Skip to main content

The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3
draft-ietf-tls-tls13-08

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8446.
Author Eric Rescorla
Last updated 2015-10-05 (Latest revision 2015-08-28)
Replaces draft-ietf-tls-rfc5246-bis
RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Formats
Reviews
Additional resources Mailing list discussion
Stream WG state WG Document
Document shepherd (None)
IESG IESG state Became RFC 8446 (Proposed Standard)
Consensus boilerplate Unknown
Telechat date (None)
Responsible AD (None)
Send notices to (None)
draft-ietf-tls-tls13-08
Network Working Group                                        E. Rescorla
Internet-Draft                                                RTFM, Inc.
Obsoletes: 5077, 5246, 5746 (if                          August 28, 2015
           approved)
Updates: 4492 (if approved)
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: February 29, 2016

        The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3
                        draft-ietf-tls-tls13-08

Abstract

   This document specifies Version 1.3 of the Transport Layer Security
   (TLS) protocol.  The TLS protocol allows client/server applications
   to communicate over the Internet in a way that is designed to prevent
   eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on February 29, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016               [Page 1]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
   Contributions published or made publicly available before November
   10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
   material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
   modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
   Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
   the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
   outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
   not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
   than English.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.2.  Major Differences from TLS 1.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   2.  Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.  Goals of This Document  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  Presentation Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.1.  Basic Block Size  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.2.  Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.3.  Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.4.  Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.5.  Enumerateds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.6.  Constructed Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       4.6.1.  Variants  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.7.  Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.8.  Primitive Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.9.  Cryptographic Attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       4.9.1.  Digital Signing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       4.9.2.  Authenticated Encryption with Additional Data (AEAD)   16
   5.  The TLS Record Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.1.  Connection States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.2.  Record Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       5.2.1.  Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       5.2.2.  Record Payload Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  The TLS Handshaking Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     6.1.  Alert Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       6.1.1.  Closure Alerts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       6.1.2.  Error Alerts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     6.2.  Handshake Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       6.2.1.  Incorrect DHE Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       6.2.2.  Zero-RTT Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       6.2.3.  Resumption and PSK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016               [Page 2]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

     6.3.  Handshake Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       6.3.1.  Hello Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       6.3.2.  Hello Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
       6.3.3.  Server Key Share  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
       6.3.4.  Encrypted Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
       6.3.5.  Server Certificate  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       6.3.6.  Certificate Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       6.3.7.  Server Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
       6.3.8.  Server Certificate Verify . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
       6.3.9.  Server Finished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
       6.3.10. Client Certificate  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
       6.3.11. Client Certificate Verify . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
       6.3.12. New Session Ticket Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
   7.  Cryptographic Computations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
     7.1.  Key Schedule  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     7.2.  Traffic Key Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       7.2.1.  The Handshake Hash  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
       7.2.2.  Diffie-Hellman  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
       7.2.3.  Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
   8.  Mandatory Algorithms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
     8.1.  MTI Cipher Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
     8.2.  MTI Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
   9.  Application Data Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
   11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     12.3.  URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  80
   Appendix A.  Protocol Data Structures and Constant Values . . . .  81
     A.1.  Record Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
     A.2.  Alert Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
     A.3.  Handshake Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
       A.3.1.  Hello Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
       A.3.2.  Key Exchange Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
       A.3.3.  Authentication Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
       A.3.4.  Handshake Finalization Messages . . . . . . . . . . .  88
       A.3.5.  Ticket Establishment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
     A.4.  Cipher Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
     A.5.  The Security Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
     A.6.  Changes to RFC 4492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
   Appendix B.  Implementation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
     B.1.  Random Number Generation and Seeding  . . . . . . . . . .  92
     B.2.  Certificates and Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
     B.3.  Cipher Suite Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
     B.4.  Implementation Pitfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
   Appendix C.  Backward Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
     C.1.  Negotiating with an older server  . . . . . . . . . . . .  95

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016               [Page 3]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

     C.2.  Negotiating with an older client  . . . . . . . . . . . .  95
     C.3.  Backwards Compatibility Security Restrictions . . . . . .  96
   Appendix D.  Security Analysis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
     D.1.  Handshake Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
       D.1.1.  Authentication and Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . .  97
       D.1.2.  Version Rollback Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  98
       D.1.3.  Detecting Attacks Against the Handshake Protocol  . .  98
     D.2.  Protecting Application Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
     D.3.  Denial of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
     D.4.  Final Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
   Appendix E.  Working Group Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
   Appendix F.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

1.  Introduction

   DISCLAIMER: This is a WIP draft of TLS 1.3 and has not yet seen
   significant security analysis.

   RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH The source for this
   draft is maintained in GitHub.  Suggested changes should be submitted
   as pull requests at https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec.
   Instructions are on that page as well.  Editorial changes can be
   managed in GitHub, but any substantive change should be discussed on
   the TLS mailing list.

   The primary goal of the TLS protocol is to provide privacy and data
   integrity between two communicating peers.  The TLS protocol is
   composed of two layers: the TLS Record Protocol and the TLS Handshake
   Protocol.  At the lowest level, layered on top of some reliable
   transport protocol (e.g., TCP [RFC0793]), is the TLS Record Protocol.
   The TLS Record Protocol provides connection security that has two
   basic properties:

   -  The connection is private.  Symmetric cryptography is used for
      data encryption (e.g., AES [AES], etc.).  The keys for this
      symmetric encryption are generated uniquely for each connection
      and are based on a secret negotiated by another protocol (such as
      the TLS Handshake Protocol).

   -  The connection is reliable.  Messages include an authentication
      tag which protects them against modification.

   Note: The TLS Record Protocol can operate in an insecure mode but is
   generally only used in this mode while another protocol is using the
   TLS Record Protocol as a transport for negotiating security
   parameters.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016               [Page 4]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   The TLS Record Protocol is used for encapsulation of various higher-
   level protocols.  One such encapsulated protocol, the TLS Handshake
   Protocol, allows the server and client to authenticate each other and
   to negotiate an encryption algorithm and cryptographic keys before
   the application protocol transmits or receives its first byte of
   data.  The TLS Handshake Protocol provides connection security that
   has three basic properties:

   -  The peer's identity can be authenticated using asymmetric, or
      public key, cryptography (e.g., RSA [RSA], DSA [DSS], etc.).  This
      authentication can be made optional, but is generally required for
      at least one of the peers.

   -  The negotiation of a shared secret is secure: the negotiated
      secret is unavailable to eavesdroppers, and for any authenticated
      connection the secret cannot be obtained, even by an attacker who
      can place himself in the middle of the connection.

   -  The negotiation is reliable: no attacker can modify the
      negotiation communication without being detected by the parties to
      the communication.

   One advantage of TLS is that it is application protocol independent.
   Higher-level protocols can layer on top of the TLS protocol
   transparently.  The TLS standard, however, does not specify how
   protocols add security with TLS; the decisions on how to initiate TLS
   handshaking and how to interpret the authentication certificates
   exchanged are left to the judgment of the designers and implementors
   of protocols that run on top of TLS.

1.1.  Conventions and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
   2119 [RFC2119].

   The following terms are used:

   client: The endpoint initiating the TLS connection.

   connection: A transport-layer connection between two endpoints.

   endpoint: Either the client or server of the connection.

   handshake: An initial negotiation between client and server that
   establishes the parameters of their transactions.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016               [Page 5]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   peer: An endpoint.  When discussing a particular endpoint, "peer"
   refers to the endpoint that is remote to the primary subject of
   discussion.

   receiver: An endpoint that is receiving records.

   sender: An endpoint that is transmitting records.

   session: An association between a client and a server resulting from
   a handshake.

   server: The endpoint which did not initiate the TLS connection.

1.2.  Major Differences from TLS 1.2

   draft-08

   -  Remove support for weak and lesser used named curves.

   -  Remove support for MD5 and SHA-224 hashes with signatures.

   -  Update lists of available AEAD cipher suites and error alerts.

   -  Reduce maximum permitted record expansion for AEAD from 2048 to
      256 octets.

   -  Require digital signatures even when a previous configuration is
      used.

   -  Merge EarlyDataIndication and KnownConfiguration.

   -  Change code point for server_configuration to avoid collision with
      server_hello_done.

   -  Relax certificate_list ordering requirement to match current
      practice.

   draft-07

   -  Integration of semi-ephemeral DH proposal.

   -  Add initial 0-RTT support.

   -  Remove resumption and replace with PSK + tickets.

   -  Move ClientKeyShare into an extension.

   -  Move to HKDF.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016               [Page 6]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   draft-06

   -  Prohibit RC4 negotiation for backwards compatibility.

   -  Freeze & deprecate record layer version field.

   -  Update format of signatures with context.

   -  Remove explicit IV.

   draft-05

   -  Prohibit SSL negotiation for backwards compatibility.

   -  Fix which MS is used for exporters.

   draft-04

   -  Modify key computations to include session hash.

   -  Remove ChangeCipherSpec.

   -  Renumber the new handshake messages to be somewhat more consistent
      with existing convention and to remove a duplicate registration.

   -  Remove renegotiation.

   -  Remove point format negotiation.

   draft-03

   -  Remove GMT time.

   -  Merge in support for ECC from RFC 4492 but without explicit
      curves.

   -  Remove the unnecessary length field from the AD input to AEAD
      ciphers.

   -  Rename {Client,Server}KeyExchange to {Client,Server}KeyShare.

   -  Add an explicit HelloRetryRequest to reject the client's.

   draft-02

   -  Increment version number.

   -  Rework handshake to provide 1-RTT mode.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016               [Page 7]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   -  Remove custom DHE groups.

   -  Remove support for compression.

   -  Remove support for static RSA and DH key exchange.

   -  Remove support for non-AEAD ciphers.

2.  Goals

   The goals of the TLS protocol, in order of priority, are as follows:

   1.  Cryptographic security: TLS should be used to establish a secure
       connection between two parties.

   2.  Interoperability: Independent programmers should be able to
       develop applications utilizing TLS that can successfully exchange
       cryptographic parameters without knowledge of one another's code.

   3.  Extensibility: TLS seeks to provide a framework into which new
       public key and record protection methods can be incorporated as
       necessary.  This will also accomplish two sub-goals: preventing
       the need to create a new protocol (and risking the introduction
       of possible new weaknesses) and avoiding the need to implement an
       entire new security library.

   4.  Relative efficiency: Cryptographic operations tend to be highly
       CPU intensive, particularly public key operations.  For this
       reason, the TLS protocol has incorporated an optional session
       caching scheme to reduce the number of connections that need to
       be established from scratch.  Additionally, care has been taken
       to reduce network activity.

3.  Goals of This Document

   This document and the TLS protocol itself have evolved from the SSL
   3.0 Protocol Specification as published by Netscape.  The differences
   between this version and previous versions are significant enough
   that the various versions of TLS and SSL 3.0 do not interoperate
   (although each protocol incorporates a mechanism by which an
   implementation can back down to prior versions).  This document is
   intended primarily for readers who will be implementing the protocol
   and for those doing cryptographic analysis of it.  The specification
   has been written with this in mind, and it is intended to reflect the
   needs of those two groups.  For that reason, many of the algorithm-
   dependent data structures and rules are included in the body of the
   text (as opposed to in an appendix), providing easier access to them.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016               [Page 8]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   This document is not intended to supply any details of service
   definition or of interface definition, although it does cover select
   areas of policy as they are required for the maintenance of solid
   security.

4.  Presentation Language

   This document deals with the formatting of data in an external
   representation.  The following very basic and somewhat casually
   defined presentation syntax will be used.  The syntax draws from
   several sources in its structure.  Although it resembles the
   programming language "C" in its syntax and XDR [RFC4506] in both its
   syntax and intent, it would be risky to draw too many parallels.  The
   purpose of this presentation language is to document TLS only; it has
   no general application beyond that particular goal.

4.1.  Basic Block Size

   The representation of all data items is explicitly specified.  The
   basic data block size is one byte (i.e., 8 bits).  Multiple byte data
   items are concatenations of bytes, from left to right, from top to
   bottom.  From the byte stream, a multi-byte item (a numeric in the
   example) is formed (using C notation) by:

      value = (byte[0] << 8*(n-1)) | (byte[1] << 8*(n-2)) |
              ... | byte[n-1];

   This byte ordering for multi-byte values is the commonplace network
   byte order or big-endian format.

4.2.  Miscellaneous

   Comments begin with "/*" and end with "*/".

   Optional components are denoted by enclosing them in "[[ ]]" double
   brackets.

   Single-byte entities containing uninterpreted data are of type
   opaque.

4.3.  Vectors

   A vector (single-dimensioned array) is a stream of homogeneous data
   elements.  The size of the vector may be specified at documentation
   time or left unspecified until runtime.  In either case, the length
   declares the number of bytes, not the number of elements, in the
   vector.  The syntax for specifying a new type, T', that is a fixed-
   length vector of type T is

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016               [Page 9]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      T T'[n];

   Here, T' occupies n bytes in the data stream, where n is a multiple
   of the size of T.  The length of the vector is not included in the
   encoded stream.

   In the following example, Datum is defined to be three consecutive
   bytes that the protocol does not interpret, while Data is three
   consecutive Datum, consuming a total of nine bytes.

      opaque Datum[3];      /* three uninterpreted bytes */
      Datum Data[9];        /* 3 consecutive 3 byte vectors */

   Variable-length vectors are defined by specifying a subrange of legal
   lengths, inclusively, using the notation <floor..ceiling>.  When
   these are encoded, the actual length precedes the vector's contents
   in the byte stream.  The length will be in the form of a number
   consuming as many bytes as required to hold the vector's specified
   maximum (ceiling) length.  A variable-length vector with an actual
   length field of zero is referred to as an empty vector.

      T T'<floor..ceiling>;

   In the following example, mandatory is a vector that must contain
   between 300 and 400 bytes of type opaque.  It can never be empty.
   The actual length field consumes two bytes, a uint16, which is
   sufficient to represent the value 400 (see Section 4.4).  On the
   other hand, longer can represent up to 800 bytes of data, or 400
   uint16 elements, and it may be empty.  Its encoding will include a
   two-byte actual length field prepended to the vector.  The length of
   an encoded vector must be an even multiple of the length of a single
   element (for example, a 17-byte vector of uint16 would be illegal).

      opaque mandatory<300..400>;
            /* length field is 2 bytes, cannot be empty */
      uint16 longer<0..800>;
            /* zero to 400 16-bit unsigned integers */

4.4.  Numbers

   The basic numeric data type is an unsigned byte (uint8).  All larger
   numeric data types are formed from fixed-length series of bytes
   concatenated as described in Section 4.1 and are also unsigned.  The
   following numeric types are predefined.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 10]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      uint8 uint16[2];
      uint8 uint24[3];
      uint8 uint32[4];
      uint8 uint64[8];

   All values, here and elsewhere in the specification, are stored in
   network byte (big-endian) order; the uint32 represented by the hex
   bytes 01 02 03 04 is equivalent to the decimal value 16909060.

   Note that in some cases (e.g., DH parameters) it is necessary to
   represent integers as opaque vectors.  In such cases, they are
   represented as unsigned integers (i.e., leading zero octets are not
   required even if the most significant bit is set).

4.5.  Enumerateds

   An additional sparse data type is available called enum.  A field of
   type enum can only assume the values declared in the definition.
   Each definition is a different type.  Only enumerateds of the same
   type may be assigned or compared.  Every element of an enumerated
   must be assigned a value, as demonstrated in the following example.
   Since the elements of the enumerated are not ordered, they can be
   assigned any unique value, in any order.

      enum { e1(v1), e2(v2), ... , en(vn) [[, (n)]] } Te;

   An enumerated occupies as much space in the byte stream as would its
   maximal defined ordinal value.  The following definition would cause
   one byte to be used to carry fields of type Color.

      enum { red(3), blue(5), white(7) } Color;

   One may optionally specify a value without its associated tag to
   force the width definition without defining a superfluous element.

   In the following example, Taste will consume two bytes in the data
   stream but can only assume the values 1, 2, or 4.

      enum { sweet(1), sour(2), bitter(4), (32000) } Taste;

   The names of the elements of an enumeration are scoped within the
   defined type.  In the first example, a fully qualified reference to
   the second element of the enumeration would be Color.blue.  Such
   qualification is not required if the target of the assignment is well
   specified.

      Color color = Color.blue;     /* overspecified, legal */
      Color color = blue;           /* correct, type implicit */

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 11]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   For enumerateds that are never converted to external representation,
   the numerical information may be omitted.

      enum { low, medium, high } Amount;

4.6.  Constructed Types

   Structure types may be constructed from primitive types for
   convenience.  Each specification declares a new, unique type.  The
   syntax for definition is much like that of C.

      struct {
          T1 f1;
          T2 f2;
          ...
          Tn fn;
      } [[T]];

   The fields within a structure may be qualified using the type's name,
   with a syntax much like that available for enumerateds.  For example,
   T.f2 refers to the second field of the previous declaration.
   Structure definitions may be embedded.

4.6.1.  Variants

   Defined structures may have variants based on some knowledge that is
   available within the environment.  The selector must be an enumerated
   type that defines the possible variants the structure defines.  There
   must be a case arm for every element of the enumeration declared in
   the select.  Case arms have limited fall-through: if two case arms
   follow in immediate succession with no fields in between, then they
   both contain the same fields.  Thus, in the example below, "orange"
   and "banana" both contain V2.  Note that this is a new piece of
   syntax in TLS 1.2.

   The body of the variant structure may be given a label for reference.
   The mechanism by which the variant is selected at runtime is not
   prescribed by the presentation language.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 12]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      struct {
          T1 f1;
          T2 f2;
          ....
          Tn fn;
           select (E) {
               case e1: Te1;
               case e2: Te2;
               case e3: case e4: Te3;
               ....
               case en: Ten;
           } [[fv]];
      } [[Tv]];

   For example:

      enum { apple, orange, banana } VariantTag;

      struct {
          uint16 number;
          opaque string<0..10>; /* variable length */
      } V1;

      struct {
          uint32 number;
          opaque string[10];    /* fixed length */
      } V2;

      struct {
          select (VariantTag) { /* value of selector is implicit */
              case apple:
                V1;   /* VariantBody, tag = apple */
              case orange:
              case banana:
                V2;   /* VariantBody, tag = orange or banana */
          } variant_body;       /* optional label on variant */
      } VariantRecord;

4.7.  Constants

   Typed constants can be defined for purposes of specification by
   declaring a symbol of the desired type and assigning values to it.

   Under-specified types (opaque, variable-length vectors, and
   structures that contain opaque) cannot be assigned values.  No fields
   of a multi-element structure or vector may be elided.

   For example:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 13]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      struct {
          uint8 f1;
          uint8 f2;
      } Example1;

      Example1 ex1 = {1, 4};  /* assigns f1 = 1, f2 = 4 */

4.8.  Primitive Types

   The following common primitive types are defined and used
   subsequently:

         enum { false(0), true(1) } Boolean;

4.9.  Cryptographic Attributes

   The two cryptographic operations -- digital signing, and
   authenticated encryption with additional data (AEAD) -- are
   designated digitally-signed, and aead-ciphered, respectively.  A
   field's cryptographic processing is specified by prepending an
   appropriate key word designation before the field's type
   specification.  Cryptographic keys are implied by the current session
   state (see Section 5.1).

4.9.1.  Digital Signing

   A digitally-signed element is encoded as a struct DigitallySigned:

      struct {
         SignatureAndHashAlgorithm algorithm;
         opaque signature<0..2^16-1>;
      } DigitallySigned;

   The algorithm field specifies the algorithm used (see Section 6.3.2.1
   for the definition of this field).  Note that the algorithm field was
   introduced in TLS 1.2, and is not in earlier versions.  The signature
   is a digital signature using those algorithms over the contents of
   the element.  The contents themselves do not appear on the wire but
   are simply calculated.  The length of the signature is specified by
   the signing algorithm and key.

   In previous versions of TLS, the ServerKeyExchange format meant that
   attackers can obtain a signature of a message with a chosen, 32-byte
   prefix.  Because TLS 1.3 servers are likely to also implement prior
   versions, the contents of the element always start with 64 bytes of
   octet 32 in order to clear that chosen-prefix.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 14]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   Following that padding is a NUL-terminated context string in order to
   disambiguate signatures for different purposes.  The context string
   will be specified whenever a digitally-signed element is used.

   Finally, the specified contents of the digitally-signed structure
   follow the NUL at the end of the context string.  (See the example at
   the end of this section.)

   In RSA signing, the opaque vector contains the signature generated
   using the RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 signature scheme defined in [RFC3447].
   As discussed in [RFC3447], the DigestInfo MUST be DER-encoded [X680]
   [X690].  For hash algorithms without parameters (which includes SHA-
   1), the DigestInfo.AlgorithmIdentifier.parameters field MUST be NULL,
   but implementations MUST accept both without parameters and with NULL
   parameters.  Note that earlier versions of TLS used a different RSA
   signature scheme that did not include a DigestInfo encoding.

   In DSA, the 20 bytes of the SHA-1 hash are run directly through the
   Digital Signing Algorithm with no additional hashing.  This produces
   two values, r and s.  The DSA signature is an opaque vector, as
   above, the contents of which are the DER encoding of:

      Dss-Sig-Value ::= SEQUENCE {
          r INTEGER,
          s INTEGER
      }

   Note: In current terminology, DSA refers to the Digital Signature
   Algorithm and DSS refers to the NIST standard.  In the original SSL
   and TLS specs, "DSS" was used universally.  This document uses "DSA"
   to refer to the algorithm, "DSS" to refer to the standard, and it
   uses "DSS" in the code point definitions for historical continuity.

   All ECDSA computations MUST be performed according to ANSI X9.62
   [X962] or its successors.  Data to be signed/verified is hashed, and
   the result run directly through the ECDSA algorithm with no
   additional hashing.  The default hash function is SHA-1 [SHS].
   However, an alternative hash function, such as one of the new SHA
   hash functions specified in FIPS 180-2 may be used instead if the
   certificate containing the EC public key explicitly requires use of
   another hash function.  (The mechanism for specifying the required
   hash function has not been standardized, but this provision
   anticipates such standardization and obviates the need to update this
   document in response.  Future PKIX RFCs may choose, for example, to
   specify the hash function to be used with a public key in the
   parameters field of subjectPublicKeyInfo.)  [[OPEN ISSUE: This needs
   updating per 4492-bis https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/59]]

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 15]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

4.9.2.  Authenticated Encryption with Additional Data (AEAD)

   In AEAD encryption, the plaintext is simultaneously encrypted and
   integrity protected.  The input may be of any length, and aead-
   ciphered output is generally larger than the input in order to
   accommodate the integrity check value.

   In the following example

      struct {
          uint8 field1;
          uint8 field2;
          digitally-signed opaque {
            uint8 field3<0..255>;
            uint8 field4;
          };
      } UserType;

   Assume that the context string for the signature was specified as
   "Example".  The input for the signature/hash algorithm would be:

      2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
      2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
      4578616d706c6500

   followed by the encoding of the inner struct (field3 and field4).

   The length of the structure, in bytes, would be equal to two bytes
   for field1 and field2, plus two bytes for the signature and hash
   algorithm, plus two bytes for the length of the signature, plus the
   length of the output of the signing algorithm.  The length of the
   signature is known because the algorithm and key used for the signing
   are known prior to encoding or decoding this structure.

5.  The TLS Record Protocol

   The TLS Record Protocol is a layered protocol.  At each layer,
   messages may include fields for length, description, and content.
   The TLS Record Protocol takes messages to be transmitted, fragments
   the data into manageable blocks, protects the records, and transmits
   the result.  Received data is decrypted and verified, reassembled,
   and then delivered to higher-level clients.

   Three protocols that use the TLS Record Protocol are described in
   this document: the TLS Handshake Protocol, the Alert Protocol, and
   the application data protocol.  In order to allow extension of the
   TLS protocol, additional record content types can be supported by the

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 16]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   TLS Record Protocol.  New record content type values are assigned by
   IANA in the TLS Content Type Registry as described in Section 11.

   Implementations MUST NOT send record types not defined in this
   document unless negotiated by some extension.  If a TLS
   implementation receives an unexpected record type, it MUST send an
   "unexpected_message" alert.

   Any protocol designed for use over TLS must be carefully designed to
   deal with all possible attacks against it.  As a practical matter,
   this means that the protocol designer must be aware of what security
   properties TLS does and does not provide and cannot safely rely on
   the latter.

   Note in particular that type and length of a record are not protected
   by encryption.  If this information is itself sensitive, application
   designers may wish to take steps (e.g., padding, cover traffic) to
   minimize information leakage.

5.1.  Connection States

   [[TODO: I plan to totally rewrite or remove this.  IT seems like just
   cruft.]]

   A TLS connection state is the operating environment of the TLS Record
   Protocol.  It specifies a record protection algorithm and its
   parameters as well as the record protection keys and IVs for the
   connection in both the read and the write directions.  The security
   parameters are set by the TLS Handshake Protocol, which also
   determines when new cryptographic keys are installed and used for
   record protection.  The initial current state always specifies that
   records are not protected.

   The security parameters for a TLS Connection read and write state are
   set by providing the following values:

   connection end
      Whether this entity is considered the "client" or the "server" in
      this connection.

   Hash algorithm
      An algorithm used to generate keys from the appropriate secret
      (see Section 7.1 and Section 7.2).

   record protection algorithm
      The algorithm to be used for record protection.  This algorithm
      must be of the AEAD type and thus provides integrity and
      confidentiality as a single primitive.  It is possible to have

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 17]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      AEAD algorithms which do not provide any confidentiality and
      Section 5.2.2 defines a special NULL_NULL AEAD algorithm for use
      only in the initial handshake.  This specification includes the
      key size of this algorithm and of the nonce for the AEAD
      algorithm.

   master secret
      A 48-byte secret shared between the two peers in the connection
      and used to generate keys for protecting data.

   client random
      A 32-byte value provided by the client.

   server random
      A 32-byte value provided by the server.

   These parameters are defined in the presentation language as:

      enum { server, client } ConnectionEnd;

      enum { tls_kdf_sha256, tls_kdf_sha384 } KDFAlgorithm;

      enum { aes_gcm } RecordProtAlgorithm;

      /* The algorithms specified in KDFAlgorithm and
         RecordProtAlgorithm may be added to. */

      struct {
          ConnectionEnd          entity;
          KDFAlgorithm           kdf_algorithm;
          RecordProtAlgorithm    record_prot_algorithm;
          uint8                  enc_key_length;
          uint8                  iv_length;
          opaque                 hs_master_secret[48];
          opaque                 master_secret[48];
          opaque                 client_random[32];
          opaque                 server_random[32];
      } SecurityParameters;

   [TODO: update this to handle new key hierarchy.]

   The connection state will use the security parameters to generate the
   following four items:

      client write key
      server write key
      client write iv
      server write iv

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 18]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   The client write parameters are used by the server when receiving and
   processing records and vice versa.  The algorithm used for generating
   these items from the security parameters is described in Section 7.2.

   Once the security parameters have been set and the keys have been
   generated, the connection states can be instantiated by making them
   the current states.  These current states MUST be updated for each
   record processed.  Each connection state includes the following
   elements:

   cipher state
      The current state of the encryption algorithm.  This will consist
      of the scheduled key for that connection.

   sequence number
      Each connection state contains a sequence number, which is
      maintained separately for read and write states.  The sequence
      number is set to zero at the beginning of a connection and
      incremented by one thereafter.  Sequence numbers are of type
      uint64 and MUST NOT exceed 2^64-1.  Sequence numbers do not wrap.
      If a TLS implementation would need to wrap a sequence number, it
      MUST terminate the connection.  A sequence number is incremented
      after each record: specifically, the first record transmitted
      under a particular connection state MUST use sequence number 0.
      NOTE: This is a change from previous versions of TLS, where
      sequence numbers were reset whenever keys were changed.

5.2.  Record Layer

   The TLS record layer receives uninterpreted data from higher layers
   in non-empty blocks of arbitrary size.

5.2.1.  Fragmentation

   The record layer fragments information blocks into TLSPlaintext
   records carrying data in chunks of 2^14 bytes or less.  Client
   message boundaries are not preserved in the record layer (i.e.,
   multiple client messages of the same ContentType MAY be coalesced
   into a single TLSPlaintext record, or a single message MAY be
   fragmented across several records).

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 19]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      struct {
          uint8 major;
          uint8 minor;
      } ProtocolVersion;

      enum {
          reserved(20), alert(21), handshake(22),
          application_data(23), early_handshake(25),
          (255)
      } ContentType;

      struct {
          ContentType type;
          ProtocolVersion record_version = { 3, 1 };    /* TLS v1.x */
          uint16 length;
          opaque fragment[TLSPlaintext.length];
      } TLSPlaintext;

   type
      The higher-level protocol used to process the enclosed fragment.

   record_version
      The protocol version the current record is compatible with.  This
      value MUST be set to { 3, 1 } for all records.  This field is
      deprecated and MUST be ignored for all purposes.

   length
      The length (in bytes) of the following TLSPlaintext.fragment.  The
      length MUST NOT exceed 2^14.

   fragment
      The application data.  This data is transparent and treated as an
      independent block to be dealt with by the higher-level protocol
      specified by the type field.

   This document describes TLS Version 1.3, which uses the version { 3,
   4 }.  The version value 3.4 is historical, deriving from the use of {
   3, 1 } for TLS 1.0 and { 3, 0 } for SSL 3.0.  In order to maximize
   backwards compatibility, the record layer version identifies as
   simply TLS 1.0.  Endpoints supporting other versions negotiate the
   version to use by following the procedure and requirements in
   Appendix C.

   Implementations MUST NOT send zero-length fragments of Handshake or
   Alert types.  Zero-length fragments of Application data MAY be sent
   as they are potentially useful as a traffic analysis countermeasure.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 20]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

5.2.2.  Record Payload Protection

   The record protection functions translate a TLSPlaintext structure
   into a TLSCiphertext.  The deprotection functions reverse the
   process.  In TLS 1.3 as opposed to previous versions of TLS, all
   ciphers are modeled as "Authenticated Encryption with Additional
   Data" (AEAD) [RFC5116].  AEAD functions provide a unified encryption
   and authentication operation which turns plaintext into authenticated
   ciphertext and back again.

   AEAD ciphers take as input a single key, a nonce, a plaintext, and
   "additional data" to be included in the authentication check, as
   described in Section 2.1 of [RFC5116].  The key is either the
   client_write_key or the server_write_key.

      struct {
          ContentType type;
          ProtocolVersion record_version = { 3, 1 };    /* TLS v1.x */
          uint16 length;
          aead-ciphered struct {
             opaque content[TLSPlaintext.length];
          } fragment;
      } TLSCiphertext;

   type
      The type field is identical to TLSPlaintext.type.

   record_version
      The record_version field is identical to
      TLSPlaintext.record_version and is always { 3, 1 }.  Note that the
      handshake protocol including the ClientHello and ServerHello
      messages authenticates the protocol version, so this value is
      redundant.

   length
      The length (in bytes) of the following TLSCiphertext.fragment.
      The length MUST NOT exceed 2^14 + 256.  An endpoint that receives
      a record that exceeds this length MUST generate a fatal
      "record_overflow" alert.

   fragment
      The AEAD encrypted form of TLSPlaintext.fragment.

   The length of the per-record nonce (iv_length) is set to max(8 bytes,
   N_MIN) for the AEAD algorithm (see [RFC5116] Section 4).  An AEAD
   algorithm where N_MAX is less than 8 bytes MUST NOT be used with TLS.
   The per-record nonce for the AEAD construction is formed as follows:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 21]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   1.  The 64-bit record sequence number is padded to the left with
       zeroes to iv_length.

   2.  The padded sequence number is XORed with the static
       client_write_iv or server_write_iv, depending on the role.

   The resulting quantity (of length iv_length) is used as the per-
   record nonce.

   Note: This is a different construction from that in TLS 1.2, which
   specified a partially explicit nonce.

   The plaintext is the TLSPlaintext.fragment.

   The additional authenticated data, which we denote as
   additional_data, is defined as follows:

      additional_data = seq_num + TLSPlaintext.type +
                        TLSPlaintext.record_version

   where "+" denotes concatenation.

   Note: In versions of TLS prior to 1.3, the additional_data included a
   length field.  This presents a problem for cipher constructions with
   data-dependent padding (such as CBC).  TLS 1.3 removes the length
   field and relies on the AEAD cipher to provide integrity for the
   length of the data.

   The AEAD output consists of the ciphertext output by the AEAD
   encryption operation.  The length will generally be larger than
   TLSPlaintext.length, but by an amount that varies with the AEAD
   cipher.  Since the ciphers might incorporate padding, the amount of
   overhead could vary with different TLSPlaintext.length values.
   Symbolically,

      AEADEncrypted = AEAD-Encrypt(write_key, nonce, plaintext,
                                   additional_data)

   In order to decrypt and verify, the cipher takes as input the key,
   nonce, the "additional_data", and the AEADEncrypted value.  The
   output is either the plaintext or an error indicating that the
   decryption failed.  There is no separate integrity check.  That is:

      TLSPlaintext.fragment = AEAD-Decrypt(write_key, nonce,
                                           AEADEncrypted,
                                           additional_data)

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 22]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   If the decryption fails, a fatal "bad_record_mac" alert MUST be
   generated.

   An AEAD cipher MUST NOT produce an expansion of greater than 256
   bytes.  An endpoint that receives a record that is larger than 2^14 +
   256 octets MUST generate a fatal "record_overflow" alert.

   As a special case, we define the NULL_NULL AEAD cipher which is
   simply the identity operation and thus provides no security.  This
   cipher MUST ONLY be used with the initial TLS_NULL_WITH_NULL_NULL
   cipher suite.

6.  The TLS Handshaking Protocols

   TLS has three subprotocols that are used to allow peers to agree upon
   security parameters for the record layer, to authenticate themselves,
   to instantiate negotiated security parameters, and to report error
   conditions to each other.

   The TLS Handshake Protocol is responsible for negotiating a session,
   which consists of the following items:

   peer certificate
      X509v3 [RFC5280] certificate of the peer.  This element of the
      state may be null.

   cipher spec
      Specifies the authentication and key establishment algorithms, the
      hash for use with HKDF to generate keying material, and the record
      protection algorithm (See Appendix A.5 for formal definition.)

   resumption master secret
      a secret shared between the client and server that can be used as
      a PSK in future connections.

   These items are then used to create security parameters for use by
   the record layer when protecting application data.  Many connections
   can be instantiated using the same session using a PSK established in
   an initial handshake.

6.1.  Alert Protocol

   One of the content types supported by the TLS record layer is the
   alert type.  Alert messages convey the severity of the message
   (warning or fatal) and a description of the alert.  Alert messages
   with a level of fatal result in the immediate termination of the
   connection.  In this case, other connections corresponding to the
   session may continue, but the session identifier MUST be invalidated,

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 23]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   preventing the failed session from being used to establish new
   connections.  Like other messages, alert messages are encrypted as
   specified by the current connection state.

      enum { warning(1), fatal(2), (255) } AlertLevel;

      enum {
          close_notify(0),
          unexpected_message(10),               /* fatal */
          bad_record_mac(20),                   /* fatal */
          decryption_failed_RESERVED(21),       /* fatal */
          record_overflow(22),                  /* fatal */
          decompression_failure_RESERVED(30),   /* fatal */
          handshake_failure(40),                /* fatal */
          no_certificate_RESERVED(41),          /* fatal */
          bad_certificate(42),
          unsupported_certificate(43),
          certificate_revoked(44),
          certificate_expired(45),
          certificate_unknown(46),
          illegal_parameter(47),                /* fatal */
          unknown_ca(48),                       /* fatal */
          access_denied(49),                    /* fatal */
          decode_error(50),                     /* fatal */
          decrypt_error(51),                    /* fatal */
          export_restriction_RESERVED(60),      /* fatal */
          protocol_version(70),                 /* fatal */
          insufficient_security(71),            /* fatal */
          internal_error(80),                   /* fatal */
          inappropriate_fallback(86),           /* fatal */
          user_canceled(90),
          no_renegotiation_RESERVED(100),       /* fatal */
          missing_extension(109),               /* fatal */
          unsupported_extension(110),           /* fatal */
          certificate_unobtainable(111),
          unrecognized_name(112),
          bad_certificate_status_response(113), /* fatal */
          bad_certificate_hash_value(114),      /* fatal */
          unknown_psk_identity(115),
          (255)
      } AlertDescription;

      struct {
          AlertLevel level;
          AlertDescription description;
      } Alert;

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 24]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

6.1.1.  Closure Alerts

   The client and the server must share knowledge that the connection is
   ending in order to avoid a truncation attack.  Failure to properly
   close a connection does not prohibit a session from being resumed.

   close_notify
      This message notifies the recipient that the sender will not send
      any more messages on this connection.  Any data received after a
      closure MUST be ignored.

   user_canceled
      This message notifies the recipient that the sender is canceling
      the handshake for some reason unrelated to a protocol failure.  If
      a user cancels an operation after the handshake is complete, just
      closing the connection by sending a "close_notify" is more
      appropriate.  This alert SHOULD be followed by a "close_notify".
      This alert is generally a warning.

   Either party MAY initiate a close by sending a "close_notify" alert.
   Any data received after a closure alert is ignored.  If a transport-
   level close is received prior to a "close_notify", the receiver
   cannot know that all the data that was sent has been received.

   Each party MUST send a "close_notify" alert before closing the write
   side of the connection, unless some other fatal alert has been
   transmitted.  The other party MUST respond with a "close_notify"
   alert of its own and close down the connection immediately,
   discarding any pending writes.  The initiator of the close need not
   wait for the responding "close_notify" alert before closing the read
   side of the connection.

   If the application protocol using TLS provides that any data may be
   carried over the underlying transport after the TLS connection is
   closed, the TLS implementation must receive the responding
   "close_notify" alert before indicating to the application layer that
   the TLS connection has ended.  If the application protocol will not
   transfer any additional data, but will only close the underlying
   transport connection, then the implementation MAY choose to close the
   transport without waiting for the responding "close_notify".  No part
   of this standard should be taken to dictate the manner in which a
   usage profile for TLS manages its data transport, including when
   connections are opened or closed.

   Note: It is assumed that closing a connection reliably delivers
   pending data before destroying the transport.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 25]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

6.1.2.  Error Alerts

   Error handling in the TLS Handshake Protocol is very simple.  When an
   error is detected, the detecting party sends a message to its peer.
   Upon transmission or receipt of a fatal alert message, both parties
   immediately close the connection.  Servers and clients MUST forget
   any session-identifiers, keys, and secrets associated with a failed
   connection.  Thus, any connection terminated with a fatal alert MUST
   NOT be resumed.

   Whenever an implementation encounters a condition which is defined as
   a fatal alert, it MUST send the appropriate alert prior to closing
   the connection.  For all errors where an alert level is not
   explicitly specified, the sending party MAY determine at its
   discretion whether to treat this as a fatal error or not.  If the
   implementation chooses to send an alert but intends to close the
   connection immediately afterwards, it MUST send that alert at the
   fatal alert level.

   If an alert with a level of warning is sent and received, generally
   the connection can continue normally.  If the receiving party decides
   not to proceed with the connection (e.g., after having received a
   "user_canceled" alert that it is not willing to accept), it SHOULD
   send a fatal alert to terminate the connection.  Given this, the
   sending peer cannot, in general, know how the receiving party will
   behave.  Therefore, warning alerts are not very useful when the
   sending party wants to continue the connection, and thus are
   sometimes omitted.  For example, if a party decides to accept an
   expired certificate (perhaps after confirming this with the user) and
   wants to continue the connection, it would not generally send a
   "certificate_expired" alert.

   The following error alerts are defined:

   unexpected_message
      An inappropriate message was received.  This alert is always fatal
      and should never be observed in communication between proper
      implementations.

   bad_record_mac
      This alert is returned if a record is received which cannot be
      deprotected.  Because AEAD algorithms combine decryption and
      verification, this alert is used for all deprotection failures.
      This alert is always fatal and should never be observed in
      communication between proper implementations (except when messages
      were corrupted in the network).

   decryption_failed_RESERVED

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 26]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      This alert was used in some earlier versions of TLS, and may have
      permitted certain attacks against the CBC mode [CBCATT].  It MUST
      NOT be sent by compliant implementations.  This alert is always
      fatal.

   record_overflow
      A TLSCiphertext record was received that had a length more than
      2^14 + 256 bytes, or a record decrypted to a TLSPlaintext record
      with more than 2^14 bytes.  This alert is always fatal and should
      never be observed in communication between proper implementations
      (except when messages were corrupted in the network).

   decompression_failure_RESERVED
      This alert was used in previous versions of TLS.  TLS 1.3 does not
      include compression and TLS 1.3 implementations MUST NOT send this
      alert when in TLS 1.3 mode.  This alert is always fatal.

   handshake_failure
      Reception of a "handshake_failure" alert message indicates that
      the sender was unable to negotiate an acceptable set of security
      parameters given the options available.  This alert is always
      fatal.

   no_certificate_RESERVED
      This alert was used in SSL 3.0 but not any version of TLS.  It
      MUST NOT be sent by compliant implementations.  This alert is
      always fatal.

   bad_certificate
      A certificate was corrupt, contained signatures that did not
      verify correctly, etc.

   unsupported_certificate
      A certificate was of an unsupported type.

   certificate_revoked
      A certificate was revoked by its signer.

   certificate_expired
      A certificate has expired or is not currently valid.

   certificate_unknown
      Some other (unspecified) issue arose in processing the
      certificate, rendering it unacceptable.

   illegal_parameter
      A field in the handshake was out of range or inconsistent with
      other fields.  This alert is always fatal.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 27]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   unknown_ca
      A valid certificate chain or partial chain was received, but the
      certificate was not accepted because the CA certificate could not
      be located or couldn't be matched with a known, trusted CA.  This
      alert is always fatal.

   access_denied
      A valid certificate or PSK was received, but when access control
      was applied, the sender decided not to proceed with negotiation.
      This alert is always fatal.

   decode_error
      A message could not be decoded because some field was out of the
      specified range or the length of the message was incorrect.  This
      alert is always fatal and should never be observed in
      communication between proper implementations (except when messages
      were corrupted in the network).

   decrypt_error
      A handshake cryptographic operation failed, including being unable
      to correctly verify a signature or validate a Finished message.
      This alert is always fatal.

   export_restriction_RESERVED
      This alert was used in some earlier versions of TLS.  It MUST NOT
      be sent by compliant implementations.  This alert is always fatal.

   protocol_version
      The protocol version the peer has attempted to negotiate is
      recognized but not supported.  (For example, old protocol versions
      might be avoided for security reasons.)  This alert is always
      fatal.

   insufficient_security
      Returned instead of "handshake_failure" when a negotiation has
      failed specifically because the server requires ciphers more
      secure than those supported by the client.  This alert is always
      fatal.

   internal_error
      An internal error unrelated to the peer or the correctness of the
      protocol (such as a memory allocation failure) makes it impossible
      to continue.  This alert is always fatal.

   inappropriate_fallback
      Sent by a server in response to an invalid connection retry
      attempt from a client. (see [RFC7507]) This alert is always fatal.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 28]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   no_renegotiation_RESERVED
      This alert was used in previous versions of TLS.  TLS 1.3 does not
      include renegotiation and TLS 1.3 implementations MUST NOT send
      this alert when in TLS 1.3 mode.  This alert is always fatal.

   missing_extension
      Sent by endpoints that receive a hello message not containing an
      extension that is mandatory to send for the offered TLS version.
      This message is always fatal.  [[TODO: IANA Considerations.]]

   unsupported_extension
      Sent by endpoints receiving any hello message containing an
      extension known to be prohibited for inclusion in the given hello
      message, including any extensions in a ServerHello not first
      offered in the corresponding ClientHello.  This alert is always
      fatal.

   certificate_unobtainable
      Sent by servers when unable to obtain a certificate from a URL
      provided by the client via the "client_certificate_url" extension
      [RFC6066].

   unrecognized_name
      Sent by servers when no server exists identified by the name
      provided by the client via the "server_name" extension [RFC6066].

   bad_certificate_status_response
      Sent by clients when an invalid or unacceptable OCSP response is
      provided by the server via the "status_request" extension
      [RFC6066].  This alert is always fatal.

   bad_certificate_hash_value
      Sent by servers when a retrieved object does not have the correct
      hash provided by the client via the "client_certificate_url"
      extension [RFC6066].  This alert is always fatal.

   unknown_psk_identity
      Sent by servers when a PSK cipher suite is selected but no
      acceptable PSK identity is provided by the client.  Sending this
      alert is OPTIONAL; servers MAY instead choose to send a
      "decrypt_error" alert to merely indicate an invalid PSK identity.
      [[TODO: This doesn't really make sense with the current PSK
      negotiation scheme where the client provides multiple PSKs in
      flight 1. https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/230]]

   New Alert values are assigned by IANA as described in Section 11.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 29]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

6.2.  Handshake Protocol Overview

   The cryptographic parameters of the session state are produced by the
   TLS Handshake Protocol, which operates on top of the TLS record
   layer.  When a TLS client and server first start communicating, they
   agree on a protocol version, select cryptographic algorithms,
   optionally authenticate each other, and establish shared secret
   keying material.

   TLS supports three basic key exchange modes:

   -  Diffie-Hellman (of both the finite field and elliptic curve
      varieties).

   -  A pre-shared symmetric key (PSK)

   -  A combination of a symmetric key and Diffie-Hellman

   Which mode is used depends on the negotiated cipher suite.
   Conceptually, the handshake establishes two secrets which are used to
   derive all the keys.

   Ephemeral Secret (ES): A secret which is derived from fresh (EC)DHE
   shares for this connection.  Keying material derived from ES is
   intended to be forward secure (with the exception of pre-shared key
   only modes).

   Static Secret (SS): A secret which may be derived from static or
   semi-static keying material, such as a pre-shared key or the server's
   semi-static (EC)DH share.

   In some cases, as with the DH handshake shown in Figure 1, these
   secrets are the same, but having both allows for a uniform key
   derivation scheme for all cipher modes.

   The basic TLS Handshake for DH is shown in Figure 1:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 30]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

        Client                                               Server

        ClientHello
          + ClientKeyShare        -------->
                                                        ServerHello
                                                    ServerKeyShare*
                                              {EncryptedExtensions}
                                             {ServerConfiguration*}
                                                     {Certificate*}
                                              {CertificateRequest*}
                                               {CertificateVerify*}
                                  <--------              {Finished}
        {Certificate*}
        {CertificateVerify*}
        {Finished}                -------->
        [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

               *  Indicates optional or situation-dependent
                  messages that are not always sent.

               {} Indicates messages protected using keys
                  derived from the ephemeral secret.

               [] Indicates messages protected using keys
                  derived from the master secret.

               Figure 1: Message flow for full TLS Handshake

   The first message sent by the client is the ClientHello
   Section 6.3.1.1 which contains a random nonce (ClientHello.random),
   its offered protocol version, cipher suite, and extensions, and one
   or more Diffie-Hellman key shares in the ClientKeyShare extension
   Section 6.3.2.3.

   The server processes the ClientHello and determines the appropriate
   cryptographic parameters for the connection.  It then responds with
   the following messages:

   ServerHello
      indicates the negotiated connection parameters.  [Section 6.3.1.2]

   ServerKeyShare
      the server's ephemeral Diffie-Hellman Share which must be in the
      same group as one of the shares offered by the client.  This
      message will be omitted if DH is not in use (i.e., a pure PSK
      cipher suite is selected).  The ClientKeyShare and ServerKeyShare
      are used together to derive the Static Secret and Ephemeral Secret
      (in this mode they are the same).  [Section 6.3.3]

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 31]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   ServerConfiguration
      supplies a configuration for 0-RTT handshakes (see Section 6.2.2).
      [Section 6.3.7]

   EncryptedExtensions
      responses to any extensions which are not required in order to
      determine the cryptographic parameters.  [Section 6.3.4]

   Certificate
      the server certificate.  This message will be omitted if the
      server is not authenticating via a certificates.  [Section 6.3.5]

   CertificateRequest
      if certificate-based client authentication is desired, the desired
      parameters for that certificate.  This message will be omitted if
      client authentication is not desired.  [[OPEN ISSUE: See
      https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/184]].  [Section 6.3.6]

   CertificateVerify
      a signature over the entire handshake using the public key in the
      Certificate message.  This message will be omitted if the server
      is not authenticating via a certificate.  [Section 6.3.8]

   Finished
      a MAC over the entire handshake computed using the Static Secret.
      This message provides key confirmation and In some modes (see
      Section 6.2.2) it also authenticates the handshake using the the
      Static Secret.  [Section 6.3.9]

   Upon receiving the server's messages, the client responds with his
   final flight of messages:

   Certificate
      the client's certificate.  This message will be omitted if the
      client is not authenticating via a certificates.  [Section 6.3.10]

   CertificateVerify
      a signature over the entire handshake using the private key
      corresponding to the public key in the Certificate message.  This
      message will be omitted if the client is not authenticating via a
      certificate.  [Section 6.3.11]

   Finished
      a MAC over the entire handshake computed using the Static Secret
      and providing key confirmation.  [Section 6.3.9]

   At this point, the handshake is complete, and the client and server
   may exchange application layer data.  Application data MUST NOT be

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 32]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   sent prior to sending the Finished message.  If client authentication
   is requested, the server MUST NOT send application data before it
   receives the client's Finished.

   [[TODO: Move this elsewhere?  Note that higher layers should not be
   overly reliant on whether TLS always negotiates the strongest
   possible connection between two endpoints.  There are a number of
   ways in which a man-in-the-middle attacker can attempt to make two
   entities drop down to the least secure method they support (i.e.,
   perform a downgrade attack).  The TLS protocol has been designed to
   minimize this risk, but there are still attacks available: for
   example, an attacker could block access to the port a secure service
   runs on, or attempt to get the peers to negotiate an unauthenticated
   connection.  The fundamental rule is that higher levels must be
   cognizant of what their security requirements are and never transmit
   information over a channel less secure than what they require.  The
   TLS protocol is secure in that any cipher suite offers its promised
   level of security: if you negotiate AES-GCM [GCM] with a 255-bit
   ECDHE key exchange with a host whose certificate chain you have
   verified, you can expect that to be reasonably "secure" against
   algorithmic attacks, at least in the year 2015.]]

6.2.1.  Incorrect DHE Share

   If the client has not provided an appropriate ClientKeyShare (e.g. it
   includes only DHE or ECDHE groups unacceptable or unsupported by the
   server), the server corrects the mismatch with a HelloRetryRequest
   and the client will need to restart the handshake with an appropriate
   ClientKeyShare, as shown in Figure 2:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 33]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

          Client                                               Server

          ClientHello
            + ClientKeyShare        -------->
                                    <--------       HelloRetryRequest

          ClientHello
            + ClientKeyShare        -------->
                                                          ServerHello
                                                       ServerKeyShare
                                                {EncryptedExtensions}
                                               {ServerConfiguration*}
                                                       {Certificate*}
                                                {CertificateRequest*}
                                                 {CertificateVerify*}
                                    <--------              {Finished}
          {Certificate*}
          {CertificateVerify*}
          {Finished}                -------->
          [Application Data]        <------->     [Application Data]

        Figure 2: Message flow for a full handshake with mismatched
                                parameters

   [[OPEN ISSUE: Should we restart the handshake hash?
   https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/104.]] [[OPEN ISSUE: We
   need to make sure that this flow doesn't introduce downgrade issues.
   Potential options include continuing the handshake hashes (as long as
   clients don't change their opinion of the server's capabilities with
   aborted handshakes) and requiring the client to send the same
   ClientHello (as is currently done) and then checking you get the same
   negotiated parameters.]]

   If no common cryptographic parameters can be negotiated, the server
   will send a "handshake_failure" or "insufficient_security" fatal
   alert (see Section 6.1).

   TLS also allows several optimized variants of the basic handshake, as
   described below.

6.2.2.  Zero-RTT Exchange

   TLS 1.3 supports a "0-RTT" mode in which the client can send
   application data as well as its Certificate and CertificateVerify (if
   client authentication is requested) on its first flight, thus
   reducing handshake latency.  In order to enable this functionality,
   the server provides a ServerConfiguration message containing a long-

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 34]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   term (EC)DH share.  On future connections to the same server, the
   client can use that share to encrypt the first-flight data.

          Client                                               Server

          ClientHello
            + ClientKeyShare
            + EarlyDataIndication
          (EncryptedExtensions)
          (Certificate*)
          (CertificateVerify*)
          (Application Data)        -------->
                                                          ServerHello
                                                + EarlyDataIndication
                                                       ServerKeyShare
                                                {EncryptedExtensions}
                                               {ServerConfiguration*}
                                                       {Certificate*}
                                                {CertificateRequest*}
                                                 {CertificateVerify*}
                                    <--------              {Finished}
          {Finished}                -------->

          [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

               () Indicates messages protected using keys
                  derived from the static secret.

          Figure 3: Message flow for a zero round trip handshake

   Note: because sequence numbers continue to increment between the
   initial (early) application data and the application data sent after
   the handshake has completed, an attacker cannot remove early
   application data messages.

   IMPORTANT NOTE: The security properties for 0-RTT data (regardless of
   the cipher suite) are weaker than those for other kinds of TLS data.
   Specifically.

   1.  This data is not forward secure, because it is encrypted solely
       with the server's semi-static (EC)DH share.

   2.  There are no guarantees of non-replay between connections.
       Unless the server takes special measures outside those provided
       by TLS (See Section 6.3.2.5.2), the server has no guarantee that
       the same 0-RTT data was not transmitted on multiple 0-RTT
       connections.  This is especially relevant if the data is
       authenticated either with TLS client authentication or inside the

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 35]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

       application layer protocol.  However, 0-RTT data cannot be
       duplicated within a connection (i.e., the server will not process
       the same data twice for the same connection) and also cannot be
       sent as if it were ordinary TLS data.

   3.  If the server key is compromised, and client authentication is
       used, then the attacker can impersonate the client to the server
       (as it knows the traffic key).

6.2.3.  Resumption and PSK

   Finally, TLS provides a pre-shared key (PSK) mode which allows a
   client and server who share an existing secret (e.g., a key
   established out of band) to establish a connection authenticated by
   that key.  PSKs can also be established in a previous session and
   then reused ("session resumption").  Once a handshake has completed,
   the server can send the client a PSK identity which corresponds to a
   key derived from the initial handshake (See Section 6.3.12).  The
   client can then use that PSK identity in future handshakes to
   negotiate use of the PSK; if the server accepts it, then the security
   context of the original connection is tied to the new connection.  In
   TLS 1.2 and below, this functionality was provided by "session
   resumption" and "session tickets" [RFC5077].  Both mechanisms are
   obsoleted in TLS 1.3.

   PSK cipher suites can either use PSK in combination with an (EC)DHE
   exchange in order to provide forward secrecy in combination with
   shared keys, or can use PSKs alone, at the cost of losing forward
   secrecy.

   Figure 4 shows a pair of handshakes in which the first establishes a
   PSK and the second uses it:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 36]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

          Client                                               Server

   Initial Handshake:
          ClientHello
            + ClientKeyShare       -------->
                                                          ServerHello
                                                       ServerKeyShare
                                                {EncryptedExtensions}
                                               {ServerConfiguration*}
                                                       {Certificate*}
                                                {CertificateRequest*}
                                                 {CertificateVerify*}
                                    <--------              {Finished}
          {Certificate*}
          {CertificateVerify*}
          {Finished}                -------->
                                    <--------      [NewSessionTicket]
          [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

   Subsequent Handshake:
          ClientHello
            + ClientKeyShare,
              PreSharedKeyExtension -------->
                                                          ServerHello
                                               +PreSharedKeyExtension
                                                {EncryptedExtensions}
                                    <--------              {Finished}
          {Certificate*}
          {Finished}                -------->
          [Application Data]        <------->      [Application Data]

               Figure 4: Message flow for resumption and PSK

   Note that the client supplies a ClientKeyShare to the server as well,
   which allows the server to decline resumption and fall back to a full
   handshake.  However, because the server is authenticating via a PSK,
   it does not send a Certificate or a CertificateVerify.  PSK-based
   resumption cannot be used to provide a new ServerConfiguration.

   The contents and significance of each message will be presented in
   detail in the following sections.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 37]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

6.3.  Handshake Protocol

   The TLS Handshake Protocol is one of the defined higher-level clients
   of the TLS Record Protocol.  This protocol is used to negotiate the
   secure attributes of a session.  Handshake messages are supplied to
   the TLS record layer, where they are encapsulated within one or more
   TLSPlaintext or TLSCiphertext structures, which are processed and
   transmitted as specified by the current active session state.

      enum {
          reserved(0), client_hello(1), server_hello(2),
          session_ticket(4), hello_retry_request(6),
          server_key_share(7), certificate(11), reserved(12),
          certificate_request(13), server_configuration(17),
          certificate_verify(15), reserved(16), finished(20), (255)
      } HandshakeType;

      struct {
          HandshakeType msg_type;    /* handshake type */
          uint24 length;             /* bytes in message */
          select (HandshakeType) {
              case client_hello:        ClientHello;
              case server_hello:        ServerHello;
              case hello_retry_request: HelloRetryRequest;
              case server_key_share:    ServerKeyShare;
              case server_configuration:ServerConfiguration;
              case certificate:         Certificate;
              case certificate_request: CertificateRequest;
              case certificate_verify:  CertificateVerify;
              case finished:            Finished;
              case session_ticket:      NewSessionTicket;
          } body;
      } Handshake;

   The TLS Handshake Protocol messages are presented below in the order
   they MUST be sent; sending handshake messages in an unexpected order
   results in an "unexpected_message" fatal error.  Unneeded handshake
   messages can be omitted, however.

   New handshake message types are assigned by IANA as described in
   Section 11.

6.3.1.  Hello Messages

   The hello phase messages are used to exchange security enhancement
   capabilities between the client and server.  When a new session
   begins, the record layer's connection state AEAD algorithm is
   initialized to NULL_NULL.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 38]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

6.3.1.1.  Client Hello

   When this message will be sent:

      When a client first connects to a server, it is required to send
      the ClientHello as its first message.  The client will also send a
      ClientHello when the server has responded to its ClientHello with
      a ServerHello that selects cryptographic parameters that don't
      match the client's ClientKeyShare.  In that case, the client MUST
      send the same ClientHello (without modification) except including
      a new ClientKeyShare.  [[OPEN ISSUE: New random values?  See:
      https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/185]] If a server
      receives a ClientHello at any other time, it MUST send a fatal
      "unexpected_message" alert and close the connection.

   Structure of this message:

      The ClientHello message includes a random structure, which is used
      later in the protocol.

      struct {
          opaque random_bytes[32];
      } Random;

   random_bytes
      32 bytes generated by a secure random number generator.  See
      Appendix B for additional information.

   Note: Versions of TLS prior to TLS 1.3 used the top 32 bits of the
   Random value to encode the time since the UNIX epoch.

   The cipher suite list, passed from the client to the server in the
   ClientHello message, contains the combinations of cryptographic
   algorithms supported by the client in order of the client's
   preference (favorite choice first).  Each cipher suite defines a key
   exchange algorithm, a record protection algorithm (including secret
   key length) and a hash to be used with HKDF.  The server will select
   a cipher suite or, if no acceptable choices are presented, return a
   "handshake_failure" alert and close the connection.  If the list
   contains cipher suites the server does not recognize, support, or
   wish to use, the server MUST ignore those cipher suites, and process
   the remaining ones as usual.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 39]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      uint8 CipherSuite[2];    /* Cryptographic suite selector */

      enum { null(0), (255) } CompressionMethod;

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion client_version = { 3, 4 };    /* TLS v1.3 */
          Random random;
          SessionID session_id;
          CipherSuite cipher_suites<2..2^16-2>;
          CompressionMethod compression_methods<1..2^8-1>;
          select (extensions_present) {
              case false:
                  struct {};
              case true:
                  Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
          };
      } ClientHello;

   TLS allows extensions to follow the compression_methods field in an
   extensions block.  The presence of extensions can be detected by
   determining whether there are bytes following the compression_methods
   at the end of the ClientHello.  Note that this method of detecting
   optional data differs from the normal TLS method of having a
   variable-length field, but it is used for compatibility with TLS
   before extensions were defined.

   client_version
      The version of the TLS protocol by which the client wishes to
      communicate during this session.  This SHOULD be the latest
      (highest valued) version supported by the client.  For this
      version of the specification, the version will be { 3, 4 }. (See
      Appendix C for details about backward compatibility.)

   random
      A client-generated random structure.

   session_id
      Versions of TLS prior to TLS 1.3 supported a session resumption
      feature which has been merged with Pre-Shared Keys in this version
      (see Section 6.2.3).  This field MUST be ignored by a server
      negotiating TLS 1.3 and should be set as a zero length vector
      (i.e., a single zero byte length field) by clients which do not
      have a cached session_id set by a pre-TLS 1.3 server.

   cipher_suites
      This is a list of the cryptographic options supported by the
      client, with the client's first preference first.  Values are
      defined in Appendix A.4.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 40]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   compression_methods
      Versions of TLS before 1.3 supported compression and the list of
      compression methods was supplied in this field.  For any TLS 1.3
      ClientHello, this field MUST contain only the "null" compression
      method with the code point of 0.  If a TLS 1.3 ClientHello is
      received with any other value in this field, the server MUST
      generate a fatal "illegal_parameter" alert.  Note that TLS 1.3
      servers may receive TLS 1.2 or prior ClientHellos which contain
      other compression methods and MUST follow the procedures for the
      appropriate prior version of TLS.

   extensions
      Clients MAY request extended functionality from servers by sending
      data in the extensions field.  The actual "Extension" format is
      defined in Section 6.3.2.

   In the event that a client requests additional functionality using
   extensions, and this functionality is not supplied by the server, the
   client MAY abort the handshake.  A server MUST accept ClientHello
   messages both with and without the extensions field, and (as for all
   other messages) it MUST check that the amount of data in the message
   precisely matches one of these formats; if not, then it MUST send a
   fatal "decode_error" alert.

   After sending the ClientHello message, the client waits for a
   ServerHello or HelloRetryRequest message.

6.3.1.2.  Server Hello

   When this message will be sent:

      The server will send this message in response to a ClientHello
      message when it was able to find an acceptable set of algorithms
      and the client's ClientKeyShare extension was acceptable.  If the
      client proposed groups are not acceptable by the server, it will
      respond with a "handshake_failure" fatal alert.

   Structure of this message:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 41]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion server_version;
          Random random;
          CipherSuite cipher_suite;
          select (extensions_present) {
              case false:
                  struct {};
              case true:
                  Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
          };
      } ServerHello;

   The presence of extensions can be detected by determining whether
   there are bytes following the cipher_suite field at the end of the
   ServerHello.

   server_version
      This field will contain the lower of that suggested by the client
      in the ClientHello and the highest supported by the server.  For
      this version of the specification, the version is { 3, 4 }.  (See
      Appendix C for details about backward compatibility.)

   random
      This structure is generated by the server and MUST be generated
      independently of the ClientHello.random.

   cipher_suite
      The single cipher suite selected by the server from the list in
      ClientHello.cipher_suites.  For resumed sessions, this field is
      the value from the state of the session being resumed.  [[TODO:
      interaction with PSK.]]

   extensions
      A list of extensions.  Note that only extensions offered by the
      client can appear in the server's list.  In TLS 1.3 as opposed to
      previous versions of TLS, the server's extensions are split
      between the ServerHello and the EncryptedExtensions Section 6.3.4
      message.  The ServerHello MUST only include extensions which are
      required to establish the cryptographic context.

6.3.1.3.  Hello Retry Request

   When this message will be sent:

      Servers send this message in response to a ClientHello message
      when it was able to find an acceptable set of algorithms and
      groups that are mutually supported, but the client's
      ClientKeyShare did not contain an acceptable offer.  If it cannot

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 42]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      find such a match, it will respond with a "handshake_failure"
      alert.

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion server_version;
          CipherSuite cipher_suite;
          NamedGroup selected_group;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } HelloRetryRequest;

   [[OPEN ISSUE: Merge in DTLS Cookies?]]

   selected_group
      The group which the client MUST use for its new ClientHello.

   The "server_version", "cipher_suite" and "extensions" fields have the
   same meanings as their corresponding values in the ServerHello.  The
   server SHOULD send only the extensions necessary for the client to
   generate a correct ClientHello pair.

   Upon receipt of a HelloRetryRequest, the client MUST first verify
   that the "selected_group" field does not identify a group which was
   not in the original ClientHello.  If it was present, then the client
   MUST abort the handshake with a fatal "handshake_failure" alert.
   Clients SHOULD also abort with "handshake_failure" in response to any
   second HelloRetryRequest which was sent in the same connection (i.e.,
   where the ClientHello was itself in response to a HelloRetryRequest).

   Otherwise, the client MUST send a ClientHello with a new
   ClientKeyShare extension to the server.  The ClientKeyShare MUST
   append a new ClientKeyShareOffer which is consistent with the
   "selected_group" field to the groups in the original ClientKeyShare.

   Upon re-sending the ClientHello and receiving the server's
   ServerHello/ServerKeyShare, the client MUST verify that the selected
   CipherSuite and NamedGroup match that supplied in the
   HelloRetryRequest.

6.3.2.  Hello Extensions

   The extension format is:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 43]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      struct {
          ExtensionType extension_type;
          opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
      } Extension;

      enum {
          supported_groups(10),
          signature_algorithms(13),
          early_data(TBD),
          pre_shared_key(TBD),
          client_key_shares(TBD),
          (65535)
      } ExtensionType;

   Here:

   -  "extension_type" identifies the particular extension type.

   -  "extension_data" contains information specific to the particular
      extension type.

   The initial set of extensions is defined in [RFC6066].  The list of
   extension types is maintained by IANA as described in Section 11.

   An extension type MUST NOT appear in the ServerHello or
   HelloRetryRequest unless the same extension type appeared in the
   corresponding ClientHello.  If a client receives an extension type in
   ServerHello or HelloRetryRequest that it did not request in the
   associated ClientHello, it MUST abort the handshake with an
   "unsupported_extension" fatal alert.

   Nonetheless, "server-oriented" extensions may be provided in the
   future within this framework.  Such an extension (say, of type x)
   would require the client to first send an extension of type x in a
   ClientHello with empty extension_data to indicate that it supports
   the extension type.  In this case, the client is offering the
   capability to understand the extension type, and the server is taking
   the client up on its offer.

   When multiple extensions of different types are present in the
   ClientHello or ServerHello messages, the extensions MAY appear in any
   order.  There MUST NOT be more than one extension of the same type.

   Finally, note that extensions can be sent both when starting a new
   session and when requesting session resumption or 0-RTT mode.
   Indeed, a client that requests session resumption does not in general
   know whether the server will accept this request, and therefore it

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 44]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   SHOULD send the same extensions as it would send if it were not
   attempting resumption.

   In general, the specification of each extension type needs to
   describe the effect of the extension both during full handshake and
   session resumption.  Most current TLS extensions are relevant only
   when a session is initiated: when an older session is resumed, the
   server does not process these extensions in ClientHello, and does not
   include them in ServerHello.  However, some extensions may specify
   different behavior during session resumption.  [[TODO: update this
   and the previous paragraph to cover PSK-based resumption.]]

   There are subtle (and not so subtle) interactions that may occur in
   this protocol between new features and existing features which may
   result in a significant reduction in overall security.  The following
   considerations should be taken into account when designing new
   extensions:

   -  Some cases where a server does not agree to an extension are error
      conditions, and some are simply refusals to support particular
      features.  In general, error alerts should be used for the former,
      and a field in the server extension response for the latter.

   -  Extensions should, as far as possible, be designed to prevent any
      attack that forces use (or non-use) of a particular feature by
      manipulation of handshake messages.  This principle should be
      followed regardless of whether the feature is believed to cause a
      security problem.  Often the fact that the extension fields are
      included in the inputs to the Finished message hashes will be
      sufficient, but extreme care is needed when the extension changes
      the meaning of messages sent in the handshake phase.  Designers
      and implementors should be aware of the fact that until the
      handshake has been authenticated, active attackers can modify
      messages and insert, remove, or replace extensions.

   -  It would be technically possible to use extensions to change major
      aspects of the design of TLS; for example the design of cipher
      suite negotiation.  This is not recommended; it would be more
      appropriate to define a new version of TLS -- particularly since
      the TLS handshake algorithms have specific protection against
      version rollback attacks based on the version number, and the
      possibility of version rollback should be a significant
      consideration in any major design change.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 45]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

6.3.2.1.  Signature Algorithms

   The client uses the "signature_algorithms" extension to indicate to
   the server which signature/hash algorithm pairs may be used in
   digital signatures.

   All clients MUST send a valid "signature_algorithms" extension
   containing at least one supported SignatureAndHashAlgorithm when
   offering any certificate authenticated cipher suites.  Servers MUST
   NOT negotiate use of a certificate authenticated cipher suite unless
   the client supplies a supported SignatureAndHashAlgorithm.  If the
   extension is not provided and no alternative cipher suite is
   available, the server MUST close the connection with a fatal
   "missing_extension" alert.  (see Section 8.2)

   Servers MUST NOT send this extension.  TLS servers MUST support
   receiving this extension.  Clients receiving this extension MUST
   respond with an "unsupported_extension" alert and close the
   connection.

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a
   "supported_signature_algorithms" value:

      enum {
          none(0),
          md5_RESERVED(1),
          sha1(2),
          sha224_RESERVED(3),
          sha256(4), sha384(5), sha512(6),
          (255)
      } HashAlgorithm;

      enum { anonymous(0), rsa(1), dsa(2), ecdsa(3), (255) }
        SignatureAlgorithm;

      struct {
          HashAlgorithm hash;
          SignatureAlgorithm signature;
      } SignatureAndHashAlgorithm;

      SignatureAndHashAlgorithm
        supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;

   Each SignatureAndHashAlgorithm value lists a single hash/signature
   pair that the client is willing to verify.  The values are indicated
   in descending order of preference.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 46]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   Note: Because not all signature algorithms and hash algorithms may be
   accepted by an implementation (e.g., DSA with SHA-1, but not SHA-
   256), algorithms here are listed in pairs.

   hash
      This field indicates the hash algorithms which may be used.  The
      values indicate support for unhashed data, MD5 [RFC1321], SHA-1,
      SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 [SHS], respectively.  The
      "none" value is provided for future extensibility, in case of a
      signature algorithm which does not require hashing before signing.
      The use of MD5 and SHA-224 are deprecated.  The md5_RESERVED and
      sha224_RESERVED values MUST NOT be offered or negotiated by any
      implementation.

   signature
      This field indicates the signature algorithm that may be used.
      The values indicate anonymous signatures, RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5
      [RFC3447], DSA [DSS], and ECDSA [ECDSA], respectively.  The
      "anonymous" value is meaningless in this context but used in
      Section 6.3.3.  It MUST NOT appear in this extension.

   The semantics of this extension are somewhat complicated because the
   cipher suite indicates permissible signature algorithms but not hash
   algorithms.  Section 6.3.5 and Section 6.3.3 describe the appropriate
   rules.

   Note: TLS 1.3 servers MAY receive TLS 1.2 ClientHellos which do not
   contain this extension.  If those servers are willing to negotiate
   TLS 1.2, they MUST behave in accordance with the requirements of
   [RFC5246].

6.3.2.2.  Negotiated Groups

   When sent by the client, the "supported_groups" extension indicates
   the named groups which the client supports, ordered from most
   preferred to least preferred.

   Note: In versions of TLS prior to TLS 1.3, this extension was named
   "elliptic_curves" and only contained elliptic curve groups.  See
   [RFC4492] and [I-D.ietf-tls-negotiated-ff-dhe].

   All clients MUST send a valid "supported_groups" extension containing
   at least one group for each ephemeral key exchange algorithm
   (currently DHE and ECDHE) for which it offers a cipher suite.
   Servers MUST NOT negotiate use of a DHE or ECDHE cipher suites unless
   the client supplies a supported NamedGroup.  If the extension is not
   provided and no alternative cipher suite is available, the server
   MUST close the connection with a fatal "missing_extension" alert.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 47]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   (see Section 8.2) If the extension is provided, but no compatible
   group is offered, the server MUST NOT negotiate a cipher suite of the
   relevant type.  For instance, if a client supplies only ECDHE groups,
   the server MUST NOT negotiate finite field Diffie-Hellman.  If no
   acceptable group can be selected across all cipher suites, then the
   server MUST generate a fatal "handshake_failure" alert.

   Servers MUST NOT send this extension.  TLS servers MUST support
   receiving this extension.  Clients receiving this extension MUST
   respond with an "unsupported_extension" alert and close the
   connection.

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a
   "NamedGroupList" value:

      enum {
          // Elliptic Curve Groups.
          obsolete_RESERVED (1..22),
          secp256r1 (23), secp384r1 (24), secp521r1 (25),

          // Finite Field Groups.
          ffdhe2048 (256), ffdhe3072 (257), ffdhe4096 (258),
          ffdhe6144 (259), ffdhe8192 (260),
          ffdhe_private_use (0x01FC..0x01FF),

          // Reserved Code Points.
          ecdhe_private_use (0xFE00..0xFEFF),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0xFF01..0xFF02),
          (0xFFFF)
      } NamedGroup;

      struct {
          NamedGroup named_group_list<1..2^16-1>;
      } NamedGroupList;

   secp256r1, etc.
      Indicates support of the corresponding named curve.  Note that
      some curves are also recommended in ANSI X9.62 [X962] and FIPS
      186-2 [DSS].  Values 0xFE00 through 0xFEFF are reserved for
      private use.

   ffdhe2048, etc.
      Indicates support of the corresponding finite field group, defined
      in [I-D.ietf-tls-negotiated-ff-dhe].  Values 0x01FC through 0x01FF
      are reserved for private use.

   Values within "obsolete_RESERVED" ranges were used in previous
   versions of TLS and MUST NOT be offered or negotiated by TLS 1.3

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 48]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   implementations.  The obsolete curves have various known/theoretical
   weaknesses or have had very little usage, in some cases only due to
   unintentional server configuration issues.  They are no longer
   considered appropriate for general use and should be assumed to be
   potentially unsafe.  The set of curves specified here is sufficient
   for interoperability with all currently deployed and properly
   configured TLS implementations.

   Items in named_curve_list are ordered according to the client's
   preferences (most preferred choice first).

   As an example, a client that only supports secp256r1 (aka NIST P-256;
   value 23 = 0x0017) and secp384r1 (aka NIST P-384; value 24 = 0x0018)
   and prefers to use secp256r1 would include a TLS extension consisting
   of the following octets.  Note that the first two octets indicate the
   extension type (Supported Group Extension):

      00 0A 00 06 00 04 00 17 00 18

   NOTE: A server participating in an ECDHE-ECDSA key exchange may use
   different curves for (i) the ECDSA key in its certificate, and (ii)
   the ephemeral ECDH key in the ServerKeyShare message.  The server
   must consider the supported groups in both cases.

   [[TODO: IANA Considerations.]]

6.3.2.3.  Client Key Share

   The "client_key_share" extension contains the client's cryptographic
   parameters for zero or more non-PSK key establishment methods
   (currently DHE or ECDHE).

   All clients MUST send a valid "client_key_share" extension when
   offering any DHE or ECDHE cipher suites.  Servers MUST NOT negotiate
   use of a DHE or ECDHE cipher suites unless the client supplies a
   (possibly empty) "client_key_share" extension.  If the extension is
   not provided and no alternative cipher suite is available, the server
   MUST close the connection with a fatal "missing_extension" alert.
   (see Section 8.2)

   Servers MUST NOT send this extension.  TLS servers MUST support
   receiving this extension.  Clients receiving this extension MUST
   respond with an "unsupported_extension" alert and close the
   connection.

   [[OPEN ISSUE: Would it be better to omit it if it's empty?.
   https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/190]]

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 49]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      struct {
          NamedGroup group;
          opaque key_exchange<1..2^16-1>;
      } ClientKeyShareOffer;

   group
      The named group for the key share offer.  This identifies the
      specific key exchange method that the ClientKeyShareOffer
      describes.  Finite Field Diffie-Hellman [DH] parameters are
      described in Section 6.3.2.3.1; Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman
      parameters are described in Section 6.3.2.3.2.

   key_exchange
      Key exchange information.  The contents of this field are
      determined by the value of NamedGroup entry and its corresponding
      definition.

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a
   "ClientKeyShare" value:

      struct {
          ClientKeyShareOffer offers<0..2^16-1>;
      } ClientKeyShare;

   offers
      A list of ClientKeyShareOffer values in descending order of client
      preference.

   Clients may offer an arbitrary number of ClientKeyShareOffer values,
   each representing a single set of key agreement parameters; for
   instance a client might offer shares for several elliptic curves or
   multiple integer DH groups.  The shares for each ClientKeyShareOffer
   MUST by generated independently.  Clients MUST NOT offer multiple
   ClientKeyShareOffers for the same parameters.  It is explicitly
   permitted to send an empty "client_key_share" extension as this is
   used to elicit the server's parameters if the client has no useful
   information.

   [[TODO: Recommendation about what the client offers.  Presumably
   which integer DH groups and which curves.]]

6.3.2.3.1.  Diffie-Hellman Parameters

   Diffie-Hellman [DH] parameters for both clients and servers are
   encoded in the opaque key_exchange field of the ClientKeyShareOffer
   or ServerKeyShare structures.  The opaque value contains the Diffie-
   Hellman public value (dh_Y = g^X mod p), encoded as a big-endian
   integer.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 50]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      opaque dh_Y<1..2^16-1>;

6.3.2.3.2.  ECDHE Parameters

   ECDHE parameters for both clients and servers are encoded in the
   opaque key_exchange field of the ClientKeyShareOffer or
   ServerKeyShare structures.  The opaque value conveys the Elliptic
   Curve Diffie-Hellman public value (ecdh_Y) represented as a byte
   string ECPoint.point.

      opaque point <1..2^8-1>;

   point
      This is the byte string representation of an elliptic curve point
      following the conversion routine in Section 4.3.6 of ANSI X9.62
      [X962].

   Although X9.62 supports multiple point formats, any given curve MUST
   specify only a single point format.  All curves currently specified
   in this document MUST only be used with the uncompressed point
   format.

   Note: Versions of TLS prior to 1.3 permitted point negotiation; TLS
   1.3 removes this feature in favor of a single point format for each
   curve.

   [[OPEN ISSUE: We will need to adjust the compressed/uncompressed
   point issue if we have new curves that don't need point compression.
   This depends on the CFRG's recommendations.  The expectation is that
   future curves will come with defined point formats and that existing
   curves conform to X9.62.]]

6.3.2.4.  Pre-Shared Key Extension

   The "pre_shared_key" extension is used to indicate the identity of
   the pre-shared key to be used with a given handshake in association
   with a PSK or (EC)DHE-PSK cipher suite (see [RFC4279] for
   background).

   All clients MUST send a valid "pre_shared_key" extension when
   offering any PSK cipher suites.  Servers MUST NOT negotiate use of a
   PSK cipher suite unless the client supplies a "pre_shared_key"
   extension.  If the extension is not provided and no alternative
   cipher suite is available, the server MUST close the connection with
   a fatal "missing_extension" alert.  (see Section 8.2)

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains a
   "PreSharedKeyExtension" value:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 51]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      opaque psk_identity<0..2^16-1>;

      struct {
          select (Role) {
              case client:
                  psk_identity identities<0..2^16-1>;

              case server:
                  psk_identity identity;
          }
      } PreSharedKeyExtension;

   identity
      An opaque label for the pre-shared key.

   If no suitable identity is provided, the server MUST NOT negotiate a
   PSK cipher suite and MAY respond with an "unknown_psk_identity" alert
   message.  Sending this alert is OPTIONAL; servers MAY instead choose
   to send a "decrypt_error" alert to merely indicate an invalid PSK
   identity or instead negotiate use of a non-PSK cipher suite, if
   available.

   If the server selects a PSK cipher suite, it MUST send a
   PreSharedKeyExtension with the identity that it selected.  The client
   MUST verify that the server has selected one of the identities that
   the client supplied.  If any other identity is returned, the client
   MUST generate a fatal "unknown_psk_identity" alert and close the
   connection.

6.3.2.5.  Early Data Indication

   In cases where TLS clients have previously interacted with the server
   and the server has supplied a ServerConfiguration Section 6.3.7, the
   client can send application data and its Certificate/
   CertificateVerify messages (if client authentication is required).
   If the client opts to do so, it MUST supply an Early Data Indication
   extension.

   The "extension_data" field of this extension contains an
   "EarlyDataIndication" value:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 52]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      enum { client_authentication(1), early_data(2),
             client_authentication_and_data(3), (255) } EarlyDataType;

      struct {
          select (Role) {
              case client:
                  opaque configuration_id<1..2^16-1>;
                  CipherSuite cipher_suite;
                  Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
                  opaque context<0..255>;
                  EarlyDataType type;

              case server:
                 struct {};
          }
      } EarlyDataIndication;

   configuration_id
      The label for the configuration in question.

   cipher_suite
      The cipher suite which the client is using to encrypt the early
      data.

   extensions
      The extensions required to define the cryptographic configuration
      for the clients early data (see below for details).

   context
      An optional context value that can be used for anti-replay (see
      below).

   type
      The type of early data that is being sent. "client_authentication"
      means that only handshake data is being sent. "early_data" means
      that only data is being sent. "client_authentication_and_data"
      means that both are being sent.

   The client specifies the cryptographic configuration for the 0-RTT
   data using the "configuration", "cipher_suite", and "extensions"
   values.  For configurations received in-band (in a previous TLS
   connection) the client MUST:

   -  Send the same cryptographic determining parameters
      (Section Section 6.3.2.5.1) with the previous connection.  If a
      0-RTT handshake is being used with a PSK that was negotiated via a
      non-PSK handshake, then the client MUST use the same symmetric

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 53]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      cipher parameters as were negotiated on that handshake but with a
      PSK cipher suite.

   -  Indicate the same parameters as the server indicated in that
      connection.

   If TLS client authentication is being used, then either
   "early_handshake" or "early_handshake_and_data" MUST be indicated in
   order to send the client authentication data on the first flight.  In
   either case, the client Certificate and CertificateVerify (assuming
   that the Certificate is non-empty) MUST be sent on the first flight.
   A server which receives an initial flight with only "early_data" and
   which expects certificate-based client authentication MUST NOT accept
   early data.

   In order to allow servers to readily distinguish between messages
   sent in the first flight and in the second flight (in cases where the
   server does not accept the EarlyDataIndication extension), the client
   MUST send the handshake messages as content type "early_handshake".
   A server which does not accept the extension proceeds by skipping all
   records after the ClientHello and until the next client message of
   type "handshake".  [[OPEN ISSUE: This needs replacement when we add
   encrypted content types.]]

   A server which receives an EarlyDataIndication extension can behave
   in one of two ways:

   -  Ignore the extension and return no response.  This indicates that
      the server has ignored any early data and an ordinary 1-RTT
      handshake is required.

   -  Return an empty extension, indicating that it intends to process
      the early data.  It is not possible for the server to accept only
      a subset of the early data messages.

   Prior to accepting the EarlyDataIndication extension, the server MUST
   perform the following checks:

   -  The configuration_id matches a known server configuration.

   -  The client's cryptographic determining parameters match the
      parameters that the server has negotiated based on the rest of the
      ClientHello.

   If any of these checks fail, the server MUST NOT respond with the
   extension and must discard all the remaining first flight data (thus
   falling back to 1-RTT).

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 54]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   [[TODO: How does the client behave if the indication is rejected.]]

   [[OPEN ISSUE: This just specifies the signaling for 0-RTT but not the
   the 0-RTT cryptographic transforms, including:

   -  What is in the handshake hash (including potentially some
      speculative data from the server).

   -  What is signed in the client's CertificateVerify.

   -  Whether we really want the Finished to not include the server's
      data at all.

   What's here now needs a lot of cleanup before it is clear and
   correct.]]

6.3.2.5.1.  Cryptographic Determining Parameters

   In order to allow the server to decrypt 0-RTT data, the client needs
   to provide enough information to allow the server to decrypt the
   traffic without negotiation.  This is accomplished by having the
   client indicate the "cryptographic determining parameters" in its
   ClientHello, which are necessary to decrypt the client's packets.
   This includes the following values:

   -  The cipher suite identifier.

   -  If PSK is being used, the server's version of the PreSharedKey
      extension (indicating the PSK the client is using).

   [[TODO: Are there other extensions we need?  I've gone over the list
   and I don't see any, but...]] [[TODO: This should be the same list as
   what you need for !EncryptedExtensions.  Consolidate this list.]]

6.3.2.5.2.  Replay Properties

   As noted in Section 6.2.2, TLS does not provide any inter-connection
   mechanism for replay protection for data sent by the client in the
   first flight.  As a special case, implementations where the server
   configuration, is delivered out of band (as has been proposed for
   DTLS-SRTP [RFC5763]), MAY use a unique server configuration
   identifier for each connection, thus preventing replay.
   Implementations are responsible for ensuring uniqueness of the
   identifier in this case.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 55]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

6.3.3.  Server Key Share

   When this message will be sent:

      This message will be sent immediately after the ServerHello
      message if the client has provided a ClientKeyShare extension
      which is compatible with the selected cipher suite and group
      parameters.

   Meaning of this message:

      This message conveys cryptographic information to allow the client
      to compute a shared secret secret: a Diffie-Hellman public key
      with which the client can complete a key exchange (with the result
      being the shared secret) or a public key for some other algorithm.

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          NamedGroup group;
          opaque key_exchange<1..2^16-1>;
      } ServerKeyShare;

   group
      The named group for the key share offer.  This identifies the
      selected key exchange method from the ClientKeyShare
      (Section 6.3.2.3), identifying which value from the
      ClientKeyShareOffer the server has accepted as is responding to.

   key_exchange
      Key exchange information.  The contents of this field are
      determined by the value of NamedGroup entry and its corresponding
      definition.

6.3.4.  Encrypted Extensions

   When this message will be sent:

      If this message is sent, it MUST be sent immediately after the
      server's ServerKeyShare.  This is the first message that is
      encrypted under keys derived from ES.

   Meaning of this message:

      The EncryptedExtensions message simply contains any extensions
      which should be protected, i.e., any which are not needed to
      establish the cryptographic context.  The same extension types
      MUST NOT appear in both the ServerHello and EncryptedExtensions.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 56]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      If the same extension appears in both locations, the client MUST
      rely only on the value in the EncryptedExtensions block.  [[OPEN
      ISSUE: Should we just produce a canonical list of what goes where
      and have it be an error to have it in the wrong place?  That seems
      simpler.  Perhaps have a whitelist of which extensions can be
      unencrypted and everything else MUST be encrypted.]]

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } EncryptedExtensions;

   extensions
      A list of extensions.

6.3.5.  Server Certificate

   When this message will be sent:

      The server MUST send a Certificate message whenever the agreed-
      upon key exchange method uses certificates for authentication
      (this includes all key exchange methods defined in this document
      except DH_anon and PSK).  This message will always immediately
      follow the EncryptedExtensions message.

   Meaning of this message:

      This message conveys the server's certificate chain to the client.

      The certificate MUST be appropriate for the negotiated cipher
      suite's key exchange algorithm and any negotiated extensions.

   Structure of this message:

      opaque ASN1Cert<1..2^24-1>;

      struct {
          ASN1Cert certificate_list<0..2^24-1>;
      } Certificate;

   certificate_list
      This is a sequence (chain) of certificates.  The sender's
      certificate MUST come first in the list.  Each following
      certificate SHOULD directly certify one preceding it.  Because
      certificate validation requires that trust anchors be distributed
      independently, a self-signed certificate that specifies a trust
      anchor MAY be omitted from the chain, provided that supported

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 57]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      peers are known to possess any omitted certificates they may
      require.

   Note: Prior to TLS 1.3, "certificate_list" ordering was required to
   be strict, however some implementations already allowed for some
   flexibility.  For maximum compatibility, all implementations SHOULD
   be prepared to handle potentially extraneous certificates and
   arbitrary orderings from any TLS version (with the exception of the
   sender's certificate).  Some servers are configured to send both a
   current and deprecated intermediate for transitional purposes, and
   others are simply configured incorrectly, but these cases can
   nonetheless be validated properly by clients capable of doing so.
   Although the chain MAY be ordered in a variety of ways, the peer's
   end-entity certificate MUST be the first element in the vector.

   The same message type and structure will be used for the client's
   response to a certificate request message.  Note that a client MAY
   send no certificates if it does not have an appropriate certificate
   to send in response to the server's authentication request.

   Note: PKCS #7 [PKCS7] is not used as the format for the certificate
   vector because PKCS #6 [PKCS6] extended certificates are not used.
   Also, PKCS #7 defines a SET rather than a SEQUENCE, making the task
   of parsing the list more difficult.

   The following rules apply to the certificates sent by the server:

   -  The certificate type MUST be X.509v3 [RFC5280], unless explicitly
      negotiated otherwise (e.g., [RFC5081]).

   -  The server's end-entity certificate's public key (and associated
      restrictions) MUST be compatible with the selected key exchange
      algorithm.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 58]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      Key Exchange Alg.  Certificate Key Type

      DHE_RSA            RSA public key; the certificate MUST allow the
      ECDHE_RSA          key to be used for signing (i.e., the
                         digitalSignature bit MUST be set if the key
                         usage extension is present) with the signature
                         scheme and hash algorithm that will be employed
                         in the ServerKeyShare message.
                         Note: ECDHE_RSA is defined in [RFC4492].

      DHE_DSS            DSA public key; the certificate MUST allow the
                         key to be used for signing with the hash
                         algorithm that will be employed in the server
                         key exchange message.

      ECDHE_ECDSA        ECDSA-capable public key; the certificate MUST
                         allow the key to be used for signing with the
                         hash algorithm that will be employed in the
                         ServerKeyShare message.  The public key
                         MUST use a curve and point format supported by
                         the client, as described in [RFC4492].

   -  The "server_name" and "trusted_ca_keys" extensions [RFC6066] are
      used to guide certificate selection.  As servers MAY require the
      presence of the server_name extension, clients SHOULD send this
      extension.

   All certificates provided by the server MUST be signed by a hash/
   signature algorithm pair that appears in the "signature_algorithms"
   extension provided by the client (see Section 6.3.2.1).  [[OPEN
   ISSUE: changing this is under consideration]] Note that this implies
   that a certificate containing a key for one signature algorithm MAY
   be signed using a different signature algorithm (for instance, an RSA
   key signed with a ECDSA key).

   If the server has multiple certificates, it chooses one of them based
   on the above-mentioned criteria (in addition to other criteria, such
   as transport layer endpoint, local configuration and preferences,
   etc.).  If the server has a single certificate, it SHOULD attempt to
   validate that it meets these criteria.

   Note that there are certificates that use algorithms and/or algorithm
   combinations that cannot be currently used with TLS.  For example, a
   certificate with RSASSA-PSS signature key (id-RSASSA-PSS OID in
   SubjectPublicKeyInfo) cannot be used because TLS defines no
   corresponding signature algorithm.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 59]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   As cipher suites that specify new key exchange methods are specified
   for the TLS protocol, they will imply the certificate format and the
   required encoded keying information.

6.3.6.  Certificate Request

   When this message will be sent:

      A non-anonymous server can optionally request a certificate from
      the client, if appropriate for the selected cipher suite.  This
      message, if sent, will immediately follow the server's Certificate
      message.

   Structure of this message:

      enum {
          rsa_sign(1), dss_sign(2), rsa_fixed_dh(3), dss_fixed_dh(4),
          rsa_ephemeral_dh_RESERVED(5), dss_ephemeral_dh_RESERVED(6),
          fortezza_dms_RESERVED(20), (255)
      } ClientCertificateType;

      opaque DistinguishedName<1..2^16-1>;

      struct {
          ClientCertificateType certificate_types<1..2^8-1>;
          SignatureAndHashAlgorithm
            supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;
          DistinguishedName certificate_authorities<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateRequest;

   certificate_types
      A list of the types of certificate types that the client may
      offer.

       rsa_sign        a certificate containing an RSA key
       dss_sign        a certificate containing a DSA key
       rsa_fixed_dh    a certificate containing a static DH key.
       dss_fixed_dh    a certificate containing a static DH key

   supported_signature_algorithms
      A list of the hash/signature algorithm pairs that the server is
      able to verify, listed in descending order of preference.

   certificate_authorities
      A list of the distinguished names [X501] of acceptable
      certificate_authorities, represented in DER-encoded format.  These
      distinguished names may specify a desired distinguished name for a
      root CA or for a subordinate CA; thus, this message can be used to

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 60]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      describe known roots as well as a desired authorization space.  If
      the certificate_authorities list is empty, then the client MAY
      send any certificate of the appropriate ClientCertificateType,
      unless there is some external arrangement to the contrary.

   The interaction of the certificate_types and
   supported_signature_algorithms fields is somewhat complicated.
   certificate_types has been present in TLS since SSL 3.0, but was
   somewhat underspecified.  Much of its functionality is superseded by
   supported_signature_algorithms.  The following rules apply:

   -  Any certificates provided by the client MUST be signed using a
      hash/signature algorithm pair found in
      supported_signature_algorithms.

   -  The end-entity certificate provided by the client MUST contain a
      key that is compatible with certificate_types.  If the key is a
      signature key, it MUST be usable with some hash/signature
      algorithm pair in supported_signature_algorithms.

   -  For historical reasons, the names of some client certificate types
      include the algorithm used to sign the certificate.  For example,
      in earlier versions of TLS, rsa_fixed_dh meant a certificate
      signed with RSA and containing a static DH key.  In TLS 1.2, this
      functionality has been obsoleted by the
      supported_signature_algorithms, and the certificate type no longer
      restricts the algorithm used to sign the certificate.  For
      example, if the server sends dss_fixed_dh certificate type and
      {{sha1, dsa}, {sha1, rsa}} signature types, the client MAY reply
      with a certificate containing a static DH key, signed with RSA-
      SHA1.

   New ClientCertificateType values are assigned by IANA as described in
   Section 11.

   Note: Values listed as RESERVED MUST NOT be used.  They were used in
   SSL 3.0.

   Note: It is a fatal "handshake_failure" alert for an anonymous server
   to request client authentication.

6.3.7.  Server Configuration

   When this message will be sent:

      This message is used to provide a server configuration which the
      client can use in future to skip handshake negotiation and

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 61]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      (optionally) to allow 0-RTT handshakes.  The ServerConfiguration
      message is sent as the last message before the CertificateVerify.

   Structure of this Message:

         enum { (65535) } ConfigurationExtensionType;

         struct {
             ConfigurationExtensionType extension_type;
             opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
         } ConfigurationExtension;

         struct {
             opaque configuration_id<1..2^16-1>;
             uint32 expiration_date;
             NamedGroup group;
             opaque server_key<1..2^16-1>;
             EarlyDataType early_data_type;
             ConfigurationExtension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
         } ServerConfiguration;

   configuration_id
      The configuration identifier to be used in 0-RTT mode.

   group
      The group for the long-term DH key that is being established for
      this configuration.

   expiration_date
      The last time when this configuration is expected to be valid (in
      seconds since the Unix epoch).  Servers MUST NOT use any value
      more than 604800 seconds (7 days) in the future.  Clients MUST not
      cache configurations for longer than 7 days, regardless of the
      expiration_date.  [[OPEN ISSUE: Is this the right value?  The idea
      is just to minimize exposure.]]

   server_key
      The long-term DH key that is being established for this
      configuration.

   early_data_type
      The type of 0-RTT handshake that this configuration is to be used
      for (see Section 6.3.2.5).  If "client_authentication" or
      "client_authentication_and_data", then the client should select
      the certificate for future handshakes based on the
      CertificateRequest parameters supplied in this handshake.  The
      server MUST NOT send either of these two options unless it also

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 62]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      requested a certificate on this handshake.  [[OPEN ISSUE: Should
      we relax this?]]

   extensions
      This field is a placeholder for future extensions to the
      ServerConfiguration format.

   The semantics of this message are to establish a shared state between
   the client and server for use with the "known_configuration"
   extension with the key specified in key and with the handshake
   parameters negotiated by this handshake.

   When the ServerConfiguration message is sent, the server MUST also
   send a Certificate message and a CertificateVerify message, even if
   the "known_configuration" extension was used for this handshake, thus
   requiring a signature over the configuration before it can be used by
   the client.

6.3.8.  Server Certificate Verify

   When this message will be sent:

      This message is used to provide explicit proof that the server
      possesses the private key corresponding to its certificate and
      also provides integrity for the handshake up to this point.  This
      message is sent when the server is authenticated via a
      certificate.  When sent, it MUST be the last server handshake
      message prior to the Finished.

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
           digitally-signed struct {
              opaque handshake_hash[hash_length];
           }
      } CertificateVerify;

      Where session_hash is as described in Section 7.2.1 and includes
      the messages sent or received, starting at ClientHello and up to,
      but not including, this message, including the type and length
      fields of the handshake messages.  This is a digest of the
      concatenation of all the Handshake structures (as defined in
      Section 6.3) exchanged thus far.  The digest MUST be the Hash used
      as the basis for HKDF.

      The context string for the signature is "TLS 1.3, server
      CertificateVerify".  A hash of the handshake messages is signed
      rather than the messages themselves because the digitally-signed

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 63]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      format requires padding and context bytes at the beginning of the
      input.  Thus, by signing a digest of the messages, an
      implementation need only maintain one running hash per hash type
      for CertificateVerify, Finished and other messages.

      The signature algorithm and hash algorithm MUST be a pair offered
      in the "signature_algorithms" extension (see Section 6.3.2.1).
      Note that there is a possibility for inconsistencies here.  For
      instance, the client might offer DHE_DSS key exchange but omit any
      DSA pairs from its "signature_algorithms" extension.  In order to
      negotiate correctly, the server MUST check any candidate cipher
      suites against the "signature_algorithms" extension before
      selecting them.  This is somewhat inelegant but is a compromise
      designed to minimize changes to the original cipher suite design.

      In addition, the hash and signature algorithms MUST be compatible
      with the key in the server's end-entity certificate.  RSA keys MAY
      be used with any permitted hash algorithm, subject to restrictions
      in the certificate, if any.

      Because DSA signatures do not contain any secure indication of
      hash algorithm, there is a risk of hash substitution if multiple
      hashes may be used with any key.  Currently, DSA [DSS] may only be
      used with SHA-1.  Future revisions of DSS [DSS-3] are expected to
      allow the use of other digest algorithms with DSA, as well as
      guidance as to which digest algorithms should be used with each
      key size.  In addition, future revisions of [RFC5280] may specify
      mechanisms for certificates to indicate which digest algorithms
      are to be used with DSA.  [[TODO: Update this to deal with DSS-3
      and DSS-4.  https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/59]]

6.3.9.  Server Finished

   When this message will be sent:

      The Server's Finished message is the final message sent by the
      server and is essential for providing authentication of the server
      side of the handshake and computed keys.

   Meaning of this message:

      Recipients of Finished messages MUST verify that the contents are
      correct.  Once a side has sent its Finished message and received
      and validated the Finished message from its peer, it may begin to
      send and receive application data over the connection.  This data
      will be protected under keys derived from the ephemeral secret
      (see Section 7).

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 64]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   Structure of this message:

      struct {
          opaque verify_data[verify_data_length];
      } Finished;

   The verify_data value is computed as follows:

   verify_data
      HMAC(finished_secret, finished_label + '\0' + handshake_hash)
      where HMAC [RFC2104] uses the Hash algorithm for the handshake.
      See Section 7.2.1 for the definition of handshake_hash.

   finished_label
      For Finished messages sent by the client, the string "client
      finished".  For Finished messages sent by the server, the string
      "server finished".

      In previous versions of TLS, the verify_data was always 12 octets
      long.  In the current version of TLS, it is the size of the HMAC
      output for the Hash used for the handshake.

   Note: Alerts and any other record types are not handshake messages
   and are not included in the hash computations.  Also, HelloRequest
   messages and the Finished message are omitted from handshake hashes.
   The input to the client and server Finished messages may not be the
   same because the server's Finished does not include the client's
   Certificate and CertificateVerify message.

6.3.10.  Client Certificate

   When this message will be sent:

      This message is the first handshake message the client can send
      after receiving the server's Finished.  This message is only sent
      if the server requests a certificate.  If no suitable certificate
      is available, the client MUST send a certificate message
      containing no certificates.  That is, the certificate_list
      structure has a length of zero.  If the client does not send any
      certificates, the server MAY at its discretion either continue the
      handshake without client authentication, or respond with a fatal
      "handshake_failure" alert.  Also, if some aspect of the
      certificate chain was unacceptable (e.g., it was not signed by a
      known, trusted CA), the server MAY at its discretion either
      continue the handshake (considering the client unauthenticated) or
      send a fatal alert.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 65]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      Client certificates are sent using the Certificate structure
      defined in Section 6.3.5.

   Meaning of this message:

      This message conveys the client's certificate chain to the server;
      the server will use it when verifying the CertificateVerify
      message (when the client authentication is based on signing).  The
      certificate MUST be appropriate for the negotiated cipher suite's
      key exchange algorithm, and any negotiated extensions.

   In particular:

   -  The certificate type MUST be X.509v3 [RFC5280], unless explicitly
      negotiated otherwise (e.g., [RFC5081]).

   -  The end-entity certificate's public key (and associated
      restrictions) has to be compatible with the certificate types
      listed in CertificateRequest:

    Client Cert. Type   Certificate Key Type

    rsa_sign            RSA public key; the certificate MUST allow the
                        key to be used for signing with the signature
                        scheme and hash algorithm that will be
                        employed in the CertificateVerify message.

    dss_sign            DSA public key; the certificate MUST allow the
                        key to be used for signing with the hash
                        algorithm that will be employed in the
                        CertificateVerify message.

    ecdsa_sign          ECDSA-capable public key; the certificate MUST
                        allow the key to be used for signing with the
                        hash algorithm that will be employed in the
                        CertificateVerify message; the public key
                        MUST use a curve and point format supported by
                        the server.

    rsa_fixed_dh        Diffie-Hellman public key; MUST use the same
    dss_fixed_dh        parameters as server's key.

    rsa_fixed_ecdh      ECDH-capable public key; MUST use the
    ecdsa_fixed_ecdh    same curve as the server's key, and MUST use a
                        point format supported by the server.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 66]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   -  If the certificate_authorities list in the certificate request
      message was non-empty, one of the certificates in the certificate
      chain SHOULD be issued by one of the listed CAs.

   -  The certificates MUST be signed using an acceptable hash/
      signature algorithm pair, as described in Section 6.3.6.  Note
      that this relaxes the constraints on certificate-signing
      algorithms found in prior versions of TLS.

   Note that, as with the server certificate, there are certificates
   that use algorithms/algorithm combinations that cannot be currently
   used with TLS.

6.3.11.  Client Certificate Verify

   When this message will be sent:

      This message is used to provide explicit verification of a client
      certificate.  This message is only sent following a client
      certificate that has signing capability (i.e., all certificates
      except those containing fixed Diffie-Hellman parameters).  When
      sent, it MUST immediately follow the client's Certificate message.
      The contents of the message are computed as described in
      Section 6.3.8, except that the context string is "TLS 1.3, client
      CertificateVerify".

      The hash and signature algorithms used in the signature MUST be
      one of those present in the supported_signature_algorithms field
      of the CertificateRequest message.  In addition, the hash and
      signature algorithms MUST be compatible with the key in the
      client's end-entity certificate.  RSA keys MAY be used with any
      permitted hash algorithm, subject to restrictions in the
      certificate, if any.

      Because DSA signatures do not contain any secure indication of
      hash algorithm, there is a risk of hash substitution if multiple
      hashes may be used with any key.  Currently, DSA [DSS] may only be
      used with SHA-1.  Future revisions of DSS [DSS-3] are expected to
      allow the use of other digest algorithms with DSA, as well as
      guidance as to which digest algorithms should be used with each
      key size.  In addition, future revisions of [RFC5280] may specify
      mechanisms for certificates to indicate which digest algorithms
      are to be used with DSA.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 67]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

6.3.12.  New Session Ticket Message

   After the server has received the client Finished message, it MAY
   send a NewSessionTicket message.  This message MUST be sent before
   the server sends any application data traffic, and is encrypted under
   the application traffic key.  This message creates a pre-shared key
   (PSK) binding between the resumption master secret and the ticket
   label.  The client MAY use this PSK for future handshakes by
   including it in the "pre_shared_key" extension in its ClientHello
   (Section 6.3.2.4) and supplying a suitable PSK cipher suite.

     struct {
         uint32 ticket_lifetime_hint;
         opaque ticket<0..2^16-1>;
     } NewSessionTicket;

   ticket_lifetime_hint
      Indicates the lifetime in seconds as a 32-bit unsigned integer in
      network byte order.  A value of zero is reserved to indicate that
      the lifetime of the ticket is unspecified.

   ticket
      The value of the ticket to be used as the PSK identifier.

   The ticket lifetime hint is informative only.  A client SHOULD delete
   the ticket and associated state when the time expires.  It MAY delete
   the ticket earlier based on local policy.  A server MAY treat a
   ticket as valid for a shorter or longer period of time than what is
   stated in the ticket_lifetime_hint.

   The ticket itself is an opaque label.  It MAY either be a database
   lookup key or a self-encrypted and self-authenticated value.
   Section 4 of [RFC5077] describes a recommended ticket construction
   mechanism.

   [[TODO: Should we require that tickets be bound to the existing
   symmetric cipher suite.  See the TODO above about early_data and
   PSK.??]

7.  Cryptographic Computations

   In order to begin connection protection, the TLS Record Protocol
   requires specification of a suite of algorithms, a master secret, and
   the client and server random values.  The authentication, key
   agreement, and record protection algorithms are determined by the
   cipher_suite selected by the server and revealed in the ServerHello
   message.  The random values are exchanged in the hello messages.  All
   that remains is to calculate the key schedule.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 68]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

7.1.  Key Schedule

   The TLS handshake establishes secret keying material which is then
   used to protect traffic.  This keying material is derived from the
   two input secret values: Static Secret (SS) and Ephemeral Secret
   (ES).

   The exact source of each of these secrets depends on the operational
   mode (DHE, ECDHE, PSK, etc.) and is summarized in the table below:

     Key Exchange            Static Secret (SS)    Ephemeral Secret (ES)
     ------------            ------------------    ---------------------
     (EC)DHE                   Client ephemeral         Client ephemeral
     (full handshake)       w/ server ephemeral      w/ server ephemeral

     (EC)DHE                   Client ephemeral         Client ephemeral
     (w/ 0-RTT)                w/ server static      w/ server ephemeral

     PSK                         Pre-Shared Key           Pre-shared key

     PSK + (EC)DHE               Pre-Shared Key         Client ephemeral
                                                     w/ server ephemeral

   These shared secret values are used to generate cryptographic keys as
   shown below.

   The derivation process is as follows, where L denotes the length of
   the underlying hash function for HKDF [RFC5869].  SS and ES denote
   the sources from the table above.  Whilst SS and ES may be the same
   in some cases, the extracted xSS and xES will not.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 69]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

     HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, Label, HashValue, Length) =
          HKDF-Expand(Secret, Label + '\0' + HashValue, Length)

     1. xSS = HKDF(0, SS, "extractedSS", L)

     2. xES = HKDF(0, ES, "extractedES", L)

     3. master_secret = HKDF(xSS, xES, "master secret", L)

     4. finished_secret = HKDF-Expand-Label(xSS,
                                            "finished secret",
                                            handshake_hash, L)

     Where handshake_hash includes all the messages in the
     client's first flight and the server's flight, excluding
     the Finished messages (which are never included in the
     hashes).

     5. resumption_secret = HKDF-Expand-Label(master_secret,
                                              "resumption master secret"
                                              session_hash, L)

     Where session_hash is as defined in {{the-handshake-hash}}.

     6. exporter_secret = HKDF-Expand-Label(master_secret,
                                            "exporter master secret",
                                            session_hash, L)

     Where session_hash is the session hash as defined in
     {{the-handshake-hash}} (i.e., the entire handshake except
     for Finished).

   The traffic keys are computed from xSS, xES, and the master_secret as
   described in Section 7.2 below.

7.2.  Traffic Key Calculation

   [[OPEN ISSUE: This needs to be revised.  Most likely we'll extract
   each key component separately.  See https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-
   spec/issues/5]]

   The Record Protocol requires an algorithm to generate keys required
   by the current connection state (see Appendix A.5) from the security
   parameters provided by the handshake protocol.

   The traffic key computation takes four input values and returns a key
   block of sufficient size to produce the needed traffic keys:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 70]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   -  A secret value

   -  A string label that indicates the purpose of keys being generated.

   -  The current handshake hash.

   -  The total length in octets of the key block.

   The keying material is computed using:

      key_block = HKDF-Expand-Label(Secret, Label,
                                    handshake_hash,
                                    total_length)

   The key_block is partitioned as follows:

      client_write_key[SecurityParameters.enc_key_length]
      server_write_key[SecurityParameters.enc_key_length]
      client_write_IV[SecurityParameters.iv_length]
      server_write_IV[SecurityParameters.iv_length]

   The following table describes the inputs to the key calculation for
   each class of traffic keys:

   Record Type Secret  Label                              Handshake Hash
   ----------- ------  -----                             ---------------
   Early data     xSS  "early data key expansion"            ClientHello

   Handshake      xES  "handshake key expansion"          ClientHello...
                                                          ServerKeyShare

   Application  master "application data key expansion"    All handshake
                secret                                      messages but
                                                                Finished
                                                          (session_hash)

7.2.1.  The Handshake Hash

      handshake_hash = Hash(
                            Hash(handshake_messages) ||
                            Hash(configuration)
                           )

   handshake_messages
      All handshake messages sent or received, starting at ClientHello
      up to the present time, with the exception of the Finished
      message, including the type and length fields of the handshake
      messages.  This is the concatenation of all the exchanged

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 71]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      Handshake structures in plaintext form (even if they were
      encrypted on the wire).

   configuration
      When 0-RTT is in use (Section 6.3.2.5) this contains the
      concatenation of the ServerConfiguration and Certificate messages
      from the handshake where the configuration was established
      (including the type and length fields).  Note that this requires
      the client and server to memorize these values.

   This final value of the handshake hash is referred to as the "session
   hash" because it contains all the handshake messages required to
   establish the session.  Note that if client authentication is not
   used, then the session hash is complete at the point when the server
   has sent its first flight.  Otherwise, it is only complete when the
   client has sent its first flight, as it covers the client's
   Certificate and CertificateVerify.

7.2.2.  Diffie-Hellman

   A conventional Diffie-Hellman computation is performed.  The
   negotiated key (Z) is used as the shared secret, and is used in the
   key schedule as specified above.  Leading bytes of Z that contain all
   zero bits are stripped before it is used as the input to HKDF.

7.2.3.  Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman

   All ECDH calculations (including parameter and key generation as well
   as the shared secret calculation) are performed according to [6]
   using the ECKAS-DH1 scheme with the identity map as key derivation
   function (KDF), so that the shared secret is the x-coordinate of the
   ECDH shared secret elliptic curve point represented as an octet
   string.  Note that this octet string (Z in IEEE 1363 terminology) as
   output by FE2OSP, the Field Element to Octet String Conversion
   Primitive, has constant length for any given field; leading zeros
   found in this octet string MUST NOT be truncated.

   (Note that this use of the identity KDF is a technicality.  The
   complete picture is that ECDH is employed with a non-trivial KDF
   because TLS does not directly use this secret for anything other than
   for computing other secrets.)

8.  Mandatory Algorithms

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 72]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

8.1.  MTI Cipher Suites

   In the absence of an application profile standard specifying
   otherwise, a TLS-compliant application MUST implement the cipher
   suite TODO:Needs to be selected [1].  (See Appendix A.4 for the
   definition.)

8.2.  MTI Extensions

   In the absence of an application profile standard specifying
   otherwise, a TLS-compliant application MUST implement the following
   TLS extensions:

   -  Signature Algorithms ("signature_algorithms"; Section 6.3.2.1)

   -  Negotiated Groups ("supported_groups"; Section 6.3.2.2)

   -  Client Key Share ("client_key_share"; Section 6.3.2.3)

   -  Pre-Shared Key Extension ("pre_shared_key"; Section 6.3.2.4)

   -  Server Name Indication ("server_name"; Section 3 of [RFC6066])

   All implementations MUST send and use these extensions when offering
   applicable cipher suites:

   -  "signature_algorithms" is REQUIRED for certificate authenticated
      cipher suites

   -  "supported_groups" and "client_key_share" are REQUIRED for DHE or
      ECDHE cipher suites

   -  "pre_shared_key" is REQUIRED for PSK cipher suites

   When negotiating use of applicable cipher suites, endpoints MUST
   abort the connection with a "missing_extension" alert if the required
   extension was not provided.  Any endpoint that receives any invalid
   combination of cipher suites and extensions MAY abort the connection
   with a "missing_extension" alert, regardless of negotiated
   parameters.

   Additionally, all implementations MUST support use of the
   "server_name" extension with applications capable of using it.
   Servers MAY require clients to send a valid "server_name" extension.
   Servers requiring this extension SHOULD respond to a ClientHello
   lacking a "server_name" extension with a fatal "missing_extension"
   alert.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 73]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

9.  Application Data Protocol

   Application data messages are carried by the record layer and are
   fragmented and encrypted based on the current connection state.  The
   messages are treated as transparent data to the record layer.

10.  Security Considerations

   Security issues are discussed throughout this memo, especially in
   Appendices B, C, and D.

11.  IANA Considerations

   [[TODO: Update https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/62]]

   This document uses several registries that were originally created in
   [RFC4346].  IANA has updated these to reference this document.  The
   registries and their allocation policies (unchanged from [RFC4346])
   are listed below.

   -  TLS ClientCertificateType Identifiers Registry: Future values in
      the range 0-63 (decimal) inclusive are assigned via Standards
      Action [RFC2434].  Values in the range 64-223 (decimal) inclusive
      are assigned via Specification Required [RFC2434].  Values from
      224-255 (decimal) inclusive are reserved for Private Use
      [RFC2434].

   -  TLS Cipher Suite Registry: Future values with the first byte in
      the range 0-191 (decimal) inclusive are assigned via Standards
      Action [RFC2434].  Values with the first byte in the range 192-254
      (decimal) are assigned via Specification Required [RFC2434].
      Values with the first byte 255 (decimal) are reserved for Private
      Use [RFC2434].

   -  TLS ContentType Registry: Future values are allocated via
      Standards Action [RFC2434].

   -  TLS Alert Registry: Future values are allocated via Standards
      Action [RFC2434].

   -  TLS HandshakeType Registry: Future values are allocated via
      Standards Action [RFC2434].

   This document also uses a registry originally created in [RFC4366].
   IANA has updated it to reference this document.  The registry and its
   allocation policy (unchanged from [RFC4366]) is listed below:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 74]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   -  TLS ExtensionType Registry: Future values are allocated via IETF
      Consensus [RFC2434].  IANA has updated this registry to include
      the "signature_algorithms" extension and its corresponding value
      (see Section 6.3.2).

   This document also uses two registries originally created in
   [RFC4492].  IANA [should update/has updated] it to reference this
   document.  The registries and their allocation policies are listed
   below.

   -  TLS NamedCurve registry: Future values are allocated via IETF
      Consensus [RFC2434].

   -  TLS ECPointFormat Registry: Future values are allocated via IETF
      Consensus [RFC2434].

   In addition, this document defines two new registries to be
   maintained by IANA:

   -  TLS SignatureAlgorithm Registry: The registry has been initially
      populated with the values described in Section 6.3.2.1.  Future
      values in the range 0-63 (decimal) inclusive are assigned via
      Standards Action [RFC2434].  Values in the range 64-223 (decimal)
      inclusive are assigned via Specification Required [RFC2434].
      Values from 224-255 (decimal) inclusive are reserved for Private
      Use [RFC2434].

   -  TLS HashAlgorithm Registry: The registry has been initially
      populated with the values described in Section 6.3.2.1.  Future
      values in the range 0-63 (decimal) inclusive are assigned via
      Standards Action [RFC2434].  Values in the range 64-223 (decimal)
      inclusive are assigned via Specification Required [RFC2434].
      Values from 224-255 (decimal) inclusive are reserved for Private
      Use [RFC2434].

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [AES]      National Institute of Standards and Technology,
              "Specification for the Advanced Encryption Standard
              (AES)", NIST FIPS 197, November 2001.

   [DH]       Diffie, W. and M. Hellman, "New Directions in
              Cryptography", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
              V.IT-22 n.6 , June 1977.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 75]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   [DSS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "Digital Signature Standard", NIST
              FIPS PUB 186-2, 2000.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-chacha20-poly1305]
              Langley, A., Chang, W., Mavrogiannopoulos, N.,
              Strombergson, J., and S. Josefsson, "The ChaCha20-Poly1305
              AEAD Cipher for Transport Layer Security", draft-ietf-tls-
              chacha20-poly1305-00 (work in progress), June 2015.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February
              1997.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2434]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
              October 1998.

   [RFC3447]  Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography
              Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications
              Version 2.1", RFC 3447, February 2003.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [RFC5288]  Salowey, J., Choudhury, A., and D. McGrew, "AES Galois
              Counter Mode (GCM) Cipher Suites for TLS", RFC 5288,
              August 2008.

   [RFC5289]  Rescorla, E., "TLS Elliptic Curve Cipher Suites with SHA-
              256/384 and AES Galois Counter Mode (GCM)", RFC 5289,
              August 2008.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869, May 2010.

   [RFC6209]  Kim, W., Lee, J., Park, J., and D. Kwon, "Addition of the
              ARIA Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC
              6209, April 2011.

   [RFC6367]  Kanno, S. and M. Kanda, "Addition of the Camellia Cipher
              Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 6367,
              September 2011.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 76]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   [RFC6655]  McGrew, D. and D. Bailey, "AES-CCM Cipher Suites for
              Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 6655, July 2012.

   [RFC7251]  McGrew, D., Bailey, D., Campagna, M., and R. Dugal, "AES-
              CCM Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites for
              TLS", RFC 7251, June 2014.

   [SHS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
              Department of Commerce, "Secure Hash Standard", NIST FIPS
              PUB 180-4, March 2012.

   [X680]     ITU-T, "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation
              One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", ISO/IEC
              8824-1:2002, 2002.

   [X690]     ITU-T, "Information technology - ASN.1 encoding Rules:
              Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical
              Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules
              (DER)", ISO/IEC 8825-1:2002, 2002.

   [X962]     ANSI, "Public Key Cryptography For The Financial Services
              Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
              (ECDSA)", ANSI X9.62, 1998.

12.2.  Informative References

   [CBCATT]   Moeller, B., "Security of CBC Ciphersuites in SSL/TLS:
              Problems and Countermeasures", May 2004,
              <https://www.openssl.org/~bodo/tls-cbc.txt>.

   [DSS-3]    National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.,
              "Digital Signature Standard", NIST FIPS PUB 186-3 Draft,
              2006.

   [ECDSA]    American National Standards Institute, "Public Key
              Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: The
              Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)", ANSI
              ANS X9.62-2005, November 2005.

   [FI06]     "Bleichenbacher's RSA signature forgery based on
              implementation error", August 2006, <http://www.imc.org/
              ietf-openpgp/mail-archive/msg14307.html>.

   [GCM]      Dworkin, M., "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of
              Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC", NIST
              Special Publication 800-38D, November 2007.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 77]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   [I-D.ietf-tls-negotiated-ff-dhe]
              Gillmor, D., "Negotiated Finite Field Diffie-Hellman
              Ephemeral Parameters for TLS", draft-ietf-tls-negotiated-
              ff-dhe-10 (work in progress), June 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-session-hash]
              Bhargavan, K., Delignat-Lavaud, A., Pironti, A., Langley,
              A., and M. Ray, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session
              Hash and Extended Master Secret Extension", draft-ietf-
              tls-session-hash-05 (work in progress), April 2015.

   [PKCS6]    RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #6: RSA Extended Certificate
              Syntax Standard, version 1.5", November 1993.

   [PKCS7]    RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #7: RSA Cryptographic Message
              Syntax Standard, version 1.5", November 1993.

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC
              793, September 1981.

   [RFC1321]  Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
              April 1992.

   [RFC1948]  Bellovin, S., "Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks",
              RFC 1948, May 1996.

   [RFC2246]  Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
              RFC 2246, January 1999.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
              Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.

   [RFC4279]  Eronen, P. and H. Tschofenig, "Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites
              for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4279, December
              2005.

   [RFC4302]  Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302, December
              2005.

   [RFC4303]  Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC
              4303, December 2005.

   [RFC4346]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346, April 2006.

   [RFC4366]  Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J.,
              and T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions", RFC 4366, April 2006.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 78]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   [RFC4492]  Blake-Wilson, S., Bolyard, N., Gupta, V., Hawk, C., and B.
              Moeller, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites
              for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4492, May 2006.

   [RFC4506]  Eisler, M., "XDR: External Data Representation Standard",
              STD 67, RFC 4506, May 2006.

   [RFC5077]  Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
              Server-Side State", RFC 5077, January 2008.

   [RFC5081]  Mavrogiannopoulos, N., "Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport
              Layer Security (TLS) Authentication", RFC 5081, November
              2007.

   [RFC5116]  McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
              Encryption", RFC 5116, January 2008.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.

   [RFC5705]  Rescorla, E., "Keying Material Exporters for Transport
              Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 5705, March 2010.

   [RFC5763]  Fischl, J., Tschofenig, H., and E. Rescorla, "Framework
              for Establishing a Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
              (SRTP) Security Context Using Datagram Transport Layer
              Security (DTLS)", RFC 5763, May 2010.

   [RFC6066]  Eastlake, D., "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions:
              Extension Definitions", RFC 6066, January 2011.

   [RFC6176]  Turner, S. and T. Polk, "Prohibiting Secure Sockets Layer
              (SSL) Version 2.0", RFC 6176, March 2011.

   [RFC7465]  Popov, A., "Prohibiting RC4 Cipher Suites", RFC 7465,
              February 2015.

   [RFC7507]  Moeller, B. and A. Langley, "TLS Fallback Signaling Cipher
              Suite Value (SCSV) for Preventing Protocol Downgrade
              Attacks", RFC 7507, April 2015.

   [RFC7568]  Barnes, R., Thomson, M., Pironti, A., and A. Langley,
              "Deprecating Secure Sockets Layer Version 3.0", RFC 7568,
              June 2015.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 79]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   [RSA]      Rivest, R., Shamir, A., and L. Adleman, "A Method for
              Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key
              Cryptosystems", Communications of the ACM v. 21, n. 2, pp.
              120-126., February 1978.

   [SSL2]     Netscape Communications Corp., "The SSL Protocol",
              February 1995.

   [SSL3]     Freier, A., Karlton, P., and P. Kocher, "The SSL 3.0
              Protocol", November 1996.

   [TIMING]   Boneh, D. and D. Brumley, "Remote timing attacks are
              practical", USENIX Security Symposium, 2003.

   [X501]     "Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnection -
              The Directory: Models", ITU-T X.501, 1993.

12.3.  URIs

   [1] https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/issues/32

   [2] mailto:tls@ietf.org

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 80]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

Appendix A.  Protocol Data Structures and Constant Values

   This section describes protocol types and constants.

A.1.  Record Layer

      struct {
          uint8 major;
          uint8 minor;
      } ProtocolVersion;

      enum {
          reserved(20), alert(21), handshake(22),
          application_data(23), early_handshake(25),
          (255)
      } ContentType;

      struct {
          ContentType type;
          ProtocolVersion record_version = { 3, 1 };    /* TLS v1.x */
          uint16 length;
          opaque fragment[TLSPlaintext.length];
      } TLSPlaintext;

      struct {
          ContentType type;
          ProtocolVersion record_version = { 3, 1 };    /* TLS v1.x */
          uint16 length;
          aead-ciphered struct {
             opaque content[TLSPlaintext.length];
          } fragment;
      } TLSCiphertext;

A.2.  Alert Messages

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 81]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      enum { warning(1), fatal(2), (255) } AlertLevel;

      enum {
          close_notify(0),
          unexpected_message(10),               /* fatal */
          bad_record_mac(20),                   /* fatal */
          decryption_failed_RESERVED(21),       /* fatal */
          record_overflow(22),                  /* fatal */
          decompression_failure_RESERVED(30),   /* fatal */
          handshake_failure(40),                /* fatal */
          no_certificate_RESERVED(41),          /* fatal */
          bad_certificate(42),
          unsupported_certificate(43),
          certificate_revoked(44),
          certificate_expired(45),
          certificate_unknown(46),
          illegal_parameter(47),                /* fatal */
          unknown_ca(48),                       /* fatal */
          access_denied(49),                    /* fatal */
          decode_error(50),                     /* fatal */
          decrypt_error(51),                    /* fatal */
          export_restriction_RESERVED(60),      /* fatal */
          protocol_version(70),                 /* fatal */
          insufficient_security(71),            /* fatal */
          internal_error(80),                   /* fatal */
          inappropriate_fallback(86),           /* fatal */
          user_canceled(90),
          no_renegotiation_RESERVED(100),       /* fatal */
          missing_extension(109),               /* fatal */
          unsupported_extension(110),           /* fatal */
          certificate_unobtainable(111),
          unrecognized_name(112),
          bad_certificate_status_response(113), /* fatal */
          bad_certificate_hash_value(114),      /* fatal */
          unknown_psk_identity(115),
          (255)
      } AlertDescription;

      struct {
          AlertLevel level;
          AlertDescription description;
      } Alert;

A.3.  Handshake Protocol

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 82]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      enum {
          reserved(0), client_hello(1), server_hello(2),
          session_ticket(4), hello_retry_request(6),
          server_key_share(7), certificate(11), reserved(12),
          certificate_request(13), server_configuration(17),
          certificate_verify(15), reserved(16), finished(20), (255)
      } HandshakeType;

      struct {
          HandshakeType msg_type;    /* handshake type */
          uint24 length;             /* bytes in message */
          select (HandshakeType) {
              case client_hello:        ClientHello;
              case server_hello:        ServerHello;
              case hello_retry_request: HelloRetryRequest;
              case server_key_share:    ServerKeyShare;
              case server_configuration:ServerConfiguration;
              case certificate:         Certificate;
              case certificate_request: CertificateRequest;
              case certificate_verify:  CertificateVerify;
              case finished:            Finished;
              case session_ticket:      NewSessionTicket;
          } body;
      } Handshake;

A.3.1.  Hello Messages

      uint8 CipherSuite[2];    /* Cryptographic suite selector */

      enum { null(0), (255) } CompressionMethod;

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion client_version = { 3, 4 };    /* TLS v1.3 */
          Random random;
          SessionID session_id;
          CipherSuite cipher_suites<2..2^16-2>;
          CompressionMethod compression_methods<1..2^8-1>;
          select (extensions_present) {
              case false:
                  struct {};
              case true:
                  Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
          };
      } ClientHello;

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion server_version;
          Random random;

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 83]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

          CipherSuite cipher_suite;
          select (extensions_present) {
              case false:
                  struct {};
              case true:
                  Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
          };
      } ServerHello;

      struct {
          ProtocolVersion server_version;
          CipherSuite cipher_suite;
          NamedGroup selected_group;
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } HelloRetryRequest;

      struct {
          ExtensionType extension_type;
          opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
      } Extension;

      enum {
          supported_groups(10),
          signature_algorithms(13),
          early_data(TBD),
          pre_shared_key(TBD),
          client_key_shares(TBD),
          (65535)
      } ExtensionType;

      opaque psk_identity<0..2^16-1>;

      struct {
          select (Role) {
              case client:
                  psk_identity identities<0..2^16-1>;

              case server:
                  psk_identity identity;
          }
      } PreSharedKeyExtension;

      enum { client_authentication(1), early_data(2),
             client_authentication_and_data(3), (255) } EarlyDataType;

      struct {
          select (Role) {
              case client:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 84]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

                  opaque configuration_id<1..2^16-1>;
                  CipherSuite cipher_suite;
                  Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
                  opaque context<0..255>;
                  EarlyDataType type;

              case server:
                 struct {};
          }
      } EarlyDataIndication;

      struct {
          Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
      } EncryptedExtensions;

         enum { (65535) } ConfigurationExtensionType;

         struct {
             ConfigurationExtensionType extension_type;
             opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
         } ConfigurationExtension;

         struct {
             opaque configuration_id<1..2^16-1>;
             uint32 expiration_date;
             NamedGroup group;
             opaque server_key<1..2^16-1>;
             EarlyDataType early_data_type;
             ConfigurationExtension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
         } ServerConfiguration;

A.3.1.1.  Signature Algorithm Extension

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 85]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      enum {
          none(0),
          md5_RESERVED(1),
          sha1(2),
          sha224_RESERVED(3),
          sha256(4), sha384(5), sha512(6),
          (255)
      } HashAlgorithm;

      enum { anonymous(0), rsa(1), dsa(2), ecdsa(3), (255) }
        SignatureAlgorithm;

      struct {
          HashAlgorithm hash;
          SignatureAlgorithm signature;
      } SignatureAndHashAlgorithm;

      SignatureAndHashAlgorithm
        supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;

A.3.1.2.  Named Group Extension

      enum {
          // Elliptic Curve Groups.
          obsolete_RESERVED (1..22),
          secp256r1 (23), secp384r1 (24), secp521r1 (25),

          // Finite Field Groups.
          ffdhe2048 (256), ffdhe3072 (257), ffdhe4096 (258),
          ffdhe6144 (259), ffdhe8192 (260),
          ffdhe_private_use (0x01FC..0x01FF),

          // Reserved Code Points.
          ecdhe_private_use (0xFE00..0xFEFF),
          obsolete_RESERVED (0xFF01..0xFF02),
          (0xFFFF)
      } NamedGroup;

      struct {
          NamedGroup named_group_list<1..2^16-1>;
      } NamedGroupList;

A.3.2.  Key Exchange Messages

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 86]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

      struct {
          NamedGroup group;
          opaque key_exchange<1..2^16-1>;
      } ClientKeyShareOffer;

      struct {
          ClientKeyShareOffer offers<0..2^16-1>;
      } ClientKeyShare;

      opaque dh_Y<1..2^16-1>;

      opaque point <1..2^8-1>;

      struct {
          NamedGroup group;
          opaque key_exchange<1..2^16-1>;
      } ServerKeyShare;

A.3.3.  Authentication Messages

      opaque ASN1Cert<1..2^24-1>;

      struct {
          ASN1Cert certificate_list<0..2^24-1>;
      } Certificate;

      enum {
          rsa_sign(1), dss_sign(2), rsa_fixed_dh(3), dss_fixed_dh(4),
          rsa_ephemeral_dh_RESERVED(5), dss_ephemeral_dh_RESERVED(6),
          fortezza_dms_RESERVED(20), (255)
      } ClientCertificateType;

      opaque DistinguishedName<1..2^16-1>;

      struct {
          ClientCertificateType certificate_types<1..2^8-1>;
          SignatureAndHashAlgorithm
            supported_signature_algorithms<2..2^16-2>;
          DistinguishedName certificate_authorities<0..2^16-1>;
      } CertificateRequest;

      struct {
           digitally-signed struct {
              opaque handshake_hash[hash_length];
           }
      } CertificateVerify;

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 87]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

A.3.4.  Handshake Finalization Messages

      struct {
          opaque verify_data[verify_data_length];
      } Finished;

A.3.5.  Ticket Establishment

     struct {
         uint32 ticket_lifetime_hint;
         opaque ticket<0..2^16-1>;
     } NewSessionTicket;

A.4.  Cipher Suites

   A cipher suite defines a cipher specification supported in TLS and
   negotiated via hello messages in the TLS handshake.  Cipher suite
   names follow a general naming convention composed of a series of
   component algorithm names separated by underscores:

      CipherSuite TLS_KEA_SIGN_WITH_CIPHER_HASH = VALUE;

      Component      Contents
      TLS            The string "TLS"
      KEA            The key exchange algorithm
      SIGN           The signature algorithm
      WITH           The string "WITH"
      CIPHER         The symmetric cipher used for record protection
      HASH           The hash algorithm used with HKDF
      VALUE          The two byte ID assigned for this cipher suite

   The "CIPHER" component commonly has sub-components used to designate
   the cipher name, bits, and mode, if applicable.  For example,
   "AES_256_GCM" represents 256-bit AES in the GCM mode of operation.
   Cipher suite names that lack a "HASH" value that are defined for use
   with TLS 1.2 or later use the SHA-256 hash algorithm by default.

   The primary key exchange algorithm used in TLS is Ephemeral Diffie-
   Hellman [DH].  The finite field based version is denoted "DHE" and
   the elliptic curve based version is denoted "ECDHE".  Prior versions
   of TLS supported non-ephemeral key exchanges, however these are not
   supported by TLS 1.3.

   See the definitions of each cipher suite in its specification
   document for the full details of each combination of algorithms that
   is specified.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 88]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   TLS_NULL_WITH_NULL_NULL is specified and is the initial state of a
   TLS connection during the first handshake on that channel, but MUST
   NOT be negotiated, as it provides no more protection than an
   unsecured connection.

      CipherSuite TLS_NULL_WITH_NULL_NULL = {0x00,0x00};

   The following is a list of standards track server-authenticated (and
   optionally client-authenticated) cipher suites which are currently
   available in TLS 1.3:

          Cipher Suite Name                      Value     Specification
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256           {0x00,0x9E}    [RFC5288]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384           {0x00,0x9F}    [RFC5288]
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256           {0x00,0xA2}    [RFC5288]
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384           {0x00,0xA3}    [RFC5288]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM                  {0xC0,0x9E}    [RFC6655]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM                  {0xC0,0x9F}    [RFC6655]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8                {0xC0,0xA2}    [RFC6655]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8                {0xC0,0xA3}    [RFC6655]
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305          {TBD,TBD}   [I-D.ietf-tls-chacha20-poly1305]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305        {TBD,TBD}   [I-D.ietf-tls-chacha20-poly1305]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305            {TBD,TBD}   [I-D.ietf-tls-chacha20-poly1305]

   [[TODO: CHACHA20_POLY1305 cipher suite IDs are TBD.]]

   The following is a list of non-standards track server-authenticated
   (and optionally client-authenticated) cipher suites which are
   currently available in TLS 1.3:

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 89]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

          Cipher Suite Name                      Value     Specification
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256       {0xC0,0x2B}    [RFC5289]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384       {0xC0,0x2C}    [RFC5289]
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256         {0xC0,0x2F}    [RFC5289]
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384         {0xC0,0x30}    [RFC5289]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM              {0xC0,0xAC}    [RFC7251]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM              {0xC0,0xAD}    [RFC7251]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8            {0xC0,0xAE}    [RFC7251]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8            {0xC0,0xAF}    [RFC7251]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256          {0xC0,0x52}    [RFC6209]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384          {0xC0,0x53}    [RFC6209]
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256          {0xC0,0x56}    [RFC6209]
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384          {0xC0,0x57}    [RFC6209]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256      {0xC0,0x5C}    [RFC6209]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384      {0xC0,0x5D}    [RFC6209]
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256        {0xC0,0x60}    [RFC6209]
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384        {0xC0,0x61}    [RFC6209]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_GCM_SHA256      {0xC0,0x7C}    [RFC6367]
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_GCM_SHA384      {0xC0,0x7D}    [RFC6367]
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_GCM_SHA256      {0xC0,0x80}    [RFC6367]
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_GCM_SHA384      {0xC0,0x81}    [RFC6367]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_GCM_SHA256  {0xC0,0x86}    [RFC6367]
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_GCM_SHA384  {0xC0,0x87}    [RFC6367]
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_GCM_SHA256    {0xC0,0x8A}    [RFC6367]
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_GCM_SHA384    {0xC0,0x8B}    [RFC6367]

   ECDHE AES GCM is not yet standards track, however it is already
   widely deployed.

   Note: In the case of the CCM mode of AES, two variations exist:
   "CCM_8" which uses an 8-bit authentication tag and "CCM" which uses a
   16-bit authentication tag.  Both use the default hash, SHA-256.

   In addition to authenticated cipher suites, completely anonymous
   Diffie-Hellman cipher suites exist to provide communications in which
   neither party is authenticated.  This mode is vulnerable to man-in-
   the-middle attacks and is therefore unsafe for general use.  These
   cipher suites MUST NOT be used by TLS implementations unless the
   application layer has specifically requested to allow anonymous key
   exchange.  Anonymous key exchange may sometimes be acceptable, for
   example, to support opportunistic encryption when no set-up for
   authentication is in place, or when TLS is used as part of more
   complex security protocols that have other means to ensure
   authentication.  The following specifications provide "DH_anon" key
   exchange cipher suites: AES-GCM [RFC5288], ARIA-GCM [RFC6209], and
   CAMELLIA-GCM [RFC6367].

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 90]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   All cipher suites in this section are specified for use with both TLS
   1.2 and TLS 1.3, as well as the corresponding versions of DTLS.  (see
   Appendix C)

   Note that using non-anonymous key exchange without actually verifying
   the key exchange is essentially equivalent to anonymous key exchange,
   and the same precautions apply.  While non-anonymous key exchange
   will generally involve a higher computational and communicational
   cost than anonymous key exchange, it may be in the interest of
   interoperability not to disable non-anonymous key exchange when the
   application layer is allowing anonymous key exchange.

   New cipher suite values are assigned by IANA as described in
   Section 11.

A.5.  The Security Parameters

   These security parameters are determined by the TLS Handshake
   Protocol and provided as parameters to the TLS record layer in order
   to initialize a connection state.  SecurityParameters includes:

      enum { server, client } ConnectionEnd;

      enum { tls_kdf_sha256, tls_kdf_sha384 } KDFAlgorithm;

      enum { aes_gcm } RecordProtAlgorithm;

      /* The algorithms specified in KDFAlgorithm and
         RecordProtAlgorithm may be added to. */

      struct {
          ConnectionEnd          entity;
          KDFAlgorithm           kdf_algorithm;
          RecordProtAlgorithm    record_prot_algorithm;
          uint8                  enc_key_length;
          uint8                  iv_length;
          opaque                 hs_master_secret[48];
          opaque                 master_secret[48];
          opaque                 client_random[32];
          opaque                 server_random[32];
      } SecurityParameters;

A.6.  Changes to RFC 4492

   RFC 4492 [RFC4492] adds Elliptic Curve cipher suites to TLS.  This
   document changes some of the structures used in that document.  This
   section details the required changes for implementors of both RFC

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 91]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   4492 and TLS 1.2.  Implementors of TLS 1.2 who are not implementing
   RFC 4492 do not need to read this section.

   This document adds a "signature_algorithm" field to the digitally-
   signed element in order to identify the signature and digest
   algorithms used to create a signature.  This change applies to
   digital signatures formed using ECDSA as well, thus allowing ECDSA
   signatures to be used with digest algorithms other than SHA-1,
   provided such use is compatible with the certificate and any
   restrictions imposed by future revisions of [RFC5280].

   As described in Section 6.3.5 and Section 6.3.10, the restrictions on
   the signature algorithms used to sign certificates are no longer tied
   to the cipher suite (when used by the server) or the
   ClientCertificateType (when used by the client).  Thus, the
   restrictions on the algorithm used to sign certificates specified in
   Sections 2 and 3 of RFC 4492 are also relaxed.  As in this document,
   the restrictions on the keys in the end-entity certificate remain.

Appendix B.  Implementation Notes

   The TLS protocol cannot prevent many common security mistakes.  This
   section provides several recommendations to assist implementors.

B.1.  Random Number Generation and Seeding

   TLS requires a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
   (PRNG).  Care must be taken in designing and seeding PRNGs.  PRNGs
   based on secure hash operations, most notably SHA-1, are acceptable,
   but cannot provide more security than the size of the random number
   generator state.

   To estimate the amount of seed material being produced, add the
   number of bits of unpredictable information in each seed byte.  For
   example, keystroke timing values taken from a PC compatible 18.2 Hz
   timer provide 1 or 2 secure bits each, even though the total size of
   the counter value is 16 bits or more.  Seeding a 128-bit PRNG would
   thus require approximately 100 such timer values.

   [RFC4086] provides guidance on the generation of random values.

B.2.  Certificates and Authentication

   Implementations are responsible for verifying the integrity of
   certificates and should generally support certificate revocation
   messages.  Certificates should always be verified to ensure proper
   signing by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA).  The selection and

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 92]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   addition of trusted CAs should be done very carefully.  Users should
   be able to view information about the certificate and root CA.

B.3.  Cipher Suite Support

   TLS supports a range of key sizes and security levels, including some
   that provide no or minimal security.  A proper implementation will
   probably not support many cipher suites.  For instance, anonymous
   Diffie-Hellman is strongly discouraged because it cannot prevent man-
   in-the-middle attacks.  Applications should also enforce minimum and
   maximum key sizes.  For example, certificate chains containing keys
   or signatures weaker than 2048-bit RSA or 224-bit ECDSA are not
   appropriate for secure applications.  See also Appendix C.3.

B.4.  Implementation Pitfalls

   Implementation experience has shown that certain parts of earlier TLS
   specifications are not easy to understand, and have been a source of
   interoperability and security problems.  Many of these areas have
   been clarified in this document, but this appendix contains a short
   list of the most important things that require special attention from
   implementors.

   TLS protocol issues:

   -  Do you correctly handle handshake messages that are fragmented to
      multiple TLS records (see Section 5.2.1)?  Including corner cases
      like a ClientHello that is split to several small fragments?  Do
      you fragment handshake messages that exceed the maximum fragment
      size?  In particular, the certificate and certificate request
      handshake messages can be large enough to require fragmentation.

   -  Do you ignore the TLS record layer version number in all TLS
      records? (see Appendix C)

   -  Have you ensured that all support for SSL, RC4, and EXPORT ciphers
      is completely removed from all possible configurations that
      support TLS 1.3 or later, and that attempts to use these obsolete
      capabilities fail correctly? (see Appendix C)

   -  Do you handle TLS extensions in ClientHello correctly, including
      omitting the extensions field completely?

   -  When the server has requested a client certificate, but no
      suitable certificate is available, do you correctly send an empty
      Certificate message, instead of omitting the whole message (see
      Section 6.3.10)?

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 93]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   Cryptographic details:

   -  What countermeasures do you use to prevent timing attacks against
      RSA signing operations [TIMING]?

   -  When verifying RSA signatures, do you accept both NULL and missing
      parameters (see Section 4.9)?  Do you verify that the RSA padding
      doesn't have additional data after the hash value?  [FI06]

   -  When using Diffie-Hellman key exchange, do you correctly strip
      leading zero bytes from the negotiated key (see Section 7.2.2)?

   -  Does your TLS client check that the Diffie-Hellman parameters sent
      by the server are acceptable (see Appendix D.1.1.2)?

   -  Do you use a strong and, most importantly, properly seeded random
      number generator (see Appendix B.1) Diffie-Hellman private values,
      the DSA "k" parameter, and other security-critical values?

Appendix C.  Backward Compatibility

   The TLS protocol provides a built-in mechanism for version
   negotiation between endpoints potentially supporting different
   versions of TLS.

   TLS 1.x and SSL 3.0 use compatible ClientHello messages.  Servers can
   also handle clients trying to use future versions of TLS as long as
   the ClientHello format remains compatible and the client supports the
   highest protocol version available in the server.

   Prior versions of TLS used the record layer version number for
   various purposes.  (TLSPlaintext.record_version &
   TLSCiphertext.record_version) As of TLS 1.3, this field is deprecated
   and its value MUST be ignored by all implementations.  Version
   negotiation is performed using only the handshake versions.
   (ClientHello.client_version & ServerHello.server_version) In order to
   maximize interoperability with older endpoints, implementations that
   negotiate the use of TLS 1.0-1.2 SHOULD set the record layer version
   number to the negotiated version for the ServerHello and all records
   thereafter.

   For maximum compatibility with previously non-standard behavior and
   misconfigured deployments, all implementations SHOULD support
   validation of certificate chains based on the expectations in this
   document, even when handling prior TLS versions' handshakes. (see
   Section 6.3.5)

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 94]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

C.1.  Negotiating with an older server

   A TLS 1.3 client who wishes to negotiate with such older servers will
   send a normal TLS 1.3 ClientHello containing { 3, 4 } (TLS 1.3) in
   ClientHello.client_version.  If the server does not support this
   version it will respond with a ServerHello containing an older
   version number.  If the client agrees to use this version, the
   negotiation will proceed as appropriate for the negotiated protocol.
   A client resuming a session SHOULD initiate the connection using the
   version that was previously negotiated.

   If the version chosen by the server is not supported by the client
   (or not acceptable), the client MUST send a "protocol_version" alert
   message and close the connection.

   If a TLS server receives a ClientHello containing a version number
   greater than the highest version supported by the server, it MUST
   reply according to the highest version supported by the server.

   Some legacy server implementations are known to not implement the TLS
   specification properly and might abort connections upon encountering
   TLS extensions or versions which it is not aware of.
   Interoperability with buggy servers is a complex topic beyond the
   scope of this document.  Multiple connection attempts may be required
   in order to negotiate a backwards compatible connection, however this
   practice is vulnerable to downgrade attacks and is NOT RECOMMENDED.

C.2.  Negotiating with an older client

   A TLS server can also receive a ClientHello containing a version
   number smaller than the highest supported version.  If the server
   wishes to negotiate with old clients, it will proceed as appropriate
   for the highest version supported by the server that is not greater
   than ClientHello.client_version.  For example, if the server supports
   TLS 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2, and client_version is TLS 1.0, the server will
   proceed with a TLS 1.0 ServerHello.  If the server only supports
   versions greater than client_version, it MUST send a
   "protocol_version" alert message and close the connection.

   Note that earlier versions of TLS did not clearly specify the record
   layer version number value in all cases
   (TLSPlaintext.record_version).  Servers will receive various TLS 1.x
   versions in this field, however its value MUST always be ignored.

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 95]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

C.3.  Backwards Compatibility Security Restrictions

   If an implementation negotiates use of TLS 1.2, then negotiation of
   cipher suites also supported by TLS 1.3 SHOULD be preferred, if
   available.

   The security of RC4 cipher suites is considered insufficient for the
   reasons cited in [RFC7465].  Implementations MUST NOT offer or
   negotiate RC4 cipher suites for any version of TLS for any reason.

   Old versions of TLS permitted the use of very low strength ciphers.
   Ciphers with a strength less than 112 bits MUST NOT be offered or
   negotiated for any version of TLS for any reason.

   The security of SSL 2.0 [SSL2] is considered insufficient for the
   reasons enumerated in [RFC6176], and MUST NOT be negotiated for any
   reason.

   Implementations MUST NOT send an SSL version 2.0 compatible CLIENT-
   HELLO.  Implementations MUST NOT negotiate TLS 1.3 or later using an
   SSL version 2.0 compatible CLIENT-HELLO.  Implementations are NOT
   RECOMMENDED to accept an SSL version 2.0 compatible CLIENT-HELLO in
   order to negotiate older versions of TLS.

   Implementations MUST NOT send or accept any records with a version
   less than { 3, 0 }.

   The security of SSL 3.0 [SSL3] is considered insufficient for the
   reasons enumerated in [RFC7568], and MUST NOT be negotiated for any
   reason.

   Implementations MUST NOT send a ClientHello.client_version or
   ServerHello.server_version set to { 3, 0 } or less.  Any endpoint
   receiving a Hello message with ClientHello.client_version or
   ServerHello.server_version set to { 3, 0 } MUST respond with a
   "protocol_version" alert message and close the connection.

   Implementations MUST NOT use the Truncated HMAC extension, defined in
   Section 7 of [RFC6066], as it is not applicable to AEAD ciphers and
   has been shown to be insecure in some scenarios.

Appendix D.  Security Analysis

   [[TODO: The entire security analysis needs a rewrite.]]

   The TLS protocol is designed to establish a secure connection between
   a client and a server communicating over an insecure channel.  This
   document makes several traditional assumptions, including that

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 96]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   attackers have substantial computational resources and cannot obtain
   secret information from sources outside the protocol.  Attackers are
   assumed to have the ability to capture, modify, delete, replay, and
   otherwise tamper with messages sent over the communication channel.
   This appendix outlines how TLS has been designed to resist a variety
   of attacks.

D.1.  Handshake Protocol

   The TLS Handshake Protocol is responsible for selecting a cipher spec
   and generating a master secret, which together comprise the primary
   cryptographic parameters associated with a secure session.  The TLS
   Handshake Protocol can also optionally authenticate parties who have
   certificates signed by a trusted certificate authority.

D.1.1.  Authentication and Key Exchange

   TLS supports three authentication modes: authentication of both
   parties, server authentication with an unauthenticated client, and
   total anonymity.  Whenever the server is authenticated, the channel
   is secure against man-in-the-middle attacks, but completely anonymous
   sessions are inherently vulnerable to such attacks.  Anonymous
   servers cannot authenticate clients.  If the server is authenticated,
   its certificate message must provide a valid certificate chain
   leading to an acceptable certificate authority.  Similarly,
   authenticated clients must supply an acceptable certificate to the
   server.  Each party is responsible for verifying that the other's
   certificate is valid and has not expired or been revoked.

   [[TODO: Rewrite this because the master_secret is not used this way
   any more after Hugo's changes.]] The general goal of the key exchange
   process is to create a master_secret known to the communicating
   parties and not to attackers (see Section 7.1).  The master_secret is
   required to generate the Finished messages and record protection keys
   (see Section 6.3.9 and Section 7.2).  By sending a correct Finished
   message, parties thus prove that they know the correct master_secret.

D.1.1.1.  Anonymous Key Exchange

   Completely anonymous sessions can be established using Diffie-Hellman
   for key exchange.  The server's public parameters are contained in
   the server key share message, and the client's are sent in the client
   key share message.  Eavesdroppers who do not know the private values
   should not be able to find the Diffie-Hellman result.

   Warning: Completely anonymous connections only provide protection
   against passive eavesdropping.  Unless an independent tamper-proof
   channel is used to verify that the Finished messages were not

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 97]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   replaced by an attacker, server authentication is required in
   environments where active man-in-the-middle attacks are a concern.

D.1.1.2.  Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange with Authentication

   When Diffie-Hellman key exchange is used, the client and server use
   the client key exchange and server key exchange messages to send
   temporary Diffie-Hellman parameters.  The signature in the
   certificate verify message (if present) covers the entire handshake
   up to that point and thus attests the certificate holder's desire to
   use the the ephemeral DHE keys.

   Peers SHOULD validate each other's public key Y (dh_Ys offered by the
   server or DH_Yc offered by the client) by ensuring that 1 < Y < p-1.
   This simple check ensures that the remote peer is properly behaved
   and isn't forcing the local system into a small subgroup.

   Additionally, using a fresh key for each handshake provides Perfect
   Forward Secrecy.  Implementations SHOULD generate a new X for each
   handshake when using DHE cipher suites.

D.1.2.  Version Rollback Attacks

   Because TLS includes substantial improvements over SSL Version 2.0,
   attackers may try to make TLS-capable clients and servers fall back
   to Version 2.0.  This attack can occur if (and only if) two TLS-
   capable parties use an SSL 2.0 handshake.  (See also Appendix C.3.)

   Although the solution using non-random PKCS #1 block type 2 message
   padding is inelegant, it provides a reasonably secure way for Version
   3.0 servers to detect the attack.  This solution is not secure
   against attackers who can brute-force the key and substitute a new
   ENCRYPTED-KEY-DATA message containing the same key (but with normal
   padding) before the application-specified wait threshold has expired.
   Altering the padding of the least-significant 8 bytes of the PKCS
   padding does not impact security for the size of the signed hashes
   and RSA key lengths used in the protocol, since this is essentially
   equivalent to increasing the input block size by 8 bytes.

D.1.3.  Detecting Attacks Against the Handshake Protocol

   An attacker might try to influence the handshake exchange to make the
   parties select different encryption algorithms than they would
   normally choose.

   For this attack, an attacker must actively change one or more
   handshake messages.  If this occurs, the client and server will
   compute different values for the handshake message hashes.  As a

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 98]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   result, the parties will not accept each others' Finished messages.
   Without the static secret, the attacker cannot repair the Finished
   messages, so the attack will be discovered.

D.2.  Protecting Application Data

   The shared secrets are hashed with the handshake transcript to
   produce unique record protection secrets for each connection.

   Outgoing data is protected using an AEAD algorithm before
   transmission.  The authentication data includes the sequence number,
   message type, message length, and the message contents.  The message
   type field is necessary to ensure that messages intended for one TLS
   record layer client are not redirected to another.  The sequence
   number ensures that attempts to delete or reorder messages will be
   detected.  Since sequence numbers are 64 bits long, they should never
   overflow.  Messages from one party cannot be inserted into the
   other's output, since they use independent keys.

D.3.  Denial of Service

   TLS is susceptible to a number of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.
   In particular, an attacker who initiates a large number of TCP
   connections can cause a server to consume large amounts of CPU doing
   asymmetric crypto operations.  However, because TLS is generally used
   over TCP, it is difficult for the attacker to hide his point of
   origin if proper TCP SYN randomization is used [RFC1948] by the TCP
   stack.

   Because TLS runs over TCP, it is also susceptible to a number of DoS
   attacks on individual connections.  In particular, attackers can
   forge RSTs, thereby terminating connections, or forge partial TLS
   records, thereby causing the connection to stall.  These attacks
   cannot in general be defended against by a TCP-using protocol.
   Implementors or users who are concerned with this class of attack
   should use IPsec AH [RFC4302] or ESP [RFC4303].

D.4.  Final Notes

   For TLS to be able to provide a secure connection, both the client
   and server systems, keys, and applications must be secure.  In
   addition, the implementation must be free of security errors.

   The system is only as strong as the weakest key exchange and
   authentication algorithm supported, and only trustworthy
   cryptographic functions should be used.  Short public keys and
   anonymous servers should be used with great caution.  Implementations
   and users must be careful when deciding which certificates and

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016              [Page 99]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   certificate authorities are acceptable; a dishonest certificate
   authority can do tremendous damage.

Appendix E.  Working Group Information

   The discussion list for the IETF TLS working group is located at the
   e-mail address tls@ietf.org [2].  Information on the group and
   information on how to subscribe to the list is at
   https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls

   Archives of the list can be found at: https://www.ietf.org/mail-
   archive/web/tls/current/index.html

Appendix F.  Contributors

   Martin Abadi
   University of California, Santa Cruz
   abadi@cs.ucsc.edu

   Christopher Allen (co-editor of TLS 1.0)
   Alacrity Ventures
   ChristopherA@AlacrityManagement.com

   Steven M. Bellovin
   Columbia University
   smb@cs.columbia.edu

   Benjamin Beurdouche

   Karthikeyan Bhargavan (co-author of [I-D.ietf-tls-session-hash])
   INRIA
   karthikeyan.bhargavan@inria.fr

   Simon Blake-Wilson (co-author of RFC4492)
   BCI
   sblakewilson@bcisse.com

   Nelson Bolyard
   Sun Microsystems, Inc.
   nelson@bolyard.com (co-author of RFC4492)

   Ran Canetti
   IBM
   canetti@watson.ibm.com

   Pete Chown
   Skygate Technology Ltd
   pc@skygate.co.uk

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016             [Page 100]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   Antoine Delignat-Lavaud (co-author of [I-D.ietf-tls-session-hash])
   INRIA
   antoine.delignat-lavaud@inria.fr

   Tim Dierks (co-editor of TLS 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2)
   Independent
   tim@dierks.org

   Taher Elgamal
   Securify
   taher@securify.com

   Pasi Eronen
   Nokia
   pasi.eronen@nokia.com

   Anil Gangolli
   anil@busybuddha.org

   David M. Garrett

   Vipul Gupta (co-author of RFC4492)
   Sun Microsystems Laboratories
   vipul.gupta@sun.com

   Chris Hawk (co-author of RFC4492)
   Corriente Networks LLC
   chris@corriente.net

   Kipp Hickman

   Alfred Hoenes

   David Hopwood
   Independent Consultant
   david.hopwood@blueyonder.co.uk

   Daniel Kahn Gillmor
   ACLU
   dkg@fifthhorseman.net

   Phil Karlton (co-author of SSL 3.0)

   Paul Kocher (co-author of SSL 3.0)
   Cryptography Research
   paul@cryptography.com

   Hugo Krawczyk

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016             [Page 101]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   IBM
   hugo@ee.technion.ac.il

   Adam Langley (co-author of [I-D.ietf-tls-session-hash])
   Google
   agl@google.com

   Ilari Liusvaara
   ilari.liusvaara@elisanet.fi

   Jan Mikkelsen
   Transactionware
   janm@transactionware.com

   Bodo Moeller (co-author of RFC4492)
   Google
   bodo@openssl.org

   Erik Nygren
   Akamai Technologies
   erik+ietf@nygren.org

   Magnus Nystrom
   RSA Security
   magnus@rsasecurity.com

   Alfredo Pironti (co-author of [I-D.ietf-tls-session-hash])
   INRIA
   alfredo.pironti@inria.fr

   Marsh Ray (co-author of [I-D.ietf-tls-session-hash])
   Microsoft
   maray@microsoft.com

   Robert Relyea
   Netscape Communications
   relyea@netscape.com

   Jim Roskind
   Netscape Communications
   jar@netscape.com

   Michael Sabin

   Dan Simon
   Microsoft, Inc.
   dansimon@microsoft.com

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016             [Page 102]
Internet-Draft                     TLS                       August 2015

   Martin Thomson
   Mozilla
   mt@mozilla.com

   Tom Weinstein

   Tim Wright
   Vodafone
   timothy.wright@vodafone.com

Author's Address

   Eric Rescorla
   RTFM, Inc.

   EMail: ekr@rtfm.com

Rescorla                Expires February 29, 2016             [Page 103]