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The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3
draft-ietf-tls-tls13-15

The information below is for an old version of the document.
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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8446.
Author Eric Rescorla
Last updated 2016-08-17
Replaces draft-ietf-tls-rfc5246-bis
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draft-ietf-tls-tls13-15
Network Working Group                                        E. Rescorla
Internet-Draft                                                RTFM, Inc.
Obsoletes: 5077, 5246, 5746 (if                          August 17, 2016
           approved)
Updates: 4492, 6066, 6961 (if approved)
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: February 18, 2017

        The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3
                        draft-ietf-tls-tls13-15

Abstract

   This document specifies version 1.3 of the Transport Layer Security
   (TLS) protocol.  TLS allows client/server applications to communicate
   over the Internet in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping,
   tampering, and message forgery.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on February 18, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of

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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
   Contributions published or made publicly available before November
   10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
   material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
   modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
   Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
   the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
   outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
   not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.2.  Major Differences from TLS 1.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.3.  Updates Affecting TLS 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   2.  Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     2.1.  Incorrect DHE Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     2.2.  Resumption and Pre-Shared Key (PSK) . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     2.3.  Zero-RTT Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   3.  Presentation Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     3.1.  Basic Block Size  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     3.2.  Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     3.3.  Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     3.4.  Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     3.5.  Enumerateds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     3.6.  Constructed Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       3.6.1.  Variants  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.7.  Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   4.  Handshake Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     4.1.  Key Exchange Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       4.1.1.  Cryptographic Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       4.1.2.  Client Hello  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
       4.1.3.  Server Hello  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       4.1.4.  Hello Retry Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     4.2.  Hello Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       4.2.1.  Cookie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       4.2.2.  Signature Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       4.2.3.  Negotiated Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       4.2.4.  Key Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
       4.2.5.  Pre-Shared Key Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
       4.2.6.  Early Data Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
       4.2.7.  OCSP Status Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44

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       4.2.8.  Encrypted Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
       4.2.9.  Certificate Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     4.3.  Authentication Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       4.3.1.  Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
       4.3.2.  Certificate Verify  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
       4.3.3.  Finished  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     4.4.  Post-Handshake Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
       4.4.1.  New Session Ticket Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
       4.4.2.  Post-Handshake Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       4.4.3.  Key and IV Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
     4.5.  Handshake Layer and Key Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
   5.  Record Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     5.1.  Record Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     5.2.  Record Payload Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     5.3.  Per-Record Nonce  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     5.4.  Record Padding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     5.5.  Limits on Key Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   6.  Alert Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
     6.1.  Closure Alerts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     6.2.  Error Alerts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
   7.  Cryptographic Computations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     7.1.  Key Schedule  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     7.2.  Updating Traffic Keys and IVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
     7.3.  Traffic Key Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
       7.3.1.  Diffie-Hellman  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
       7.3.2.  Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
       7.3.3.  Exporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
   8.  Compliance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     8.1.  MTI Cipher Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     8.2.  MTI Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  80
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  80
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
   Appendix A.  Protocol Data Structures and Constant Values . . . .  90
     A.1.  Record Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     A.2.  Alert Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     A.3.  Handshake Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
       A.3.1.  Key Exchange Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
       A.3.2.  Server Parameters Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
       A.3.3.  Authentication Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
       A.3.4.  Ticket Establishment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
     A.4.  Cipher Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  98
       A.4.1.  Unauthenticated Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
   Appendix B.  Implementation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
     B.1.  API considerations for 0-RTT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
     B.2.  Random Number Generation and Seeding  . . . . . . . . . . 100

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     B.3.  Certificates and Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
     B.4.  Cipher Suite Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
     B.5.  Implementation Pitfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
     B.6.  Client Tracking Prevention  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
   Appendix C.  Backward Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
     C.1.  Negotiating with an older server  . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
     C.2.  Negotiating with an older client  . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
     C.3.  Zero-RTT backwards compatibility  . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
     C.4.  Backwards Compatibility Security Restrictions . . . . . . 105
   Appendix D.  Overview of Security Properties  . . . . . . . . . . 106
     D.1.  Handshake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
     D.2.  Record Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
   Appendix E.  Working Group Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
   Appendix F.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

1.  Introduction

   DISCLAIMER: This is a WIP draft of TLS 1.3 and has not yet seen
   significant security analysis.

   RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH The source for this
   draft is maintained in GitHub.  Suggested changes should be submitted
   as pull requests at https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec.
   Instructions are on that page as well.  Editorial changes can be
   managed in GitHub, but any substantive change should be discussed on
   the TLS mailing list.

   The primary goal of TLS is to provide a secure channel between two
   communicating peers.  Specifically, the channel should provide the
   following properties.

   -  Authentication: The server side of the channel is always
      authenticated; the client side is optionally authenticated.
      Authentication can happen via asymmetric cryptography (e.g., RSA
      [RSA], ECDSA [ECDSA]) or a pre-shared symmetric key.

   -  Confidentiality: Data sent over the channel is not visible to
      attackers.

   -  Integrity: Data sent over the channel cannot be modified by
      attackers.

   These properties should be true even in the face of an attacker who
   has complete control of the network, as described in [RFC3552].  See
   Appendix D for a more complete statement of the relevant security
   properties.

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   TLS consists of two primary components:

   -  A handshake protocol (Section 4) which authenticates the
      communicating parties, negotiates cryptographic modes and
      parameters, and establishes shared keying material.  The handshake
      protocol is designed to resist tampering; an active attacker
      should not be able to force the peers to negotiate different
      parameters than they would if the connection were not under
      attack.

   -  A record protocol (Section 5) which uses the parameters
      established by the handshake protocol to protect traffic between
      the communicating peers.  The record protocol divides traffic up
      into a series of records, each of which is independently protected
      using the traffic keys.

   TLS is application protocol independent; higher-level protocols can
   layer on top of TLS transparently.  The TLS standard, however, does
   not specify how protocols add security with TLS; the decisions on how
   to initiate TLS handshaking and how to interpret the authentication
   certificates exchanged are left to the judgment of the designers and
   implementors of protocols that run on top of TLS.

   This document defines TLS version 1.3.  While TLS 1.3 is not directly
   compatible with previous versions, all versions of TLS incorporate a
   versioning mechanism which allows clients and servers to
   interoperably negotiate a common version if one is supported.

1.1.  Conventions and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
   2119 [RFC2119].

   The following terms are used:

   client: The endpoint initiating the TLS connection.

   connection: A transport-layer connection between two endpoints.

   endpoint: Either the client or server of the connection.

   handshake: An initial negotiation between client and server that
   establishes the parameters of their transactions.

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   peer: An endpoint.  When discussing a particular endpoint, "peer"
   refers to the endpoint that is remote to the primary subject of
   discussion.

   receiver: An endpoint that is receiving records.

   sender: An endpoint that is transmitting records.

   session: An association between a client and a server resulting from
   a handshake.

   server: The endpoint which did not initiate the TLS connection.

1.2.  Major Differences from TLS 1.2

   (*) indicates changes to the wire protocol which may require
   implementations to update.

   draft-15

   -  New negotiation syntax as discussed in Berlin (*)

   -  Require CertificateRequest.context to be empty during handshake
      (*)

   -  Forbid empty tickets (*)

   -  Forbid application data messages in between post-handshake
      messages from the same flight (*)

   -  Clean up alert guidance (*)

   -  Clearer guidance on what is needed for TLS 1.2.

   -  Guidance on 0-RTT time windows.

   -  Rename a bunch of fields.

   -  Remove old PRNG text.

   -  Explicitly require checking that handshake records not span key
      changes.

   draft-14

   -  Allow cookies to be longer (*)

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   -  Remove the "context" from EarlyDataIndication as it was undefined
      and nobody used it (*)

   -  Remove 0-RTT EncryptedExtensions and replace the ticket_age
      extension with an obfuscated version.  Also necessitates a change
      to NewSessionTicket (*).

   -  Move the downgrade sentinel to the end of ServerHello.Random to
      accomodate tlsdate (*).

   -  Define ecdsa_sha1 (*).

   -  Allow resumption even after fatal alerts.  This matches current
      practice.

   -  Remove non-closure warning alerts.  Require treating unknown
      alerts as fatal.

   -  Make the rules for accepting 0-RTT less restrictive.

   -  Clarify 0-RTT backward-compatibility rules.

   -  Clarify how 0-RTT and PSK identities interact.

   -  Add a section describing the data limits for each cipher.

   -  Major editorial restructuring.

   -  Replace the Security Analysis section with a WIP draft.

   draft-13

   -  Allow server to send SupportedGroups.

   -  Remove 0-RTT client authentication

   -  Remove (EC)DHE 0-RTT.

   -  Flesh out 0-RTT PSK mode and shrink EarlyDataIndication

   -  Turn PSK-resumption response into an index to save room

   -  Move CertificateStatus to an extension

   -  Extra fields in NewSessionTicket.

   -  Restructure key schedule and add a resumption_context value.

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   -  Require DH public keys and secrets to be zero-padded to the size
      of the group.

   -  Remove the redundant length fields in KeyShareEntry.

   -  Define a cookie field for HRR.

   draft-12

   -  Provide a list of the PSK cipher suites.

   -  Remove the ability for the ServerHello to have no extensions (this
      aligns the syntax with the text).

   -  Clarify that the server can send application data after its first
      flight (0.5 RTT data)

   -  Revise signature algorithm negotiation to group hash, signature
      algorithm, and curve together.  This is backwards compatible.

   -  Make ticket lifetime mandatory and limit it to a week.

   -  Make the purpose strings lower-case.  This matches how people are
      implementing for interop.

   -  Define exporters.

   -  Editorial cleanup

   draft-11

   -  Port the CFRG curves & signatures work from RFC4492bis.

   -  Remove sequence number and version from additional_data, which is
      now empty.

   -  Reorder values in HkdfLabel.

   -  Add support for version anti-downgrade mechanism.

   -  Update IANA considerations section and relax some of the policies.

   -  Unify authentication modes.  Add post-handshake client
      authentication.

   -  Remove early_handshake content type.  Terminate 0-RTT data with an
      alert.

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   -  Reset sequence number upon key change (as proposed by Fournet et
      al.)

   draft-10

   -  Remove ClientCertificateTypes field from CertificateRequest and
      add extensions.

   -  Merge client and server key shares into a single extension.

   draft-09

   -  Change to RSA-PSS signatures for handshake messages.

   -  Remove support for DSA.

   -  Update key schedule per suggestions by Hugo, Hoeteck, and Bjoern
      Tackmann.

   -  Add support for per-record padding.

   -  Switch to encrypted record ContentType.

   -  Change HKDF labeling to include protocol version and value
      lengths.

   -  Shift the final decision to abort a handshake due to incompatible
      certificates to the client rather than having servers abort early.

   -  Deprecate SHA-1 with signatures.

   -  Add MTI algorithms.

   draft-08

   -  Remove support for weak and lesser used named curves.

   -  Remove support for MD5 and SHA-224 hashes with signatures.

   -  Update lists of available AEAD cipher suites and error alerts.

   -  Reduce maximum permitted record expansion for AEAD from 2048 to
      256 octets.

   -  Require digital signatures even when a previous configuration is
      used.

   -  Merge EarlyDataIndication and KnownConfiguration.

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   -  Change code point for server_configuration to avoid collision with
      server_hello_done.

   -  Relax certificate_list ordering requirement to match current
      practice.

   draft-07

   -  Integration of semi-ephemeral DH proposal.

   -  Add initial 0-RTT support.

   -  Remove resumption and replace with PSK + tickets.

   -  Move ClientKeyShare into an extension.

   -  Move to HKDF.

   draft-06

   -  Prohibit RC4 negotiation for backwards compatibility.

   -  Freeze & deprecate record layer version field.

   -  Update format of signatures with context.

   -  Remove explicit IV.

   draft-05

   -  Prohibit SSL negotiation for backwards compatibility.

   -  Fix which MS is used for exporters.

   draft-04

   -  Modify key computations to include session hash.

   -  Remove ChangeCipherSpec.

   -  Renumber the new handshake messages to be somewhat more consistent
      with existing convention and to remove a duplicate registration.

   -  Remove renegotiation.

   -  Remove point format negotiation.

   draft-03

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   -  Remove GMT time.

   -  Merge in support for ECC from RFC 4492 but without explicit
      curves.

   -  Remove the unnecessary length field from the AD input to AEAD
      ciphers.

   -  Rename {Client,Server}KeyExchange to {Client,Server}KeyShare.

   -  Add an explicit HelloRetryRequest to reject the client's.

   draft-02

   -  Increment version number.

   -  Rework handshake to provide 1-RTT mode.

   -  Remove custom DHE groups.

   -  Remove support for compression.

   -  Remove support for static RSA and DH key exchange.

   -  Remove support for non-AEAD ciphers.

1.3.  Updates Affecting TLS 1.2

   This document defines several changes that optionally affect
   implementations of TLS 1.2:

   -  A version downgrade protection mechanism is described in
      Section 4.1.3.

   -  RSASSA-PSS signature schemes are defined in Section 4.2.2.

   An implementation of TLS 1.3 that also supports TLS 1.2 might need to
   include changes to support these changes even when TLS 1.3 is not in
   use.  See the referenced sections for more details.

2.  Protocol Overview

   The cryptographic parameters of the session state are produced by the
   TLS handshake protocol.  When a TLS client and server first start
   communicating, they agree on a protocol version, select cryptographic
   algorithms, optionally authenticate each other, and establish shared
   secret keying material.  Once the handshake is complete, the peers
   use the established keys to protect application layer traffic.

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   TLS supports three basic key exchange modes:

   -  Diffie-Hellman (of both the finite field and elliptic curve
      varieties).

   -  A pre-shared symmetric key (PSK)

   -  A combination of a symmetric key and Diffie-Hellman

   Figure 1 below shows the basic full TLS handshake:

       Client                                               Server

Key  ^ ClientHello
Exch | + key_share*
     v + pre_shared_key*         -------->
                                                       ServerHello  ^ Key
                                                      + key_share*  | Exch
                                                 + pre_shared_key*  v
                                             {EncryptedExtensions}  ^  Server
                                             {CertificateRequest*}  v  Params
                                                    {Certificate*}  ^
                                              {CertificateVerify*}  | Auth
                                                        {Finished}  v
                                 <--------     [Application Data*]
     ^ {Certificate*}
Auth | {CertificateVerify*}
     v {Finished}                -------->
       [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

              +  Indicates extensions sent in the
                 previously noted message.

              *  Indicates optional or situation-dependent
                 messages that are not always sent.

              {} Indicates messages protected using keys
                 derived from handshake_traffic_secret.

              [] Indicates messages protected using keys
                 derived from traffic_secret_N

               Figure 1: Message flow for full TLS Handshake

   The handshake can be thought of as having three phases, indicated in
   the diagram above.

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   -  Key Exchange: Establish shared keying material and select the
      cryptographic parameters.  Everything after this phase is
      encrypted.

   -  Server Parameters: Establish other handshake parameters.  (whether
      the client is authenticated, application layer protocol support,
      etc.)

   -  Authentication: Authenticate the server (and optionally the
      client) and provide key confirmation and handshake integrity.

   In the Key Exchange phase, the client sends the ClientHello
   (Section 4.1.2) message, which contains a random nonce
   (ClientHello.random), its offered protocol version, a list of
   symmetric cipher/HKDF hash pairs, some set of Diffie-Hellman key
   shares (in the "key_share" extension Section 4.2.4), one or more pre-
   shared key labels (in the "pre_shared_key" extension Section 4.2.5),
   or both, and potentially some other extensions.

   The server processes the ClientHello and determines the appropriate
   cryptographic parameters for the connection.  It then responds with
   its own ServerHello which indicates the negotiated connection
   parameters.  [Section 4.1.3].  The combination of the ClientHello and
   the ServerHello determines the shared keys.  If (EC)DHE key
   establishment is in use, then the ServerHello will contain a
   "key_share" extension with the server's ephemeral Diffie-Hellman
   share which MUST be in the same group as one of the client's shares.
   If PSK key establishment is in use, then the ServerHello will contain
   a "pre_shared_key" extension indicating which of the client's offered
   PSKs was selected.  Note that implementations can use (EC)DHE and PSK
   together, in which case both extensions will be supplied.

   The server then sends two messages to establish the Server
   Parameters:

   EncryptedExtensions.  responses to any extensions which are not
      required in order to determine the cryptographic parameters.
      [Section 4.2.8]

   CertificateRequest.  if certificate-based client authentication is
      desired, the desired parameters for that certificate.  This
      message will be omitted if client authentication is not desired.

   Finally, the client and server exchange Authentication messages.  TLS
   uses the same set of messages every time that authentication is
   needed.  Specifically:

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   Certificate.  the certificate of the endpoint.  This message is
      omitted if the server is not authenticating with a certificate.
      Note that if raw public keys [RFC7250] or the cached information
      extension [RFC7924] are in use, then this message will not contain
      a certificate but rather some other value corresponding to the
      server's long-term key.  [Section 4.3.1]

   CertificateVerify.  a signature over the entire handshake using the
      public key in the Certificate message.  This message is omitted if
      the server is not authenticating via a certificate.
      [Section 4.3.2]

   Finished.  a MAC (Message Authentication Code) over the entire
      handshake.  This message provides key confirmation, binds the
      endpoint's identity to the exchanged keys, and in PSK mode also
      authenticates the handshake.  [Section 4.3.3]

   Upon receiving the server's messages, the client responds with its
   Authentication messages, namely Certificate and CertificateVerify (if
   requested), and Finished.

   At this point, the handshake is complete, and the client and server
   may exchange application layer data.  Application data MUST NOT be
   sent prior to sending the Finished message.  Note that while the
   server may send application data prior to receiving the client's
   Authentication messages, any data sent at that point is, of course,
   being sent to an unauthenticated peer.

2.1.  Incorrect DHE Share

   If the client has not provided a sufficient "key_share" extension
   (e.g. it includes only DHE or ECDHE groups unacceptable or
   unsupported by the server), the server corrects the mismatch with a
   HelloRetryRequest and the client will need to restart the handshake
   with an appropriate "key_share" extension, as shown in Figure 2.  If
   no common cryptographic parameters can be negotiated, the server will
   send a "handshake_failure" or "insufficient_security" fatal alert
   (see Section 6).

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            Client                                               Server

            ClientHello
              + key_share             -------->
                                      <--------       HelloRetryRequest

            ClientHello
              + key_share             -------->
                                                            ServerHello
                                                            + key_share
                                                  {EncryptedExtensions}
                                                  {CertificateRequest*}
                                                         {Certificate*}
                                                   {CertificateVerify*}
                                                             {Finished}
                                      <--------     [Application Data*]
            {Certificate*}
            {CertificateVerify*}
            {Finished}                -------->
            [Application Data]        <------->     [Application Data]

        Figure 2: Message flow for a full handshake with mismatched
                                parameters

   Note: The handshake transcript includes the initial ClientHello/
   HelloRetryRequest exchange; it is not reset with the new ClientHello.

   TLS also allows several optimized variants of the basic handshake, as
   described in the following sections.

2.2.  Resumption and Pre-Shared Key (PSK)

   Although TLS PSKs can be established out of band, PSKs can also be
   established in a previous session and then reused ("session
   resumption").  Once a handshake has completed, the server can send
   the client a PSK identity which corresponds to a key derived from the
   initial handshake (See Section 4.4.1).  The client can then use that
   PSK identity in future handshakes to negotiate use of the PSK.  If
   the server accepts it, then the security context of the new
   connection is tied to the original connection.  In TLS 1.2 and below,
   this functionality was provided by "session IDs" and "session
   tickets" [RFC5077].  Both mechanisms are obsoleted in TLS 1.3.

   PSKs can be used with (EC)DHE exchange in order to provide forward
   secrecy in combination with shared keys, or can be used alone, at the
   cost of losing forward secrecy.

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   Figure 3 shows a pair of handshakes in which the first establishes a
   PSK and the second uses it:

          Client                                               Server

   Initial Handshake:
          ClientHello
           + key_share              -------->
                                                          ServerHello
                                                          + key_share
                                                {EncryptedExtensions}
                                                {CertificateRequest*}
                                                       {Certificate*}
                                                 {CertificateVerify*}
                                                           {Finished}
                                    <--------     [Application Data*]
          {Certificate*}
          {CertificateVerify*}
          {Finished}                -------->
                                    <--------      [NewSessionTicket]
          [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

   Subsequent Handshake:
          ClientHello
            + pre_shared_key
            + key_share*            -------->
                                                          ServerHello
                                                     + pre_shared_key
                                                         + key_share*
                                                {EncryptedExtensions}
                                                           {Finished}
                                    <--------     [Application Data*]
          {Finished}                -------->
          [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

               Figure 3: Message flow for resumption and PSK

   As the server is authenticating via a PSK, it does not send a
   Certificate or a CertificateVerify.  When a client offers resumption
   via PSK it SHOULD also supply a "key_share" extension to the server
   as well to allow the server to decline resumption and fall back to a
   full handshake, if needed.  The server responds with a
   "pre_shared_key" extension to negotiate use of PSK key establishment
   and can (as shown here) respond with a "key_share" extension to do
   (EC)DHE key establishment, thus providing forward secrecy.

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2.3.  Zero-RTT Data

   When resuming via a PSK with an appropriate ticket (i.e., one with
   the "allow_early_data" flag), clients can also send data on their
   first flight ("early data").  This data is encrypted solely under
   keys derived using the first offered PSK as the static secret.  As
   shown in Figure 4, the Zero-RTT data is just added to the 1-RTT
   handshake in the first flight.  The rest of the handshake uses the
   same messages.

            Client                                               Server

            ClientHello
              + early_data
              + pre_shared_key
              + key_share*
            (Finished)
            (Application Data*)
            (end_of_early_data)       -------->
                                                            ServerHello
                                                           + early_data
                                                       + pre_shared_key
                                                           + key_share*
                                                  {EncryptedExtensions}
                                                  {CertificateRequest*}
                                                             {Finished}
                                      <--------     [Application Data*]
            {Certificate*}
            {CertificateVerify*}
            {Finished}                -------->

            [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

                  *  Indicates optional or situation-dependent
                     messages that are not always sent.

                  () Indicates messages protected using keys
                     derived from early_traffic_secret.

                  {} Indicates messages protected using keys
                     derived from handshake_traffic_secret.

                  [] Indicates messages protected using keys
                     derived from traffic_secret_N

          Figure 4: Message flow for a zero round trip handshake

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   [[OPEN ISSUE: Should it be possible to combine 0-RTT with the server
   authenticating via a signature https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/
   issues/443]]

   IMPORTANT NOTE: The security properties for 0-RTT data are weaker
   than those for other kinds of TLS data.  Specifically:

   1.  This data is not forward secret, because it is encrypted solely
       with the PSK.

   2.  There are no guarantees of non-replay between connections.
       Unless the server takes special measures outside those provided
       by TLS, the server has no guarantee that the same 0-RTT data was
       not transmitted on multiple 0-RTT connections (See
       Section 4.2.6.2 for more details).  This is especially relevant
       if the data is authenticated either with TLS client
       authentication or inside the application layer protocol.
       However, 0-RTT data cannot be duplicated within a connection
       (i.e., the server will not process the same data twice for the
       same connection) and an attacker will not be able to make 0-RTT
       data appear to be 1-RTT data (because it is protected with
       different keys.)

   The remainder of this document provides a detailed description of
   TLS.

3.  Presentation Language

   This document deals with the formatting of data in an external
   representation.  The following very basic and somewhat casually
   defined presentation syntax will be used.  The syntax draws from
   several sources in its structure.  Although it resembles the
   programming language "C" in its syntax and XDR [RFC4506] in both its
   syntax and intent, it would be risky to draw too many parallels.  The
   purpose of this presentation language is to document TLS only; it has
   no general application beyond that particular goal.

3.1.  Basic Block Size

   The representation of all data items is explicitly specified.  The
   basic data block size is one byte (i.e., 8 bits).  Multiple byte data
   items are concatenations of bytes, from left to right, from top to
   bottom.  From the byte stream, a multi-byte item (a numeric in the
   example) is formed (using C notation) by:

      value = (byte[0] << 8*(n-1)) | (byte[1] << 8*(n-2)) |
              ... | byte[n-1];

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   This byte ordering for multi-byte values is the commonplace network
   byte order or big-endian format.

3.2.  Miscellaneous

   Comments begin with "/*" and end with "*/".

   Optional components are denoted by enclosing them in "[[ ]]" double
   brackets.

   Single-byte entities containing uninterpreted data are of type
   opaque.

3.3.  Vectors

   A vector (single-dimensioned array) is a stream of homogeneous data
   elements.  The size of the vector may be specified at documentation
   time or left unspecified until runtime.  In either case, the length
   declares the number of bytes, not the number of elements, in the
   vector.  The syntax for specifying a new type, T', that is a fixed-
   length vector of type T is

      T T'[n];

   Here, T' occupies n bytes in the data stream, where n is a multiple
   of the size of T.  The length of the vector is not included in the
   encoded stream.

   In the following example, Datum is defined to be three consecutive
   bytes that the protocol does not interpret, while Data is three
   consecutive Datum, consuming a total of nine bytes.

      opaque Datum[3];      /* three uninterpreted bytes */
      Datum Data[9];        /* 3 consecutive 3 byte vectors */

   Variable-length vectors are defined by specifying a subrange of legal
   lengths, inclusively, using the notation <floor..ceiling>.  When
   these are encoded, the actual length precedes the vector's contents
   in the byte stream.  The length will be in the form of a number
   consuming as many bytes as required to hold the vector's specified
   maximum (ceiling) length.  A variable-length vector with an actual
   length field of zero is referred to as an empty vector.

      T T'<floor..ceiling>;

   In the following example, mandatory is a vector that must contain
   between 300 and 400 bytes of type opaque.  It can never be empty.
   The actual length field consumes two bytes, a uint16, which is

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   sufficient to represent the value 400 (see Section 3.4).  On the
   other hand, longer can represent up to 800 bytes of data, or 400
   uint16 elements, and it may be empty.  Its encoding will include a
   two-byte actual length field prepended to the vector.  The length of
   an encoded vector must be an even multiple of the length of a single
   element (for example, a 17-byte vector of uint16 would be illegal).

      opaque mandatory<300..400>;
            /* length field is 2 bytes, cannot be empty */
      uint16 longer<0..800>;
            /* zero to 400 16-bit unsigned integers */

3.4.  Numbers

   The basic numeric data type is an unsigned byte (uint8).  All larger
   numeric data types are formed from fixed-length series of bytes
   concatenated as described in Section 3.1 and are also unsigned.  The
   following numeric types are predefined.

      uint8 uint16[2];
      uint8 uint24[3];
      uint8 uint32[4];
      uint8 uint64[8];

   All values, here and elsewhere in the specification, are stored in
   network byte (big-endian) order; the uint32 represented by the hex
   bytes 01 02 03 04 is equivalent to the decimal value 16909060.

   Note that in some cases (e.g., DH parameters) it is necessary to
   represent integers as opaque vectors.  In such cases, they are
   represented as unsigned integers (i.e., additional leading zero
   octets are not used even if the most significant bit is set).

3.5.  Enumerateds

   An additional sparse data type is available called enum.  A field of
   type enum can only assume the values declared in the definition.
   Each definition is a different type.  Only enumerateds of the same
   type may be assigned or compared.  Every element of an enumerated
   must be assigned a value, as demonstrated in the following example.
   Since the elements of the enumerated are not ordered, they can be
   assigned any unique value, in any order.

      enum { e1(v1), e2(v2), ... , en(vn) [[, (n)]] } Te;

   An enumerated occupies as much space in the byte stream as would its
   maximal defined ordinal value.  The following definition would cause
   one byte to be used to carry fields of type Color.

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      enum { red(3), blue(5), white(7) } Color;

   One may optionally specify a value without its associated tag to
   force the width definition without defining a superfluous element.

   In the following example, Taste will consume two bytes in the data
   stream but can only assume the values 1, 2, or 4.

      enum { sweet(1), sour(2), bitter(4), (32000) } Taste;

   The names of the elements of an enumeration are scoped within the
   defined type.  In the first example, a fully qualified reference to
   the second element of the enumeration would be Color.blue.  Such
   qualification is not required if the target of the assignment is well
   specified.

      Color color = Color.blue;     /* overspecified, legal */
      Color color = blue;           /* correct, type implicit */

   For enumerateds that are never converted to external representation,
   the numerical information may be omitted.

      enum { low, medium, high } Amount;

3.6.  Constructed Types

   Structure types may be constructed from primitive types for
   convenience.  Each specification declares a new, unique type.  The
   syntax for definition is much like that of C.

      struct {
          T1 f1;
          T2 f2;
          ...
          Tn fn;
      } [[T]];

   The fields within a structure may be qualified using the type's name,
   with a syntax much like that available for enumerateds.  For example,
   T.f2 refers to the second field of the previous declaration.
   Structure definitions may be embedded.

3.6.1.  Variants

   Defined structures may have variants based on some knowledge that is
   available within the environment.  The selector must be an enumerated
   type that defines the possible variants the structure defines.  There
   must be a case arm for every element of the enumeration declared in

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   the select.  Case arms have limited fall-through: if two case arms
   follow in immediate succession with no fields in between, then they
   both contain the same fields.  Thus, in the example below, "orange"
   and "banana" both contain V2.  Note that this is a new piece of
   syntax in TLS 1.2.

   The body of the variant structure may be given a label for reference.
   The mechanism by which the variant is selected at runtime is not
   prescribed by the presentation language.

      struct {
          T1 f1;
          T2 f2;
          ....
          Tn fn;
           select (E) {
               case e1: Te1;
               case e2: Te2;
               case e3: case e4: Te3;
               ....
               case en: Ten;
           } [[fv]];
      } [[Tv]];

   For example:

      enum { apple, orange, banana } VariantTag;

      struct {
          uint16 number;
          opaque string<0..10>; /* variable length */
      } V1;

      struct {
          uint32 number;
          opaque string[10];    /* fixed length */
      } V2;

      struct {
          select (VariantTag) { /* value of selector is implicit */
              case apple:
                V1;   /* VariantBody, tag = apple */
              case orange:
              case banana:
                V2;   /* VariantBody, tag = orange or banana */
          } variant_body;       /* optional label on variant */
      } VariantRecord;

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3.7.  Constants

   Typed constants can be defined for purposes of specification by
   declaring a symbol of the desired type and assigning values to it.

   Under-specified types (opaque, variable-length vectors, and
   structures that contain opaque) cannot be assigned values.  No fields
   of a multi-element structure or vector may be elided.

   For example:

      struct {
          uint8 f1;
          uint8 f2;
      } Example1;

      Example1 ex1 = {1, 4};  /* assigns f1 = 1, f2 = 4 */

4.  Handshake Protocol

   The handshake protocol is used to negotiate the secure attributes of
   a session.  Handshake messages are supplied to the TLS record layer,
   where they are encapsulated within one or more TLSPlaintext or
   TLSCiphertext structures, which are processed and transmitted as
   specified by the current active session state.

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      enum {
          client_hello(1),
          server_hello(2),
          new_session_ticket(4),
          hello_retry_request(6),
          encrypted_extensions(8),
          certificate(11),
          certificate_request(13),
          certificate_verify(15),
          finished(20),
          key_update(24),
          (255)
      } HandshakeType;

      struct {
          HandshakeType msg_type;    /* handshake type */
          uint24 length;             /* bytes in message */
          select (HandshakeType) {
              case client_hello:          ClientHello;
              case server_hello:          ServerHello;
              case hello_retry_request:   HelloRetryRequest;
              case encrypted_extensions:  EncryptedExtensions;
              case certificate_request:   CertificateRequest;
              case certificate:           Certificate;
              case certificate_verify:    CertificateVerify;
              case finished:              Finished;
              case new_session_ticket:    NewSessionTicket;
              case key_update:            KeyUpdate;
          } body;
      } Handshake;

   Protocol messages MUST be sent in the order defined below (and shown
   in the diagrams in Section 2).  Sending handshake messages in an
   unexpected order results in an "unexpected_message" fatal error.
   Unneeded handshake messages are omitted, however.

   New handshake message types are assigned by IANA as described in
   Section 10.

4.1.  Key Exchange Messages

   The key exchange messages are used to exchange security capabilities
   between the client and server and to establish the traffic keys used
   to protect the handshake and data.

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4.1.1.  Cryptographic Negotiation

   TLS cryptographic negotiation proceeds by the client offering the
   following four sets of options in its ClientHello.

   -  A list of cipher suites which indicates the AEAD cipher/HKDF hash
      pairs which the client supports

   -  A "supported_group" (Section 4.2.3) extension which indicates the
      (EC)DHE groups which the client supports and a "key_share"
      (Section 4.2.4) extension which contains (EC)DHE shares for some
      or all of these groups

   -  A "signature_algorithms" (Section 4.2.2) extension which indicates
      the signature algorithms which the client can accept.

   -  A "pre_shared_key" (Section 4.2.5) extension which contains the
      identities of symmetric keys known to the client and the key
      exchange modes which each PSK supports.

   If the server does not select a PSK, then the first three of these
   options are entirely orthogonal: the server independently selects a
   cipher suite, an (EC)DHE group and key share for key establishment,
   and a signature algorithm/certificate pair to authenticate itself to
   the client.  If any of these parameters has no overlap between the
   client and server parameters, then the handshake will fail.  If there
   is overlap in the "supported_group" extension but the client did not
   offer a compatible "key_share" extension, then the server will
   respond with a HelloRetryRequest (Section 4.1.4) message.

   If the server selects a PSK, then the PSK will indicate which key
   establishment modes it can be used with (PSK alone or with (EC)DHE)
   and which authentication modes it can be used with (PSK alone or PSK
   with signatures).  The server can then select those key establishment
   and authentication parameters to be consistent both with the PSK and
   the other extensions supplied by the client.  Note that if the PSK
   can be used without (EC)DHE or without signatures, then non-overlap
   in either of these parameters need not be fatal.

   The server indicates its selected parameters in the ServerHello as
   follows: If PSK is being used then the server will send a
   "pre_shared_key" extension indicating the selected key.  If PSK is
   not being used, then (EC)DHE and certificate-based authentication are
   always used.  When (EC)DHE is in use, the server will also provide a
   "key_share" extension.  When authenticating via a certificate, the
   server will send an empty "signature_algorithnms" extension in the
   ServerHello and will subsequently send Certificate (Section 4.3.1)
   and CertificateVerify (Section 4.3.2) messages.

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   If the server is unable to negotiate a supported set of parameters,
   it MUST return a "handshake_failure" alert and close the connection.

4.1.2.  Client Hello

   When this message will be sent:

      When a client first connects to a server, it is required to send
      the ClientHello as its first message.  The client will also send a
      ClientHello when the server has responded to its ClientHello with
      a HelloRetryRequest that selects cryptographic parameters that
      don't match the client's "key_share" extension.  In that case, the
      client MUST send the same ClientHello (without modification)
      except:

   -  Including a new KeyShareEntry as the lowest priority share (i.e.,
      appended to the list of shares in the "key_share" extension).

   -  Removing the EarlyDataIndication Section 4.2.6 extension if one
      was present.  Early data is not permitted after HelloRetryRequest.

   If a server receives a ClientHello at any other time, it MUST send a
   fatal "unexpected_message" alert and close the connection.

   Structure of this message:

   struct {
       uint8 major;
       uint8 minor;
   } ProtocolVersion;

   struct {
       opaque random_bytes[32];
   } Random;

   uint8 CipherSuite[2];    /* Cryptographic suite selector */

   struct {
       ProtocolVersion max_supported_version = { 3, 4 };    /* TLS v1.3 */
       Random random;
       opaque legacy_session_id<0..32>;
       CipherSuite cipher_suites<2..2^16-2>;
       opaque legacy_compression_methods<1..2^8-1>;
       Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
   } ClientHello;

   TLS allows extensions to follow the compression_methods field in an
   extensions block.  The presence of extensions can be detected by

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   determining whether there are bytes following the compression_methods
   at the end of the ClientHello.  Note that this method of detecting
   optional data differs from the normal TLS method of having a
   variable-length field, but it is used for compatibility with TLS
   before extensions were defined.  As of TLS 1.3, all clients and
   servers will send at least one extension (at least "key_share" or
   "pre_shared_key").

   max_supported_version  The latest (highest valued) version of the TLS
      protocol offered by the client.  This SHOULD be the same as the
      latest version supported.  For this version of the specification,
      the version will be { 3, 4 }. (See Appendix C for details about
      backward compatibility.)

   random  32 bytes generated by a secure random number generator.  See
      Appendix B for additional information.

   legacy_session_id  Versions of TLS before TLS 1.3 supported a session
      resumption feature which has been merged with Pre-Shared Keys in
      this version (see Section 2.2).  This field MUST be ignored by a
      server negotiating TLS 1.3 and SHOULD be set as a zero length
      vector (i.e., a single zero byte length field) by clients which do
      not have a cached session ID set by a pre-TLS 1.3 server.

   cipher_suites  This is a list of the symmetric cipher options
      supported by the client, specifically the record protection
      algorithm (including secret key length) and a hash to be used with
      HKDF, in descending order of client preference.  If the list
      contains cipher suites the server does not recognize, support, or
      wish to use, the server MUST ignore those cipher suites, and
      process the remaining ones as usual.  Values are defined in
      Appendix A.4.

   legacy_compression_methods  Versions of TLS before 1.3 supported
      compression with the list of supported compression methods being
      sent in this field.  For every TLS 1.3 ClientHello, this vector
      MUST contain exactly one byte set to zero, which corresponds to
      the "null" compression method in prior versions of TLS.  If a TLS
      1.3 ClientHello is received with any other value in this field,
      the server MUST generate a fatal "illegal_parameter" alert.  Note
      that TLS 1.3 servers might receive TLS 1.2 or prior ClientHellos
      which contain other compression methods and MUST follow the
      procedures for the appropriate prior version of TLS.

   extensions  Clients request extended functionality from servers by
      sending data in the extensions field.  The actual "Extension"
      format is defined in Section 4.2.

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   In the event that a client requests additional functionality using
   extensions, and this functionality is not supplied by the server, the
   client MAY abort the handshake.  Note that TLS 1.3 ClientHello
   messages MUST always contain extensions, and a TLS 1.3 server MUST
   respond to any TLS 1.3 ClientHello without extensions with a fatal
   "decode_error" alert.  TLS 1.3 servers may receive TLS 1.2
   ClientHello messages without extensions.  If negotiating TLS 1.2, a
   server MUST check that the amount of data in the message precisely
   matches one of these formats; if not, then it MUST send a fatal
   "decode_error" alert.

   After sending the ClientHello message, the client waits for a
   ServerHello or HelloRetryRequest message.

4.1.3.  Server Hello

   When this message will be sent:

      The server will send this message in response to a ClientHello
      message when it was able to find an acceptable set of algorithms
      and the client's "key_share" extension was acceptable.  If it is
      not able to find an acceptable set of parameters, the server will
      respond with a "handshake_failure" fatal alert.

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion version;
          Random random;
          CipherSuite cipher_suite;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } ServerHello;

   version  This field contains the version of TLS negotiated for this
      session.  Servers MUST select the lower of the highest supported
      server version and the version offered by the client in the
      ClientHello.  In particular, servers MUST accept ClientHello
      messages with versions higher than those supported and negotiate
      the highest mutually supported version.  For this version of the
      specification, the version is { 3, 4 }.  (See Appendix C for
      details about backward compatibility.)

   random  This structure is generated by the server and MUST be
      generated independently of the ClientHello.random.

   cipher_suite  The single cipher suite selected by the server from the
      list in ClientHello.cipher_suites.

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   extensions  A list of extensions.  Note that only extensions offered
      by the client can appear in the server's list.  In TLS 1.3, as
      opposed to previous versions of TLS, the server's extensions are
      split between the ServerHello and the EncryptedExtensions
      Section 4.2.8 message.  The ServerHello MUST only include
      extensions which are required to establish the cryptographic
      context.  Currently the only such extensions are "key_share",
      "pre_shared_key", and "early_data".  Clients MUST check the
      ServerHello for the presence of any forbidden extensions and if
      any are found MUST terminate the handshake with a
      "illegal_parameter" alert.  In prior versions of TLS, the
      extensions field could be omitted entirely if not needed, similar
      to ClientHello.  As of TLS 1.3, all clients and servers will send
      at least one extension (at least "key_share" or "pre_shared_key").

   TLS 1.3 has a downgrade protection mechanism embedded in the server's
   random value.  TLS 1.3 server implementations which respond to a
   ClientHello with a max_supported_version indicating TLS 1.2 or below
   MUST set the last eight bytes of their Random value to the bytes:

     44 4F 57 4E 47 52 44 01

   TLS 1.2 server implementations which respond to a ClientHello with a
   max_supported_version indicating TLS 1.1 or below SHOULD set the last
   eight bytes of their Random value to the bytes:

     44 4F 57 4E 47 52 44 00

   TLS 1.3 clients receiving a TLS 1.2 or below ServerHello MUST check
   that the last eight octets are not equal to either of these values.
   TLS 1.2 clients SHOULD also perform this check if the ServerHello
   indicates TLS 1.1 or below.  If a match is found, the client MUST
   abort the handshake with a fatal "illegal_parameter" alert.  This
   mechanism provides limited protection against downgrade attacks over
   and above that provided by the Finished exchange: because the
   ServerKeyExchange includes a signature over both random values, it is
   not possible for an active attacker to modify the randoms without
   detection as long as ephemeral ciphers are used.  It does not provide
   downgrade protection when static RSA is used.

   Note: This is an update to TLS 1.2 so in practice many TLS 1.2
   clients and servers will not behave as specified above.

4.1.4.  Hello Retry Request

   When this message will be sent:

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      Servers send this message in response to a ClientHello message if
      they were able to find an acceptable set of algorithms and groups
      that are mutually supported, but the client's KeyShare did not
      contain an acceptable offer.  If it cannot find such a match, it
      will respond with a fatal "handshake_failure" alert.

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion server_version;
          NamedGroup selected_group;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } HelloRetryRequest;

   selected_group  The mutually supported group the server intends to
      negotiate and is requesting a retried ClientHello/KeyShare for.

   The version and extensions fields have the same meanings as their
   corresponding values in the ServerHello.  The server SHOULD send only
   the extensions necessary for the client to generate a correct
   ClientHello pair (currently no such extensions exist).  As with
   ServerHello, a HelloRetryRequest MUST NOT contain any extensions that
   were not first offered by the client in its ClientHello.

   Upon receipt of a HelloRetryRequest, the client MUST first verify
   that the selected_group field corresponds to a group which was
   provided in the "supported_groups" extension in the original
   ClientHello.  It MUST then verify that the selected_group field does
   not correspond to a group which was provided in the "key_share"
   extension in the original ClientHello.  If either of these checks
   fails, then the client MUST abort the handshake with a fatal
   "illegal_parameter" alert.  Clients SHOULD also abort with
   "unexpected_message" in response to any second HelloRetryRequest
   which was sent in the same connection (i.e., where the ClientHello
   was itself in response to a HelloRetryRequest).

   Otherwise, the client MUST send a ClientHello with an updated
   KeyShare extension to the server.  The client MUST append a new
   KeyShareEntry for the group indicated in the selected_group field to
   the groups in its original KeyShare.

   Upon re-sending the ClientHello and receiving the server's
   ServerHello/KeyShare, the client MUST verify that the selected
   NamedGroup matches that supplied in the HelloRetryRequest and MUST
   abort the connection with a fatal "illegal_parameter" alert if it
   does not.

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4.2.  Hello Extensions

   The extension format is:

      struct {
          ExtensionType extension_type;
          opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
      } Extension;

      enum {
          supported_groups(10),
          signature_algorithms(13),
          key_share(40),
          pre_shared_key(41),
          early_data(42),
          cookie(44),
          (65535)
      } ExtensionType;

   Here:

   -  "extension_type" identifies the particular extension type.

   -  "extension_data" contains information specific to the particular
      extension type.

   The initial set of extensions is defined in [RFC6066].  The list of
   extension types is maintained by IANA as described in Section 10.

   An extension type MUST NOT appear in the ServerHello or
   HelloRetryRequest unless the same extension type appeared in the
   corresponding ClientHello.  If a client receives an extension type in
   ServerHello or HelloRetryRequest that it did not request in the
   associated ClientHello, it MUST abort the handshake with an
   "unsupported_extension" fatal alert.

   Nonetheless, "server-oriented" extensions may be provided within this
   framework.  Such an extension (say, of type x) would require the
   client to first send an extension of type x in a ClientHello with
   empty extension_data to indicate that it supports the extension type.
   In this case, the client is offering the capability to understand the
   extension type, and the server is taking the client up on its offer.

   When multiple extensions of different types are present in the
   ClientHello or ServerHello messages, the extensions MAY appear in any
   order.  There MUST NOT be more than one extension of the same type.

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   Finally, note that extensions can be sent both when starting a new
   session and when in resumption-PSK mode.  A client that requests
   session resumption does not in general know whether the server will
   accept this request, and therefore it SHOULD send the same extensions
   as it would send normally.

   In general, the specification of each extension type needs to
   describe the effect of the extension both during full handshake and
   session resumption.  Most current TLS extensions are relevant only
   when a session is initiated: when an older session is resumed, the
   server does not process these extensions in ClientHello, and does not
   include them in ServerHello.  However, some extensions may specify
   different behavior during session resumption.  [[TODO: update this
   and the previous paragraph to cover PSK-based resumption.]]

   There are subtle (and not so subtle) interactions that may occur in
   this protocol between new features and existing features which may
   result in a significant reduction in overall security.  The following
   considerations should be taken into account when designing new
   extensions:

   -  Some cases where a server does not agree to an extension are error
      conditions, and some are simply refusals to support particular
      features.  In general, error alerts should be used for the former,
      and a field in the server extension response for the latter.

   -  Extensions should, as far as possible, be designed to prevent any
      attack that forces use (or non-use) of a particular feature by
      manipulation of handshake messages.  This principle should be
      followed regardless of whether the feature is believed to cause a
      security problem.  Often the fact that the extension fields are
      included in the inputs to the Finished message hashes will be
      sufficient, but extreme care is needed when the extension changes
      the meaning of messages sent in the handshake phase.  Designers
      and implementors should be aware of the fact that until the
      handshake has been authenticated, active attackers can modify
      messages and insert, remove, or replace extensions.

4.2.1.  Cookie

      struct {
          opaque cookie<0..2^16-1>;
      } Cookie;

   Cookies serve two primary purposes:

   -  Allowing the server to force the client to demonstrate
      reachability at their apparent network address (thus providing a

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      measure of DoS protection).  This is primarily useful for non-
      connection-oriented transports (see [RFC6347] for an example of
      this).

   -  Allowing the server to offload state to the client, thus allowing
      it to send a HelloRetryRequest without storing any state.  The
      server does this by pickling that post-ClientHello hash state into
      the cookie (protected with some suitable integrity algorithm).

   When sending a HelloRetryRequest, the server MAY provide a "cookie"
   extension to the client (this is an exception to the usual rule that
   the only extensions that may be sent are those that appear in the
   ClientHello).  When sending the new ClientHello, the client MUST echo
   the value of the extension.  Clients MUST NOT use cookies in
   subsequent connections.

4.2.2.  Signature Algorithms

   The client uses the "signature_algorithms" extension to indicate to
   the server which signature algorithms may be used in digital
   signatures.  Clients which desire the server to authenticate via a
   certificate MUST send this extension.  If a server is authenticating
   via a certificate and the client has not sent a
   "signature_algorithms" extension then the server MUST close the
   connection with a fatal "missing_extension" alert (see Section 8.2).

   Servers which are authenticating via a certificate MUST indicate so
   by sending the client an empty "signature_algorithms" extension.

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a
   "supported_signature_algorithms" value:

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      enum {
          /* RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 algorithms */
          rsa_pkcs1_sha1 (0x0201),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha256 (0x0401),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha384 (0x0501),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha512 (0x0601),

          /* ECDSA algorithms */
          ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 (0x0403),
          ecdsa_secp384r1_sha384 (0x0503),
          ecdsa_secp521r1_sha512 (0x0603),

          /* RSASSA-PSS algorithms */
          rsa_pss_sha256 (0x0700),
          rsa_pss_sha384 (0x0701),
          rsa_pss_sha512 (0x0702),

          /* EdDSA algorithms */
          ed25519 (0x0703),
          ed448 (0x0704),

          /* Reserved Code Points */
          private_use (0xFE00..0xFFFF),
          (0xFFFF)
      } SignatureScheme;

      SignatureScheme supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;

   Note: This enum is named "SignatureScheme" because there is already a
   "SignatureAlgorithm" type in TLS 1.2, which this replaces.  We use
   the term "signature algorithm" throughout the text.

   Each SignatureScheme value lists a single signature algorithm that
   the client is willing to verify.  The values are indicated in
   descending order of preference.  Note that a signature algorithm
   takes as input an arbitrary-length message, rather than a digest.
   Algorithms which traditionally act on a digest should be defined in
   TLS to first hash the input with a specified hash function and then
   proceed as usual.  The code point groups listed above have the
   following meanings:

   RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 algorithms  Indicates a signature algorithm using
      RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 [RFC3447] with the corresponding hash algorithm
      as defined in [SHS].  These values refer solely to signatures
      which appear in certificates (see Section 4.3.1.1) and are not
      defined for use in signed TLS handshake messages.

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   ECDSA algorithms  Indicates a signature algorithm using ECDSA
      [ECDSA], the corresponding curve as defined in ANSI X9.62 [X962]
      and FIPS 186-4 [DSS], and the corresponding hash algorithm as
      defined in [SHS].  The signature is represented as a DER-encoded
      [X690] ECDSA-Sig-Value structure.

   RSASSA-PSS algorithms  Indicates a signature algorithm using RSASSA-
      PSS [RFC3447] with MGF1.  The digest used in the mask generation
      function and the digest being signed are both the corresponding
      hash algorithm as defined in [SHS].  When used in signed TLS
      handshake messages, the length of the salt MUST be equal to the
      length of the digest output.  This codepoint is defined for use
      with TLS 1.2 as well as TLS 1.3.  A server uses RSASSA-PSS
      signatures with RSA cipher suites.

   EdDSA algorithms  Indicates a signature algorithm using EdDSA as
      defined in [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa] or its successors.  Note that
      these correspond to the "PureEdDSA" algorithms and not the
      "prehash" variants.  A server uses EdDSA signatures with ECDSA
      cipher suites.

   rsa_pkcs1_sha1, dsa_sha1, and ecdsa_sha1 SHOULD NOT be offered.
   Clients offering these values for backwards compatibility MUST list
   them as the lowest priority (listed after all other algorithms in the
   supported_signature_algorithms vector).  TLS 1.3 servers MUST NOT
   offer a SHA-1 signed certificate unless no valid certificate chain
   can be produced without it (see Section 4.3.1.1).

   The signatures on certificates that are self-signed or certificates
   that are trust anchors are not validated since they begin a
   certification path (see [RFC5280], Section 3.2).  A certificate that
   begins a certification path MAY use a signature algorithm that is not
   advertised as being supported in the "signature_algorithms"
   extension.

   Note that TLS 1.2 defines this extension differently.  TLS 1.3
   implementations willing to negotiate TLS 1.2 MUST behave in
   accordance with the requirements of [RFC5246] when negotiating that
   version.  In particular:

   -  TLS 1.2 ClientHellos MAY omit this extension.

   -  In TLS 1.2, the extension contained hash/signature pairs.  The
      pairs are encoded in two octets, so SignatureScheme values have
      been allocated to align with TLS 1.2's encoding.  Some legacy
      pairs are left unallocated.  These algorithms are deprecated as of
      TLS 1.3.  They MUST NOT be offered or negotiated by any

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      implementation.  In particular, MD5 [SLOTH] and SHA-224 MUST NOT
      be used.

   -  ECDSA signature schemes align with TLS 1.2's ECDSA hash/signature
      pairs.  However, the old semantics did not constrain the signing
      curve.  If TLS 1.2 is negotiated, implementations MUST be prepared
      to accept a signature that uses any curve that they advertised in
      the "supported_groups" extension.

   -  Implementations that advertise support for RSASSA-PSS (which is
      mandatory in TLS 1.3), MUST be prepared to accept a signature
      using that scheme even when TLS 1.2 is negotiated.

4.2.3.  Negotiated Groups

   When sent by the client, the "supported_groups" extension indicates
   the named groups which the client supports for key exchange, ordered
   from most preferred to least preferred.

   Note: In versions of TLS prior to TLS 1.3, this extension was named
   "elliptic_curves" and only contained elliptic curve groups.  See
   [RFC4492] and [I-D.ietf-tls-negotiated-ff-dhe].  This extension was
   also used to negotiate ECDSA curves.  Signature algorithms are now
   negotiated independently (see Section 4.2.2).

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a
   "NamedGroupList" value:

      enum {
          /* Elliptic Curve Groups (ECDHE) */
          secp256r1 (23), secp384r1 (24), secp521r1 (25),
          x25519 (29), x448 (30),

          /* Finite Field Groups (DHE) */
          ffdhe2048 (256), ffdhe3072 (257), ffdhe4096 (258),
          ffdhe6144 (259), ffdhe8192 (260),

          /* Reserved Code Points */
          ffdhe_private_use (0x01FC..0x01FF),
          ecdhe_private_use (0xFE00..0xFEFF),
          (0xFFFF)
      } NamedGroup;

      struct {
          NamedGroup named_group_list<1..2^16-1>;
      } NamedGroupList;

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   Elliptic Curve Groups (ECDHE)  Indicates support of the corresponding
      named curve.  Note that some curves are also recommended in ANSI
      X9.62 [X962] and FIPS 186-4 [DSS].  Others are recommended in
      [RFC7748].  Values 0xFE00 through 0xFEFF are reserved for private
      use.

   Finite Field Groups (DHE)  Indicates support of the corresponding
      finite field group, defined in [I-D.ietf-tls-negotiated-ff-dhe].
      Values 0x01FC through 0x01FF are reserved for private use.

   Items in named_group_list are ordered according to the client's
   preferences (most preferred choice first).

   As of TLS 1.3, servers are permitted to send the "supported_groups"
   extension to the client.  If the server has a group it prefers to the
   ones in the "key_share" extension but is still willing to accept the
   ClientHello, it SHOULD send "supported_groups" to update the client's
   view of its preferences.  Clients MUST NOT act upon any information
   found in "supported_groups" prior to successful completion of the
   handshake, but MAY use the information learned from a successfully
   completed handshake to change what groups they offer to a server in
   subsequent connections.

4.2.4.  Key Share

   The "key_share" extension contains the endpoint's cryptographic
   parameters.

   Clients MAY send an empty client_shares vector in order to request
   group selection from the server at the cost of an additional round
   trip.  (see Section 4.1.4)

      struct {
          NamedGroup group;
          opaque key_exchange<1..2^16-1>;
      } KeyShareEntry;

   group  The named group for the key being exchanged.  Finite Field
      Diffie-Hellman [DH] parameters are described in Section 4.2.4.1;
      Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman parameters are described in
      Section 4.2.4.2.

   key_exchange  Key exchange information.  The contents of this field
      are determined by the specified group and its corresponding
      definition.  Endpoints MUST NOT send empty or otherwise invalid
      key_exchange values for any reason.

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   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a "KeyShare"
   value:

      struct {
          select (role) {
              case client:
                  KeyShareEntry client_shares<0..2^16-1>;

              case server:
                  KeyShareEntry server_share;
          }
      } KeyShare;

   client_shares  A list of offered KeyShareEntry values in descending
      order of client preference.  This vector MAY be empty if the
      client is requesting a HelloRetryRequest.  The ordering of values
      here SHOULD match that of the ordering of offered support in the
      "supported_groups" extension.

   server_share  A single KeyShareEntry value that is in the same group
      as one of the client's shares.

   Clients offer an arbitrary number of KeyShareEntry values, each
   representing a single set of key exchange parameters.  For instance,
   a client might offer shares for several elliptic curves or multiple
   FFDHE groups.  The key_exchange values for each KeyShareEntry MUST by
   generated independently.  Clients MUST NOT offer multiple
   KeyShareEntry values for the same group.  Clients MUST NOT offer any
   KeyShareEntry values for groups not listed in the client's
   "supported_groups" extension.  Servers MAY check for violations of
   these rules and and MAY abort the connection with a fatal
   "illegal_parameter" alert if one is violated.

   If using (EC)DHE key establishment, servers offer exactly one
   KeyShareEntry.  This value MUST correspond to the KeyShareEntry value
   offered by the client that the server has selected for the negotiated
   key exchange.  Servers MUST NOT send a KeyShareEntry for any group
   not indicated in the "supported_groups" extension.

   [[TODO: Recommendation about what the client offers.  Presumably
   which integer DH groups and which curves.]]

4.2.4.1.  Diffie-Hellman Parameters

   Diffie-Hellman [DH] parameters for both clients and servers are
   encoded in the opaque key_exchange field of a KeyShareEntry in a
   KeyShare structure.  The opaque value contains the Diffie-Hellman

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   public value (Y = g^X mod p), encoded as a big-endian integer, padded
   with zeros to the size of p in bytes.

   Note: For a given Diffie-Hellman group, the padding results in all
   public keys having the same length.

   Peers SHOULD validate each other's public key Y by ensuring that 1 <
   Y < p-1.  This check ensures that the remote peer is properly behaved
   and isn't forcing the local system into a small subgroup.

4.2.4.2.  ECDHE Parameters

   ECDHE parameters for both clients and servers are encoded in the the
   opaque key_exchange field of a KeyShareEntry in a KeyShare structure.

   For secp256r1, secp384r1 and secp521r1, the contents are the byte
   string representation of an elliptic curve public value following the
   conversion routine in Section 4.3.6 of ANSI X9.62 [X962].

   Although X9.62 supports multiple point formats, any given curve MUST
   specify only a single point format.  All curves currently specified
   in this document MUST only be used with the uncompressed point format
   (the format for all ECDH functions is considered uncompressed).

   For x25519 and x448, the contents are the byte string inputs and
   outputs of the corresponding functions defined in [RFC7748], 32 bytes
   for x25519 and 56 bytes for x448.

   Note: Versions of TLS prior to 1.3 permitted point negotiation; TLS
   1.3 removes this feature in favor of a single point format for each
   curve.

4.2.5.  Pre-Shared Key Extension

   The "pre_shared_key" extension is used to indicate the identity of
   the pre-shared key to be used with a given handshake in association
   with PSK key establishment (see [RFC4279] for background).

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a
   "PreSharedKeyExtension" value:

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   enum { psk_ke(0), psk_dhe_ke(1), (255) } PskKeyExchangeModes;
   enum { psk_auth(0), psk_sign_auth(1), (255) } PskAuthenticationModes;

   opaque psk_identity<0..2^16-1>;

   struct {
       PskKeMode ke_modes<1..255>;
       PskAuthMode auth_modes<1..255>;
       opaque identity<0..2^16-1>;
   } PskIdentity;

   struct {
       select (Role) {
           case client:
               psk_identity identities<2..2^16-1>;

           case server:
               uint16 selected_identity;
       }
   } PreSharedKeyExtension;

   identities  A list of the identities (labels for keys) that the
      client is willing to negotiate with the server.  If sent alongside
      the "early_data" extension (see Section 4.2.6), the first identity
      is the one used for 0-RTT data.

   selected_identity  The server's chosen identity expressed as a
      (0-based) index into the identies in the client's list.

   Each PSK offered by the client also indicates the authentication and
   key exchange modes with which the server can use it, with each list
   being in the order of the client's preference, with most preferred
   first.

   PskKeyExchangeModes have the following meanings:

   psk_ke  PSK-only key establishment.  In this mode, the server MUST
      not supply a "key_share" value.

   psk_dhe_ke  PSK key establishment with (EC)DHE key establishment.  In
      this mode, the client and servers MUST supply "key_share" values
      as described in Section 4.2.4.

   PskAuthenticationModes have the following meanings:

   psk_auth  PSK-only authentication.  In this mode, the server MUST NOT
      supply either a Certificate or CertificateVerify message.  [TODO:
      Add a signing mode.]

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   In order to accept PSK key establishment, the server sends a
   "pre_shared_key" extension with the selected identity.  Clients MUST
   verify that the server's selected_identity is within the range
   supplied by the client and that the "key_share" and
   "signature_algorithms" extensions are consistent with the indicated
   ke_modes and auth_modes values.  If these values are not consistent,
   the client MUST generate an "illegal_parameter" alert and close the
   connection.

   If the server supplies an "early_data" extension, the client MUST
   verify that the server selected the first offered identity.  If any
   other value is returned, the client MUST generate a fatal
   "unknown_psk_identity" alert and close the connection.

   Note that although 0-RTT data is encrypted with the first PSK
   identity, the server MAY fall back to 1-RTT and select a different
   PSK identity if multiple identities are offered.

4.2.6.  Early Data Indication

   When PSK resumption is used, the client can send application data in
   its first flight of messages.  If the client opts to do so, it MUST
   supply an "early_data" extension as well as the "pre_shared_key"
   extension.

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains an
   "EarlyDataIndication" value:

      struct {
          select (Role) {
              case client:
                  uint32 obfuscated_ticket_age;

              case server:
                 struct {};
          }
      } EarlyDataIndication;

   obfuscated_ticket_age  The time since the client learned about the
      server configuration that it is using, in milliseconds.  This
      value is added modulo 2^32 to with the "ticket_age_add" value that
      was included with the ticket, see Section 4.4.1.  This addition
      prevents passive observers from correlating sessions unless
      tickets are reused.  Note: because ticket lifetimes are restricted
      to a week, 32 bits is enough to represent any plausible age, even
      in milliseconds.

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   A server MUST validate that the ticket_age is within a small
   tolerance of the time since the ticket was issued (see
   Section 4.2.6.2).

   The parameters for the 0-RTT data (symmetric cipher suite, ALPN,
   etc.) are the same as those which were negotiated in the connection
   which established the PSK.  The PSK used to encrypt the early data
   MUST be the first PSK listed in the client's "pre_shared_key"
   extension.

   0-RTT messages sent in the first flight have the same content types
   as their corresponding messages sent in other flights (handshake,
   application_data, and alert respectively) but are protected under
   different keys.  After all the 0-RTT application data messages (if
   any) have been sent, an "end_of_early_data" alert of type "warning"
   is sent to indicate the end of the flight.  0-RTT MUST always be
   followed by an "end_of_early_data" alert.

   A server which receives an "early_data" extension can behave in one
   of two ways:

   -  Ignore the extension and return no response.  This indicates that
      the server has ignored any early data and an ordinary 1-RTT
      handshake is required.

   -  Return an empty extension, indicating that it intends to process
      the early data.  It is not possible for the server to accept only
      a subset of the early data messages.

   In order to accept early data, the server server MUST have accepted a
   PSK cipher suite and selected the the first key offered in the
   client's "pre_shared_key" extension.  In addition, it MUST verify
   that the following values are consistent with those negotiated in the
   connection during which the ticket was established.

   -  The TLS version number, AEAD algorithm, and the hash for HKDF.

   -  The selected ALPN [RFC7443] value, if any.

   -  The server_name [RFC6066] value provided by the client, if any.

   Future extensions MUST define their interaction with 0-RTT.

   If any of these checks fail, the server MUST NOT respond with the
   extension and must discard all the remaining first flight data (thus
   falling back to 1-RTT).  If the client attempts a 0-RTT handshake but
   the server rejects it, it will generally not have the 0-RTT record
   protection keys and must instead trial decrypt each record with the

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   1-RTT handshake keys until it finds one that decrypts properly, and
   then pick up the handshake from that point.

   If the server chooses to accept the "early_data" extension, then it
   MUST comply with the same error handling requirements specified for
   all records when processing early data records.  Specifically,
   decryption failure of any 0-RTT record following an accepted
   "early_data" extension MUST produce a fatal "bad_record_mac" alert as
   per Section 5.2.

   If the server rejects the "early_data" extension, the client
   application MAY opt to retransmit the data once the handshake has
   been completed.  TLS stacks SHOULD not do this automatically and
   client applications MUST take care that the negotiated parameters are
   consistent with those it expected.  For example, if the ALPN value
   has changed, it is likely unsafe to retransmit the original
   application layer data.

4.2.6.1.  Processing Order

   Clients are permitted to "stream" 0-RTT data until they receive the
   server's Finished, only then sending the "end_of_early_data" alert.
   In order to avoid deadlock, when accepting "early_data", servers MUST
   process the client's Finished and then immediately send the
   ServerHello, rather than waiting for the client's "end_of_early_data"
   alert.

4.2.6.2.  Replay Properties

   As noted in Section 2.3, TLS provides a limited mechanism for replay
   protection for data sent by the client in the first flight.

   The "obfuscated_ticket_age" parameter in the client's "early_data"
   extension SHOULD be used by servers to limit the time over which the
   first flight might be replayed.  A server can store the time at which
   it sends a session ticket to the client, or encode the time in the
   ticket.  Then, each time it receives an "early_data" extension, it
   can subtract the base value and check to see if the value used by the
   client matches its expectations.

   The ticket age (the value with "ticket_age_add" subtracted) provided
   by the client will be shorter than the actual time elapsed on the
   server by a single round trip time.  This difference is comprised of
   the delay in sending the NewSessionTicket message to the client, plus
   the time taken to send the ClientHello to the server.  For this
   reason, a server SHOULD measure the round trip time prior to sending
   the NewSessionTicket message and account for that in the value it
   saves.

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   To properly validate the ticket age, a server needs to save at least
   two items:

   -  The time that the server generated the session ticket and the
      estimated round trip time can be added together to form a baseline
      time.

   -  The "ticket_age_add" parameter from the NewSessionTicket is needed
      to recover the ticket age from the "obfuscated_ticket_age"
      parameter.

   There are several potential sources of error that make an exact
   measurement of time difficult.  Variations in client and server
   clocks are likely to be minimal, outside of gross time corrections.
   Network propagation delays are most likely causes of a mismatch in
   legitimate values for elapsed time.  Both the NewSessionTicket and
   ClientHello messages might be retransmitted and therefore delayed,
   which might be hidden by TCP.

   A small allowance for errors in clocks and variations in measurements
   is advisable.  However, any allowance also increases the opportunity
   for replay.  In this case, it is better to reject early data and fall
   back to a full 1-RTT handshake than to risk greater exposure to
   replay attacks.  In common network topologies for browser clients,
   small allowances on the order of ten seconds are reasonable.  Clock
   skew distributions are not symmetric, so the optimal tradeoff may
   involve an asymmetric replay window.

4.2.7.  OCSP Status Extensions

   [RFC6066] and [RFC6961] provide extensions to negotiate the server
   sending OCSP responses to the client.  In TLS 1.2 and below, the
   server sends an empty extension to indicate negotiation of this
   extension and the OCSP information is carried in a CertificateStatus
   message.  In TLS 1.3, the server's OCSP information is carried in an
   extension in EncryptedExtensions.  Specifically: The body of the
   "status_request" or "status_request_v2" extension from the server
   MUST be a CertificateStatus structure as defined in [RFC6066] and
   [RFC6961] respectively.

   Note: This means that the certificate status appears prior to the
   certificates it applies to.  This is slightly anomalous but matches
   the existing behavior for SignedCertificateTimestamps [RFC6962], and
   is more easily extensible in the handshake state machine.

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4.2.8.  Encrypted Extensions

   When this message will be sent:

      In all handshakes, the server MUST send the EncryptedExtensions
      message immediately after the ServerHello message.  This is the
      first message that is encrypted under keys derived from
      handshake_traffic_secret.

   Meaning of this message:

      The EncryptedExtensions message contains any extensions which
      should be protected, i.e., any which are not needed to establish
      the cryptographic context.

   The same extension types MUST NOT appear in both the ServerHello and
   EncryptedExtensions.  If the same extension appears in both
   locations, the client MUST rely only on the value in the
   EncryptedExtensions block.  All server-sent extensions other than
   those explicitly listed in Section 4.1.3 or designated in the IANA
   registry MUST only appear in EncryptedExtensions.  Extensions which
   are designated to appear in ServerHello MUST NOT appear in
   EncryptedExtensions.  Clients MUST check EncryptedExtensions for the
   presence of any forbidden extensions and if any are found MUST
   terminate the handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert.

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } EncryptedExtensions;

   extensions  A list of extensions.

4.2.9.  Certificate Request

   When this message will be sent:

      A server which is authenticating with a certificate can optionally
      request a certificate from the client.  This message, if sent,
      will follow EncryptedExtensions.

   Structure of this message:

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      opaque DistinguishedName<1..2^16-1>;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_extension_oid<1..2^8-1>;
          opaque certificate_extension_values<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateExtension;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_request_context<0..2^8-1>;
          SignatureScheme
            supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;
          DistinguishedName certificate_authorities<0..2^16-1>;
          CertificateExtension certificate_extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateRequest;

   certificate_request_context  An opaque string which identifies the
      certificate request and which will be echoed in the client's
      Certificate message.  The certificate_request_context MUST be
      unique within the scope of this connection (thus preventing replay
      of client CertificateVerify messages).  Within the handshake, this
      field MUST be empty.

   supported_signature_algorithms  A list of the signature algorithms
      that the server is able to verify, listed in descending order of
      preference.  Any certificates provided by the client MUST be
      signed using a signature algorithm found in
      supported_signature_algorithms.

   certificate_authorities  A list of the distinguished names [X501] of
      acceptable certificate_authorities, represented in DER-encoded
      [X690] format.  These distinguished names may specify a desired
      distinguished name for a root CA or for a subordinate CA; thus,
      this message can be used to describe known roots as well as a
      desired authorization space.  If the certificate_authorities list
      is empty, then the client MAY send any certificate that meets the
      rest of the selection criteria in the CertificateRequest, unless
      there is some external arrangement to the contrary.

   certificate_extensions  A list of certificate extension OIDs
      [RFC5280] with their allowed values, represented in DER-encoded
      [X690] format.  Some certificate extension OIDs allow multiple
      values (e.g.  Extended Key Usage).  If the server has included a
      non-empty certificate_extensions list, the client certificate MUST
      contain all of the specified extension OIDs that the client
      recognizes.  For each extension OID recognized by the client, all
      of the specified values MUST be present in the client certificate
      (but the certificate MAY have other values as well).  However, the
      client MUST ignore and skip any unrecognized certificate extension

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      OIDs.  If the client has ignored some of the required certificate
      extension OIDs, and supplied a certificate that does not satisfy
      the request, the server MAY at its discretion either continue the
      session without client authentication, or terminate the session
      with a fatal unsupported_certificate alert.  PKIX RFCs define a
      variety of certificate extension OIDs and their corresponding
      value types.  Depending on the type, matching certificate
      extension values are not necessarily bitwise-equal.  It is
      expected that TLS implementations will rely on their PKI libraries
      to perform certificate selection using certificate extension OIDs.
      This document defines matching rules for two standard certificate
      extensions defined in [RFC5280]:

      o  The Key Usage extension in a certificate matches the request
         when all key usage bits asserted in the request are also
         asserted in the Key Usage certificate extension.

      o  The Extended Key Usage extension in a certificate matches the
         request when all key purpose OIDs present in the request are
         also found in the Extended Key Usage certificate extension.
         The special anyExtendedKeyUsage OID MUST NOT be used in the
         request.

      Separate specifications may define matching rules for other
      certificate extensions.

   Note: It is a fatal "unexpected_message" alert for an anonymous
   server to request client authentication.

4.3.  Authentication Messages

   As discussed in Section 2, TLS uses a common set of messages for
   authentication, key confirmation, and handshake integrity:
   Certificate, CertificateVerify, and Finished.  These messages are
   always sent as the last messages in their handshake flight.  The
   Certificate and CertificateVerify messages are only sent under
   certain circumstances, as defined below.  The Finished message is
   always sent as part of the Authentication block.

   The computations for the Authentication messages all uniformly take
   the following inputs:

   -  The certificate and signing key to be used.

   -  A Handshake Context based on the hash of the handshake messages

   -  A base key to be used to compute a MAC key.

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   Based on these inputs, the messages then contain:

   Certificate  The certificate to be used for authentication and any
      supporting certificates in the chain.  Note that certificate-based
      client authentication is not available in the 0-RTT case.

   CertificateVerify  A signature over the value Hash(Handshake Context
      + Certificate) + Hash(resumption_context) See Section 4.4.1 for
      the definition of resumption_context.

   Finished  A MAC over the value Hash(Handshake Context + Certificate +
      CertificateVerify) + Hash(resumption_context) using a MAC key
      derived from the base key.

   Because the CertificateVerify signs the Handshake Context +
   Certificate and the Finished MACs the Handshake Context + Certificate
   + CertificateVerify, this is mostly equivalent to keeping a running
   hash of the handshake messages (exactly so in the pure 1-RTT cases).
   Note, however, that subsequent post-handshake authentications do not
   include each other, just the messages through the end of the main
   handshake.

   The following table defines the Handshake Context and MAC Base Key
   for each scenario:

   +------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
   | Mode       | Handshake Context              | Base Key            |
   +------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
   | 0-RTT      | ClientHello                    | early_traffic_secre |
   |            |                                | t                   |
   |            |                                |                     |
   | 1-RTT      | ClientHello ... later of Encry | handshake_traffic_s |
   | (Server)   | ptedExtensions/CertificateRequ | ecret               |
   |            | est                            |                     |
   |            |                                |                     |
   | 1-RTT      | ClientHello ... ServerFinished | handshake_traffic_s |
   | (Client)   |                                | ecret               |
   |            |                                |                     |
   | Post-      | ClientHello ... ClientFinished | traffic_secret_0    |
   | Handshake  | + CertificateRequest           |                     |
   +------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+

   Note: The Handshake Context for the last three rows does not include
   any 0-RTT handshake messages, regardless of whether 0-RTT is used.

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4.3.1.  Certificate

   When this message will be sent:

      The server MUST send a Certificate message whenever the agreed-
      upon key exchange method uses certificates for authentication
      (this includes all key exchange methods defined in this document
      except PSK).

      The client MUST send a Certificate message if and only if server
      has requested client authentication via a CertificateRequest
      message (Section 4.2.9).  If the server requests client
      authentication but no suitable certificate is available, the
      client MUST send a Certificate message containing no certificates
      (i.e., with the "certificate_list" field having length 0).

   Meaning of this message:

      This message conveys the endpoint's certificate chain to the peer.

   Structure of this message:

      opaque ASN1Cert<1..2^24-1>;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_request_context<0..2^8-1>;
          ASN1Cert certificate_list<0..2^24-1>;
      } Certificate;

   certificate_request_context  If this message is in response to a
      CertificateRequest, the value of certificate_request_context in
      that message.  Otherwise, in the case of server authentication
      this field SHALL be zero length.

   certificate_list  This is a sequence (chain) of certificates.  The
      sender's certificate MUST come first in the list.  Each following
      certificate SHOULD directly certify one preceding it.  Because
      certificate validation requires that trust anchors be distributed
      independently, a certificate that specifies a trust anchor MAY be
      omitted from the chain, provided that supported peers are known to
      possess any omitted certificates.

   Note: Prior to TLS 1.3, "certificate_list" ordering required each
   certificate to certify the one immediately preceding it, however some
   implementations allowed some flexibility.  Servers sometimes send
   both a current and deprecated intermediate for transitional purposes,
   and others are simply configured incorrectly, but these cases can
   nonetheless be validated properly.  For maximum compatibility, all

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   implementations SHOULD be prepared to handle potentially extraneous
   certificates and arbitrary orderings from any TLS version, with the
   exception of the end-entity certificate which MUST be first.

   The server's certificate list MUST always be non-empty.  A client
   will send an empty certificate list if it does not have an
   appropriate certificate to send in response to the server's
   authentication request.

4.3.1.1.  Server Certificate Selection

   The following rules apply to the certificates sent by the server:

   -  The certificate type MUST be X.509v3 [RFC5280], unless explicitly
      negotiated otherwise (e.g., [RFC5081]).

   -  The server's end-entity certificate's public key (and associated
      restrictions) MUST be compatible with the selected authentication
      algorithm (currently RSA or ECDSA).

   -  The certificate MUST allow the key to be used for signing (i.e.,
      the digitalSignature bit MUST be set if the Key Usage extension is
      present) with a signature scheme indicated in the client's
      "signature_algorithms" extension.

   -  The "server_name" and "trusted_ca_keys" extensions [RFC6066] are
      used to guide certificate selection.  As servers MAY require the
      presence of the "server_name" extension, clients SHOULD send this
      extension, when applicable.

   All certificates provided by the server MUST be signed by a signature
   algorithm that appears in the "signature_algorithms" extension
   provided by the client, if they are able to provide such a chain (see
   Section 4.2.2).  Certificates that are self-signed or certificates
   that are expected to be trust anchors are not validated as part of
   the chain and therefore MAY be signed with any algorithm.

   If the server cannot produce a certificate chain that is signed only
   via the indicated supported algorithms, then it SHOULD continue the
   handshake by sending the client a certificate chain of its choice
   that may include algorithms that are not known to be supported by the
   client.  This fallback chain MAY use the deprecated SHA-1 hash
   algorithm only if the "signature_algorithms" extension provided by
   the client permits it.  If the client cannot construct an acceptable
   chain using the provided certificates and decides to abort the
   handshake, then it MUST send an "unsupported_certificate" alert
   message and close the connection.

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   If the server has multiple certificates, it chooses one of them based
   on the above-mentioned criteria (in addition to other criteria, such
   as transport layer endpoint, local configuration and preferences).

4.3.1.2.  Client Certificate Selection

   The following rules apply to certificates sent by the client:

   In particular:

   -  The certificate type MUST be X.509v3 [RFC5280], unless explicitly
      negotiated otherwise (e.g., [RFC5081]).

   -  If the certificate_authorities list in the certificate request
      message was non-empty, one of the certificates in the certificate
      chain SHOULD be issued by one of the listed CAs.

   -  The certificates MUST be signed using an acceptable signature
      algorithm, as described in Section 4.2.9.  Note that this relaxes
      the constraints on certificate-signing algorithms found in prior
      versions of TLS.

   -  If the certificate_extensions list in the certificate request
      message was non-empty, the end-entity certificate MUST match the
      extension OIDs recognized by the client, as described in
      Section 4.2.9.

   Note that, as with the server certificate, there are certificates
   that use algorithm combinations that cannot be currently used with
   TLS.

4.3.1.3.  Receiving a Certificate Message

   In general, detailed certificate validation procedures are out of
   scope for TLS (see [RFC5280]).  This section provides TLS-specific
   requirements.

   If the server supplies an empty Certificate message, the client MUST
   terminate the handshake with a fatal "decode_error" alert.

   If the client does not send any certificates, the server MAY at its
   discretion either continue the handshake without client
   authentication, or respond with a fatal "handshake_failure" alert.
   Also, if some aspect of the certificate chain was unacceptable (e.g.,
   it was not signed by a known, trusted CA), the server MAY at its
   discretion either continue the handshake (considering the client
   unauthenticated) or send a fatal alert.

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   Any endpoint receiving any certificate signed using any signature
   algorithm using an MD5 hash MUST send a "bad_certificate" alert
   message and close the connection.  SHA-1 is deprecated and therefore
   NOT RECOMMENDED.  All endpoints are RECOMMENDED to transition to
   SHA-256 or better as soon as possible to maintain interoperability
   with implementations currently in the process of phasing out SHA-1
   support.

   Note that a certificate containing a key for one signature algorithm
   MAY be signed using a different signature algorithm (for instance, an
   RSA key signed with an ECDSA key).

   Endpoints that reject certification paths due to use of a deprecated
   hash MUST send a fatal "bad_certificate" alert message before closing
   the connection.

4.3.2.  Certificate Verify

   When this message will be sent:

      This message is used to provide explicit proof that an endpoint
      possesses the private key corresponding to its certificate and
      also provides integrity for the handshake up to this point.
      Servers MUST send this message when authenticating via a
      certificate.  Clients MUST send this message whenever
      authenticating via a Certificate (i.e., when the Certificate
      message is non-empty).  When sent, this message MUST appear
      immediately after the Certificate Message and immediately prior to
      the Finished message.

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
           SignatureScheme algorithm;
           opaque signature<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateVerify;

   The algorithm field specifies the signature algorithm used (see
   Section 4.2.2 for the definition of this field).  The signature is a
   digital signature using that algorithm that covers the hash output
   described in Section 4.3 namely:

      Hash(Handshake Context + Certificate) + Hash(resumption_context)

   In TLS 1.3, the digital signature process takes as input:

   -  A signing key

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   -  A context string

   -  The actual content to be signed

   The digital signature is then computed using the signing key over the
   concatenation of:

   -  64 bytes of octet 32

   -  The context string

   -  A single 0 byte which servers as the separator

   -  The content to be signed

   This structure is intended to prevent an attack on previous versions
   of previous versions of TLS in which the ServerKeyExchange format
   meant that attackers could obtain a signature of a message with a
   chosen, 32-byte prefix.  The initial 64 byte pad clears that prefix.

   The context string for a server signature is "TLS 1.3, server
   CertificateVerify" and for a client signature is "TLS 1.3, client
   CertificateVerify".

   For example, if Hash(Handshake Context + Certificate) was 32 bytes of
   01 and Hash(resumption_context) was 32 bytes of 02 (these lengths
   would make sense for SHA-256, the input to the final signing process
   for a server CertificateVerify would be:

      2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
      2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
      544c5320312e332c207365727665722043657274696669636174655665726966
      79
      00
      0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
      0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202

   If sent by a server, the signature algorithm MUST be one offered in
   the client's "signature_algorithms" extension unless no valid
   certificate chain can be produced without unsupported algorithms (see
   Section 4.2.2).

   If sent by a client, the signature algorithm used in the signature
   MUST be one of those present in the supported_signature_algorithms
   field of the CertificateRequest message.

   In addition, the signature algorithm MUST be compatible with the key
   in the sender's end-entity certificate.  RSA signatures MUST use an

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   RSASSA-PSS algorithm, regardless of whether RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5
   algorithms appear in "signature_algorithms".  SHA-1 MUST NOT be used
   in any signatures in CertificateVerify.  All SHA-1 signature
   algorithms in this specification are defined solely for use in legacy
   certificates, and are not valid for CertificateVerify signatures.

   Note: When used with non-certificate-based handshakes (e.g., PSK),
   the client's signature does not cover the server's certificate
   directly, although it does cover the server's Finished message, which
   transitively includes the server's certificate when the PSK derives
   from a certificate-authenticated handshake.  [PSK-FINISHED] describes
   a concrete attack on this mode if the Finished is omitted from the
   signature.  It is unsafe to use certificate-based client
   authentication when the client might potentially share the same PSK/
   key-id pair with two different endpoints.  In order to ensure this,
   implementations MUST NOT mix certificate-based client authentication
   with pure PSK modes (i.e., those where the PSK was not derived from a
   previous non-PSK handshake).

4.3.3.  Finished

   When this message will be sent:

      The Finished message is the final message in the authentication
      block.  It is essential for providing authentication of the
      handshake and of the computed keys.

   Meaning of this message:

      Recipients of Finished messages MUST verify that the contents are
      correct.  Once a side has sent its Finished message and received
      and validated the Finished message from its peer, it may begin to
      send and receive application data over the connection.

   The key used to compute the finished message is computed from the
   Base key defined in Section 4.3 using HKDF (see Section 7.1).
   Specifically:

   client_finished_key =
       HKDF-Expand-Label(BaseKey, "client finished", "", Hash.Length)

   server_finished_key =
       HKDF-Expand-Label(BaseKey, "server finished", "", Hash.Length)

   Structure of this message:

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      struct {
          opaque verify_data[Hash.length];
      } Finished;

   The verify_data value is computed as follows:

      verify_data =
          HMAC(finished_key, Hash(
                                  Handshake Context +
                                  Certificate* +
                                  CertificateVerify*
                             ) +
                             Hash(resumption_context)
          )

      * Only included if present.

   Where HMAC [RFC2104] uses the Hash algorithm for the handshake.  As
   noted above, the HMAC input can generally be implemented by a running
   hash, i.e., just the handshake hash at this point.

   In previous versions of TLS, the verify_data was always 12 octets
   long.  In the current version of TLS, it is the size of the HMAC
   output for the Hash used for the handshake.

   Note: Alerts and any other record types are not handshake messages
   and are not included in the hash computations.

   Any records following a 1-RTT Finished message MUST be encrypted
   under the application traffic key.  In particular, this includes any
   alerts sent by the server in response to client Certificate and
   CertificateVerify messages.

4.4.  Post-Handshake Messages

   TLS also allows other messages to be sent after the main handshake.
   These messages use a handshake content type and are encrypted under
   the application traffic key.

   Handshake messages sent after the handshake MUST NOT be interleaved
   with other record types.  That is, if a message is split over two or
   more handshake records, there MUST NOT be any other records between
   them.

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4.4.1.  New Session Ticket Message

   At any time after the server has received the client Finished
   message, it MAY send a NewSessionTicket message.  This message
   creates a pre-shared key (PSK) binding between the ticket value and
   the following two values derived from the resumption master secret:

      resumption_psk = HKDF-Expand-Label(
                           resumption_secret,
                           "resumption psk", "", Hash.Length)

      resumption_context = HKDF-Expand-Label(
                               resumption_secret,
                               "resumption context", "", Hash.Length)

   The client MAY use this PSK for future handshakes by including the
   ticket value in the "pre_shared_key" extension in its ClientHello
   (Section 4.2.5).  Servers MAY send multiple tickets on a single
   connection, either immediately after each other or after specific
   events.  For instance, the server might send a new ticket after post-
   handshake authentication in order to encapsulate the additional
   client authentication state.  Clients SHOULD attempt to use each
   ticket no more than once, with more recent tickets being used first.
   For handshakes that do not use a resumption_psk, the
   resumption_context is a string of Hash.Length zeroes.  [[Note: this
   will not be safe if/when we add additional server signatures with
   PSK: OPEN ISSUE https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/558]]

   Any ticket MUST only be resumed with a cipher suite that is identical
   to that negotiated connection where the ticket was established.

    enum { (65535) } TicketExtensionType;

    struct {
        TicketExtensionType extension_type;
        opaque extension_data<1..2^16-1>;
    } TicketExtension;

    struct {
        uint32 ticket_lifetime;
        PskKeMode ke_modes<1..255>;
        PskAuthMode auth_modes<1..255>;
        opaque ticket<1..2^16-1>;
        TicketExtension extensions<0..2^16-2>;
    } NewSessionTicket;

   ke_modes  The key exchange modes with which this ticket can be used
      in descending order of server preference.

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   auth_modes  The authentication modes with which this ticket can be
      used in descending order of server preference.

   ticket_lifetime  Indicates the lifetime in seconds as a 32-bit
      unsigned integer in network byte order from the time of ticket
      issuance.  Servers MUST NOT use any value more than 604800 seconds
      (7 days).  The value of zero indicates that the ticket should be
      discarded immediately.  Clients MUST NOT cache session tickets for
      longer than 7 days, regardless of the ticket_lifetime.  It MAY
      delete the ticket earlier based on local policy.  A server MAY
      treat a ticket as valid for a shorter period of time than what is
      stated in the ticket_lifetime.

   ticket  The value of the ticket to be used as the PSK identifier.
      The ticket itself is an opaque label.  It MAY either be a database
      lookup key or a self-encrypted and self-authenticated value.
      Section 4 of [RFC5077] describes a recommended ticket construction
      mechanism.

   ticket_extensions  A set of extension values for the ticket.  Clients
      MUST ignore unrecognized extensions.

   This document defines one ticket extension, "ticket_early_data_info"

      struct {
          uint32 ticket_age_add;
      } TicketEarlyDataInfo;

   This extension indicates that the ticket may be used to send 0-RTT
   data (Section 4.2.6)).  It contains one value:

   ticket_age_add  A randomly generated 32-bit value that is used to
      obscure the age of the ticket that the client includes in the
      "early_data" extension.  The client-side ticket age is added to
      this value modulo 2^32 to obtain the value that is transmitted by
      the client.

4.4.2.  Post-Handshake Authentication

   The server is permitted to request client authentication at any time
   after the handshake has completed by sending a CertificateRequest
   message.  The client SHOULD respond with the appropriate
   Authentication messages.  If the client chooses to authenticate, it
   MUST send Certificate, CertificateVerify, and Finished.  If it
   declines, it MUST send a Certificate message containing no
   certificates followed by Finished.

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   Note: Because client authentication may require prompting the user,
   servers MUST be prepared for some delay, including receiving an
   arbitrary number of other messages between sending the
   CertificateRequest and receiving a response.  In addition, clients
   which receive multiple CertificateRequests in close succession MAY
   respond to them in a different order than they were received (the
   certificate_request_context value allows the server to disambiguate
   the responses).

4.4.3.  Key and IV Update

    struct {} KeyUpdate;

   The KeyUpdate handshake message is used to indicate that the sender
   is updating its sending cryptographic keys.  This message can be sent
   by the server after sending its first flight and the client after
   sending its second flight.  Implementations that receive a KeyUpdate
   message prior to receiving a Finished message as part of the 1-RTT
   handshake MUST generate a fatal "unexpected_message" alert.  After
   sending a KeyUpdate message, the sender SHALL send all its traffic
   using the next generation of keys, computed as described in
   Section 7.2.  Upon receiving a KeyUpdate, the receiver MUST update
   their receiving keys and if they have not already updated their
   sending state up to or past the then current receiving generation
   MUST send their own KeyUpdate prior to sending any other messages.
   This mechanism allows either side to force an update to the entire
   connection.  Note that implementations may receive an arbitrary
   number of messages between sending a KeyUpdate and receiving the
   peer's KeyUpdate because those messages may already be in flight.

   Note that if implementations independently send their own KeyUpdates
   and they cross in flight, this only results in an update of one
   generation; when each side receives the other side's update it just
   updates its receive keys and notes that the generations match and
   thus no send update is needed.

   Note that the side which sends its KeyUpdate first needs to retain
   its receive traffic keys (though not the traffic secret) for the
   previous generation of keys until it receives the KeyUpdate from the
   other side.

   Both sender and receiver MUST encrypt their KeyUpdate messages with
   the old keys.  Additionally, both sides MUST enforce that a KeyUpdate
   with the old key is received before accepting any messages encrypted
   with the new key.  Failure to do so may allow message truncation
   attacks.

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4.5.  Handshake Layer and Key Changes

   Handshake messages MUST NOT span key changes.  Because the
   ServerHello, Finished, and KeyUpdate messages signal a key change,
   upon receiving these messages a receiver MUST verify that the end of
   these messages aligns with a record boundary; if not, then it MUST
   send a fatal "unexpected_message" alert.

5.  Record Protocol

   The TLS record protocol takes messages to be transmitted, fragments
   the data into manageable blocks, protects the records, and transmits
   the result.  Received data is decrypted and verified, reassembled,
   and then delivered to higher-level clients.

   TLS records are typed, which allows multiple higher level protocols
   to be multiplexed over the same record layer.  This document
   specifies three content types: handshake, application data, and
   alert.  Implementations MUST NOT send record types not defined in
   this document unless negotiated by some extension.  If a TLS
   implementation receives an unexpected record type, it MUST send an
   "unexpected_message" alert.  New record content type values are
   assigned by IANA in the TLS Content Type Registry as described in
   Section 10.

   Application data messages are carried by the record layer and are
   fragmented and encrypted as described below.  The messages are
   treated as transparent data to the record layer.

5.1.  Record Layer

   The TLS record layer receives uninterpreted data from higher layers
   in non-empty blocks of arbitrary size.

   The record layer fragments information blocks into TLSPlaintext
   records carrying data in chunks of 2^14 bytes or less.  Message
   boundaries are not preserved in the record layer (i.e., multiple
   messages of the same ContentType MAY be coalesced into a single
   TLSPlaintext record, or a single message MAY be fragmented across
   several records).  Alert messages (Section 6) MUST NOT be fragmented
   across records.

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   enum {
       alert(21),
       handshake(22),
       application_data(23)
       (255)
   } ContentType;

   struct {
       ContentType type;
       ProtocolVersion legacy_record_version = { 3, 1 };    /* TLS v1.x */
       uint16 length;
       opaque fragment[TLSPlaintext.length];
   } TLSPlaintext;

   type  The higher-level protocol used to process the enclosed
      fragment.

   legacy_record_version  This value MUST be set to { 3, 1 } for all
      records.  This field is deprecated and MUST be ignored for all
      purposes.

   length  The length (in bytes) of the following TLSPlaintext.fragment.
      The length MUST NOT exceed 2^14.

   fragment  The data being transmitted.  This value transparent and
      treated as an independent block to be dealt with by the higher-
      level protocol specified by the type field.

   This document describes TLS Version 1.3, which uses the version { 3,
   4 }.  The version value 3.4 is historical, deriving from the use of {
   3, 1 } for TLS 1.0 and { 3, 0 } for SSL 3.0.  In order to maximize
   backwards compatibility, the record layer version identifies as
   simply TLS 1.0.  Endpoints supporting other versions negotiate the
   version to use by following the procedure and requirements in
   Appendix C.

   Implementations MUST NOT send zero-length fragments of Handshake or
   Alert types, even if those fragments contain padding.  Zero-length
   fragments of Application data MAY be sent as they are potentially
   useful as a traffic analysis countermeasure.

   When record protection has not yet been engaged, TLSPlaintext
   structures are written directly onto the wire.  Once record
   protection has started, TLSPlaintext records are protected and sent
   as described in the following section.

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5.2.  Record Payload Protection

   The record protection functions translate a TLSPlaintext structure
   into a TLSCiphertext.  The deprotection functions reverse the
   process.  In TLS 1.3 as opposed to previous versions of TLS, all
   ciphers are modeled as "Authenticated Encryption with Additional
   Data" (AEAD) [RFC5116].  AEAD functions provide a unified encryption
   and authentication operation which turns plaintext into authenticated
   ciphertext and back again.  Each encrypted record consists of a
   plaintext header followed by an encrypted body, which itself contains
   a type and optional padding.

   struct {
      opaque content[TLSPlaintext.length];
      ContentType type;
      uint8 zeros[length_of_padding];
   } TLSInnerPlaintext;

   struct {
       ContentType opaque_type = application_data(23); /* see fragment.type */
       ProtocolVersion legacy_record_version = { 3, 1 };    /* TLS v1.x */
       uint16 length;
       opaque encrypted_record[length];
   } TLSCiphertext;

   content  The cleartext of TLSPlaintext.fragment.

   type  The content type of the record.

   zeros  An arbitrary-length run of zero-valued bytes may appear in the
      cleartext after the type field.  This provides an opportunity for
      senders to pad any TLS record by a chosen amount as long as the
      total stays within record size limits.  See Section 5.4 for more
      details.

   opaque_type  The outer opaque_type field of a TLSCiphertext record is
      always set to the value 23 (application_data) for outward
      compatibility with middleboxes accustomed to parsing previous
      versions of TLS.  The actual content type of the record is found
      in fragment.type after decryption.

   legacy_record_version  The legacy_record_version field is identical
      to TLSPlaintext.legacy_record_version and is always { 3, 1 }.
      Note that the handshake protocol including the ClientHello and
      ServerHello messages authenticates the protocol version, so this
      value is redundant.

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   length  The length (in bytes) of the following
      TLSCiphertext.fragment, which is the sum of the lengths of the
      content and the padding, plus one for the inner content type.  The
      length MUST NOT exceed 2^14 + 256.  An endpoint that receives a
      record that exceeds this length MUST generate a fatal
      "record_overflow" alert.

   encrypted_record  The AEAD encrypted form of the serialized
      TLSInnerPlaintext structure.

   AEAD ciphers take as input a single key, a nonce, a plaintext, and
   "additional data" to be included in the authentication check, as
   described in Section 2.1 of [RFC5116].  The key is either the
   client_write_key or the server_write_key, the nonce is derived from
   the sequence number (see Section 5.3) and the client_write_iv or
   server_write_iv, and the additional data input is empty (zero
   length).  Derivation of traffic keys is defined in Section 7.3.

   The plaintext is the concatenation of TLSPlaintext.fragment,
   TLSPlaintext.type, and any padding bytes (zeros).

   The AEAD output consists of the ciphertext output by the AEAD
   encryption operation.  The length of the plaintext is greater than
   TLSPlaintext.length due to the inclusion of TLSPlaintext.type and
   however much padding is supplied by the sender.  The length of the
   AEAD output will generally be larger than the plaintext, but by an
   amount that varies with the AEAD cipher.  Since the ciphers might
   incorporate padding, the amount of overhead could vary with different
   lengths of plaintext.  Symbolically,

      AEADEncrypted =
          AEAD-Encrypt(write_key, nonce, plaintext of fragment)

   In order to decrypt and verify, the cipher takes as input the key,
   nonce, and the AEADEncrypted value.  The output is either the
   plaintext or an error indicating that the decryption failed.  There
   is no separate integrity check.  That is:

      plaintext of fragment =
          AEAD-Decrypt(write_key, nonce, AEADEncrypted)

   If the decryption fails, a fatal "bad_record_mac" alert MUST be
   generated.

   An AEAD cipher MUST NOT produce an expansion of greater than 255
   bytes.  An endpoint that receives a record from its peer with
   TLSCipherText.length larger than 2^14 + 256 octets MUST generate a
   fatal "record_overflow" alert.  This limit is derived from the

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   maximum TLSPlaintext length of 2^14 octets + 1 octet for ContentType
   + the maximum AEAD expansion of 255 octets.

5.3.  Per-Record Nonce

   A 64-bit sequence number is maintained separately for reading and
   writing records.  Each sequence number is set to zero at the
   beginning of a connection and whenever the key is changed.

   The sequence number is incremented after reading or writing each
   record.  The first record transmitted under a particular set of
   traffic keys record key MUST use sequence number 0.

   Sequence numbers do not wrap.  If a TLS implementation would need to
   wrap a sequence number, it MUST either rekey (Section 4.4.3) or
   terminate the connection.

   The length of the per-record nonce (iv_length) is set to max(8 bytes,
   N_MIN) for the AEAD algorithm (see [RFC5116] Section 4).  An AEAD
   algorithm where N_MAX is less than 8 bytes MUST NOT be used with TLS.
   The per-record nonce for the AEAD construction is formed as follows:

   1.  The 64-bit record sequence number is padded to the left with
       zeroes to iv_length.

   2.  The padded sequence number is XORed with the static
       client_write_iv or server_write_iv, depending on the role.

   The resulting quantity (of length iv_length) is used as the per-
   record nonce.

   Note: This is a different construction from that in TLS 1.2, which
   specified a partially explicit nonce.

5.4.  Record Padding

   All encrypted TLS records can be padded to inflate the size of the
   TLSCipherText.  This allows the sender to hide the size of the
   traffic from an observer.

   When generating a TLSCiphertext record, implementations MAY choose to
   pad.  An unpadded record is just a record with a padding length of
   zero.  Padding is a string of zero-valued bytes appended to the
   ContentType field before encryption.  Implementations MUST set the
   padding octets to all zeros before encrypting.

   Application Data records may contain a zero-length fragment.content
   if the sender desires.  This permits generation of plausibly-sized

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   cover traffic in contexts where the presence or absence of activity
   may be sensitive.  Implementations MUST NOT send Handshake or Alert
   records that have a zero-length fragment.content.

   The padding sent is automatically verified by the record protection
   mechanism: Upon successful decryption of a TLSCiphertext.fragment,
   the receiving implementation scans the field from the end toward the
   beginning until it finds a non-zero octet.  This non-zero octet is
   the content type of the message.  This padding scheme was selected
   because it allows padding of any encrypted TLS record by an arbitrary
   size (from zero up to TLS record size limits) without introducing new
   content types.  The design also enforces all-zero padding octets,
   which allows for quick detection of padding errors.

   Implementations MUST limit their scanning to the cleartext returned
   from the AEAD decryption.  If a receiving implementation does not
   find a non-zero octet in the cleartext, it should treat the record as
   having an unexpected ContentType, sending an "unexpected_message"
   alert.

   The presence of padding does not change the overall record size
   limitations - the full fragment plaintext may not exceed 2^14 octets.

   Selecting a padding policy that suggests when and how much to pad is
   a complex topic, and is beyond the scope of this specification.  If
   the application layer protocol atop TLS has its own padding padding,
   it may be preferable to pad application_data TLS records within the
   application layer.  Padding for encrypted handshake and alert TLS
   records must still be handled at the TLS layer, though.  Later
   documents may define padding selection algorithms, or define a
   padding policy request mechanism through TLS extensions or some other
   means.

5.5.  Limits on Key Usage

   There are cryptographic limits on the amount of plaintext which can
   be safely encrypted under a given set of keys.  [AEAD-LIMITS]
   provides an analysis of these limits under the assumption that the
   underlying primitive (AES or ChaCha20) has no weaknesses.
   Implementations SHOULD do a key update Section 4.4.3 prior to
   reaching these limits.

   For AES-GCM, up to 2^24.5 full-size records may be encrypted on a
   given connection while keeping a safety margin of approximately 2^-57
   for Authenticated Encryption (AE) security.  For ChaCha20/Poly1305,
   the record sequence number will wrap before the safety limit is
   reached.

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6.  Alert Protocol

   One of the content types supported by the TLS record layer is the
   alert type.  Like other messages, alert messages are encrypted as
   specified by the current connection state.

   Alert messages convey the severity of the message (warning or fatal)
   and a description of the alert.  Warning-level messages are used to
   indicate orderly closure of the connection (see Section 6.1).  Upon
   receiving a warning-level alert, the TLS implementation SHOULD
   indicate end-of-data to the application and, if appropriate for the
   alert type, send a closure alert in response.

   Fatal-level messages are used to indicate abortive closure of the
   connection (See Section 6.2).  Upon receiving a fatal-level alert,
   the TLS implementation SHOULD indicate an error to the application
   and MUST NOT allow any further data to be sent or received on the
   connection.  Servers and clients MUST forget keys and secrets
   associated with a failed connection.  Stateful implementations of
   session tickets (as in many clients) SHOULD discard tickets
   associated with failed connections.

   All the alerts listed in Section 6.2 MUST be sent as fatal and MUST
   be treated as fatal regardless of the AlertLevel in the message.
   Unknown alert types MUST be treated as fatal.

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      enum { warning(1), fatal(2), (255) } AlertLevel;

      enum {
          close_notify(0),
          end_of_early_data(1),
          unexpected_message(10),
          bad_record_mac(20),
          record_overflow(22),
          handshake_failure(40),
          bad_certificate(42),
          unsupported_certificate(43),
          certificate_revoked(44),
          certificate_expired(45),
          certificate_unknown(46),
          illegal_parameter(47),
          unknown_ca(48),
          access_denied(49),
          decode_error(50),
          decrypt_error(51),
          protocol_version(70),
          insufficient_security(71),
          internal_error(80),
          inappropriate_fallback(86),
          user_canceled(90),
          missing_extension(109),
          unsupported_extension(110),
          certificate_unobtainable(111),
          unrecognized_name(112),
          bad_certificate_status_response(113),
          bad_certificate_hash_value(114),
          unknown_psk_identity(115),
          (255)
      } AlertDescription;

      struct {
          AlertLevel level;
          AlertDescription description;
      } Alert;

6.1.  Closure Alerts

   The client and the server must share knowledge that the connection is
   ending in order to avoid a truncation attack.  Failure to properly
   close a connection does not prohibit a session from being resumed.

   close_notify  This alert notifies the recipient that the sender will
      not send any more messages on this connection.  Any data received
      after a closure MUST be ignored.

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   end_of_early_data  This alert is sent by the client to indicate that
      all 0-RTT application_data messages have been transmitted (or none
      will be sent at all) and that this is the end of the flight.  This
      alert MUST be at the warning level.  Servers MUST NOT send this
      alert and clients receiving it MUST terminate the connection with
      an "unexpected_message" alert.

   user_canceled  This alert notifies the recipient that the sender is
      canceling the handshake for some reason unrelated to a protocol
      failure.  If a user cancels an operation after the handshake is
      complete, just closing the connection by sending a "close_notify"
      is more appropriate.  This alert SHOULD be followed by a
      "close_notify".  This alert is generally a warning.

   Either party MAY initiate a close by sending a "close_notify" alert.
   Any data received after a closure alert is ignored.  If a transport-
   level close is received prior to a "close_notify", the receiver
   cannot know that all the data that was sent has been received.

   Each party MUST send a "close_notify" alert before closing the write
   side of the connection, unless some other fatal alert has been
   transmitted.  The other party MUST respond with a "close_notify"
   alert of its own and close down the connection immediately,
   discarding any pending writes.  The initiator of the close need not
   wait for the responding "close_notify" alert before closing the read
   side of the connection.

   If the application protocol using TLS provides that any data may be
   carried over the underlying transport after the TLS connection is
   closed, the TLS implementation must receive the responding
   "close_notify" alert before indicating to the application layer that
   the TLS connection has ended.  If the application protocol will not
   transfer any additional data, but will only close the underlying
   transport connection, then the implementation MAY choose to close the
   transport without waiting for the responding "close_notify".  No part
   of this standard should be taken to dictate the manner in which a
   usage profile for TLS manages its data transport, including when
   connections are opened or closed.

   Note: It is assumed that closing a connection reliably delivers
   pending data before destroying the transport.

6.2.  Error Alerts

   Error handling in the TLS Handshake Protocol is very simple.  When an
   error is detected, the detecting party sends a message to its peer.
   Upon transmission or receipt of a fatal alert message, both parties
   immediately close the connection.  Whenever an implementation

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   encounters a condition which is defined as a fatal alert, it MUST
   send the appropriate alert prior to closing the connection.  All
   alerts defined in this section below, as well as all unknown alerts
   are universally considered fatal as of TLS 1.3 (see Section 6).

   The following error alerts are defined:

   unexpected_message  An inappropriate message was received.  This
      alert should never be observed in communication between proper
      implementations.

   bad_record_mac  This alert is returned if a record is received which
      cannot be deprotected.  Because AEAD algorithms combine decryption
      and verification, this alert is used for all deprotection
      failures.  This alert should never be observed in communication
      between proper implementations, except when messages were
      corrupted in the network.

   record_overflow  A TLSCiphertext record was received that had a
      length more than 2^14 + 256 bytes, or a record decrypted to a
      TLSPlaintext record with more than 2^14 bytes.  This alert should
      never be observed in communication between proper implementations,
      except when messages were corrupted in the network.

   handshake_failure  Reception of a "handshake_failure" alert message
      indicates that the sender was unable to negotiate an acceptable
      set of security parameters given the options available.

   bad_certificate  A certificate was corrupt, contained signatures that
      did not verify correctly, etc.

   unsupported_certificate  A certificate was of an unsupported type.

   certificate_revoked  A certificate was revoked by its signer.

   certificate_expired  A certificate has expired or is not currently
      valid.

   certificate_unknown  Some other (unspecified) issue arose in
      processing the certificate, rendering it unacceptable.

   illegal_parameter  A field in the handshake was out of range or
      inconsistent with other fields.

   unknown_ca  A valid certificate chain or partial chain was received,
      but the certificate was not accepted because the CA certificate
      could not be located or couldn't be matched with a known, trusted
      CA.

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   access_denied  A valid certificate or PSK was received, but when
      access control was applied, the sender decided not to proceed with
      negotiation.

   decode_error  A message could not be decoded because some field was
      out of the specified range or the length of the message was
      incorrect.  This alert should never be observed in communication
      between proper implementations, except when messages were
      corrupted in the network.

   decrypt_error  A handshake cryptographic operation failed, including
      being unable to correctly verify a signature or validate a
      Finished message.

   protocol_version  The protocol version the peer has attempted to
      negotiate is recognized but not supported. (see Appendix C)

   insufficient_security  Returned instead of "handshake_failure" when a
      negotiation has failed specifically because the server requires
      ciphers more secure than those supported by the client.

   internal_error  An internal error unrelated to the peer or the
      correctness of the protocol (such as a memory allocation failure)
      makes it impossible to continue.

   inappropriate_fallback  Sent by a server in response to an invalid
      connection retry attempt from a client. (see [RFC7507])

   missing_extension  Sent by endpoints that receive a hello message not
      containing an extension that is mandatory to send for the offered
      TLS version.  [[TODO: IANA Considerations.]]

   unsupported_extension  Sent by endpoints receiving any hello message
      containing an extension known to be prohibited for inclusion in
      the given hello message, including any extensions in a ServerHello
      not first offered in the corresponding ClientHello.

   certificate_unobtainable  Sent by servers when unable to obtain a
      certificate from a URL provided by the client via the
      "client_certificate_url" extension [RFC6066].

   unrecognized_name  Sent by servers when no server exists identified
      by the name provided by the client via the "server_name" extension
      [RFC6066].

   bad_certificate_status_response  Sent by clients when an invalid or
      unacceptable OCSP response is provided by the server via the
      "status_request" extension [RFC6066].  This alert is always fatal.

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   bad_certificate_hash_value  Sent by servers when a retrieved object
      does not have the correct hash provided by the client via the
      "client_certificate_url" extension [RFC6066].

   unknown_psk_identity  Sent by servers when PSK key establishment is
      desired but no acceptable PSK identity is provided by the client.
      Sending this alert is OPTIONAL; servers MAY instead choose to send
      a "decrypt_error" alert to merely indicate an invalid PSK
      identity.

   New Alert values are assigned by IANA as described in Section 10.

7.  Cryptographic Computations

   In order to begin connection protection, the TLS Record Protocol
   requires specification of a suite of algorithms, a master secret, and
   the client and server random values.

7.1.  Key Schedule

   The TLS handshake establishes one or more input secrets which are
   combined to create the actual working keying material, as detailed
   below.  The key derivation process makes use of the HKDF-Extract and
   HKDF-Expand functions as defined for HKDF [RFC5869], as well as the
   functions defined below:

       HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, Label, HashValue, Length) =
            HKDF-Expand(Secret, HkdfLabel, Length)

       Where HkdfLabel is specified as:

       struct HkdfLabel
       {
         uint16 length = Length;
         opaque label<9..255> = "TLS 1.3, " + Label;
         opaque hash_value<0..255> = HashValue;
       };

       Derive-Secret(Secret, Label, Messages) =
            HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, Label,
                              Hash(Messages) +
                              Hash(resumption_context), Hash.Length)

   The Hash function and the HKDF hash are the cipher suite hash
   function.  Hash.Length is its output length.

   Given a set of n InputSecrets, the final "master secret" is computed
   by iteratively invoking HKDF-Extract with InputSecret_1,

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   InputSecret_2, etc.  The initial secret is simply a string of zeroes
   as long as the size of the Hash that is the basis for the HKDF.
   Concretely, for the present version of TLS 1.3, secrets are added in
   the following order:

   -  PSK

   -  (EC)DHE shared secret

   This produces a full key derivation schedule shown in the diagram
   below.  In this diagram, the following formatting conventions apply:

   -  HKDF-Extract is drawn as taking the Salt argument from the top and
      the IKM argument from the left.

   -  Derive-Secret's Secret argument is indicated by the arrow coming
      in from the left.  For instance, the Early Secret is the Secret
      for generating the early_traffic_secret.

   Note that the 0-RTT Finished message is not included in the Derive-
   Secret operation.

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                 0
                 |
                 v
   PSK ->  HKDF-Extract
                 |
                 v
           Early Secret ---> Derive-Secret(., "early traffic secret",
                 |                         ClientHello)
                 |                         = early_traffic_secret
                 v
(EC)DHE -> HKDF-Extract
                 |
                 v
              Handshake
               Secret -----> Derive-Secret(., "handshake traffic secret",
                 |                         ClientHello...ServerHello)
                 |                         = handshake_traffic_secret
                 v
      0 -> HKDF-Extract
                 |
                 v
            Master Secret
                 |
                 +---------> Derive-Secret(., "application traffic secret",
                 |                         ClientHello...Server Finished)
                 |                         = traffic_secret_0
                 |
                 +---------> Derive-Secret(., "exporter master secret",
                 |                         ClientHello...Client Finished)
                 |                         = exporter_secret
                 |
                 +---------> Derive-Secret(., "resumption master secret",
                                           ClientHello...Client Finished)
                                           = resumption_secret

   The general pattern here is that the secrets shown down the left side
   of the diagram are just raw entropy without context, whereas the
   secrets down the right side include handshake context and therefore
   can be used to derive working keys without additional context.  Note
   that the different calls to Derive-Secret may take different Messages
   arguments, even with the same secret.  In a 0-RTT exchange, Derive-
   Secret is called with four distinct transcripts; in a 1-RTT only
   exchange with three distinct transcripts.

   If a given secret is not available, then the 0-value consisting of a
   string of Hash.length zeroes is used.  Note that this does not mean
   skipping rounds, so if PSK is not in use Early Secret will still be
   HKDF-Extract(0, 0).

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7.2.  Updating Traffic Keys and IVs

   Once the handshake is complete, it is possible for either side to
   update its sending traffic keys using the KeyUpdate handshake message
   defined in Section 4.4.3.  The next generation of traffic keys is
   computed by generating traffic_secret_N+1 from traffic_secret_N as
   described in this section then re-deriving the traffic keys as
   described in Section 7.3.

   The next-generation traffic_secret is computed as:

    traffic_secret_N+1 = HKDF-Expand-Label(
                             traffic_secret_N,
                             "application traffic secret", "", Hash.Length)

   Once traffic_secret_N+1 and its associated traffic keys have been
   computed, implementations SHOULD delete traffic_secret_N.  Once the
   directional keys are no longer needed, they SHOULD be deleted as
   well.

7.3.  Traffic Key Calculation

   The traffic keying material is generated from the following input
   values:

   -  A secret value

   -  A phase value indicating the phase of the protocol the keys are
      being generated for

   -  A purpose value indicating the specific value being generated

   -  The length of the key

   The keying material is computed using:

      key = HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret,
                              phase + ", " + purpose,
                              "",
                              key_length)

   The following table describes the inputs to the key calculation for
   each class of traffic keys:

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   +-------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
   | Record Type | Secret                   | Phase                    |
   +-------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
   | 0-RTT       | early_traffic_secret     | "early handshake key     |
   | Handshake   |                          | expansion"               |
   |             |                          |                          |
   | 0-RTT       | early_traffic_secret     | "early application data  |
   | Application |                          | key expansion"           |
   |             |                          |                          |
   | Handshake   | handshake_traffic_secret | "handshake key           |
   |             |                          | expansion"               |
   |             |                          |                          |
   | Application | traffic_secret_N         | "application data key    |
   | Data        |                          | expansion"               |
   +-------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+

   The following table indicates the purpose values for each type of
   key:

                 +------------------+--------------------+
                 | Key Type         | Purpose            |
                 +------------------+--------------------+
                 | client_write_key | "client write key" |
                 |                  |                    |
                 | server_write_key | "server write key" |
                 |                  |                    |
                 | client_write_iv  | "client write iv"  |
                 |                  |                    |
                 | server_write_iv  | "server write iv"  |
                 +------------------+--------------------+

   All the traffic keying material is recomputed whenever the underlying
   Secret changes (e.g., when changing from the handshake to application
   data keys or upon a key update).

7.3.1.  Diffie-Hellman

   A conventional Diffie-Hellman computation is performed.  The
   negotiated key (Z) is converted to byte string by encoding in big-
   endian, padded with zeros up to the size of the prime.  This byte
   string is used as the shared secret, and is used in the key schedule
   as specified above.

   Note that this construction differs from previous versions of TLS
   which remove leading zeros.

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7.3.2.  Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman

   For secp256r1, secp384r1 and secp521r1, ECDH calculations (including
   parameter and key generation as well as the shared secret
   calculation) are performed according to [IEEE1363] using the ECKAS-
   DH1 scheme with the identity map as key derivation function (KDF), so
   that the shared secret is the x-coordinate of the ECDH shared secret
   elliptic curve point represented as an octet string.  Note that this
   octet string (Z in IEEE 1363 terminology) as output by FE2OSP, the
   Field Element to Octet String Conversion Primitive, has constant
   length for any given field; leading zeros found in this octet string
   MUST NOT be truncated.

   (Note that this use of the identity KDF is a technicality.  The
   complete picture is that ECDH is employed with a non-trivial KDF
   because TLS does not directly use this secret for anything other than
   for computing other secrets.)

   ECDH functions are used as follows:

   -  The public key to put into the KeyShareEntry.key_exchange
      structure is the result of applying the ECDH function to the
      secret key of appropriate length (into scalar input) and the
      standard public basepoint (into u-coordinate point input).

   -  The ECDH shared secret is the result of applying ECDH function to
      the secret key (into scalar input) and the peer's public key (into
      u-coordinate point input).  The output is used raw, with no
      processing.

   For X25519 and X448, see [RFC7748].

7.3.3.  Exporters

   [RFC5705] defines keying material exporters for TLS in terms of the
   TLS PRF.  This document replaces the PRF with HKDF, thus requiring a
   new construction.  The exporter interface remains the same, however
   the value is computed as:

   HKDF-Expand-Label(exporter_secret,
                     label, context_value, key_length)

8.  Compliance Requirements

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8.1.  MTI Cipher Suites

   In the absence of an application profile standard specifying
   otherwise, a TLS-compliant application MUST implement the
   TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 cipher suite and SHOULD implement the
   TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 and TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 cipher
   suites.

   A TLS-compliant application MUST support digital signatures with
   rsa_pkcs1_sha256 (for certificates), rsa_pss_sha256 (for
   CertificateVerify and certificates), and ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256.  A
   TLS-compliant application MUST support key exchange with secp256r1
   (NIST P-256) and SHOULD support key exchange with X25519 [RFC7748].

8.2.  MTI Extensions

   In the absence of an application profile standard specifying
   otherwise, a TLS-compliant application MUST implement the following
   TLS extensions:

   -  Signature Algorithms ("signature_algorithms"; Section 4.2.2)

   -  Negotiated Groups ("supported_groups"; Section 4.2.3)

   -  Key Share ("key_share"; Section 4.2.4)

   -  Pre-Shared Key ("pre_shared_key"; Section 4.2.5)

   -  Server Name Indication ("server_name"; Section 3 of [RFC6066])

   -  Cookie ("cookie"; Section 4.2.1)

   All implementations MUST send and use these extensions when offering
   applicable cipher suites:

   -  "signature_algorithms" is REQUIRED for certificate authenticated
      cipher suites.

   -  "supported_groups" and "key_share" are REQUIRED for DHE or ECDHE
      cipher suites.

   -  "pre_shared_key" is REQUIRED for PSK cipher suites.

   -  "cookie" is REQUIRED for all cipher suites.

   When negotiating use of applicable cipher suites, endpoints MUST
   abort the connection with a "missing_extension" alert if the required
   extension was not provided.  Any endpoint that receives any invalid

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   combination of cipher suites and extensions MAY abort the connection
   with a "missing_extension" alert, regardless of negotiated
   parameters.

   Additionally, all implementations MUST support use of the
   "server_name" extension with applications capable of using it.
   Servers MAY require clients to send a valid "server_name" extension.
   Servers requiring this extension SHOULD respond to a ClientHello
   lacking a "server_name" extension with a fatal "missing_extension"
   alert.

   Servers MUST NOT send the "signature_algorithms" extension; if a
   client receives this extension it MUST respond with a fatal
   "unsupported_extension" alert and close the connection.

9.  Security Considerations

   Security issues are discussed throughout this memo, especially in
   Appendices B, C, and D.

10.  IANA Considerations

   This document uses several registries that were originally created in
   [RFC4346].  IANA has updated these to reference this document.  The
   registries and their allocation policies are below:

   -  TLS Cipher Suite Registry: Values with the first byte in the range
      0-254 (decimal) are assigned via Specification Required [RFC2434].
      Values with the first byte 255 (decimal) are reserved for Private
      Use [RFC2434].  IANA [SHALL add/has added] a "Recommended" column
      to the cipher suite registry.  All cipher suites listed in
      Appendix A.4 are marked as "Yes".  All other cipher suites are
      marked as "No".  IANA [SHALL add/has added] add a note to this
      column reading:

         Cipher suites marked as "Yes" are those allocated via Standards
         Track RFCs.  Cipher suites marked as "No" are not; cipher
         suites marked "No" range from "good" to "bad" from a
         cryptographic standpoint.

   -  TLS ContentType Registry: Future values are allocated via
      Standards Action [RFC2434].

   -  TLS Alert Registry: Future values are allocated via Standards
      Action [RFC2434].

   -  TLS HandshakeType Registry: Future values are allocated via
      Standards Action [RFC2434].  IANA [SHALL update/has updated] this

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      registry to rename item 4 from "NewSessionTicket" to
      "new_session_ticket".

   This document also uses a registry originally created in [RFC4366].
   IANA has updated it to reference this document.  The registry and its
   allocation policy is listed below:

   -  TLS ExtensionType Registry: Values with the first byte in the
      range 0-254 (decimal) are assigned via Specification Required
      [RFC2434].  Values with the first byte 255 (decimal) are reserved
      for Private Use [RFC2434].  IANA [SHALL update/has updated] this
      registry to include the "key_share", "pre_shared_key", and
      "early_data" extensions as defined in this document.

      IANA [shall update/has updated] this registry to include a "TLS
      1.3" column with the following four values: "Client", indicating
      that the server shall not send them.  "Clear", indicating that
      they shall be in the ServerHello.  "Encrypted", indicating that
      they shall be in the EncryptedExtensions block, and "No"
      indicating that they are not used in TLS 1.3.  This column [shall
      be/has been] initially populated with the values in this document.
      IANA [shall update/has updated] this registry to add a
      "Recommended" column.  IANA [shall/has] initially populated this
      column with the values in the table below.  This table has been
      generated by marking Standards Track RFCs as "Yes" and all others
      as "No".

   +-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------+
   | Extension                     | Recommend |               TLS 1.3 |
   |                               |        ed |                       |
   +-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------+
   | server_name [RFC6066]         |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | max_fragment_length [RFC6066] |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | client_certificate_url        |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   | [RFC6066]                     |           |                       |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | trusted_ca_keys [RFC6066]     |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | truncated_hmac [RFC6066]      |       Yes |                    No |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | status_request [RFC6066]      |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | user_mapping [RFC4681]        |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | client_authz [RFC5878]        |        No |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |

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   | server_authz [RFC5878]        |        No |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | cert_type [RFC6091]           |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | supported_groups [RFC-ietf-   |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   | tls-negotiated-ff-dhe]        |           |                       |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | ec_point_formats [RFC4492]    |       Yes |                    No |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | srp [RFC5054]                 |        No |                    No |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | signature_algorithms          |       Yes |                Client |
   | [RFC5246]                     |           |                       |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | use_srtp [RFC5764]            |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | heartbeat [RFC6520]           |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | application_layer_protocol_ne |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   | gotiation [RFC7301]           |           |                       |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | status_request_v2 [RFC6961]   |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | signed_certificate_timestamp  |        No |             Encrypted |
   | [RFC6962]                     |           |                       |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | client_certificate_type       |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   | [RFC7250]                     |           |                       |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | server_certificate_type       |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   | [RFC7250]                     |           |                       |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | padding [RFC7685]             |       Yes |                Client |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | encrypt_then_mac [RFC7366]    |       Yes |                    No |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | extended_master_secret        |       Yes |                    No |
   | [RFC7627]                     |           |                       |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | SessionTicket TLS [RFC4507]   |       Yes |                    No |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | renegotiation_info [RFC5746]  |       Yes |                    No |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | key_share [[this document]]   |       Yes |                 Clear |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | pre_shared_key [[this         |       Yes |                 Clear |
   | document]]                    |           |                       |
   |                               |           |                       |

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   | early_data [[this document]]  |       Yes |             Encrypted |
   |                               |           |                       |
   | cookie [[this document]]      |       Yes | Encrypted/HelloRetryR |
   |                               |           |                equest |
   +-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------+

   In addition, this document defines two new registries to be
   maintained by IANA

   -  TLS SignatureScheme Registry: Values with the first byte in the
      range 0-254 (decimal) are assigned via Specification Required
      [RFC2434].  Values with the first byte 255 (decimal) are reserved
      for Private Use [RFC2434].  This registry SHALL have a
      "Recommended" column.  The registry [shall be/ has been] initially
      populated with the values described in Section 4.2.2.  The
      following values SHALL be marked as "Recommended":
      ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256, ecdsa_secp384r1_sha384, rsa_pss_sha256,
      rsa_pss_sha384, rsa_pss_sha512, ed25519.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [AES]      National Institute of Standards and Technology,
              "Specification for the Advanced Encryption Standard
              (AES)", NIST FIPS 197, November 2001.

   [DH]       Diffie, W. and M. Hellman, "New Directions in
              Cryptography", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
              V.IT-22 n.6 , June 1977.

   [I-D.irtf-cfrg-eddsa]
              Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-curve Digital
              Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", draft-irtf-cfrg-eddsa-06
              (work in progress), August 2016.

   [I-D.mattsson-tls-ecdhe-psk-aead]
              Mattsson, J. and D. Migault, "ECDHE_PSK with AES-GCM and
              AES-CCM Cipher Suites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
              draft-mattsson-tls-ecdhe-psk-aead-05 (work in progress),
              April 2016.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.

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   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2434]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", RFC 2434,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2434, October 1998,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2434>.

   [RFC3447]  Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography
              Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications
              Version 2.1", RFC 3447, DOI 10.17487/RFC3447, February
              2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3447>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

   [RFC5288]  Salowey, J., Choudhury, A., and D. McGrew, "AES Galois
              Counter Mode (GCM) Cipher Suites for TLS", RFC 5288,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5288, August 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5288>.

   [RFC5289]  Rescorla, E., "TLS Elliptic Curve Cipher Suites with SHA-
              256/384 and AES Galois Counter Mode (GCM)", RFC 5289,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5289, August 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5289>.

   [RFC5487]  Badra, M., "Pre-Shared Key Cipher Suites for TLS with SHA-
              256/384 and AES Galois Counter Mode", RFC 5487,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5487, March 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5487>.

   [RFC5705]  Rescorla, E., "Keying Material Exporters for Transport
              Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 5705, DOI 10.17487/RFC5705,
              March 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5705>.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.

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   [RFC6066]  Eastlake 3rd, D., "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions: Extension Definitions", RFC 6066,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6066, January 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6066>.

   [RFC6209]  Kim, W., Lee, J., Park, J., and D. Kwon, "Addition of the
              ARIA Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
              RFC 6209, DOI 10.17487/RFC6209, April 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6209>.

   [RFC6367]  Kanno, S. and M. Kanda, "Addition of the Camellia Cipher
              Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 6367,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6367, September 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6367>.

   [RFC6655]  McGrew, D. and D. Bailey, "AES-CCM Cipher Suites for
              Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 6655,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6655, July 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6655>.

   [RFC6961]  Pettersen, Y., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Multiple Certificate Status Request Extension", RFC 6961,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6961, June 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6961>.

   [RFC6979]  Pornin, T., "Deterministic Usage of the Digital Signature
              Algorithm (DSA) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
              Algorithm (ECDSA)", RFC 6979, DOI 10.17487/RFC6979, August
              2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6979>.

   [RFC7251]  McGrew, D., Bailey, D., Campagna, M., and R. Dugal, "AES-
              CCM Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites for
              TLS", RFC 7251, DOI 10.17487/RFC7251, June 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7251>.

   [RFC7443]  Patil, P., Reddy, T., Salgueiro, G., and M. Petit-
              Huguenin, "Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN)
              Labels for Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)
              Usages", RFC 7443, DOI 10.17487/RFC7443, January 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7443>.

   [RFC7748]  Langley, A., Hamburg, M., and S. Turner, "Elliptic Curves
              for Security", RFC 7748, DOI 10.17487/RFC7748, January
              2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7748>.

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   [RFC7905]  Langley, A., Chang, W., Mavrogiannopoulos, N.,
              Strombergson, J., and S. Josefsson, "ChaCha20-Poly1305
              Cipher Suites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
              RFC 7905, DOI 10.17487/RFC7905, June 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7905>.

   [SHS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "Secure Hash Standard", NIST FIPS
              PUB 180-4, March 2012.

   [X690]     ITU-T, "Information technology - ASN.1 encoding Rules:
              Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical
              Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules
              (DER)", ISO/IEC 8825-1:2002, 2002.

   [X962]     ANSI, "Public Key Cryptography For The Financial Services
              Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
              (ECDSA)", ANSI X9.62, 1998.

11.2.  Informative References

   [AEAD-LIMITS]
              Luykx, A. and K. Paterson, "Limits on Authenticated
              Encryption Use in TLS", 2016,
              <http://www.isg.rhul.ac.uk/~kp/TLS-AEbounds.pdf>.

   [BBFKZG16]
              Bhargavan, K., Brzuska, C., Fournet, C., Kohlweiss, M.,
              Zanella-Beguelin, S., and M. Green, "Downgrade Resilience
              in Key-Exchange Protocols", Proceedings of IEEE Symposium
              on Security and Privacy (Oakland) 2016 , 2016.

   [CHSV16]   Cremers, C., Horvat, M., Scott, S., and T. van der Merwe,
              "Automated Analysis and Verification of TLS 1.3: 0-RTT,
              Resumption and Delayed Authentication", Proceedings of
              IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland) 2016 ,
              2016.

   [CK01]     Canetti, R. and H. Krawczyk, "Analysis of Key-Exchange
              Protocols and Their Use for Building Secure Channels",
              Proceedings of Eurocrypt 2001 , 2001.

   [DOW92]    Diffie, W., van Oorschot, P., and M. Wiener,
              ""Authentication and authenticated key exchanges"",
              Designs, Codes and Cryptography , n.d..

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   [DSS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "Digital Signature Standard,
              version 4", NIST FIPS PUB 186-4, 2013.

   [ECDSA]    American National Standards Institute, "Public Key
              Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: The
              Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)",
              ANSI ANS X9.62-2005, November 2005.

   [FGSW16]   Fischlin, M., Guenther, F., Schmidt, B., and B. Warinschi,
              "Key Confirmation in Key Exchange: A Formal Treatment and
              Implications for TLS 1.3", Proceedings of IEEE Symposium
              on Security and Privacy (Oakland) 2016 , 2016.

   [FI06]     Finney, H., "Bleichenbacher's RSA signature forgery based
              on implementation error", August 2006,
              <https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/openpgp/current/
              msg00999.html>.

   [GCM]      Dworkin, M., "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of
              Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC",
              NIST Special Publication 800-38D, November 2007.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-negotiated-ff-dhe]
              Gillmor, D., "Negotiated Finite Field Diffie-Hellman
              Ephemeral Parameters for TLS", draft-ietf-tls-negotiated-
              ff-dhe-10 (work in progress), June 2015.

   [IEEE1363]
              IEEE, "Standard Specifications for Public Key
              Cryptography", IEEE 1363 , 2000.

   [LXZFH16]  Li, X., Xu, J., Feng, D., Zhang, Z., and H. Hu, "Multiple
              Handshakes Security of TLS 1.3 Candidates", Proceedings of
              IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland) 2016 ,
              2016.

   [PKCS6]    RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #6: RSA Extended Certificate
              Syntax Standard, version 1.5", November 1993.

   [PKCS7]    RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #7: RSA Cryptographic Message
              Syntax Standard, version 1.5", November 1993.

   [PSK-FINISHED]
              Cremers, C., Horvat, M., van der Merwe, T., and S. Scott,
              "Revision 10: possible attack if client authentication is
              allowed during PSK", 2015, <https://www.ietf.org/mail-
              archive/web/tls/current/msg18215.html>.

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   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
              RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.

   [RFC1948]  Bellovin, S., "Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks",
              RFC 1948, DOI 10.17487/RFC1948, May 1996,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1948>.

   [RFC3552]  Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
              Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3552>.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.

   [RFC4279]  Eronen, P., Ed. and H. Tschofenig, Ed., "Pre-Shared Key
              Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
              RFC 4279, DOI 10.17487/RFC4279, December 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4279>.

   [RFC4302]  Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4302, December 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4302>.

   [RFC4303]  Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
              RFC 4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4303>.

   [RFC4346]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4346, April 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4346>.

   [RFC4366]  Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J.,
              and T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions", RFC 4366, DOI 10.17487/RFC4366, April 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4366>.

   [RFC4492]  Blake-Wilson, S., Bolyard, N., Gupta, V., Hawk, C., and B.
              Moeller, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites
              for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4492,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4492, May 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4492>.

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   [RFC4506]  Eisler, M., Ed., "XDR: External Data Representation
              Standard", STD 67, RFC 4506, DOI 10.17487/RFC4506, May
              2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4506>.

   [RFC4507]  Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
              Server-Side State", RFC 4507, DOI 10.17487/RFC4507, May
              2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4507>.

   [RFC4681]  Santesson, S., Medvinsky, A., and J. Ball, "TLS User
              Mapping Extension", RFC 4681, DOI 10.17487/RFC4681,
              October 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4681>.

   [RFC5054]  Taylor, D., Wu, T., Mavrogiannopoulos, N., and T. Perrin,
              "Using the Secure Remote Password (SRP) Protocol for TLS
              Authentication", RFC 5054, DOI 10.17487/RFC5054, November
              2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5054>.

   [RFC5077]  Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
              Server-Side State", RFC 5077, DOI 10.17487/RFC5077,
              January 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5077>.

   [RFC5081]  Mavrogiannopoulos, N., "Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport
              Layer Security (TLS) Authentication", RFC 5081,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5081, November 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5081>.

   [RFC5116]  McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
              Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, January 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5116>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC5746]  Rescorla, E., Ray, M., Dispensa, S., and N. Oskov,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Renegotiation Indication
              Extension", RFC 5746, DOI 10.17487/RFC5746, February 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5746>.

   [RFC5763]  Fischl, J., Tschofenig, H., and E. Rescorla, "Framework
              for Establishing a Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
              (SRTP) Security Context Using Datagram Transport Layer
              Security (DTLS)", RFC 5763, DOI 10.17487/RFC5763, May
              2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5763>.

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   [RFC5764]  McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for the Secure
              Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 5764,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5764, May 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5764>.

   [RFC5878]  Brown, M. and R. Housley, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Authorization Extensions", RFC 5878, DOI 10.17487/RFC5878,
              May 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5878>.

   [RFC5929]  Altman, J., Williams, N., and L. Zhu, "Channel Bindings
              for TLS", RFC 5929, DOI 10.17487/RFC5929, July 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5929>.

   [RFC6091]  Mavrogiannopoulos, N. and D. Gillmor, "Using OpenPGP Keys
              for Transport Layer Security (TLS) Authentication",
              RFC 6091, DOI 10.17487/RFC6091, February 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6091>.

   [RFC6176]  Turner, S. and T. Polk, "Prohibiting Secure Sockets Layer
              (SSL) Version 2.0", RFC 6176, DOI 10.17487/RFC6176, March
              2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6176>.

   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
              January 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.

   [RFC6520]  Seggelmann, R., Tuexen, M., and M. Williams, "Transport
              Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
              (DTLS) Heartbeat Extension", RFC 6520,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6520, February 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6520>.

   [RFC6962]  Laurie, B., Langley, A., and E. Kasper, "Certificate
              Transparency", RFC 6962, DOI 10.17487/RFC6962, June 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6962>.

   [RFC7230]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
              RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

   [RFC7250]  Wouters, P., Ed., Tschofenig, H., Ed., Gilmore, J.,
              Weiler, S., and T. Kivinen, "Using Raw Public Keys in
              Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport
              Layer Security (DTLS)", RFC 7250, DOI 10.17487/RFC7250,
              June 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7250>.

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   [RFC7301]  Friedl, S., Popov, A., Langley, A., and E. Stephan,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol
              Negotiation Extension", RFC 7301, DOI 10.17487/RFC7301,
              July 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7301>.

   [RFC7366]  Gutmann, P., "Encrypt-then-MAC for Transport Layer
              Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
              (DTLS)", RFC 7366, DOI 10.17487/RFC7366, September 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7366>.

   [RFC7465]  Popov, A., "Prohibiting RC4 Cipher Suites", RFC 7465,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7465, February 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7465>.

   [RFC7568]  Barnes, R., Thomson, M., Pironti, A., and A. Langley,
              "Deprecating Secure Sockets Layer Version 3.0", RFC 7568,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7568, June 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7568>.

   [RFC7627]  Bhargavan, K., Ed., Delignat-Lavaud, A., Pironti, A.,
              Langley, A., and M. Ray, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Session Hash and Extended Master Secret Extension",
              RFC 7627, DOI 10.17487/RFC7627, September 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7627>.

   [RFC7685]  Langley, A., "A Transport Layer Security (TLS) ClientHello
              Padding Extension", RFC 7685, DOI 10.17487/RFC7685,
              October 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7685>.

   [RFC7924]  Santesson, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Cached Information Extension", RFC 7924,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7924, July 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7924>.

   [RSA]      Rivest, R., Shamir, A., and L. Adleman, "A Method for
              Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key
              Cryptosystems", Communications of the ACM v. 21, n. 2, pp.
              120-126., February 1978.

   [SIGMA]    Krawczyk, H., "SIGMA: the 'SIGn-and-MAc' approach to
              authenticated Di e-Hellman and its use in the IKE
              protocols", Proceedings of CRYPTO 2003 , 2003.

   [SLOTH]    Bhargavan, K. and G. Leurent, "Transcript Collision
              Attacks: Breaking Authentication in TLS, IKE, and SSH",
              Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS
              2016) , 2016.

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   [SSL2]     Hickman, K., "The SSL Protocol", February 1995.

   [SSL3]     Freier, A., Karlton, P., and P. Kocher, "The SSL 3.0
              Protocol", November 1996.

   [TIMING]   Boneh, D. and D. Brumley, "Remote timing attacks are
              practical", USENIX Security Symposium, 2003.

   [X501]     "Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnection -
              The Directory: Models", ITU-T X.501, 1993.

11.3.  URIs

   [1] mailto:tls@ietf.org

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Appendix A.  Protocol Data Structures and Constant Values

   This section describes protocol types and constants.  Values listed
   as _RESERVED were used in previous versions of TLS and are listed
   here for completeness.  TLS 1.3 implementations MUST NOT send them
   but might receive them from older TLS implementations.

A.1.  Record Layer

   enum {
       invalid_RESERVED(0),
       change_cipher_spec_RESERVED(20),
       alert(21),
       handshake(22),
       application_data(23)
       (255)
   } ContentType;

   struct {
       ContentType type;
       ProtocolVersion legacy_record_version = { 3, 1 };    /* TLS v1.x */
       uint16 length;
       opaque fragment[TLSPlaintext.length];
   } TLSPlaintext;

   struct {
      opaque content[TLSPlaintext.length];
      ContentType type;
      uint8 zeros[length_of_padding];
   } TLSInnerPlaintext;

   struct {
       ContentType opaque_type = application_data(23); /* see fragment.type */
       ProtocolVersion legacy_record_version = { 3, 1 };    /* TLS v1.x */
       uint16 length;
       opaque encrypted_record[length];
   } TLSCiphertext;

A.2.  Alert Messages

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      enum { warning(1), fatal(2), (255) } AlertLevel;

      enum {
          close_notify(0),
          end_of_early_data(1),
          unexpected_message(10),
          bad_record_mac(20),
          decryption_failed_RESERVED(21),
          record_overflow(22),
          decompression_failure_RESERVED(30),
          handshake_failure(40),
          no_certificate_RESERVED(41),
          bad_certificate(42),
          unsupported_certificate(43),
          certificate_revoked(44),
          certificate_expired(45),
          certificate_unknown(46),
          illegal_parameter(47),
          unknown_ca(48),
          access_denied(49),
          decode_error(50),
          decrypt_error(51),
          export_restriction_RESERVED(60),
          protocol_version(70),
          insufficient_security(71),
          internal_error(80),
          inappropriate_fallback(86),
          user_canceled(90),
          no_renegotiation_RESERVED(100),
          missing_extension(109),
          unsupported_extension(110),
          certificate_unobtainable(111),
          unrecognized_name(112),
          bad_certificate_status_response(113),
          bad_certificate_hash_value(114),
          unknown_psk_identity(115),
          (255)
      } AlertDescription;

      struct {
          AlertLevel level;
          AlertDescription description;
      } Alert;

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A.3.  Handshake Protocol

      enum {
          hello_request_RESERVED(0),
          client_hello(1),
          server_hello(2),
          new_session_ticket(4),
          hello_retry_request(6),
          encrypted_extensions(8),
          certificate(11),
          server_key_exchange_RESERVED(12),
          certificate_request(13),
          server_hello_done_RESERVED(14),
          certificate_verify(15),
          client_key_exchange_RESERVED(16),
          finished(20),
          key_update(24),
          (255)
      } HandshakeType;

      struct {
          HandshakeType msg_type;    /* handshake type */
          uint24 length;             /* bytes in message */
          select (HandshakeType) {
              case client_hello:          ClientHello;
              case server_hello:          ServerHello;
              case hello_retry_request:   HelloRetryRequest;
              case encrypted_extensions:  EncryptedExtensions;
              case certificate_request:   CertificateRequest;
              case certificate:           Certificate;
              case certificate_verify:    CertificateVerify;
              case finished:              Finished;
              case new_session_ticket:    NewSessionTicket;
              case key_update:            KeyUpdate;
          } body;
      } Handshake;

A.3.1.  Key Exchange Messages

   struct {
       uint8 major;
       uint8 minor;
   } ProtocolVersion;

   struct {
       opaque random_bytes[32];
   } Random;

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   uint8 CipherSuite[2];    /* Cryptographic suite selector */

   struct {
       ProtocolVersion max_supported_version = { 3, 4 };    /* TLS v1.3 */
       Random random;
       opaque legacy_session_id<0..32>;
       CipherSuite cipher_suites<2..2^16-2>;
       opaque legacy_compression_methods<1..2^8-1>;
       Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
   } ClientHello;

   struct {
       ProtocolVersion version;
       Random random;
       CipherSuite cipher_suite;
       Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
   } ServerHello;

   struct {
       ProtocolVersion server_version;
       NamedGroup selected_group;
       Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
   } HelloRetryRequest;

   struct {
       ExtensionType extension_type;
       opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
   } Extension;

   enum {
       supported_groups(10),
       signature_algorithms(13),
       key_share(40),
       pre_shared_key(41),
       early_data(42),
       cookie(44),
       (65535)
   } ExtensionType;

   struct {
       NamedGroup group;
       opaque key_exchange<1..2^16-1>;
   } KeyShareEntry;

   struct {
       select (role) {
           case client:
               KeyShareEntry client_shares<0..2^16-1>;

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           case server:
               KeyShareEntry server_share;
       }
   } KeyShare;

   enum { psk_ke(0), psk_dhe_ke(1), (255) } PskKeyExchangeModes;
   enum { psk_auth(0), psk_sign_auth(1), (255) } PskAuthenticationModes;

   opaque psk_identity<0..2^16-1>;

   struct {
       PskKeMode ke_modes<1..255>;
       PskAuthMode auth_modes<1..255>;
       opaque identity<0..2^16-1>;
   } PskIdentity;

   struct {
       select (Role) {
           case client:
               psk_identity identities<2..2^16-1>;

           case server:
               uint16 selected_identity;
       }
   } PreSharedKeyExtension;

   struct {
       select (Role) {
           case client:
               uint32 obfuscated_ticket_age;

           case server:
              struct {};
       }
   } EarlyDataIndication;

A.3.1.1.  Cookie Extension

      struct {
          opaque cookie<0..2^16-1>;
      } Cookie;

A.3.1.2.  Signature Algorithm Extension

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      enum {
          /* RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 algorithms */
          rsa_pkcs1_sha1 (0x0201),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha256 (0x0401),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha384 (0x0501),
          rsa_pkcs1_sha512 (0x0601),

          /* ECDSA algorithms */
          ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 (0x0403),
          ecdsa_secp384r1_sha384 (0x0503),
          ecdsa_secp521r1_sha512 (0x0603),

          /* RSASSA-PSS algorithms */
          rsa_pss_sha256 (0x0700),
          rsa_pss_sha384 (0x0701),
          rsa_pss_sha512 (0x0702),

          /* EdDSA algorithms */
          ed25519 (0x0703),
          ed448 (0x0704),

          /* Reserved Code Points */
          dsa_sha1_RESERVED (0x0202),
          dsa_sha256_RESERVED (0x0402),
          dsa_sha384_RESERVED (0x0502),
          dsa_sha512_RESERVED (0x0602),
          ecdsa_sha1_RESERVED (0x0203),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0000..0x0200),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0204..0x0400),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0404..0x0500),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0504..0x0600),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0x0604..0x06FF),
          private_use (0xFE00..0xFFFF),
          (0xFFFF)
      } SignatureScheme;

      SignatureScheme supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;

A.3.1.3.  Supported Groups Extension

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      enum {
          /* Elliptic Curve Groups (ECDHE) */
          obsolete_RESERVED (1..22),
          secp256r1 (23), secp384r1 (24), secp521r1 (25),
          obsolete_RESERVED (26..28),
          x25519 (29), x448 (30),

          /* Finite Field Groups (DHE) */
          ffdhe2048 (256), ffdhe3072 (257), ffdhe4096 (258),
          ffdhe6144 (259), ffdhe8192 (260),

          /* Reserved Code Points */
          ffdhe_private_use (0x01FC..0x01FF),
          ecdhe_private_use (0xFE00..0xFEFF),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0xFF01..0xFF02),
          (0xFFFF)
      } NamedGroup;

      struct {
          NamedGroup named_group_list<1..2^16-1>;
      } NamedGroupList;

   Values within "obsolete_RESERVED" ranges were used in previous
   versions of TLS and MUST NOT be offered or negotiated by TLS 1.3
   implementations.  The obsolete curves have various known/theoretical
   weaknesses or have had very little usage, in some cases only due to
   unintentional server configuration issues.  They are no longer
   considered appropriate for general use and should be assumed to be
   potentially unsafe.  The set of curves specified here is sufficient
   for interoperability with all currently deployed and properly
   configured TLS implementations.

A.3.1.4.  Deprecated Extensions

   The following extensions are no longer applicable to TLS 1.3,
   although TLS 1.3 clients MAY send them if they are willing to
   negotiate them with prior versions of TLS.  TLS 1.3 servers MUST
   ignore these extensions if they are negotiating TLS 1.3:
   truncated_hmac [RFC6066], srp [RFC5054], encrypt_then_mac [RFC7366],
   extended_master_secret [RFC7627], SessionTicket [RFC5077], and
   renegotiation_info [RFC5746].

A.3.2.  Server Parameters Messages

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      struct {
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } EncryptedExtensions;

      opaque DistinguishedName<1..2^16-1>;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_extension_oid<1..2^8-1>;
          opaque certificate_extension_values<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateExtension;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_request_context<0..2^8-1>;
          SignatureScheme
            supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;
          DistinguishedName certificate_authorities<0..2^16-1>;
          CertificateExtension certificate_extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateRequest;

A.3.3.  Authentication Messages

      opaque ASN1Cert<1..2^24-1>;

      struct {
          opaque certificate_request_context<0..2^8-1>;
          ASN1Cert certificate_list<0..2^24-1>;
      } Certificate;

      struct {
           SignatureScheme algorithm;
           opaque signature<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateVerify;

      struct {
          opaque verify_data[Hash.length];
      } Finished;

A.3.4.  Ticket Establishment

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    enum { (65535) } TicketExtensionType;

    struct {
        TicketExtensionType extension_type;
        opaque extension_data<1..2^16-1>;
    } TicketExtension;

    struct {
        uint32 ticket_lifetime;
        PskKeMode ke_modes<1..255>;
        PskAuthMode auth_modes<1..255>;
        opaque ticket<1..2^16-1>;
        TicketExtension extensions<0..2^16-2>;
    } NewSessionTicket;

A.4.  Cipher Suites

   A symmetric cipher suite defines the pair of the AEAD cipher and hash
   function to be used with HKDF.  Cipher suites follow the naming
   convention: Cipher suite names follow the naming convention:

      CipherSuite TLS13_CIPHER_HASH = VALUE;

      +-----------+-------------------------------------------------+
      | Component | Contents                                        |
      +-----------+-------------------------------------------------+
      | TLS       | The string "TLS"                                |
      |           |                                                 |
      | CIPHER    | The symmetric cipher used for record protection |
      |           |                                                 |
      | HASH      | The hash algorithm used with HKDF               |
      |           |                                                 |
      | VALUE     | The two byte ID assigned for this cipher suite  |
      +-----------+-------------------------------------------------+

   The "CIPHER" component commonly has sub-components used to designate
   the cipher name, bits, and mode, if applicable.  For example,
   "AES_256_GCM" represents 256-bit AES in the GCM mode of operation.

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      +------------------------------+-------------+---------------+
      | Cipher Suite Name            | Value       | Specification |
      +------------------------------+-------------+---------------+
      | TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256       | {0x13,0x01} | [This RFC]    |
      |                              |             |               |
      | TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384       | {0x13,0x02} | [This RFC]    |
      |                              |             |               |
      | TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 | {0x13,0x03} | [This RFC]    |
      |                              |             |               |
      | TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256       | {0x13,0x04} | [This RFC]    |
      |                              |             |               |
      | TLS_AES_128_CCM_8_SHA256     | {0x13,0x05} | [This RFC]    |
      +------------------------------+-------------+---------------+

   Although TLS 1.3 uses the same cipher suite space as previous
   versions of TLS, TLS 1.3 cipher suites are defined differently, only
   specifying the symmetric ciphers, and cannot it be used for TLS 1.2.
   Similarly, TLS 1.2 and lower cipher suites cannot be used with TLS
   1.3.

   New cipher suite values are assigned by IANA as described in
   Section 10.

A.4.1.  Unauthenticated Operation

   Previous versions of TLS offered explicitly unauthenticated cipher
   suites based on anonymous Diffie-Hellman.  These cipher suites have
   been deprecated in TLS 1.3.  However, it is still possible to
   negotiate cipher suites that do not provide verifiable server
   authentication by several methods, including:

   -  Raw public keys [RFC7250].

   -  Using a public key contained in a certificate but without
      validation of the certificate chain or any of its contents.

   Either technique used alone is are vulnerable to man-in-the-middle
   attacks and therefore unsafe for general use.  However, it is also
   possible to bind such connections to an external authentication
   mechanism via out-of-band validation of the server's public key,
   trust on first use, or channel bindings [RFC5929].  [[NOTE: TLS 1.3
   needs a new channel binding definition that has not yet been
   defined.]] If no such mechanism is used, then the connection has no
   protection against active man-in-the-middle attack; applications MUST
   NOT use TLS in such a way absent explicit configuration or a specific
   application profile.

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Appendix B.  Implementation Notes

   The TLS protocol cannot prevent many common security mistakes.  This
   section provides several recommendations to assist implementors.

B.1.  API considerations for 0-RTT

   0-RTT data has very different security properties from data
   transmitted after a completed handshake: it can be replayed.
   Implementations SHOULD provide different functions for reading and
   writing 0-RTT data and data transmitted after the handshake, and
   SHOULD NOT automatically resend 0-RTT data if it is rejected by the
   server.

B.2.  Random Number Generation and Seeding

   TLS requires a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
   (PRNG).  In most cases, the operating system provides an appropriate
   facility such as /dev/urandom, which should be used absent other
   (performance) concerns.  It is generally preferrable to use an
   existing PRNG implementation in preference to crafting a new one, and
   many adequate cryptographic libraries are already available under
   favorable license terms.  Should those prove unsatisfactory,
   [RFC4086] provides guidance on the generation of random values.

B.3.  Certificates and Authentication

   Implementations are responsible for verifying the integrity of
   certificates and should generally support certificate revocation
   messages.  Certificates should always be verified to ensure proper
   signing by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA).  The selection and
   addition of trusted CAs should be done very carefully.  Users should
   be able to view information about the certificate and root CA.

B.4.  Cipher Suite Support

   TLS supports a range of key sizes and security levels, including some
   that provide no or minimal security.  A proper implementation will
   probably not support many cipher suites.  Applications SHOULD also
   enforce minimum and maximum key sizes.  For example, certification
   paths containing keys or signatures weaker than 2048-bit RSA or
   224-bit ECDSA are not appropriate for secure applications.  See also
   Appendix C.4.

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B.5.  Implementation Pitfalls

   Implementation experience has shown that certain parts of earlier TLS
   specifications are not easy to understand, and have been a source of
   interoperability and security problems.  Many of these areas have
   been clarified in this document, but this appendix contains a short
   list of the most important things that require special attention from
   implementors.

   TLS protocol issues:

   -  Do you correctly handle handshake messages that are fragmented to
      multiple TLS records (see Section 5.1)?  Including corner cases
      like a ClientHello that is split to several small fragments?  Do
      you fragment handshake messages that exceed the maximum fragment
      size?  In particular, the certificate and certificate request
      handshake messages can be large enough to require fragmentation.

   -  Do you ignore the TLS record layer version number in all TLS
      records? (see Appendix C)

   -  Have you ensured that all support for SSL, RC4, EXPORT ciphers,
      and MD5 (via the "signature_algorithm" extension) is completely
      removed from all possible configurations that support TLS 1.3 or
      later, and that attempts to use these obsolete capabilities fail
      correctly? (see Appendix C)

   -  Do you handle TLS extensions in ClientHello correctly, including
      unknown extensions or omitting the extensions field completely?

   -  When the server has requested a client certificate, but no
      suitable certificate is available, do you correctly send an empty
      Certificate message, instead of omitting the whole message (see
      Section 4.3.1.2)?

   -  When processing the plaintext fragment produced by AEAD-Decrypt
      and scanning from the end for the ContentType, do you avoid
      scanning past the start of the cleartext in the event that the
      peer has sent a malformed plaintext of all-zeros?

   -  When processing a ClientHello containing a version of { 3, 5 } or
      higher, do you respond with the highest common version of TLS
      rather than requiring an exact match?  Have you ensured this
      continues to be true with arbitrarily higher version numbers?
      (e.g. { 4, 0 }, { 9, 9 }, { 255, 255 })

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   -  Do you properly ignore unrecognized cipher suites (Section 4.1.2),
      hello extensions (Section 4.2), named groups (Section 4.2.3), and
      signature algorithms (Section 4.2.2)?

   Cryptographic details:

   -  What countermeasures do you use to prevent timing attacks against
      RSA signing operations [TIMING]?

   -  When verifying RSA signatures, do you accept both NULL and missing
      parameters?  Do you verify that the RSA padding doesn't have
      additional data after the hash value?  [FI06]

   -  When using Diffie-Hellman key exchange, do you correctly preserve
      leading zero bytes in the negotiated key (see Section 7.3.1)?

   -  Does your TLS client check that the Diffie-Hellman parameters sent
      by the server are acceptable, (see Section 4.2.4.1)?

   -  Do you use a strong and, most importantly, properly seeded random
      number generator (see Appendix B.2) when generating Diffie-Hellman
      private values, the ECDSA "k" parameter, and other security-
      critical values?  It is RECOMMENDED that implementations implement
      "deterministic ECDSA" as specified in [RFC6979].

   -  Do you zero-pad Diffie-Hellman public key values to the group size
      (see Section 4.2.4.1)?

B.6.  Client Tracking Prevention

   Clients SHOULD NOT reuse a session ticket for multiple connections.
   Reuse of a session ticket allows passive observers to correlate
   different connections.  Servers that issue session tickets SHOULD
   offer at least as many session tickets as the number of connections
   that a client might use; for example, a web browser using HTTP/1.1
   [RFC7230] might open six connections to a server.  Servers SHOULD
   issue new session tickets with every connection.  This ensures that
   clients are always able to use a new session ticket when creating a
   new connection.

Appendix C.  Backward Compatibility

   The TLS protocol provides a built-in mechanism for version
   negotiation between endpoints potentially supporting different
   versions of TLS.

   TLS 1.x and SSL 3.0 use compatible ClientHello messages.  Servers can
   also handle clients trying to use future versions of TLS as long as

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   the ClientHello format remains compatible and the client supports the
   highest protocol version available in the server.

   Prior versions of TLS used the record layer version number for
   various purposes.  (TLSPlaintext.legacy_record_version &
   TLSCiphertext.legacy_record_version) As of TLS 1.3, this field is
   deprecated and its value MUST be ignored by all implementations.
   Version negotiation is performed using only the handshake versions.
   (ClientHello.max_supported_version & ServerHello.version) In order to
   maximize interoperability with older endpoints, implementations that
   negotiate the use of TLS 1.0-1.2 SHOULD set the record layer version
   number to the negotiated version for the ServerHello and all records
   thereafter.

   For maximum compatibility with previously non-standard behavior and
   misconfigured deployments, all implementations SHOULD support
   validation of certification paths based on the expectations in this
   document, even when handling prior TLS versions' handshakes. (see
   Section 4.3.1.1)

   TLS 1.2 and prior supported an "Extended Master Secret" [RFC7627]
   extension which digested large parts of the handshake transcript into
   the master secret.  Because TLS 1.3 always hashes in the transcript
   up to the server CertificateVerify, implementations which support
   both TLS 1.3 and earlier versions SHOULD indicate the use of the
   Extended Master Secret extension in their APIs whenever TLS 1.3 is
   used.

C.1.  Negotiating with an older server

   A TLS 1.3 client who wishes to negotiate with such older servers will
   send a normal TLS 1.3 ClientHello containing { 3, 4 } (TLS 1.3) in
   ClientHello.max_supported_version.  If the server does not support
   this version it will respond with a ServerHello containing an older
   version number.  If the client agrees to use this version, the
   negotiation will proceed as appropriate for the negotiated protocol.
   A client resuming a session SHOULD initiate the connection using the
   version that was previously negotiated.

   Note that 0-RTT data is not compatible with older servers.  See
   Appendix C.3.

   If the version chosen by the server is not supported by the client
   (or not acceptable), the client MUST send a "protocol_version" alert
   message and close the connection.

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   If a TLS server receives a ClientHello containing a version number
   greater than the highest version supported by the server, it MUST
   reply according to the highest version supported by the server.

   Some legacy server implementations are known to not implement the TLS
   specification properly and might abort connections upon encountering
   TLS extensions or versions which it is not aware of.
   Interoperability with buggy servers is a complex topic beyond the
   scope of this document.  Multiple connection attempts may be required
   in order to negotiate a backwards compatible connection, however this
   practice is vulnerable to downgrade attacks and is NOT RECOMMENDED.

C.2.  Negotiating with an older client

   A TLS server can also receive a ClientHello containing a version
   number smaller than the highest supported version.  If the server
   wishes to negotiate with old clients, it will proceed as appropriate
   for the highest version supported by the server that is not greater
   than ClientHello.max_supported_version.  For example, if the server
   supports TLS 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2, and max_supported_version is TLS 1.0,
   the server will proceed with a TLS 1.0 ServerHello.  If the server
   only supports versions greater than max_supported_version, it MUST
   send a "protocol_version" alert message and close the connection.

   Note that earlier versions of TLS did not clearly specify the record
   layer version number value in all cases
   (TLSPlaintext.legacy_record_version).  Servers will receive various
   TLS 1.x versions in this field, however its value MUST always be
   ignored.

C.3.  Zero-RTT backwards compatibility

   0-RTT data is not compatible with older servers.  An older server
   will respond to the ClientHello with an older ServerHello, but it
   will not correctly skip the 0-RTT data and fail to complete the
   handshake.  This can cause issues when a client attempts to use
   0-RTT, particularly against multi-server deployments.  For example, a
   deployment could deploy TLS 1.3 gradually with some servers
   implementing TLS 1.3 and some implementing TLS 1.2, or a TLS 1.3
   deployment could be downgraded to TLS 1.2.

   A client that attempts to send 0-RTT data MUST fail a connection if
   it receives a ServerHello with TLS 1.2 or older.  A client that
   attempts to repair this error SHOULD NOT send a TLS 1.2 ClientHello,
   but instead send a TLS 1.3 ClientHello without 0-RTT data.

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   To avoid this error condition, multi-server deployments SHOULD ensure
   a uniform and stable deployment of TLS 1.3 without 0-RTT prior to
   enabling 0-RTT.

C.4.  Backwards Compatibility Security Restrictions

   If an implementation negotiates use of TLS 1.2, then negotiation of
   cipher suites also supported by TLS 1.3 SHOULD be preferred, if
   available.

   The security of RC4 cipher suites is considered insufficient for the
   reasons cited in [RFC7465].  Implementations MUST NOT offer or
   negotiate RC4 cipher suites for any version of TLS for any reason.

   Old versions of TLS permitted the use of very low strength ciphers.
   Ciphers with a strength less than 112 bits MUST NOT be offered or
   negotiated for any version of TLS for any reason.

   The security of SSL 2.0 [SSL2] is considered insufficient for the
   reasons enumerated in [RFC6176], and MUST NOT be negotiated for any
   reason.

   Implementations MUST NOT send an SSL version 2.0 compatible CLIENT-
   HELLO.  Implementations MUST NOT negotiate TLS 1.3 or later using an
   SSL version 2.0 compatible CLIENT-HELLO.  Implementations are NOT
   RECOMMENDED to accept an SSL version 2.0 compatible CLIENT-HELLO in
   order to negotiate older versions of TLS.

   Implementations MUST NOT send or accept any records with a version
   less than { 3, 0 }.

   The security of SSL 3.0 [SSL3] is considered insufficient for the
   reasons enumerated in [RFC7568], and MUST NOT be negotiated for any
   reason.

   Implementations MUST NOT send a ClientHello.max_supported_version or
   ServerHello.version set to { 3, 0 } or less.  Any endpoint receiving
   a Hello message with ClientHello.max_supported_version or
   ServerHello.version set to { 3, 0 } MUST respond with a
   "protocol_version" alert message and close the connection.

   Implementations MUST NOT use the Truncated HMAC extension, defined in
   Section 7 of [RFC6066], as it is not applicable to AEAD ciphers and
   has been shown to be insecure in some scenarios.

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Appendix D.  Overview of Security Properties

   [[TODO: This section is still a WIP and needs a bunch more work.]]

   A complete security analysis of TLS is outside the scope of this
   document.  In this section, we provide an informal description the
   desired properties as well as references to more detailed work in the
   research literature which provides more formal definitions.

   We cover properties of the handshake separately from those of the
   record layer.

D.1.  Handshake

   The TLS handshake is an Authenticated Key Exchange (AKE) protocol
   which is intended to provide both one-way authenticated (server-only)
   and mutually authenticated (client and server) functionality.  At the
   completion of the handshake, each side outputs its view on the
   following values:

   -  A "session key" (the master secret) from which can be derived a
      set of working keys.

   -  A set of cryptographic parameters (algorithms, etc.)

   -  The identities of the communicating parties.

   We assume that the attacker has complete control of the network in
   between the parties [RFC3552].  Even under these conditions, the
   handshake should provide the properties listed below.  Note that
   these properties are not necessarily independent, but reflect the
   protocol consumers' needs.

   Establishing the same session key.  The handshake needs to output the
      same session key on both sides of the handshake, provided that it
      completes successfully on each endpoint (See [CK01]; defn 1, part
      1).

   Secrecy of the session key.  The shared session key should be known
      only to the communicating parties, not to the attacker (See
      [CK01]; defn 1, part 2).  Note that in a unilaterally
      authenticated connection, the attacker can establish its own
      session keys with the server, but those session keys are distinct
      from those established by the client.

   Peer Authentication.  The client's view of the peer identity should
      reflect the server's identity.  If the client is authenticated,

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      the server's view of the peer identity should match the client's
      identity.

   Uniqueness of the session key:  Any two distinct handshakes should
      produce distinct, unrelated session keys

   Downgrade protection.  The cryptographic parameters should be the
      same on both sides and should be the same as if the peers had been
      communicating in the absence of an attack (See [BBFKZG16]; defns 8
      and 9}).

   Forward secret  If the long-term keying material (in this case the
      signature keys in certificate-based authentication modes or the
      PSK in PSK-(EC)DHE modes) are compromised after the handshake is
      complete, this does not compromise the security of the session key
      (See [DOW92]).

   Protection of endpoint identities.  The server's identity
      (certificate) should be protected against passive attackers.  The
      client's identity should be protected against both passive and
      active attackers.

   Informally, the signature-based modes of TLS 1.3 provide for the
   establishment of a unique, secret, shared, key established by an
   (EC)DHE key exchange and authenticated by the server's signature over
   the handshake transcript, as well as tied to the server's identity by
   a MAC.  If the client is authenticated by a certificate, it also
   signs over the handshake transcript and provides a MAC tied to both
   identities.  [SIGMA] describes the analysis of this type of key
   exchange protocol.  If fresh (EC)DHE keys are used for each
   connection, then the output keys are forward secret.

   The PSK and resumption-PSK modes bootstrap from a long-term shared
   secret into a unique per-connection short-term session key.  This
   secret may have been established in a previous handshake.  If
   PSK-(EC)DHE modes are used, this session key will also be forward
   secret.  The resumption-PSK mode has been designed so that the
   resumption master secret computed by connection N and needed to form
   connection N+1 is separate from the traffic keys used by connection
   N, thus providing forward secrecy between the connections.

   For all handshake modes, the Finished MAC (and where present, the
   signature), prevents downgrade attacks.  In addition, the use of
   certain bytes in the random nonces as described in Section 4.1.3
   allows the detection of downgrade to previous TLS versions.

   As soon as the client and the server have exchanged enough
   information to establish shared keys, the remainder of the handshake

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   is encrypted, thus providing protection against passive attackers.
   Because the server authenticates before the client, the client can
   ensure that it only reveals its identity to an authenticated server.
   Note that implementations must use the provided record padding
   mechanism during the handshake to avoid leaking information about the
   identities due to length.

   The 0-RTT mode of operation generally provides the same security
   properties as 1-RTT data, with the two exceptions that the 0-RTT
   encryption keys do not provide full forward secrecy and that the the
   server is not able to guarantee full uniqueness of the handshake
   (non-replayability) without keeping potentially undue amounts of
   state.  See Section 4.2.6 for one mechanism to limit the exposure to
   replay.

   The reader should refer to the following references for analysis of
   the TLS handshake [CHSV16] [FGSW16] [LXZFH16].

D.2.  Record Layer

   The record layer depends on the handshake producing a strong session
   key which can be used to derive bidirectional traffic keys and
   nonces.  Assuming that is true, and the keys are used for no more
   data than indicated in Section 5.5 then the record layer should
   provide the following guarantees:

   Confidentiality.  An attacker should not be able to determine the
      plaintext contents of a given record.

   Integrity.  An attacker should not be able to craft a new record
      which is different from an existing record which will be accepted
      by the receiver.

   Order protection/non-replayability  An attacker should not be able to
      cause the receiver to accept a record which it has already
      accepted or cause the receiver to accept record N+1 without having
      first processed record N.  [[TODO: If we merge in DTLS to this
      document, we will need to update this guarantee.]]

   Length concealment.  Given a record with a given external length, the
      attacker should not be able to determine the amount of the record
      that is content versus padding.

   Forward security after key change.  If the traffic key update
      mechanism described in Section 4.4.3 has been used and the
      previous generation key is deleted, an attacker who compromises
      the endpoint should not be able to decrypt traffic encrypted with
      the old key.

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   Informally, TLS 1.3 provides these properties by AEAD-protecting the
   plaintext with a strong key.  AEAD encryption [RFC5116] provides
   confidentiality and integrity for the data.  Non-replayability is
   provided by using a separate nonce for each record, with the nonce
   being derived from the record sequence number (Section 5.3), with the
   sequence number being maintained independently at both sides thus
   records which are delivered out of order result in AEAD deprotection
   failures.

   The plaintext protected by the AEAD function consists of content plus
   variable-length padding.  Because the padding is also encrypted, the
   attacker cannot directly determine the length of the padding, but may
   be able to measure it indirectly by the use of timing channels
   exposed during record processing (i.e., seeing how long it takes to
   process a record).  In general, it is not known how to remove this
   type of channel because even a constant time padding removal function
   will then feed the content into data-dependent functions.

   Generation N+1 keys are derived from generation N keys via a key
   derivation function Section 7.2.  As long as this function is truly
   one way, it is not possible to compute the previous keys after a key
   change (forward secrecy).  However, TLS does not provide security for
   data which is sent after the traffic secret is compromised, even afer
   a key update (backward secrecy); systems which want backward secrecy
   must do a fresh handshake and establish a new session key with an
   (EC)DHE exchange.

   The reader should refer to the following references for analysis of
   the TLS record layer.

Appendix E.  Working Group Information

   The discussion list for the IETF TLS working group is located at the
   e-mail address tls@ietf.org [1].  Information on the group and
   information on how to subscribe to the list is at
   https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls

   Archives of the list can be found at: https://www.ietf.org/mail-
   archive/web/tls/current/index.html

Appendix F.  Contributors

   -  Martin Abadi
      University of California, Santa Cruz
      abadi@cs.ucsc.edu

   -  Christopher Allen (co-editor of TLS 1.0)
      Alacrity Ventures

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      ChristopherA@AlacrityManagement.com

   -  Steven M.  Bellovin
      Columbia University
      smb@cs.columbia.edu

   -  David Benjamin
      Google
      davidben@google.com

   -  Benjamin Beurdouche

   -  Karthikeyan Bhargavan (co-author of [RFC7627])
      INRIA
      karthikeyan.bhargavan@inria.fr

   -  Simon Blake-Wilson (co-author of [RFC4492])
      BCI
      sblakewilson@bcisse.com

   -  Nelson Bolyard (co-author of [RFC4492])
      Sun Microsystems, Inc.
      nelson@bolyard.com

   -  Ran Canetti
      IBM
      canetti@watson.ibm.com

   -  Pete Chown
      Skygate Technology Ltd
      pc@skygate.co.uk

   -  Antoine Delignat-Lavaud (co-author of [RFC7627])
      INRIA
      antoine.delignat-lavaud@inria.fr

   -  Tim Dierks (co-editor of TLS 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2)
      Independent
      tim@dierks.org

   -  Taher Elgamal
      Securify
      taher@securify.com

   -  Pasi Eronen
      Nokia
      pasi.eronen@nokia.com

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   -  Cedric Fournet
      Microsoft
      fournet@microsoft.com

   -  Anil Gangolli
      anil@busybuddha.org

   -  David M.  Garrett

   -  Vipul Gupta (co-author of [RFC4492])
      Sun Microsystems Laboratories
      vipul.gupta@sun.com

   -  Chris Hawk (co-author of [RFC4492])
      Corriente Networks LLC
      chris@corriente.net

   -  Kipp Hickman

   -  Alfred Hoenes

   -  David Hopwood
      Independent Consultant
      david.hopwood@blueyonder.co.uk

   -  Subodh Iyengar
      Facebook
      subodh@fb.com

   -  Daniel Kahn Gillmor
      ACLU
      dkg@fifthhorseman.net

   -  Phil Karlton (co-author of SSL 3.0)

   -  Paul Kocher (co-author of SSL 3.0)
      Cryptography Research
      paul@cryptography.com

   -  Hugo Krawczyk
      IBM
      hugo@ee.technion.ac.il

   -  Adam Langley (co-author of [RFC7627])
      Google
      agl@google.com

   -  Ilari Liusvaara

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      Independent
      ilariliusvaara@welho.com

   -  Jan Mikkelsen
      Transactionware
      janm@transactionware.com

   -  Bodo Moeller (co-author of [RFC4492])
      Google
      bodo@openssl.org

   -  Erik Nygren
      Akamai Technologies
      erik+ietf@nygren.org

   -  Magnus Nystrom
      RSA Security
      magnus@rsasecurity.com

   -  Alfredo Pironti (co-author of [RFC7627])
      INRIA
      alfredo.pironti@inria.fr

   -  Andrei Popov
      Microsoft
      andrei.popov@microsoft.com

   -  Marsh Ray (co-author of [RFC7627])
      Microsoft
      maray@microsoft.com

   -  Robert Relyea
      Netscape Communications
      relyea@netscape.com

   -  Kyle Rose
      Akamai Technologies
      krose@krose.org

   -  Jim Roskind
      Netscape Communications
      jar@netscape.com

   -  Michael Sabin

   -  Dan Simon
      Microsoft, Inc.
      dansimon@microsoft.com

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   -  Nick Sullivan
      CloudFlare Inc.
      nick@cloudflare.com

   -  Bjoern Tackmann
      University of California, San Diego
      btackmann@eng.ucsd.edu

   -  Martin Thomson
      Mozilla
      mt@mozilla.com

   -  Filippo Valsorda
      CloudFlare Inc.
      filippo@cloudflare.com

   -  Tom Weinstein

   -  Hoeteck Wee
      Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris
      hoeteck@alum.mit.edu

   -  Tim Wright
      Vodafone
      timothy.wright@vodafone.com

Author's Address

   Eric Rescorla
   RTFM, Inc.

   EMail: ekr@rtfm.com

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