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Deployment Considerations for Information-Centric Networking (ICN)
draft-rahman-icnrg-deployment-guidelines-04

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Authors Akbar Rahman , Dirk Trossen , Dirk Kutscher , Ravi Ravindran
Last updated 2017-10-27
Replaced by draft-irtf-icnrg-deployment-guidelines, RFC 8763
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draft-rahman-icnrg-deployment-guidelines-04
ICNRG                                                          A. Rahman
Internet-Draft                                                D. Trossen
Intended status: Informational                         InterDigital Inc.
Expires: April 30, 2018                                      D. Kutscher
                                                            R. Ravindran
                                                                  Huawei
                                                        October 27, 2017

   Deployment Considerations for Information-Centric Networking (ICN)
              draft-rahman-icnrg-deployment-guidelines-04

Abstract

   Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is now reaching technological
   maturity after many years of fundamental research and
   experimentation.  This document provides a number of deployment
   considerations in the interest of helping the ICN community move
   forward to the next step of live deployments.  First, the major
   deployment configurations for ICN are described including the key
   overlay and underlay approaches.  Then proposed deployment migration
   paths are outlined to address major practical issues such as network
   and application migration.  Next, selected ICN trial experiences are
   summarized.  Finally, protocol areas that require further
   standardization are identified to facilitate future interoperable ICN
   deployments.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
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   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 30, 2018.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Deployment Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Clean-slate ICN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  ICN-as-an-Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.3.  ICN-as-an-Underlay  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.3.1.  Edge Network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.3.2.  Core Network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.4.  ICN-as-a-Slice  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  Deployment Migration Paths  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Application and Service Migration . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.2.  Content Delivery Network Migration  . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.3.  Edge Network Migration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.4.  Core Network Migration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   5.  Deployment Trial Experiences  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     5.1.  ICN-as-an-Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       5.1.1.  FP7 PURSUIT Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       5.1.2.  FP7 SAIL Trial  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       5.1.3.  NDN Testbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       5.1.4.  ICN2020 Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       5.1.5.  Hybrid ICN Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     5.2.  ICN-as-an-Underlay  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       5.2.1.  H2020 POINT and RIFE Efforts  . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       5.2.2.  H2020 FLAME Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       5.2.3.  CableLabs Content Delivery System . . . . . . . . . .  13
       5.2.4.  NDN IoT Trials  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.3.  Summary of Deployment Trials  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  Deployment Issues Requiring Further Standardization . . . . .  14
     6.1.  Protocols for Application and Service Migration . . . . .  14
     6.2.  Protocols for Content Delivery Network Migration  . . . .  15
     6.3.  Protocols for Edge and Core Network Migration . . . . . .  15

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     6.4.  Summary of ICN Protocol Gaps and Potential Protocol
           Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   7.  Conclusion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   11. Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

1.  Introduction

   The ICNRG charter identifies deployment guidelines as an important
   topic area for the ICN community.  Specifically, the charter states
   that defining concrete migration paths for ICN deployments which
   avoid forklift upgrades, and defining practical ICN interworking
   configurations with the existing Internet paradigm, are key topic
   areas that require further investigation [ICNRGCharter].  Also, it is
   well understood that results and conclusions from any mid to large-
   scale ICN experiments in the live Internet will also provide useful
   guidance for deployments.

   However, so far outside of some preliminary investigations such as
   [I-D.paik-icn-deployment-considerations], there has not been much
   progress on this topic.  This document attempts to fill some of these
   gaps by defining clear deployment configurations for ICN, and
   associated migration pathways for these configurations.  Also,
   selected deployment trial experiences of ICN technology are
   summarized.  Finally, recommendations are made for potential future
   IETF standardization of key protocol functionality that will
   facilitate interoperable ICN deployments going forward.

2.  Terminology

   This document assumes readers are, in general, familiar with the
   terms and concepts that are defined in [RFC7927].  In addition, this
   document defines the following terminology:

      Deployment - In the context of this document, deployment refers to
      the final stage of the process of setting up an ICN network that
      is (1) ready for useful work (e.g. transmission of end user video
      and text) in a live environment, and (2) integrated and
      interoperable with the Internet.  We consider the Internet in its
      widest sense where it encompasses various access networks (e.g.
      WiFi, Mobile radio network), service edge networks (e.g. for edge
      computing), transport networks, Content Distribution Networks
      (CDNs), core networks (e.g.  Mobile core network), and back-end
      processing networks (e.g.  Data Centres).  However, through out

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      the document we typically limit the discussion to edge networks,
      core networks and CDNs for simplicity.

      Information-Centric Networking (ICN) - A data-centric network
      architecture where accessing data by name is the essential network
      primitive.  See [ICNterm] for further information.

      Network Function Virtualization (NFV): A networking approach where
      network functions (e.g. firewalls, load balancers) are modularized
      as software logic that can run on general purpose hardware, and
      thus are specifically decoupled from the previous generation of
      proprietary and dedicated hardware.  See
      [I-D.irtf-nfvrg-gaps-network-virtualization] for further
      information.

      Software-Defined Networking (SDN) - A networking approach where
      the control and data plane for switches are separated, allowing
      for realizing capabilities such as traffic isolation and
      programmable forwarding actions.  See [RFC7426] for further
      information.

3.  Deployment Configurations

   In this section, we present various deployment options for ICN.
   These are presented as "configurations" that allow for studying these
   options further.  While this document will outline experiences with
   various of these configurations (in Section 5), we will not provide
   an in-depth technical or commercial evaluation for any of them - for
   this we refer to existing literature in this space such as [Tateson].

3.1.  Clean-slate ICN

   ICN has often been described as a "clean-slate" approach with the
   goal to renew or replace the complete IP infrastructure of the
   Internet (e.g., existing applications which are typically tied
   directly to the TCP/IP protocol stack, IP routers, etc.).  As such,
   existing routing hardware as well as ancillary services are not taken
   for granted.  For instance, a Clean-slate ICN deployment would see
   existing IP routers being replaced by ICN-specific forwarding and
   routing elements, such as NFD (Named Data Networking Forwarding
   Daemon) [NFD], CCN routers [Jacobson] or PURSUIT forwarding nodes
   [IEEE_Communications].

   While such clean-slate replacement could be seen as exclusive for ICN
   deployments, some ICN approaches [POINT] also rely on the deployment
   of general infrastructure upgrades, here SDN switches.  Such SDN
   infrastructure upgrades, while being possibly utilized for a Clean-
   slate ICN deployment would not necessary be used exclusively for such

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   deployments.  Different proposals have been made for various ICN
   approaches to enable the operation over an SDN transport
   [Reed][CONET][C_FLOW].

3.2.  ICN-as-an-Overlay

   Similar to other significant changes to the Internet routing fabric,
   particularly the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 or the introduction of
   IP multicast, this deployment configuration foresees the creation of
   an ICN overlay.  Note that this overlay approach is sometimes,
   informally, also referred to as a tunneling approach.  The overlay
   approach can be implemented directly such as ICN-over-UDP as
   described in [CCNx_UDP].  Alternatively, the overlay can be
   accomplished via ICN-in-L2-in-IP as in [IEEE_Communications] which
   describes a recursive layering process.

   Another flavor of overlay is achieved by embedding ICN semantics into
   existing IP based protocols.  A recently announced approach is
   [Hybrid_ICN-1] [Hybrid_ICN-2] where the ICN names are mapped to IPv6
   addresses, and other ICN information is carried as payload inside the
   IP packet.  Another approach used in the Network of Information
   (NetInf) is to define a convergence layer to map NetInf semantics to
   HTTP [I-D.kutscher-icnrg-netinf-proto].

   Regardless of the flavor, however, the overlay approach results in
   islands of ICN deployments over existing IP-based infrastructure.
   Furthermore, these ICN islands are typically connected to each other
   via ICN/IP tunnels.  In certain scenarios this requires
   interoperability between existing IP routing protocols (e.g.  OSPF,
   RIP, ISIS) and ICN based ones.  ICN-as-an-Overlay can be deployed
   over IP infrastructure in either edge or core networks.  This overlay
   approach is thus very attractive for ICN experimentation and testing
   as it allows rapid and easy deployment of ICN over existing IP
   networks.

3.3.  ICN-as-an-Underlay

   Proposals such as [POINT] and [White] outline the deployment option
   of using an ICN underlay that would integrate with existing
   (external) IP-based networks by deploying application layer gateways
   at appropriate locations.  The main reasons for such a configuration
   option is the introduction of ICN technology in given islands (e.g.,
   inside a CDN or edge IoT network) to reap the benefits of native ICN
   in terms of underlying multicast delivery, mobility support, fast
   indirection due to location independence, in-network computing and
   possibly more.  The underlay approach thus results in islands of
   native ICN deployments which are connected to the rest of the
   Internet through protocol conversion gateways or proxies.  Routing

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   domains are strictly separated.  Outside of the ICN island, normal IP
   routing protocols apply.  Within the ICN island, ICN based routing
   schemes apply.  The gateways transfer the semantic content of the
   messages (i.e., IP packet payload) between the two routing domains.

3.3.1.  Edge Network

   Native ICN networks may be located at the edge of the network which
   allows the possibility of introducing new network architectures and
   protocols, and in this context ICN is an attractive option for newer
   deployments such as IoT [I-D.zhang-icnrg-icniot].  The integration
   with the current IP protocol suite takes place at an application
   gateway/proxy at the edge network boundary, e.g., translating
   incoming CoAP request/response transactions [RFC7252] into ICN
   message exchanges or vice versa.  Furthermore, ICN will allow
   enhancement of the role of gateways/proxies as ICN message security
   should be preserved through the protocol translation function of a
   gateway/proxy and thus offer a substantial gain.

   The work in [VSER] positions ICN as an edge service gateway driven by
   a generalized ICN based service orchestration system with its own
   compute and network virtualization controllers to manage an ICN
   infrastructure.  The platform also offers service discovery
   capabilities to enable user applications to discover appropriate ICN
   service gateways.  To exemplify a use case scenario, the [VSER]
   platform shows the realization of a multi-party audio/video
   conferencing service over such a edge cloud deployment of ICN routers
   realized over commodity hardware platforms.  This platform has also
   been extended to offer seamless mobility and mobility as a service
   [VSER-Mob] features.

3.3.2.  Core Network

   In this sub-option, a core network would utilize edge-based protocol
   mapping onto the native ICN underlay.  For instance, [POINT] proposes
   to map HTTP transactions, or some other IP based transactions such as
   CoAP, directly onto an ICN-based message exchange.  This mapping is
   realized at the network attachment point, such as realized in access
   points or customer premise equipment, which in turn provides a
   standard IP interface to existing user devices.  Towards peering
   networks, such network attachment point turns into a modified border
   gateway/proxy, preserving the perception of an IP-based core network
   towards any peering network.

   The work in [White] proposes a similar deployment configuration.
   Here, the target is the use of ICN for content distribution within
   CDN server farms, i.e., the protocol mapping is realized at the
   ingress of the server farm where the HTTP-based retrieval request is

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   served, while the response is delivered through a suitable egress
   node translation.

3.4.  ICN-as-a-Slice

   The objective of Network slicing [NGMN]is to multiplex a general pool
   of compute, storage and bandwidth resources among multiple services
   with exclusive SLA requirements on transport level QoS and security.
   From a 5G perspective, this also includes slicing the spectrum
   resources among different applications.  These services could include
   both connectivity services like LTE-as-a-service or OTT services like
   VoD or other IoT services through composition of a group of virtual
   and/or physical network functions.  Such a framework can also be used
   to realize ICN slices with its own control, service and forwarding
   plane over which one or more end-user services can be delivered.

   5G next generation architecture (5GC) [fiveG-23501] provides the
   flexibility to realize ICN slice in close proximity of the RAN
   realization or as an overlay over IP.  Such a generalized network
   slicing framework should be able to offer service slices to be
   realized using both IP and ICN.  Network slicing will rely heavily on
   network softwarization and programmability using SDN/NFV technologies
   for efficient utilization of available resources without compromising
   on the slice requirements.  Coupled with the view of ICN functions as
   being "chained service functions" [RFC7665], an ICN deployment within
   such a slice could also be realized within the emerging control plane
   that is targeted for adoption in future (e.g., 5G mobile) network
   deployments.  Finally, it should be noted that ICN is not creating
   the network slice, but instead that the slice is created to run an
   5G-ICN instance [Ravindran].  Since a network slice is expected to be
   end-to-end, the ICN-as-a-Slice will typically run over both the edge
   and core networks.F

   At the level of the specific technologies involved, such as ONAP
   [ONAP] that can be used to orchestrate slices , the 5G-ICN slice
   requires compatibility for instance at the level of the forwarding/
   data plane depending on if it is realized as an overlay or using
   programmable data planes.  With SDN emerging for new network
   deployments, some ICN approaches will need to integrate with SDN as a
   data plane forwarding function, as briefly discussed in Section 3.1.
   Further cross domain ICN slices can also be realized using frameworks
   such as [ONAP].

4.  Deployment Migration Paths

   After outlining the various ICN deployment configurations in
   Section 3, we now focus on the various migration paths that will have
   importance to the various stakeholders that are usually involved in

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   the deployment of a technology at (ultimately) large scale.  We can
   identify these stakeholders as:

   o  Application providers

   o  ISPs and service providers, both as core as well as access network
      providers, and also ICN network providers

   o  CDN providers (due to the strong relation of the ICN proposition
      to content delivery)

   o  End device manufacturers and users

   Note that our presentation purely focuses on technological aspects of
   such migration.  Economic or regulatory aspects, such as studied in
   [Tateson], [Techno_Economic] and [Internet_Pricing] are left out of
   our discussion.

4.1.  Application and Service Migration

   The internet is full of applications and services, utilizing the
   innovation capabilities of the many protocols defined over the packet
   level IP service.  HTTP provides one convergence point for these
   services with many web development frameworks based on the semantics
   provided by the hypertext transfer protocol.  In recent years, even
   services such as video delivery have been migrating from the
   traditional RTP-over-UDP delivery to the various HTTP-level streaming
   solutions, such as DASH [DASH] and others.  Nonetheless, many non-
   HTTP services exist, all of which need consideration when migrating
   from the IP-based internet to an ICN-based one.

   The underlay deployment configuration options presented in
   Section 3.3.2 and Section 3.3.1 aim at providing some level of
   backward compatibility to this existing ecosystem through a proxy
   based message flow mapping mechanism (e.g., mapping of existing
   HTTP/TCP/IP message flows to HTTP/TCP/IP/ICN message flows).  A
   related approach of mapping TCP/IP to TCP/ICN message flows is
   described in [Moiseenko]

   Alternatively, ICN as an overlay (Section 3.2), as well as ICN-as-
   a-Slice (Section 3.4), allow for the introduction of the full
   capabilities of ICN through new service interfaces as well as
   operations in the network.  With that, these approaches of deployment
   are likely to aim at introducing new services capitalizing on those
   ICN capabilities.

   Finally, [I-D.suthar-icnrg-icn-lte-4g] outlines a dual-stack end user
   device approach that is applicable for all deployment configurations.

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   Specifically, [I-D.suthar-icnrg-icn-lte-4g] introduces middleware
   layers (called the Transport Convergence Layer, TCL) in the device
   that will dynamically adapt existing applications to either an
   underlying ICN protocol stack or standard IP protocol stack.  This
   involves end device signalling with the network to determine which
   protocol stack instance and associated middleware adaptation layers
   to utilize for a given application transaction.

4.2.  Content Delivery Network Migration

   A significant number of services and applications are devoted to
   content delivery in some form, either as video delivery services,
   social media platforms, and many others.  Content delivery networks
   (CDNs) are deployed to assist these services through localizing the
   content requests and therefore reducing latency and possibly increase
   utilization of available bandwidth as well as reducing the load on
   origin servers.  Similar to the previous sub-section, the underlay
   deployment configurations presented in Section 3.3.2 and
   Section 3.3.1 aim at providing a migration path for existing CDNs.
   This is also highlighted in the BIER WG use case document
   [I-D.ietf-bier-use-cases], specifically with potential benefits in
   terms of utilizing multicast in the delivery of content but also
   reducing load on origin as well as delegation server.  We return to
   this benefit in the trial experiences in Section 5.

4.3.  Edge Network Migration

   Edge networks often see the deployment of novel network level
   technology, e.g., in the space of IoT.  Such IoT deployments have for
   many years relied, and often still do, on proprietary protocols for
   reasons such as increased efficiency, lack of standardization
   incentives and others.  Utilizing the underlay deployment
   configuration in Section 3.3.1, application gateways/proxies can
   integrate such edge deployments into IP-based services, e.g.,
   utilizing CoAP [RFC7252] based machine-to-machine (M2M) platforms
   such as oneM2M [oneM2M] or others.

   Another area of increased edge network innovation is that of mobile
   (access) networks, particularly in the context of the 5G Mobile
   networks.  With the proliferation of network softwarization (using
   technologies like service orchestration frameworks leveraging NFV and
   SDN concepts) access networks and other network segments, the ICN-as-
   a-Slice deployment configuration in Section 3.4 provides a suitable
   migration path for integration non-IP-based edge networks into the
   overall system through virtue of realizing the relevant (ICN)
   protocols in an access network slice.

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4.4.  Core Network Migration

   Migrating the core network of the Internet requires not only
   significant infrastructure renewal but also the fulfillment of the
   significant performance requirements, particularly in terms of
   throughput.  For those parts of the core network that would see a
   migration to an SDN-based optical transport, such as proposed by
   major operators such as AT&T, the ICN-as-a-Slice deployment
   configuration in Section 3.4 could see the introduction of native ICN
   solutions within slices provided by the SDN-enabled transport network
   or as virtual network functions, allowing for isolating the ICN
   traffic while addressing the specific ICN performance benefits and
   constraints within such isolated slice.  For ICN solutions that
   natively work on top of SDN, the underlay deployment configuration in
   Section 3.3.2 provides an additional migration path, preserving the
   IP-based services and applications at the edge of the network, while
   realizing the core network routing through an ICN solution (possibly
   itself realized in a slice of the SDN transport network).

5.  Deployment Trial Experiences

   In this section, we will outline trial experiences, often conducted
   within international collaborative project efforts.  Our focus here
   is on the realization of the various deployment configurations in
   Section 3, and we therefore categorize the trial experiences
   according to these deployment configurations.  While a large body of
   work exists at the simulation or emulation level, we specifically
   exclude these studies from our presentation to retain the focus on
   real life experiences.

5.1.  ICN-as-an-Overlay

5.1.1.  FP7 PURSUIT Efforts

   Although the FP7 PURSUIT [IEEE_Communications] efforts were generally
   positioned as a Clean-slate ICN replacement of IP (Section 3.1), the
   project realized its experimental test bed as an L2 VPN-based overlay
   between several European, US as well as Asian sites, i.e., following
   the overlay deployment configuration presented in Section 3.2.
   Software-based forwarders were utilized for the ICN message exchange,
   while native ICN applications, e.g., for video transmissions, were
   showcased.  At the height of the project efforts, about 70+ nodes
   were active in the (overlay) network with presentations given at
   several conferences as well as to the ICNRG.

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5.1.2.  FP7 SAIL Trial

   The Network of Information (NetInf) is the approach to Information-
   Centric Networking developed by the European Union (EU) FP7 SAIL
   project (http://www.sail-project.eu/).  NetInf provides both name-
   based forwarding with CCNx-like semantics and name resolution (for
   indirection and late-binding).  The NetInf architecture supports
   different deployment options through its convergence layer
   abstraction.  In its first prototypes and trials, NetInf was deployed
   mostly in an HTTP embedding and in a UDP overlay following the
   overlay deployment configuration in Section 3.2.  Reference
   [SAIL_NetInf] describes several trials including a stadium
   environment large crowd scenario and a multi-site testbed, leveraging
   NetInf's Routing Hint approach for routing scalability.

5.1.3.  NDN Testbed

   The Named Data Networking (NDN) is one of the research projects
   funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the USA as part of
   the Future Internet Architecture Program.  The original NDN proposal
   was positioned as a Clean-slate ICN replacement of IP (Section 3.1).
   However, in several trials, NDN generally follows the overlay
   deployment configuration of Section 3.2 to connect institutions over
   the public Internet across several continents.  The use cases covered
   in the trials include real-time video-conferencing, geo-locating, and
   interfacing to consumer applications.  Typical trials involve up to
   100 NDN enabled nodes (https://named-data.net/ndn-testbed/) [Jangam].

5.1.4.  ICN2020 Efforts

   ICN2020 is an ICN related research project funded by the EU as part
   of the H2020 research and innovation program
   (http://www.icn2020.org/).  ICN2020 has a specific focus to advance
   ICN towards real-world deployments through innovative applications
   and global scale experimentation.  Both NDN and CCN approaches are
   within the scope of the project.

   ICN2020 was kicked off in late 2016 and so has not yet published
   results relating to deployment trials.  The plan, however, is to
   involve ICN testbeds in EU, Japan and the USA and federate them.  The
   GEANT testbed (https://www.geant.org/) is being considered as one
   means to federate the different ICN testbeds in the overlay
   deployment configuration of Section 3.2 over the public Internet.

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5.1.5.  Hybrid ICN Trials

   As previously mentioned, Hybrid ICN [Hybrid_ICN-1] [Hybrid_ICN-2] is
   an approach where the ICN names are mapped to IPv6 addresses, and
   other ICN information is carried as payload inside the IP packet.
   Hybrid ICN utilizes the CCN protocol and follows the overlay
   deployment configuration of Section 3.2.  A related open source
   effort was kicked off in 2017 (https://wiki.fd.io/view/Cicn).  The
   intent of the trials are to show the routing performance efficiency
   of the Hybrid ICN router (called the Vector Packet Processor) over
   existing IP routers.  Results have not yet been published but are
   expected in the near future.

5.2.  ICN-as-an-Underlay

5.2.1.  H2020 POINT and RIFE Efforts

   POINT and RIFE are two more ICN related research projects funded by
   the EU as part of the H2020 effort.  The efforts in the H2020
   POINT+RIFE projects follow the underlay deployment configuration in
   Section 3.3.2, although this is mixed with utilizing an overlay
   deployment to provide multi-national connectivity.  However, underlay
   SDN-based deployments do exist at various project partner sites,
   e.g., at Essex University, without any overlaying being realized.
   Edge-based network attachment points (NAPs) provide the IP/HTTP-level
   protocol mapping onto ICN protocol exchanges, while the SDN underlay
   (or the VPN-based L2 underlay) is used as a transport network.

   The multicast as well as service endpoint surrogate benefits in HTTP-
   based scenarios, such as for HTTP-level streaming video delivery,
   have been demonstrated in the deployed POINT test bed with 80+ nodes
   being utilized.  Demonstrations of this capability have been given to
   the ICNRG in 2016, while public demonstrations were also provided at
   events such as Mobile World Congress in 2016 [MWC_Demo].  The trial
   has also been accepted by the ETSI MEC group as a proof-of-concept
   with a demonstration at the ETSI MEC World Congress in 2016.

   While the afore-mentioned demonstrations all use the overlay
   deployment, H2020 also has performed ICN underlay trials.  One such
   trial involved commercial end users located in the Primetel network
   in Cyprus with the use case centered on IPTV and HLS video
   dissemination.  Another trial was performed in the community network
   of "guifi.net" in the Barcelona region, where the solution was
   deployed in 40 households, providing general Internet connectivity to
   the residents.  Standard IPTV STBs as well as HLS video players were
   utilized in accordance with the aim of this deployment configuration,
   namely to provide application and service migration.

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5.2.2.  H2020 FLAME Efforts

   The H2020 FLAME efforts concentrate on providing an experimental
   ground for the aforementioned POINT/RIFE solution in initially two
   city-scale locations, namely in Bristol and Barcelona.  This trial
   followed the underlay deployment configuration in Section 3.3.2 as
   per POINT/RIFE approach.  Experiments were conducted with the city/
   university joint venture Bristol-is-Open (BIO), to ensure the
   readiness of the city-scale SDN transport network for such
   experiments.  Another trial was for the ETSI MEC PoC.  This trial
   showcased operational benefits provided by the ICN underlay for the
   scenario of a location-based game.  These benefits aim at reduced
   network utilization through improved video delivery performance
   (multicast of all captured videos to the service surrogates deployed
   in the city at six locations) as well as reduced latency through the
   playout of the video originating from the local NAP instead of a
   remote server.

   Ensuring the technology readiness and the early trialing of the ICN
   capabilities lays the ground for the goal of the H2020 FLAME efforts
   to conduct 23 large-scale experiments in the area of Future Media
   Internet (FMI) throughout 2018 and 2019.  Standard media service
   functions as well as applications will ultimately utilize the ICN
   underlay in the delivery of their experience.  The platform, which
   includes the ICN capabilities, will utilize concepts of SFC,
   integrated with NFV and SDN capabilities of the infrastructure.  The
   ultimate goal of these platform efforts is the full integration of
   ICN into the overall media function platform for the provisioning of
   advanced (media-centric) internet services.

5.2.3.  CableLabs Content Delivery System

   The work in [White] proposes an underlay deployment configuration
   based on Section 3.3.2.  The use case is ICN for content distribution
   within CDN server farms (which can be quite large and complex) to
   leverage ICN's superior in-network caching properties.  This "island
   of ICN" based CDN is then used to service standard HTTP/IP-based
   content retrieval request coming from the general Internet.  This
   approach acknowledges that whole scale replacement (see Section 3.1)
   of existing HTTP/IP end user applications and related Web
   infrastructure is a difficult proposition.  [White] does not yet
   provide results but indicated that experiments will be forthcoming.

5.2.4.  NDN IoT Trials

   [Baccelli] summarizes the trial of an NDN system adapted specifically
   for a wireless IoT scenario.  The trial was run with 60 nodes
   distributed over several multi-story buildings in a university campus

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   environment.  The NDN protocols were optimized to run directly over
   6LoWPAN wireless link layers.  The performance of the NDN based IoT
   system was then compared to an equivalent system running standard IP
   based IoT protocols.  It was found that the NDN based IoT system was
   superior in several respects including in terms of energy
   consumption, and for RAM and ROM footprints [Baccelli]
   [Anastasiades].

5.3.  Summary of Deployment Trials

   In summary, there have been significant trials over the years with
   all the major ICN protocol flavors (e.g., CCN, NDN, POINT) using both
   the ICN-as-an-Overlay and ICN-as-an-Underlay deployment
   configurations.  The major limitations of the trials include the fact
   that only a limited number of applications have been tested.
   However, the tested applications include both native ICN and existing
   IP based applications (e.g. video-conferencing and IPTV).  Another
   limitation of the trials is that all of them involve less than 1000
   users maximum.

   The ICN-as-a-Slice configuration still has not be trialled primarily
   due to the fact that 5G standards are still in flux and not expected
   to be stable before the mid-2018 time frame.  Finally, the Clean-
   slate ICN approach has obviously never been trialled as complete
   replacement of Internet infrastructure (e.g., existing applications,
   TCP/IP protocol stack, IP routers, etc.) is no longer considered a
   viable alternative.

6.  Deployment Issues Requiring Further Standardization

   The ICN Research Challenges [RFC7927] describes key ICN principles
   and technical research topics.  As the title suggests, [RFC7927] is
   research oriented without a specific focus on deployment or
   standardization issues.  This section addresses this open area by
   identifying key protocol functionality that that may be relevant for
   further standardization effort in IETF.  The focus is specifically on
   identifying protocols that will facilitate future interoperable ICN
   deployments correlating to the scenarios identified in the deployment
   migration paths in Section 4.  The identified list of potential
   protocol functionality is not exhaustive.

6.1.  Protocols for Application and Service Migration

   End user applications and services need a standardized approach to
   trigger ICN transactions.  For example, in Internet and Web
   applications today, there are established socket APIs, communication
   paradigms such as REST, common libraries, and best practices.  We see
   a need to study application requirements in an ICN environment

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   further and, at the same time, develop new APIs and best practices
   that can take advantage of ICN communication characteristics.

6.2.  Protocols for Content Delivery Network Migration

   A key issue in CDNs is to quickly find a location of a copy of the
   object requested by an end user.  In ICN, a Named Data Object (NDO)
   is typically defined by its name.  There already exists [RFC6920]
   that is suitable for static naming of ICN data objects.  Other ways
   of encoding and representing ICN names have been described in
   [I-D.irtf-icnrg-ccnxmessages] and [I-D.mosko-icnrg-ccnxurischeme].
   Naming dynamically generated data requires different approaches (for
   example, hash digest based names would normally not work), and there
   is lack of established conventions and standards.

   Another CDN issue for ICN is related to multicast distribution of
   content.  Existing CDNs have started using multicast mechanisms for
   certain cases such as for broadcast streaming TV.  However, as
   discussed in Section 5.2.1, certain ICN approaches provide
   substantial improvements over IP multicast, such as the implicit
   support for multicast retrieval of content in all ICN flavours.

   Caching is an implicit feature in many ICN architectures that can
   improve performance and availability in several scenarios.  The ICN
   in-network caching can augment managed CDN and improve its
   performance.  The details of the interplay between ICN caching and
   managed CDN need further consideration.

6.3.  Protocols for Edge and Core Network Migration

   ICN provides the potential to redesign current edge and core network
   computing approaches.  Leveraging ICN's inherent security and its
   ability to make name data and dynamic computation results available
   independent of location, can enable a secure, yet light-weight
   insertion of traffic into the network without relying on redirection
   of DNS requests.  For this, proxies that translate from commonly used
   protocols in the general Internet to ICN message exchanges in the ICN
   domain could be used for the migration of application and services
   within deployments at the network edge but also in core networks.
   This is similar to existing approaches for IoT scenarios where a
   proxy translates CoAP request/responses to other message formats.
   For example, [RFC8075] specifies proxy mapping between CoAP and HTTP
   protocols.  However, as mentioned previously, ICN will allow us to
   evolve the role of gateways/proxies as ICN message security should be
   preserved through the protocol translation function of a thus offer a
   substantial gain.

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   Interaction and interoperability between existing IP routing
   protocols (e.g., OSPF, RIP, ISIS) and ICN routing approaches(e.g.,
   NFD, CCN routers) are expected especially in the overlay approach.
   Another important topic is integration of ICN into networks that
   support virtualized infrastructure in the form of NFV/SDN and most
   likely utilizing Service Function Chaining (SFC) as a key protocol.
   Further work is required to validate this idea and document best
   practices.

   Operations and Maintenance (OAM) is a crucial area that has not yet
   been fully addressed by the ICN research community, but which is
   obviously critical for future deployments of ICN.  Potential areas
   that need investigation include whether the YANG data modelling
   approach and associated NETCONF/RESTCONF protocols need any specific
   updates for ICN support.  Also, how to measure and benchmark
   performance of ICN networks comparable to the sophisticated
   techniques that exist for standard IP networks, virtualized networks
   and data centers.

6.4.  Summary of ICN Protocol Gaps and Potential Protocol Efforts

   Without claiming completeness, Table 1 maps the open the open ICN
   issues identified in this document to potential protocol efforts that
   could address some aspects of the gap.

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   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | ICN Gap      | Potential Protocol Effort                          |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | 1-Support of | HTTP/CoAP support of ICN semantics                 |
   | REST APIs    |                                                    |
   |              |                                                    |
   | 2-Naming     | Dynamic naming of ICN data objects                 |
   |              |                                                    |
   | 3-Routing    | Interactions between IP and ICN routing protocols  |
   |              |                                                    |
   | 4-Multicast  | Multicast enhancements for ICN                     |
   | distribution |                                                    |
   |              |                                                    |
   | 5-In-network | ICN Cache placement and sharing                    |
   | caching      |                                                    |
   |              |                                                    |
   | 6-NFV/SDN    | Integration of ICN with NFV/SDN and including      |
   | support      | possible impacts to SFC                            |
   |              |                                                    |
   | 7-ICN        | Mapping of HTTP and other protocols onto ICN       |
   | mapping      | message exchanges (and vice-versa) while           |
   |              | preserving ICN message security                    |
   |              |                                                    |
   | 8-OAM        | YANG models, NETCONF/RESTCONF protocols,           |
   | support      | and network performance measurements               |
   |              |                                                    |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+

        Table 1: Mapping of ICN Gaps to Potential Protocol Efforts

7.  Conclusion

   This document provides high level deployment considerations for the
   ICN community.  Specifically, the major configurations of possible
   ICN deployments are identified as (1) Clean-slate ICN replacement of
   existing Internet infrastructure; (2) ICN-as-an-Overlay; (3) ICN-as-
   an-Underlay; and (4) ICN-as-a-Slice.  Existing ICN trial systems all
   fall under either the ICN-as-an-Overlay or ICN-as-an-Underlay
   configuration.

   In terms of deployment migration paths, ICN-as-an-Underlay offers a
   clear migration path for CDN, edge and core networks to go to an ICN
   paradigm (e.g., for an IoT deployment).  ICN-as-an-Overlay is
   probably the easiest configuration to deploy as it leaves the
   underlying IP infrastructure essentially untouched.  However its
   applicability for general deployment must be considered on a case by
   case basis (e.g., based on if it can run all required applications or
   other similar criteria).  ICN-as-a-Slice is an attractive deployment

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   option for future 5G systems (i.e., for 5G radio and core networks)
   which will naturally support network slicing, but this still has to
   be validated through actual trial experiences.

   For the crucial issue of existing application and service migration
   to ICN, various mapping schemes are possible to mitigate impacts.
   For example, HTTP/TCP/IP flows may be mapped to/from ICN message
   flows at proxies in the ICN-as-an-Underlay configurations leaving the
   massive number of existing end point applications/services untouched
   or minimally impacted.  Also dual stack end user devices that include
   middleware to allow applications to communicate in both ICN mode and
   standard IP mode are an attractive proposition for gradual and
   geographically discontinuous introduction for all deployment
   configurations.

   There has been significant trial experience with all the major ICN
   protocol flavors (e.g., CCN, NDN, POINT).  However, only a limited
   number of applications have been tested so far, and the maximum
   number of users in any given trial has been less than 1000 users.  It
   is recommended that future ICN deployments scale their users
   gradually and closely monitor network performance as they go above
   1000 users.

   Finally, this document describes a set of technical features in ICN
   that warrant potential future IETF specification work.  This will aid
   initial and incremental deployments to proceed in an interoperable
   manner.  The fundamental details of the potential protocol
   specification effort, however, are best left for future study by the
   appropriate IETF WGs and/or BoFs.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests no IANA actions.

9.  Security Considerations

   ICN was purposefully designed from the start to have certain
   intrinsic security properties.  The most well known of which are
   authentication of delivered content and (optional) encryption of the
   content.  [RFC7945] has an extensive discussion of various aspects of
   ICN security including many which are relevant to deployments.
   Specifically, [RFC7945] points out that ICN access control, privacy,
   security of in-network caches, and protection against various network
   attacks (e.g.  DoS) have not yet been fully developed due to the lack
   of real deployments.  [RFC7945] also points out relevant advances
   occurring in the ICN research community that hold promise to address
   each of the identified security gaps.  Lastly, [RFC7945] points out
   that as secure communications in the existing Internet (e.g.  HTTPS)

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   becomes the norm, that major gaps in ICN security will inevitably
   slow down the adoption of ICN.

   In addition to the security findings of [RFC7945], this document has
   highlighted that all anticipated ICN deployment configurations will
   involve co-existence with existing Internet infrastructure and
   applications.  Thus even the basic authentication and encryption
   properties of ICN content will need to account for interworking with
   non-ICN content to preserve end-to-end security.  For example, in the
   edge network underlay deployment configuration described in
   Section 3.3.1, the gateway/proxy that translates HTTP or CoAP
   request/responses into ICN message exchanges will need to support a
   model to preserve end-to-end security.

10.  Acknowledgments

   The authors want to thank Alex Afanasyev, Xavier de Foy, Hannu
   Flinck, Anil Jangam, Dave Oran, Thomas Schmidt, Jan Seedorf, Eve
   Schooler, Milan Stolic, Prakash Suthar, and Lixia Zhang for their
   very useful reviews and comments to the document.

11.  Informative References

   [Anastasiades]
              Anastasiades, C., "Information-centric communication in
              mobile and wireless networks", PhD Dissertation, 2016,
              <http://boris.unibe.ch/83683/1/16anastasiades_c.pdf>.

   [Baccelli]
              Baccelli, E. and et al., "Information Centric Networking
              in the IoT: Experiments with NDN in the Wild", ACM
              20164, Paris, France, 2014,
              <http://conferences2.sigcomm.org/acm-icn/2014/papers/
              p77.pdf>.

   [C_FLOW]   Suh, J. and et al., "C_FLOW: Content-Oriented Networking
              over OpenFlow", Open Networking Summit, April, 2012,
              <http://opennetsummit.org/archives/apr12/site/pdf/
              snu.pdf>.

   [CCNx_UDP]
              PARC, "CCNx Over UDP", 2015,
              <https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/interim-2015-icnrg-
              04/slides/slides-interim-2015-icnrg-4-5.pdf>.

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Internet-Draft      Deployment Considerations for ICN       October 2017

   [CONET]    Veltri, L. and et al., "CONET Project: Supporting
              Information-Centric Functionality in Software Defined
              Networks", Workshop on Software Defined Networks, , 2012,
              <http://netgroup.uniroma2.it/Stefano_Salsano/papers/
              salsano-icc12-wshop-sdn.pdf>.

   [DASH]     DASH, "DASH Industry Forum", 2017, <http://dashif.org/>.

   [fiveG-23501]
              3gpp-23.501, "Technical Specification Group Services and
              System Aspects; System Architecture for the 5G System
              (Rel.15)", 3GPP , 2017.

   [Hybrid_ICN-1]
              Cisco, "Hybrid ICN: Cisco Announces Important Steps toward
              Adoption of Information-Centric Networking", 2017,
              <http://blogs.cisco.com/sp/cisco-announces-important-
              steps-toward-adoption-of-information-centric-networking>.

   [Hybrid_ICN-2]
              Cisco, "Mobile Video Delivery with Hybrid ICN: IP-
              Integrated ICN Solution for 5G", 2017,
              <https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/solutions/collateral/
              service-provider/ultra-services-platform/
              mwc17-hicn-video-wp.pdf>.

   [I-D.ietf-bier-use-cases]
              Kumar, N., Asati, R., Chen, M., Xu, X., Dolganow, A.,
              Przygienda, T., arkadiy.gulko@thomsonreuters.com, a.,
              Robinson, D., Arya, V., and C. Bestler, "BIER Use Cases",
              draft-ietf-bier-use-cases-05 (work in progress), July
              2017.

   [I-D.irtf-icnrg-ccnxmessages]
              Mosko, M., Solis, I., and C. Wood, "CCNx Messages in TLV
              Format", draft-irtf-icnrg-ccnxmessages-05 (work in
              progress), September 2017.

   [I-D.irtf-nfvrg-gaps-network-virtualization]
              Bernardos, C., Rahman, A., Zuniga, J., Contreras, L.,
              Aranda, P., and P. Lynch, "Network Virtualization Research
              Challenges", draft-irtf-nfvrg-gaps-network-
              virtualization-06 (work in progress), July 2017.

   [I-D.kutscher-icnrg-netinf-proto]
              Kutscher, D., Farrell, S., and E. Davies, "The NetInf
              Protocol", draft-kutscher-icnrg-netinf-proto-01 (work in
              progress), February 2013.

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Internet-Draft      Deployment Considerations for ICN       October 2017

   [I-D.mosko-icnrg-ccnxurischeme]
              marc.mosko@parc.com, m. and c. cwood@parc.com, "The CCNx
              URI Scheme", draft-mosko-icnrg-ccnxurischeme-01 (work in
              progress), April 2016.

   [I-D.paik-icn-deployment-considerations]
              Paik, E., Yun, W., Kwon, T., and h.
              hgchoi@mmlab.snu.ac.kr, "Deployment Considerations for
              Information-Centric Networking", draft-paik-icn-
              deployment-considerations-00 (work in progress), July
              2013.

   [I-D.suthar-icnrg-icn-lte-4g]
              suthar, P., Stolic, M., Jangam, A., and D. Trossen,
              "Native Deployment of ICN in LTE, 4G Mobile Networks",
              draft-suthar-icnrg-icn-lte-4g-03 (work in progress),
              September 2017.

   [I-D.zhang-icnrg-icniot]
              Zhang, Y., Raychadhuri, D., Grieco, L., Baccelli, E.,
              Burke, J., Ravindran, R., Wang, G., Lindgren, A., Ahlgren,
              B., and O. Schelen, "Design Considerations for Applying
              ICN to IoT", draft-zhang-icnrg-icniot-01 (work in
              progress), June 2017.

   [ICNRGCharter]
              NDN, "Information-Centric Networking Research Group
              Charter", 2013,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-irtf-icnrg/>.

   [ICNterm]  Wissingh, B., "Information-Centric Networking (ICN):
              Terminology", 2017, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/
              draft-wissingh-icnrg-terminology/>.

   [IEEE_Communications]
              Trossen, D. and G. Parisis, "Designing and Realizing an
              Information-Centric Internet", Information-Centric
              Networking, IEEE Communications Magazine Special Issue,
              2012.

   [Internet_Pricing]
              Trossen, D. and G. KBiczok, "Not Paying the Truck Driver:
              Differentiated Pricing for the Future Internet", ReArch
              Workshop in conjunction with ACM Context, December, 2010.

   [Jacobson]
              Jacobson, V. and et al., "Networking Named Content",
              Proceedings of ACM Context, , 2009.

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   [Jangam]   Jangam, A. and et al., "Porting and Simulation of Named-
              data Link State Routing Protocol into ndnSIM", ACM
              DIVANet'17, Miami Beach, USA, 2017,
              <http://symposium.nsercdiva.com/2017/program.html>.

   [Moiseenko]
              Moiseenko, I. and D. Oran, "TCP/ICN : Carrying TCP over
              Content Centric and Named Data Networks", 2016,
              <http://conferences2.sigcomm.org/acm-icn/2016/proceedings/
              p112-moiseenko.pdf>.

   [MWC_Demo]
              InterDigital, "InterDigital Demo at Mobile World Congress
              (MWC)", 2016, <http://www.interdigital.com/
              download/56d5c71bd616f892ba001861>.

   [NFD]      NDN, "NFD - Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon",
              2017, <https://named-data.net/doc/NFD/current/>.

   [NGMN]     NGMN, "NGMN 5g Initiative White Paper", 2015,
              <https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/
              NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf>.

   [ONAP]     ONAP, "Open Network Automation Platform", 2017,
              <https://www.onap.org/>.

   [oneM2M]   OneM2M, "oneM2M Service Layer Standards for M2M and IoT",
              2017, <http://www.onem2m.org/>.

   [POINT]    Trossen, D. and et al., "POINT: IP Over ICN - The Better
              IP?", European Conference on Networks and Communications
              (EuCNC), , 2015.

   [Ravindran]
              Ravindran, R., Chakraborti, A., Amin, S., Azgin, A., and
              G. Wang, "5G-ICN : Delivering ICN Services over 5G using
              Network Slicing", IEEE Communication Magazine, May, 2016,
              <https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.01182>.

   [Reed]     Reed, M. and et al., "Stateless Multicast Switching in
              Software Defined Networks", ICC 2016, Kuala Lumpur,
              Malaysia, 2016.

   [RFC6920]  Farrell, S., Kutscher, D., Dannewitz, C., Ohlman, B.,
              Keranen, A., and P. Hallam-Baker, "Naming Things with
              Hashes", RFC 6920, DOI 10.17487/RFC6920, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6920>.

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   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC7426]  Haleplidis, E., Ed., Pentikousis, K., Ed., Denazis, S.,
              Hadi Salim, J., Meyer, D., and O. Koufopavlou, "Software-
              Defined Networking (SDN): Layers and Architecture
              Terminology", RFC 7426, DOI 10.17487/RFC7426, January
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7426>.

   [RFC7665]  Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
              Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7665>.

   [RFC7927]  Kutscher, D., Ed., Eum, S., Pentikousis, K., Psaras, I.,
              Corujo, D., Saucez, D., Schmidt, T., and M. Waehlisch,
              "Information-Centric Networking (ICN) Research
              Challenges", RFC 7927, DOI 10.17487/RFC7927, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7927>.

   [RFC7945]  Pentikousis, K., Ed., Ohlman, B., Davies, E., Spirou, S.,
              and G. Boggia, "Information-Centric Networking: Evaluation
              and Security Considerations", RFC 7945,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7945, September 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7945>.

   [RFC8075]  Castellani, A., Loreto, S., Rahman, A., Fossati, T., and
              E. Dijk, "Guidelines for Mapping Implementations: HTTP to
              the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 8075,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8075, February 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8075>.

   [SAIL_NetInf]
              FP7, "SAIL Prototyping and Evaluation", 2013,
              <http://www.sail-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/
              SAIL_DB4_v1.1_Final_Public.pdf>.

   [Tateson]  Tateson, J. and et al., "Final Evaluation Report on
              Deployment Incentives and Business Models", 2010,
              <http://www.psirp.org/files/Deliverables/FP7-INFSO-ICT-
              216173-PSIRP-D4.6_FinalReportOnDeplIncBusinessModels.pdf>.

   [Techno_Economic]
              Trossen, D. and A. Kostopolous, "Techno-Economics Aspects
              of Information-Centric Networking", Journal for
              Information Policy, Volume 2, 2012.

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   [VSER]     Ravindran, R., Liu, X., Chakraborti, A., Zhang, X., and G.
              Wang, "Towards software defined ICN based edge-cloud
              services", CloudNetworking(CloudNet), IEEE Internation
              Conference on, IEEE Internation Conference on
              CloudNetworking(CloudNet), 2013.

   [VSER-Mob]
              Azgin, A., Ravindran, R., Chakraborti, A., and G. Wang,
              "Seamless Mobility as a Service in Information-centric
              Networks", ACM ICN Sigcomm, IC5G Workshop, 2016.

   [White]    White, G. and G. Rutz, "Content Delivery with Content
              Centric Networking, CableLabs White Paper", 2010,
              <http://www.cablelabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/
              Content-Delivery-with-Content-Centric-Networking-Feb-
              2016.pdf>.

Authors' Addresses

   Akbar Rahman
   InterDigital Inc.
   1000 Sherbrooke Street West, 10th floor
   Montreal  H3A 3G4
   Canada

   Email: Akbar.Rahman@InterDigital.com
   URI:   http://www.InterDigital.com/

   Dirk Trossen
   InterDigital Inc.
   64 Great Eastern Street, 1st Floor
   London  EC2A 3QR
   United Kingdom

   Email: Dirk.Trossen@InterDigital.com
   URI:   http://www.InterDigital.com/

   Dirk Kutscher
   Huawei German Research Center
   Riesstrasse 25
   Munich  80992
   Germany

   Email: ietf@dkutscher.net
   URI:   http://www.Huawei.com/

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   Ravi Ravindran
   Huawei Research Center
   2330 Central Expressway
   Santa Clara  95050
   USA

   Email: ravi.ravindran@huawei.com
   URI:   http://www.Huawei.com/

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