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Automatic Replication of DNS-SD Service Registration Protocol Zones
draft-lemon-srp-replication-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Author Ted Lemon
Last updated 2021-07-26
Replaced by draft-ietf-dnssd-srp-replication
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draft-lemon-srp-replication-00
Internet Engineering Task Force                                 T. Lemon
Internet-Draft                                                Apple Inc.
Intended status: Standards Track                            26 July 2021
Expires: 27 January 2022

  Automatic Replication of DNS-SD Service Registration Protocol Zones
                     draft-lemon-srp-replication-00

Abstract

   This document describes a protocol that can be used for ad-hoc
   replication of a DNS zone by multiple servers where a single primary
   DNS authoritative server is not available and the use of stable
   storage is not desirable.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 27 January 2022.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text
   as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Alternatives for maintaining SRP state  . . . . . . . . .   3
       1.1.1.  Primary authoritative DNS service . . . . . . . . . .   3
       1.1.2.  Multicast DNS Advertising Proxy . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       1.1.3.  SRP Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Implementation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.2.1.  Naming of a common service zone . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.2.2.  Advertising one's own replication service . . . . . .   7
       1.2.3.  Discovering other replication services  . . . . . . .   8
       1.2.4.  Discovering the addresses of peers  . . . . . . . . .   9
       1.2.5.  Establishing Communication with a replication peer  .   9
       1.2.6.  Incoming connections  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       1.2.7.  Eliminating extra connections . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       1.2.8.  Initial synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       1.2.9.  Routine Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   2.  Protocol Details  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     2.1.  DNS Stateful Operations considerations  . . . . . . . . .  12
       2.1.1.  DSO Session Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       2.1.2.  DSO Session maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     2.2.  DSO Primary TLVs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       2.2.1.  SRPL Session  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       2.2.2.  SRPL Send Candidates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       2.2.3.  SRPL Candidate  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       2.2.4.  SRPL Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     2.3.  DSO Secondary TLVs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       2.3.1.  SRPL Candidate Yes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       2.3.2.  SRPL Candidate No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       2.3.3.  SRPL Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       2.3.4.  SRPL Hostname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       2.3.5.  SRPL Host Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       2.3.6.  SRPL Time Offset  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       2.3.7.  SRPL Key ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   3.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   4.  Delegation of 'local.arpa.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.1.  'srpl-tls' Service Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.2.  DSO TLV type code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     5.3.  Registration and Delegation of 'local.arpa' as a
           Special-Use Domain Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   7.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21

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1.  Introduction

   The DNS-SD Service Registration Protocol provides a way for network
   services to update a DNS zone with DNS-SD information.  SRP uses
   unicast DNS Updates, rather than multicast DNS, to advertise
   services.  This has several advantages over multicast DNS:

   *  Reduces reliance on multicast

   *  Reduces traffic to devices providing services, which may be
      constrained devices operating on battery power

   *  Allows the advertisement of services on one network link to
      consumers of such services on a different network link

1.1.  Alternatives for maintaining SRP state

1.1.1.  Primary authoritative DNS service

   Ideally, SRP updates a primary authoritative DNS server for a
   particular zone.  This DNS server acts as the sole source of truth
   for names within the DNS zone in which SRP services are published.
   Redundancy is provided by secondary DNS servers, if needed.  However,
   this approach has some drawbacks.

   First, it requires 100% availability on the part of a DNS primary
   authoritative server for the zone.  If the primary server is not
   available for some period of time, new services appearing on the
   network cannot be registered until primary authoritative service is
   restored.

   The second drawback is that there is no automatic method for managing
   DNS authoritative service.  This means that such a service requires
   an operator to set it up.  What it means to set up such a service is
   that the following capabilities are provided:

   *  An host must be available to act as a primary authoritative DNS
      server

   *  The zone advertised by that server must be delegated, so that the
      local resolver can successfully answer queries in that zone

   *  The local resolver must be able to provide local browsing domain
      advertisements [RFC6763 section 11].

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1.1.2.  Multicast DNS Advertising Proxy

   An existing alternative to the use of DNS authoritative services for
   advertising SRP registrations the advertising proxy [draft-tlsc-
   advertising-proxy].  An advertising proxy advertises the contents of
   the SRP update zone using multicast DNS on links on which the need
   for such advertisements is anticipated.  This works well for stub
   networks [draft-lemon-stub-networks], where services advertised on
   the stub network must be visible both on the stub network and on the
   adjacent infrastructure network, but do not generally need to be
   discoverable on other networks.

   One drawback of the advertising proxy model, however, is that there
   is no shared database from which to advertise services registered by
   SRP.  As a consequence, some of the guarantees provided by SRP,
   particularly first come, first served naming [draft-ietf-dnssd-srp].
   Because advertising proxies are set up automatically on an ad-hoc
   basis, coordination between advertising proxies is not present, which
   means that if two devices claim the same name, but register with
   different SRP servers, the conflict is not detected until the service
   is advertised using mDNS.  In practice, this results in frequent
   renaming of services, which means that consumers of services need to
   carefully follow each service that they use as the name changes over
   time.

   An additional drawback is that, from the perspective of the SRP
   client, SRP service is not unified: SRP servers tend to come and go,
   and whenever the SRP service with which a particular client has
   registered goes offline, the client has to notice that this has
   happened, discover a new SRP server, and re-register, or else it
   becomes unreachable.

1.1.3.  SRP Replication

   This document describes a replication mechanism which eliminates the
   need for a single authoritative source of truth, as in the Primary
   Authoritative DNS model, while eliminating the drawbacks of the
   Advertising Proxy model.  SRP Replication servers discover each other
   automatically.  Each replication server maintains a copy of the SRP
   zone which is kept up to date on a best-effort basis.

   SRP Replication has several benefits:

   *  As long as one SRP replication peer remains online at all times,
      SRP state is maintained when individual SRP replication peers go
      offline

   *  Name collisions when SRP clients change servers are avoided

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   *  SRP service on a stub network can appear as an anycast service, so
      that SRP clients do not see an apparent change in servers and re-
      register when the server with which they most recently registered
      goes offline

1.2.  Implementation

   SRP Replication relies on the fact that any given client is always
   registering with exactly one SRP server at any given time.  This
   means that when an SRP server receives an SRP update from a client,
   it can be sure that no other SRP server has a more recent version of
   that SRP client's registration.  Consequently, that SRP server can
   behave as if it is the source of truth for that client's
   registration, and other SRP servers can safely assume that any data
   they have about the client that is less recent can be replaced with
   the new registration data.

1.2.1.  Naming of a common service zone

   In order for SRP replication peers to replicate a zone, they must
   agree upon a common name for the zone.  We will describe two
   mechanisms for agreeing on a common zone here.

1.2.1.1.  Zone name based on network name

   Network names aren't guaranteed to be unique, but tend to be unique
   for any given site.  In the case of ad-hoc (permissionless) SRP-based
   service, such as an advertising proxy or an authoritative service
   using a locally-served zone [https://www.iana.org/assignments/
   locally-served-dns-zones/locally-served-dns-zones.xhtml], because the
   DNS zone name isn't required to be globally unique, a zone name based
   on the network name is an easy solution to generating a unique zone
   name.

   When generating a zone name based on a network name, the zone name
   could be based on a locally configured global zone name, e.g.
   'example.com'.  It could be based on a locally-managed locally-served
   name, e.g. 'home.arpa'.  Or it could be based on an unmanaged
   locally-served name, for which we propose to use the root name
   'local.arpa.'  For the rest of this section we will assume that the
   specific setting determines which of these domains will be used, and
   refer to whichever domain that is as DOMAIN.

   For zone names based on the network name, the network type should be
   used as a differentiator, in case there are two different local
   network types with the same name.  So, for example, 'WiFi.DOMAIN.'

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1.2.1.1.1.  Zone name based on WiFi SSID

   If the zone being represented is a WiFi network, then the zone name
   for the network should be constructed using the WiFi SSID followed by
   'WiFi.DOMAIN'.  For example, if the SSID is "Example Home" then the
   zone name would be 'Example Home.WiFi.DOMAIN.'  Note that spaces and
   special characters are allowed in domain names.

1.2.1.1.2.  Zone name based on Thread network name

   If the zone being represented is a Thread [Thread] network, then the
   zone name for the network should be constructed using the Thread
   network name.  For example, if the Thread network name is
   "openthread" then the zone name would be 'openthread.thread.DOMAIN.'

1.2.1.2.  Zone name based on local configuration

   The above examples assume that it makes sense for each separate
   subnet to be its own separate zone.  However, since SRP guarantees
   name uniqueness using the first-come, first-served mechanism, it
   doesn't rely on mDNS's guarantee of per-link uniqueness.
   Consequently, it is not required that an SRP zone be constrained to
   the set of services advertised on a single link.  For this reason,
   when it is possible to know that some set of links are all managed by
   the same set of SRP replication peers, and a name is known for that
   set of links, that name can be used.  To avoid possible collisions,
   the subdomain 'srp' is used to indicate that this zone is an SRP
   zone.  So in this case the link name would be the locally-known
   shared name, followed by 'srp.DOMAIN.'

   An example of such a scenario would be Apple's HomeKit, in which all
   HomeKit accessories, regardless of which home network link they are
   attached to, all are shared in the same namespace.  Suppose the
   HomeKit home's name is "Example Home".  In such a situation, the
   domain name 'Example Home.srp.DOMAIN' could be used.

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1.2.1.3.  Zone name based on DNS-SD discovery

   Another option for naming the local SRP Replication zone would be to
   use DNS-SD advertisements.  This is particularly useful since each
   SRP replication peer advertises itself using DNS-SD, so there is a
   convenient place to put this information.  To advertise a zone name
   based on DNS-SD discovery, the SRP Replication peer should add two
   fields to the TXT record of the service instance.  The first field is
   the domain field: 'domain=name'.  This indicates a proposed SRP
   replication zone name.  The second is the join field.  If 'join=yes'
   then other SRP replication servers are encouraged to use the domain
   name that appears in the domain field rather than creating a new
   domain.

1.2.2.  Advertising one's own replication service

   SRP replication service is advertised using DNS-SD [RFC6763].  The
   service name is '_srpl-tls._tcp'.  Each SRP replication peer should
   have its own hostname, which when combined with the service instance
   name and the local DNS-SD domain name will produce a service instance
   name, for example 'example-host._srpl-tls._tcp.local.'  The domain
   under which the service instance name appears will be 'local' for
   mDNS, and will be whatever domain is used for service registration in
   the case of a non-mDNS local DNS-SD service.

   SRP replication uses DNS port 853 [RFC7858] and is based on DNS
   Stateful Operations [RFC8490].  Therefore, the SRV record for the
   example we've given would be:

   example-host._srpl-tls._tcp.local.  IN SRV 0 0 853 example-
   host.local.

   The TXT record for SRP replication advertises the domain being
   replicated, permission to join (if applicable), and the server
   identifier of the SRP replication peer.  The server identifier is a
   64-bit number encoded as hexadecimal ASCII, produced with a high-
   quality random number generator [RFC4086].  This identifier need not
   be persistent across SRP replication peer restarts.  So in our
   example the TXT record might look like this:

   #domain=openthread.thread.home.arpa.\032server-id=eb5bb51919a15cec

   (Note that each name/value pair in the TXT record is length-encoded,
   so the '#' and the '\032' are the lengths of the two name/value
   pairs.)

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1.2.3.  Discovering other replication services

   An SRP Replication Peer MUST maintain an ongoing DNS-SD browse on the
   service name '_srpl-tls._tcp' within the local browsing domain.  The
   ongoing browse will produce two different types of events: "add"
   events and "remove" events.  When the browse is started, it should
   produce an 'add' event for every SRP replication partner currently
   present on the network, including the peer that is doing the
   browsing.  Whenever a partner goes offline, a 'remove' event should
   be produced. 'remove' events are not guaranteed, however.

   When a new service is added, the SRP peer checks to see if it is in a
   compatible domain.  If the SRP peer has a domain to advertise, it
   compares that domain to the domain advertised in the added service
   instance: if they are not the same, then this instance is not a
   candidate for connection, and should be ignored.

   If the SRP peer does not have a domain to advertise, then when it
   begins to browse for partners, it sets a timer for
   DOMAIN_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT seconds.

   If the SRP peer does not have a domain to advertise, and is therefore
   willing to join an existing domain, it checks to see if the TXT
   record for the service indicates that joining is permitted.  If so,
   the SRP peer adopts the provided domain name.  Once it has adopted
   such a domain name, it updates its own TXT record to indicate that
   domain name, and sets the 'join=yes' key/value pair in the TXT
   record.  It also cancels the DOMAIN_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT timer.

   If the DOMAIN_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT timer goes off, then the SRP peer
   MUST propose a zone name using one of the methods mentioned
   previously.  It advertises that zone name in its TXT record, with
   'join=yes'.  It then sets a new timer for DOMAIN_PROPOSE_TIMEOUT
   seconds.

   While waiting for the DOMAIN_PROPOSE_TIMEOUT timer to go off, any new
   'add' events that arrive are examined to see if they are potential
   domains to join.  If a potential domain to join is seen, and it is
   the same as the proposed domain, then the peer adopts that domain and
   treats it as its domain to advertise.  It then cancels the
   DOMAIN_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT timer.

   When the DOMAIN_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT timer expires, the peer initializes
   the domain to be advertised using the one that it chose, and the
   chosen server-id to be its own.  It then iterates across the list of
   'add' events that have been seen.  Each advertisement is examined,
   comparing its server-id to the chosen server-id.  If the chosen
   server-id is numerically greater than the server-id in the

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   advertisement, then the domain to be advertised and the chosen
   server-id are updated from the advertisement.  At the end of this
   process, the peer adopts whatever domain is now set as the domain to
   be advertised.

   Once a domain has been chosen, a list of partners in that domain can
   be generated from the list of add events previously seen.  When a new
   add event is seen that advertises the peer's domain to be advertised,
   that partner is added to the list of partners, if not already
   present.  When a remove event is seen, if that partner is on the list
   of partners, a timer is set for DOMAIN_INSTANCE_TIMEOUT seconds.

   When the timer for DOMAIN_INSTANCE_TIMEOUT timer expires, if the
   partner that was removed has not been re-added, it is removed from
   the list of partners and any connection to it is dropped.

1.2.4.  Discovering the addresses of peers

   When a partner is discovered, two new ongoing mDNS queries are
   started on the hostname indicated in the SRV record of the partner:
   one for A records, and one for AAAA records.  Each time an address
   'add' event is seen, either for an 'A' record or an 'AAAA' record,
   the peer adds the address to the list of addresses belonging to that
   partner.

1.2.5.  Establishing Communication with a replication peer

   When an address is added to a partner's address list, the peer first
   checks to see if the address is one of its own addresses.  If so,
   then the partner is marked "me", and no connection is attempted to
   it.  This is somewhat safer than comparing hostnames, since a
   hostname collision can result in renaming.

   If the partner is not marked 'me', then the peer checks to see if it
   has an existing outgoing connection to that partner.  If it does not,
   then it checks to see whether it has disabled outgoing connections to
   that partner.  If not, then it attempts to connect on the new
   address.

   When a connection fails, it advances to the next address in the list,
   if there is one.  If there are no remaining addresses, the peer sets
   a timer for RECONNECT_INTERVAL seconds.  When this timer expires, it
   starts again at the beginning of the list and attempts to connect to
   the first address, iterating again across the list until a connection
   succeeds or it runs out of addresses.

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   Additionally, when an address is added, it is checked against the
   list of unidentified incoming connections.  If a match is found, and
   the partner is marked "me," then the unidentified connection is
   removed from the list and dropped.  Otherwise, it is attributed to
   the matching partner, and the protocol is started at the point of
   receiving an incoming connection.

   When an outgoing connection succeeds, the peer sends its server ID.

1.2.6.  Incoming connections

   When an incoming connection is received, it is checked against the
   partner list based on the source address of the incoming connection.
   If the address appears on the list of addresses for a partner, then
   the connection is attributed to that partner.  If no matching partner
   is found, a timer of UNIDENTIFIED_PARTNER_TIMEOUT seconds is set, and
   the incoming connection is added to the list of "unidentified"
   connections.

   If a matching partner is found, then the peer waits for an incoming
   partner ID.  When such an ID is received, it is compared to the
   peer's server-id.  If the incoming server ID is the same as or
   greater than the peer's server ID, the connection is dropped.
   Otherwise, the connection proceeds to the "initial synchronization"
   state.

1.2.7.  Eliminating extra connections

   When an outgoing connection succeeds, the peer sends its server ID to
   the partner.  When an incoming connection succeeds, the peer waits
   for a server ID.  Because both connections are peer connections, and
   we only need one connection, the peer with the higher server ID acts
   as the client and the peer with the lower server ID acts as the
   server.  If the server IDs are equal, then the connecting server
   generates a new server ID, updates its TXT record, and re-does the
   comparison.

1.2.8.  Initial synchronization

   The connecting peer begins the session by sending its server ID.  The
   receiving peer waits for a server ID, and when it receives one, does
   the server ID comparison mentioned earlier.  If the connection
   survives the comparison, then the server sends a response to the
   session message and waits for the client to request a list of update
   candidates.

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   The connecting peer waits for a response to the initial session
   message, and when it is received, requests that the server send
   candidates.

1.2.8.1.  Sending candidates

   When a peer receives a "send candidates" message that it is expecting
   to receive, it generates a candidate list from the list of known SRP
   clients.  This list includes SRP clients that have registered
   directly with the peer, and SRP clients that have been received
   through SRP replication updates.  Each candidate contains a hostname,
   a time offset, and a key identifier.

   The key identifier is computed as follows:

   uint32_t key_id(uint8_t *key_data, int key_len) {
     uint32_t key_id = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < key_data_len; i += 4) {
        key_id += ((key_data[i] << 24) | (key_data[i + 1] << 16) |
                   (key_data[i + 2] << 8) | (key_data[i + 3]));
     }
     return key_id;
   }

   When a peer receives a candidate message during the synchronization
   process, it first searches for an SRP registration with a hostname
   that matches the hostname in the candidate message.  It then compares
   the key ID to the key ID in the candidate message.  If the key ID
   doesn't match, it sends back a candidate response status of
   "conflict".  If the key ID does match, it compares the time provided
   to the time the existing host entry was received.  If the time of the
   update is later, it sends a "send host" response.  If it is earlier
   or the same, it sends a "continue" response.  If there is no matching
   host entry for the candidate message, the peer sends a "send host"
   response.

   When a peer receives a candidate response with a status of "send
   host", it generates a host message, which contains the hostname, the
   time offset, and the SRP message that was received from the host.
   The peer then applies the SRP update message as if it had been
   received directly from the SRP client.  The host update time sent by
   the partner is remembered as the time when the update was received
   from the client, for the purposes of future synchronization.

   When a peer is finished iterating across its list of candidates, it
   sends a "send candidates" response.

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   When a peer receives a "send candidates" response, if it is the
   server, it sends its own "send candidates" message, and processes any
   proposed candidates.

   When a peer that is a server receives a "send candidates" response,
   it goes into the "routine operation" state.  When a peer that is a
   client sends its "send candidates" response, it goes into the
   "routine operation" state.

1.2.9.  Routine Operation

   During routine operation, whenever an update is successfully
   processed from an SRP client, the peer that received that update
   queues that update to be sent to each partner to which it has a
   connection, whether server or client.  If there are no updates
   pending to a particular client, the update is sent immediately.
   Otherwise, it's send when the outstanding update is acknowledged.

   When during routine operation a peer receives a host update from its
   partner, it immediately applies that update to its local SRP zone.
   This is based on the assumption that a new update is always more
   current than a copy of the host information in its database.

2.  Protocol Details

   The DNS-SD SRP Replication Protocol (henceforth SRPL) is based on DNS
   Stateful Operations [RFC8490].  Each SRP replication peer creates a
   listener on port 853, the DNS-over-TLS [RFC7858] reserved port.  This
   listener can be used for other DNS requests as well.

   Participants in the protocol are peers.  To distinguish between
   peers, the terms "peer" and "partner" are used.  "Peer" refers to the
   peer that is communicating or receiving communication.  "Partner"
   refers to the other peer.  Peers can be clients or servers: a peer
   that has established a connection to a partner is a client; a peer
   that has received a connection from a partner is a server.

2.1.  DNS Stateful Operations considerations

   DNS Stateful Operations is a DNS per-connection session management
   protocol.  DNS Push session management includes session establishment
   as well as session maintenance.

2.1.1.  DSO Session Establishment

   An DSO session for an SRPL connection can be established either by
   simply sending the first SRPL message, or by sending a DSO Keepalive
   message.  Section 5.1 of [RFC8490].

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2.1.2.  DSO Session maintenance

   DSO sessions can be active or idle.  As long as the SRPL protocol is
   active on a connection, the DSO state of the connection is active.
   DSO sessions require occasional keepalive messages.  The default of
   fifteen seconds is adequate for SRPL.

   An idle DSO session must persist for long enough that there is a
   chance for the browse that identifies it to succeed.  Therefore, the
   minimum DSO session inactivity timeout is
   2*UNIDENTIFIED_PARTNER_TIMEOUT seconds.

2.2.  DSO Primary TLVs

   Each DSO message begins with a primary TLV, and contains secondary
   TLVs with additional information.  The primary TLVs used in the SRPL
   protocol are as follows:

2.2.1.  SRPL Session

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLSession.  Introduces the SRPL session.  In
   addition to the header and length, the SRPL Session message includes
   a server ID, which is a 64-bit unsigned number in network byte order.
   The SRPL Session primary TLV does not include any secondary TLVs.
   SRPL Session requests are DSO requests: the recipient is expected to
   send a response TLV.  Both request and response TLVs have the same
   format.

2.2.1.1.  SRPL client behavior

   The SRPL Session request is sent by a peer acting as a client to its
   partner once the TLS connection to the partner, acting as a server,
   has succeeded.  The SRPL session message establishes the DSO
   connection as an SRP protocol connection.  If it is the first DSO
   message sent by the peer acting as a client, then it also establishes
   the DSO session.

   When the SRPL peer acting as a client receives a response to its SRPL
   session message, it sends an SRPL Send Candidates message.

2.2.1.2.  SRPL server behavior

   An SRPL peer acting as a server that receives an SRPL Session request
   checks to see if the connection on which it was received is already
   established.  If so, this is a protocol error, and the SRPL peer MUST
   drop the connection.

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   It then compares the server ID sent by the partner to its own server
   ID.  If the partner's server ID is numerically less than the server's
   server ID, the server MUST drop the connection.

   If the server ID of the peer is identical to the partner's server ID,
   then the server generates a new server ID and updates its TXT record
   with the new server ID.

   If the peer acting as a server did not drop the incoming connection,
   then it sends an SRPL Session response containing its current server
   ID.

2.2.2.  SRPL Send Candidates

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLSendCandidates.  Requests the peer to send its
   candidates list.  The SRPL Send Candidates message contains no
   additional data.  The SRPL Send Candidates primary TLV does not
   include any secondary TLVs.  SRPL Send Candidates messages are DSO
   requests: the recipient is expected to send a response TLV.  Both
   request and response TLVs have the same format.

2.2.2.1.  SRPL client behavior

   An SRPL peer acting as a client MUST send an SRPL Send Candidates
   request after it has received an SRPL Session response.  It MUST NOT
   send this request at any other time.

   An SRPL peer acting as a client expects to receive an SRPL Send
   Candidates message after it has received an SRPL Send Candidates
   response.  If it receives an SRPL Send Candidates message at any
   other time, this is a protocol error, and the SRPL peer should drop
   its connection to the server.

2.2.2.2.  SRPL server behavior

   An SRPL peer acting as a server expects to receive an SRPL Send
   Candidates request after it has sent an SRPL Session response.  If it
   receives an SRPL Candidates request at any other time, this is a
   protocol error, and it MUST drop the connection.

   An SRPL peer acting as a server MUST send an SRPL Send Candidates
   request after it has sent an SRPL Send Candidates response.

   An SRPL peer acting as a server MUST enter the "normal operations"
   state after receiving an SRPL Send Candidates response from its
   partner.

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2.2.3.  SRPL Candidate

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLCandidate.  Announces the availability of a
   specific candidate SRP client registration.  The SRPL Candidate
   message contains no additional data.  SRPL Candidate messages are DSO
   requests: the recipient is expected to send a response TLV.  Both
   request and response TLVs have the same format.

2.2.3.1.  Required secondary TLVs

   The SRPL Candidate request MUST include the following secondary TLVs:
   SRPL Hostname, SRPL Time Offset, and SRPL Key ID.  If an SRPL peer
   receives an SRPL Candidate request that doesn't contain all of these
   secondary TLVs, this is a protocol error, and the peer MUST drop the
   connection.

   The SRPL Candidate response MUST include one of the following status
   TLVs: SRPL Candidate Yes, SRPL Candidate No, or SRPL Conflict.  If an
   SRPL peer receives an SRPL Candidate response which does not contain
   exactly one of these TLVS, this is a protocol error, and the peer
   MUST drop the connection.

2.2.3.2.  SRPL peer common behavior

   SRPL peers expect to receive SRPL Candidate messages between the time
   that they have sent an SRPL Send Candidates message and the time that
   they have received an SRPL Send Candidates response.  If an SRPL
   Candidate message is received at any other time, this is a protocol
   error, and the peer MUST drop the connection.

   Peers MUST NOT send SRPL Candidate requests if they have sent any
   SRPL Candidate or SRPL host requests that have not yet received
   responses.  Peers receiving SRPL Candidate requests when they have
   not yet responded to an outstanding SRPL Candidate request or SRPL
   Host request MUST treat this as a protocol failure and drop the
   connection.

   When a peer receives a valid SRPL Candidate message, it checks its
   SRP registration database for a host that matches both the SRPL
   Hostname and SRPL Key ID TLVs.  If such a match is not found, the
   peer sends an SRPL Candidate response that includes the SRPL
   Candidate Yes secondary TLV.

   If a match is found for the hostname, but the Key ID doesn't match,
   this is a conflict, and the peer sends an SRPL Candidate response
   with the SRPL Conflict secondary TLV.

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   If a match is found for the hostname, and the key ID matches, then
   the peer computes the update time of the candidate by subtracting the
   value of the SRPL Time Offset TLV from the current time in seconds.
   This computation should be done when the SRPL Candidate message is
   received to avoid clock skew.  If 'candidate update time' - 'local
   update time' is greater than SRPL_UPDATE_SKEW_WINDOW, then the
   candidate update is more recent than the current SRP registration.
   In this case, the peer sends an SRPL Candidate response and includes
   the SRPL Candidate Yes secondary TLV.  The reason for adding in some
   skew is to account for network transmission delays.

2.2.4.  SRPL Host

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLHost.  Provides the content of a particular SRP
   client registration.  The SRPL Host message contains no additional
   data.  SRPL Host messages are DSO requests: the recipient is expected
   to send a response TLV.  Both request and response TLVs have the same
   format.

2.2.4.1.  Required secondary TLVs

   The SRPL Host request MUST include the following secondary TLVs: SRPL
   Hostname, SRPL Time Offset, and SRPL Key ID.  If an SRPL peer
   receives an SRPL Candidate request that doesn't contain all of these
   secondary TLVs, this is a protocol error, and the peer MUST drop the
   connection.

2.2.4.2.  SRPL peer common behavior during synchronization

   SRPL peers expect to receive either zero or one SRPL Host requests
   after sending an SRPL Candidate response with a SRPL Candidate Yes
   secondary TLV.  If an SRPL Host request is received at any other time
   during synchronization, this is a protocol error, and the peer MUST
   drop the connection.  The only time that an SRPL Host request would
   _not_ follow a positive SRPL Candidate response would be when the
   candidate host entry's lease expired after the SRPL Candidate request
   was sent but before the SRPL Candidate response was received.

   SRPL peers send SRPL Host requests during synchronization when a
   valid SRPL Candidate response has been received that includes an SRPL
   Candidate Yes secondary TLV.  The host request is generated based on
   the current candidate (the one for which the SRPL Candidate request
   being responded to was send).

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2.2.4.3.  SRPL peer common behavior during normal operations

   When an SRPL peer during normal operations receives and has
   successfully validated an SRP update from an SRP client, it MUST send
   that update to each of its connected partners as an SRPL Host
   request.  If the connection to a particular partner is not busy, and
   there are no updates already queued to be sent, it MUST send the SRPL
   Host message immediately.  Otherwise, it MUST queue the update to
   send when possible.  The queue MUST be first-in, first-out.

   After an SRPL peer has sent an SRPL Host request to a partner, and
   before it receives a corresponding SRPL Host response, it MUST NOT
   send any more SRPL Host messages to that partner.

   When an SRPL peer receives an SRPL Host request during normal
   operations, it MUST apply it immediately.  While it is being applied,
   it MUST NOT send any other SRPL Host requests to that peer.

   When an SRPL Host request has been successfully applied by an SRPL
   peer, the peer MUST send an SRPL Host response.

   If an SRPL peer receives an SRPL Host request while another SRPL Host
   request is being processed, this is a protocol error, and the peer
   MUST drop the connection to its partner.

2.3.  DSO Secondary TLVs

   In addition to the Primary TLVs used to send requests between SRPL
   peers, we define secondary TLVs to carry formatter information needed
   for various SRPL requests.

2.3.1.  SRPL Candidate Yes

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLCandidateYes.  In an SRPL Candidate response,
   indicates to the partner that an SRPL Host message for the candidate
   is wanted and should be sent.

   Appears as a secondary TLV in SRPL Candidate responses.  MUST NOT
   appear in any other SRPL request or response.  MUST NOT appear in
   addition to either SRPL Conflict or SRPL Candidate No secondary TLVs.

2.3.2.  SRPL Candidate No

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLCandidateNo.  In an SRPL Candidate response,
   indicates to the partner that an SRPL Host message for the candidate
   is not wanted and should not be sent.

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   Appears as a secondary TLV in SRPL Candidate responses.  MUST NOT
   appear in any other SRPL request or response.  MUST NOT appear in
   addition to either SRPL Conflict or SRPL Candidate Yes secondary
   TLVs.

2.3.3.  SRPL Conflict

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLConflict.  In an SRPL Candidate response,
   indicates to the partner that an SRPL Host message for the candidate
   is not wanted and should not be sent.  Additionally indicates that
   the proposed host conflicts with local data.  This indication is
   informative and has no effect on processing.

   Appears as a secondary TLV in SRPL Candidate responses.  MUST NOT
   appear in any other SRPL request or response.  MUST NOT appear in
   addition to either SRPL Candidate Yes or SRPL Candidate No secondary
   TLVs.

2.3.4.  SRPL Hostname

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLHostname.  In an SRPL Candidate or SRPL Host
   request, indicates to the partner the hostname of an SRP
   registration.

   Required as a secondary TLV in SRPL Candidate and SRPL Host requests.
   MUST NOT appear in any other SRPL request or response.

2.3.5.  SRPL Host Message

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLHostMessage.  In an SRPL Host request, conveys the
   literal contents of the SRP update that resulted in the SRP Host
   registration being updated.  The content of the SRPL Host Message is
   used to update the host on the peer receiving the request.  Note that
   the SRP message being sent can't be modified by the SRPL peer sending
   it, so in order to validate the message (assuming that the signature
   includes a nonzero time), the validation process should adjust the
   current time by the time offset included in the SRPL Time Offset TLV
   when comparing against the signature time when checking for replay
   attacks.  The computation of the current time of signing should be
   done when the message is received to avoid clock skew that might
   result from processing delays.

   Required as a secondary TLV in SRPL Host requests.  MUST NOT appear
   in any other SRPL request or response.

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2.3.6.  SRPL Time Offset

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLTimeOffset.  In an SRPL Candidate or SRPL Host
   request, conveys the difference between the time the SRP update was
   received from the SRP client and the current time on the peer
   generating the request, in seconds.

   Required as a secondary TLV in SRPL Candidate and SRPL Host requests.
   MUST NOT appear in any other SRPL request or response.

2.3.7.  SRPL Key ID

   DSO-TYPE code: SRPLKeyID.  In an SRPL Candidate, conveys the key ID
   of the SRP client.

   Required as a secondary TLV in SRPL Candidate requests.  MUST NOT
   appear in any other SRPL request or response.

3.  Security Considerations

   SRP replication basically relies on the trustworthiness of hosts on
   the local network.  Since SRP itself relies on the same level of
   trust, SRP replication doesn't make things worse.  However, when the
   option to have a central SRP server is available, that is likely to
   be more trustworthy.

4.  Delegation of 'local.arpa.'

   In order to be fully functional, the owner of the 'arpa.' zone must
   add a delegation of 'local.arpa.' in the '.arpa.' zone [RFC3172].
   This delegation should be set up as was done for 'home.arpa', as a
   result of the specification in Section 7 of [RFC8375].

5.  IANA Considerations

5.1.  'srpl-tls' Service Name

   IANA is requested to add a new entry to the Service Names and Port
   Numbers registry for srpl-tls with a transport type of tcp.  No port
   number is to be assigned.  The reference should be to this document,
   and the Assignee and Contact information should reference the authors
   of this document.  The Description should be as follows:

   Availability of DNS-SD SRP Replication Service for a given domain is
   advertised using the "_srpl-tls._tcp.<domain>."  SRV record gives the
   target host and port where DNS-SD SRP Replication Service is provided
   for the named domain.

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5.2.  DSO TLV type code

   The IANA is requested to add the following entries to the 16-bit DSO
   Type Code Registry.  Each type mnemonic should be replaced with an
   allocated type code, both in this table and elsewhere in the
   document.  RFC-TBD should be replaced with the name of this document
   once it becomes an RFC.

    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | Type               | Name          | Early | Status | Reference |
    |                    |               | Data  |        |           |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLSession        | SRPL Session  | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLSendCandidates | SRPL Send     | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    |                    | Candidates    |       |        |           |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLCandidate      | SRPL          | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    |                    | Candidate     |       |        |           |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLHost           | SRPL Host     | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLCandidateYes   | SRPL          | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    |                    | Candidate Yes |       |        |           |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLCandidateNo    | SRPL          | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    |                    | Candidate No  |       |        |           |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLConflict       | SRPL Conflict | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLHostname       | SRPL Hostname | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLHostMessage    | SRPL Host     | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    |                    | Message       |       |        |           |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLTimeOffset     | SRPL Time     | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    |                    | Offset        |       |        |           |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+
    | SRPLKeyID          | SRPL Key ID   | No    | STD    | RFC-TBD   |
    +--------------------+---------------+-------+--------+-----------+

                                  Table 1

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5.3.  Registration and Delegation of 'local.arpa' as a Special-Use
      Domain Name

   IANA is requested to record the domain name local.arpa.' in the
   Special-Use Domain Names registry [SUDN].  IANA is requested, with
   the approval of IAB, to implement the delegation requested in
   Section 4.

   IANA is further requested to add a new entry to the "Transport-
   Independent Locally-Served Zones" subregistry of the the "Locally-
   Served DNS Zones" registry [LSDZ].  The entry will be for the domain
   local.arpa.' with the description "Ad-hoc DNS-SD Special-Use Domain",
   listing this document as the reference.

6.  Informative References

7.  Normative References

   [RFC3172]  Huston, G., Ed., "Management Guidelines & Operational
              Requirements for the Address and Routing Parameter Area
              Domain ("arpa")", BCP 52, RFC 3172, DOI 10.17487/RFC3172,
              September 2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3172>.

   [RFC7858]  Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D.,
              and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport
              Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.

   [RFC8375]  Pfister, P. and T. Lemon, "Special-Use Domain
              'home.arpa.'", RFC 8375, DOI 10.17487/RFC8375, May 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8375>.

   [RFC8490]  Bellis, R., Cheshire, S., Dickinson, J., Dickinson, S.,
              Lemon, T., and T. Pusateri, "DNS Stateful Operations",
              RFC 8490, DOI 10.17487/RFC8490, March 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8490>.

   [SUDN]     "Special-Use Domain Names Registry", July 2012,
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/special-use-domain-
              names/special-use-domain-names.xhtml>.

   [LSDZ]     "Locally-Served DNS Zones Registry", July 2011,
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/locally-served-dns-
              zones/locally-served-dns-zones.xhtml>.

Author's Address

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   Ted Lemon
   Apple Inc.
   One Apple Park Way
   Cupertino, California 95014
   United States of America

   Email: mellon@fugue.com

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