent the values of the key identifiers of the
      ECDH ephemeral public keys of the client and server, respectively.

   o  kid_0 represents the value of the key identifier of the pre-shared
      key between client and server (Section 3).

   o  kid_c and kid_s represent the values of the key identifiers of the
      ECDH static public keys of the client and server, respectively
      (Section 4).

   +------------+-----+-----------------------------------------------+
   |    Key     | Key |                     Use                       |
   | Identifier |     |                                               |
   +------------+-----+-----------------------------------------------+
   |   kid_x    | g^x | ECDH ephemeral public key of the client       |
   |   kid_y    | g^y | ECDH ephemeral public key of the server       |
   |   kid_0    | PSK | Pre-shared key (Section 3)                    |
   |   kid_c    | g^c | ECDH static public key of the client (Sec. 4) |
   |   kid_s    | g^s | ECDH static public key of the server (Sec. 4) |
   +------------+-----+-----------------------------------------------+

              Figure 2: Notation of keys and key identifiers.

   The server ephemeral key identifier key_y is also used to identify
   the resulting traffic key security context, which means that the
   server can ensure that different clients establishing traffic keys
   using this method have different context identifiers.

2.  ECDH Public Keys

   This section defines the formatting of the ephemeral public keys g^x
   and g^y.

2.1.  COSE_Key Formatting

   The ECDH ephemeral public key SHALL be formatted as a COSE_Key with
   the following fields and values:

   o  kty: The value SHALL be 2 (Elliptic Curve Keys)

   o  kid:

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   o  crv: The value 1 SHALL be supported by the server (NIST P-256
      a.k.a. secp256r1 [RFC4492])

   o  x:

   o  y: The value SHOULD be boolean.

   TODO: Consider replacing P-256 with Curve25519

2.2.  Example: ECDH Public Key

   An example of COSE_Key structure, representing an ECDH public key, is
   given in Figure 3, using CBOR's diagnostic notation.  In this
   example, the pre-shared key is identified by a 4 bytes 'kid'.

      / ephemeral / -1:{
                  / kty / 1:2,
                  / kid / 2:h'78f67901',
                  / crv / -1:1,
                  / x / -2:h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590b
                  bfbf054e1c7b4d91d6280',
                  / y / -3:true
                }

      Figure 3: Example of an ECDH public key formatted as a COSE_Key

   The equivalent CBOR encoding is: h'a120a50102024478f67901200121582098
   f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf054e1c7b4d91d628022f5',
   which has a size of 50 bytes.

3.  Authentication with Pre-Shared Keys

   This section defines the DH key exchange protocol messages, when the
   MAC is calculated with a pre-shared key.

   The client and server are assumed to have a pre-shared key, PSK, the
   value of its identifier is represented by kid_0.

3.1.  Message 1 with PSK

   message_1 contains the client's ephemeral public key, g^x, and a MAC
   over g^x, calculated with the pre-shared key.

   Before sending message_1, the client SHALL generate a fresh ephemeral
   ECDH key pair.  The ephemeral public key, g^x, SHALL be formatted as
   in Section 2, with the 'kid' field omitted.

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   message_1 SHALL have the COSE_Mac0_Tagged structure
   [I-D.ietf-cose-msg] with the following fields and values:

   o  Header

      *  Protected

         +  Alg: 4 (HMAC 256/64)

         +  Kid: kid_0

      *  Unprotected: Empty, except for the case specified in Appendix B

   o  Payload: g^x ('kid' field omitted)

   o  Tag: As in section 6.3 of [I-D.ietf-cose-msg]

   TODO: Error handling

3.2.  Example: Message 1 with PSK

   An example of COSE encoding for message_1 is given in Figure 4 using
   CBOR's diagnostic notation.  In this example, kid_0, the identifier
   of PSK is 4 bytes.

      996(
        [
          / protected / h'a201040444e19648b5' / {
              / alg / 1:4, / HMAC 256//64 /
              / kid / 4:h'e19648b5' / kid_0
            } / ,
          / unprotected / {},
          / payload / h'a120a40102200121582098f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638
          ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf054e1c7b4d91d628022f5' / COSE_Key g^x / {
             / ephemeral / -1:{
               / kty / 1:2,
               / crv / -1:1,
               / x / -2:h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfb
               f054e1c7b4d91d6280',
               / y / -3:true
             }
           } / ,
          / tag / h'e77fe81c66c3b5c0'
        ]
      )

           Figure 4: Example of message_1 authenticated with PSK

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   The equivalent CBOR encoding is: h'd903e48449a201040444e19648b5a0582c
   a120a40102200121582098f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf05
   4e1c7b4d91d628022f548e77fe81c66c3b5c0', which has a size of 70 bytes.

3.3.  Message 2 with PSK

   message_2 contains the server's ephemeral public key, g^y, and a MAC
   over g^y and message_1, calculated with the pre-shared key.

   Before sending message_2, the server SHALL verify message_1 using the
   pre-shared key, PSK, and generate a fresh ephemeral ECDH key pair.
   The ephemeral public key, g^y, SHALL be formatted as in Section 2,
   its identifier (kid_y) SHALL be unique among key identifiers used for
   traffic keys by the server.

   message_2 SHALL have the COSE_Mac0_Tagged structure
   [I-D.ietf-cose-msg] with the following fields and values:

   o  Header

      *  Protected

         +  Alg: 4 (HMAC 256/64)

         +  Kid: kid_0

      *  Unprotected: empty

   o  Payload: g^y

   o  external_aad: message_1

   o  Tag: as in [I-D.ietf-cose-msg], including the external_aad in the
      MAC_structure.

   TODO: Error handling

3.4.  Example: Message 2 with PSK

   An example of COSE encoding for message_2 is given in Figure 5 using
   CBOR's diagnostic notation.  In this example, kid_0, the identifier
   of PSK, and kid_y, the identifier of the server's ephemeral public
   key, is 4 bytes.

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      996(
        [
          / protected / h'a201040444e19648b5' / {
              / alg / 1:4, / HMAC 256//64 /
              / kid / 4:h'e19648b5' / kid_0
            } / ,
          / unprotected / {},
          / payload / h'a120a5010202442edb61f92001215820acbee6672a28340a
          ffce41c721901ebd7868231bd1d86e41888a07822214050022f5'
          / COSE_Key g^y / {
             / ephemeral / -1:{
               / kty / 1:2,
               / kid / 2:h'2edb61f9', / kid_y
               / crv / -1:1,
               / x / -2:h'acbee6672a28340affce41c721901ebd7868231bd1d
               86e41888a078222140500',
               / y / -3:true
             }
           } / ,
          / tag / h'6113268ad246f2c9'
        ]
      )

           Figure 5: Example of message_2 authenticated with PSK

   The equivalent CBOR encoding is: h'd903e48449a201040444e19648b5a05832
   a120a4010202481e6f0c642001215820acbee6672a28340affce41c721901ebd78682
   31bd1d86e41888a07822214050022f5486113268ad246f2c9', which has a size
   of 76 bytes.

3.5.  Key Derivation

   The client and server SHALL derive "traffic_secret_0" from the
   information available through the key exchange, as described in this
   section.  The key derivation is identical to Section 7 of
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13], using the PSK + ECDHE operational mode and HKDF
   [RFC5869] with SHA-256:

   o  The Static Secret (SS) SHALL be the pre-shared key

   o  The Ephemeral Secret (ES) SHALL be the ECDH shared secret,
      generated from the ephemeral keys, as specified in section 7.3.3.
      of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]

   o  The generic string "TLS 1.3, " in HkdfLabel (Section 7.1) SHALL be
      replaced by "EDHOC, "

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   o  The handshake_hash is replaced by the exchange_hash = SHA-
      256(message_1 + message_2), where '+' denotes concatenation of
      octet strings

   The procedure for deriving "traffic_secret_0" in Section 7 in
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] SHALL be followed.  The "traffic_secret_0" SHALL
   be identified by the identifier of the server's ephemeral public key
   (kid_y).

   Appendix C provides an example of how to derive a security context
   from "traffic_secret_0".

   TODO: Align key derivation with that used with ECDH-SS (Section 4).

4.  Authentication with Static ECDH Keys

   This section defines the DH key exchange protocol messages, when the
   MAC is calculated with a key derived from static ECDH keys.

   The client and the server are assumed to have static ECDH keys of a
   common curve.  Curve P-256 SHALL be implemented by the server.

   o  The client's static public key is denoted g^c, and identified by
      kid_c

   o  The server's static public key is denoted g^s, and identified by
      kid_s

4.1.  Message 1 with ECDH-SS

   message_1 contains the client's ephemeral public key, g^x, and a MAC
   over g^x, computed with a key derived from the shared secret g^(cs),
   calculated from the client's and server's static public keys.

   Before sending message_1, the client SHALL generate a fresh ephemeral
   ECDH key pair.  The client's ephemeral public key, g^x, SHALL be
   formatted as in Section 2, and identified by kid_x.

   message_1 SHALL have the COSE_Mac_Tagged structure
   [I-D.ietf-cose-msg], with the following fields and values:

   o  Header

      *  Protected

         +  Alg: 4 (HMAC 256/64)

      *  Unprotected: empty, except in the specified in Appendix B

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   o  Payload: g^x

   o  Tag: as in [I-D.ietf-cose-msg]

   o  Recipients

      *  COSE_recipient

         +  Header

            -  Protected

               o  Alg: -27 (ECDH-SS + HKDF-256)

            -  Unprotected

               o  Static Kid: kid_s

               o  Kid: kid_c

               o  U Nonce: pseudo-random octet string

         +  Ciphertext: nil

   TODO: Error handling

4.2.  Example: Message 1 with ECDH-SS

   An example of COSE encoding for message_1 is given in Figure 6, using
   CBOR's diagnostic notation.  In this example, the size of the
   identifiers of the ECDH public keys: kid_x (the client's ephemeral),
   kid_c (the client's static), and kid_s (the server's static) are 4
   bytes, while the length of U Nonce is 32 bytes.

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      994(
        [
          / protected / h'a10104' / {
              / alg / 1:4 / HMAC 256//64 /
            } / ,
          / unprotected / {},
          / payload / h'a120a50102024478f67901200121582098f50a4ff6c05861
          c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf054e1c7b4d91d628022f5'
          / COSE_Key g^x / {
             / ephemeral / -1:{
               / kty / 1:2,
               / kid / 2: h'78f67901', / kid_x
               / crv / -1:1,
               / x / -2:h'98f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfb
               f054e1c7b4d91d6280',
               / y / -3:true
             }
           } / ,
          / tag / h'9287cb4ead0c171d',
          / recipients / [
            [
              / protected / h'a101381a' / {
                  \ alg \ 1:-27 \ ECDH-SS + HKDF-256 \
                } / ,
              / unprotected / {
                / static kid / -3:h'c150d41c', / kid_s /
                / kid / 4:h'f6b70552', / kid_c /
                / U nonce / -22:h'4d8553e7e74f3c6a3a9dd3ef286a8195cbf8a2
                3d19558ccfec7d34b824f42d91'
              },
              / ciphertext / h''
            ]
          ]
        ]
      )

    Figure 6: Example of message_1 authenticated with static ECDH keys

   The equivalent CBOR encoding is: h'd903e28543a10104a05832a120a5010202
   4478f67901200121582098f50a4ff6c05861c8860d13a638ea56c3f5ad7590bbfbf05
   4e1c7b4d91d628022f5489287cb4ead0c171d818344a101381aa32244c150d41c0444
   f6b705523558204d8553e7e74f3c6a3a9dd3ef286a8195cbf8a23d19558ccfec7d34b
   824f42d9140', which has a size of 126 bytes.

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4.3.  Message 2 with ECDH-SS

   message_2 contains the server's ephemeral public key, g^y, and a MAC
   over g^y, computed with a key derived from the shared secret g^(xs),
   calculated from the client's ephemeral public key (kid_x) and the
   server's static key (kid_s).

   Before sending message_2, the server SHALL verify message_1.  The
   server SHALL generate a fresh ephemeral ECDH key pair, formatted as
   in Section 2, the value of the key identifier (kid_y) SHALL be unique
   among key identifiers used for traffic keys by the server.

   message_2 SHALL have the COSE_Mac_Tagged structure
   [I-D.ietf-cose-msg] with the following fields and values:

   o  Header

      *  Protected

         +  Alg: 4 (HMAC 256/64)

      *  Unprotected: empty

   o  Payload: g^y

   o  Tag: as in [I-D.ietf-cose-msg].

   o  Recipients

      *  COSE_recipient

         +  Header

            -  Protected

               o  Alg: -27 (ECDH-SS + HKDF-256)

            -  Unprotected

               o  Static Kid: kid_x

               o  Kid: kid_s

               o  U Nonce: pseudo-random octet string

         +  Ciphertext: nil

   TODO: Error handling

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4.4.  Example: Message 2 with ECDH-SS

   An example of COSE encoding for Message 2 is given in Figure 7, using
   CBOR's diagnostic notation.  In this example, the size of the
   identifiers of the ECDH public keys: kid_x (the client's ephemeral),
   kid_y (the server's ephemeral), and kid_s (the server's static) are 4
   bytes, while the length of U Nonce is 32 bytes.

      994(
        [
          / protected / h'a10104' / {
              / alg / 1:4 / HMAC 256//64 /
            } / ,
          / unprotected / {},
          / payload / h'a120a5010202442edb61f92001215820acbee6672a28340a
          ffce41c721901ebd7868231bd1d86e41888a07822214050022f5'
          / COSE_Key g^y / {
             / ephemeral / -1:{
               / kty / 1:2,
               / kid / 2:h'2edb61f9', / kid_y
               / crv / -1:1,
               / x / -2:h'acbee6672a28340affce41c721901ebd7868231bd1d
               86e41888a078222140500',
               / y / -3:true
             }
           } / ,
          / tag / h'2cc75952a7c6dc7f',
          / recipients / [
            [
              / protected / h'a101381a' / {
                  \ alg \ 1:-27 \ ECDH-SS + HKDF-256 \
                } / ,
              / unprotected / {
                / static kid / -3:h'78f67901', / kid_x /
                / kid / 4:h'c150d41c', / kid_s /
                / U nonce / -22:h'66aabbadf938799613ccbf8a7da0a15f13be5b
                43d300aa51fceabc07a731232a'
              },
              / ciphertext / h''
            ]
          ]
        ]
      )

    Figure 7: Example of message_2 authenticated with static ECDH keys

   The equivalent CBOR encoding is: h'd903e28543a10104a05832a120a5010202
   442edb61f92001215820acbee6672a28340affce41c721901ebd7868231bd1d86e418

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   88a07822214050022f5482cc75952a7c6dc7f818344a101381aa3224478f679010444
   c150d41c35582066aabbadf938799613ccbf8a7da0a15f13be5b43d300aa51fceabc0
   7a731232a40', which has a size of 126 bytes.

4.5.  Key Derivation

   The client and server SHALL derive "traffic_secret_0" from the
   information available through the key exchange, as described in this
   section.  The key derivation is identical to Section 7 of
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13], using the ECDHE operational mode and HKDF
   [RFC5869] with SHA-256:

   o  The Static Secret (SS) and the Ephemeral Secret (ES) SHALL be the
      ECDH shared secret, generated from the ephemeral keys, as
      specified in section 7.3.3. of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]

   o  The generic string "TLS 1.3, " in HkdfLabel (Section 7.1) SHALL be
      replaced by "EDHOC, "

   o  The handshake_hash is replaced by the exchange_hash = SHA-
      256(message_1 + message_2), where '+' denotes concatenation of
      octet strings

   The procedure for deriving "traffic_secret_0" in Section 7 in
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] SHALL be followed.  The "traffic_secret_0" SHALL
   be identified with the value of the 'kid' field of the server's
   ephemeral public key (kid_y).

   Appendix C provides an example of how to derive a security context
   from "traffic_secret_0".

   TODO: Align key derivation with that used with ECDH-SS.

5.  Security Considerations

   After the key derivation is completed, the intermediate computed
   values should be securely deleted, along with any ephemeral ECDH
   secrets.

   The choice of key length used in the different algorithms needs to be
   harmonized, e.g. the size of PSK and the length of the Client/Server
   Write Key.

   message_1 may be replayed and cause unnecessary resource consumption
   for the server.  A limited mitigation can be provided by caching (the
   hash of) the received ephemeral keys, and compare the ephemeral keys
   of a new request with this cache.

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   With the current protocol, key confirmation of the Diffie-Hellman
   shared secret/traffic keys is performed when the keys are
   successfully used.  One extension of the protocol is to add key
   confirmation by the server, so that a client detecting a failed key
   confirmation can initiate a new key exchange.  This may be
   accomplished by including a counter-MAC in the second message of the
   key exchange, where the key used in the MAC is derived from the
   traffic keys.  Since the calculation of the traffic keys include the
   hash of the key exchange messages, the counter-MAC must be excluded
   from the exchange_hash.

6.  Privacy Considerations

   TBD

7.  IANA Considerations

8.  Acknowledgments

   The authors wish to thank Ludwig Seitz for timely review and helpful
   comments.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-cose-msg]
              Schaad, J., "CBOR Encoded Message Syntax", draft-ietf-
              cose-msg-10 (work in progress), February 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]
              Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-11 (work in progress),
              December 2015.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.hartke-core-e2e-security-reqs]
              Selander, G., Palombini, F., Hartke, K., and L. Seitz,
              "Requirements for CoAP End-To-End Security", draft-hartke-
              core-e2e-security-reqs-00 (work in progress), March 2016.

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   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz]
              Seitz, L., Selander, G., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and
              H. Tschofenig, "Authorization for the Internet of Things
              using OAuth 2.0", draft-ietf-ace-oauth-authz-01 (work in
              progress), February 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-oauth-pop-key-distribution]
              Bradley, J., Hunt, P., Jones, M., and H. Tschofenig,
              "OAuth 2.0 Proof-of-Possession: Authorization Server to
              Client Key Distribution", draft-ietf-oauth-pop-key-
              distribution-02 (work in progress), October 2015.

   [I-D.selander-ace-object-security]
              Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz,
              "Object Security of CoAP (OSCOAP)", draft-selander-ace-
              object-security-03 (work in progress), October 2015.

   [I-D.wahlstroem-ace-cbor-web-token]
              Wahlstroem, E., Jones, M., and H. Tschofenig, "CBOR Web
              Token (CWT)", draft-wahlstroem-ace-cbor-web-token-00 (work
              in progress), December 2015.

   [RFC4492]  Blake-Wilson, S., Bolyard, N., Gupta, V., Hawk, C., and B.
              Moeller, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites
              for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4492,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4492, May 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4492>.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.

   [RFC7228]  Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for
              Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7228>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC7519]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
              (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519>.

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Appendix A.  Implementing EDHOC with CoAP

   The DH key exchange specified in this document can be implemented as
   a CoAP [RFC7252] message exchange.  A strawman is sketched here.

   The client makes the following request:

   o  The request method is POST

   o  Content-Format is "application/cose+cbor"

   o  The Uri-Path is "edhoc"

   o  The Payload is message_1

   The server performs the verifications of the COSE object as specified
   in [I-D.ietf-cose-msg].  If successful, then the server provides the
   following response:

   o  The response Code is 2.04 (Changed)

   o  The Payload is message_2

Appendix B.  Integrating EDHOC with ACE

   A pre-requisite for using the DH key exchange protocols in Section 3
   and Section 4 of this document is that some static keys are pre-
   established in client and server.  The ACE framework
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] specifies how an authorization server (AS)
   supports the establishment of keys in client and (resource) server,
   either a shared secret key or each others' public keys, which is
   exactly what is required in Section 3 and Section 4, respectively.

   The ACE protocol specifies a client making a 'token request' to the
   AS to retrieve an access token (JWT [RFC7519], or CWT
   [I-D.wahlstroem-ace-cbor-web-token]) containing authorization
   information about the client regarding a certain resource on a
   certain server.  The client can then transfer the access token to the
   server in the CoAP payload of the following request:

   POST /authz-info

   The access token may also contain a shared secret key or the public
   key of the client, for use by the server.

   In case of symmetric keys, the AS generates this key and protects it
   for the client and server, after which the protocol in Section 3 can
   start.

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   In case of asymmetric keys, the ACE framework allows the client to
   include its public key in the 'token request', which results in the
   key being included in the access token reaching the server.  The
   server's public key can be assumed to be known to the AS, which can
   therefore provide also this information to the client in the response
   to the token request.

   Since the protocol in Section 4 requires static ECDH keys from the
   same curve, information about the curve to use must be available to
   the client before making the request to the AS.  There are different
   candidate sources for this information, for example: the server, a
   resource directory or the AS itself.  As an example of the latter,
   the AS could, for example, reject a token request for a server with a
   public key in the wrong curve and provide information about the right
   curve in the response.  The client could then generate a new static
   ECDH key pair in the right curve, include the public key in a new
   request to the AS, for inclusion in the access token delivered to the
   server.

   The transfer of the access token as defined in
   [I-D.ietf-ace-oauth-authz] can be combined with the execution of
   EDHOC, for example, by including the access token in the Unprotected
   of Header of message_1.  A dedicated resource could be defined for
   this combined message exchange, for example:

   POST /authz-info-edhoc

   The strawman in Appendix A applies also to this case.

Appendix C.  Deriving Security Context for OSCOAP

   In this section we show how to establish security context for OSCOAP
   [I-D.selander-ace-object-security], using the method specified in
   this document.

   We assume that "traffic_secret_0" has been established, e.g. as
   described in Appendix B using a DH key exchange specified in this
   document.  OSCOAP requires traffic keying material Client/Server
   Write Key/IV to be established at client and server, see section 3 of
   [I-D.selander-ace-object-security].  The computation of keying
   material mimics the traffic key calculation of Section 7.3 in TLS 1.3
   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] using HKDF with SHA-256 and the following
   parameters:

   o  Secret = traffic_secret_0

   o  phase = "application data key expansion"

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   o  purpose = "client write key" / "server write key" / "client write
      IV" / "server write IV"

   o  handshake_context = message_1 + message_2, the concatenation of
      the exchanged messages

   o  key_length for key and IV is algorithm specific.

   The first three bullets are identical to TLS 1.3.

   With the mandatory OSCOAP algorithm AES-CCM-64-64-128 (see
   Section 10.2 in [I-D.ietf-cose-msg]), key_length for the keys is 128
   bits and key_length for the static IVs is 56 bits.

   The Context Identifier (Cid) is set to the key identifier of
   traffic_secret_0 (i.e. kid_y, using the terminology of Section 3 and
   Section 4).

Authors' Addresses

   Goeran Selander
   Ericsson AB
   Farogatan 6
   Kista  SE-16480 Stockholm
   Sweden

   Email: goran.selander@ericsson.com

   John Mattsson
   Ericsson AB
   Farogatan 6
   Kista  SE-16480 Stockholm
   Sweden

   Email: john.mattsson@ericsson.com

   Francesca Palombini
   Ericsson AB
   Farogatan 6
   Kista  SE-16480 Stockholm
   Sweden

   Email: francesca.palombini@ericsson.com

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