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Maximum Allocation Bandwidth Constraints Model for Diffserv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering
draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-mam-04

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 4125.
Authors Wai Lai , François Le Faucheur
Last updated 2015-10-14 (Latest revision 2004-12-14)
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draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-mam-04
TEWG                                                          
  Internet Draft                               Francois Le Faucheur 
                                               Cisco Systems, Inc. 
                                                       Waisum Lai 
                                                        AT&T Labs 
  draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-mam-04.txt                                
  Expires: June 2005                                 December 2004 
   
   
         Maximum Allocation Bandwidth Constraints Model for   
               Diff-Serv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering 
   
   
Status of this Memo 
   
  This document is an Internet-Draft and is subject to all provisions 
  of section 3 of RFC 3667. By submitting this Internet-Draft, each 
  author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of 
  which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of 
  which he or she become aware will be disclosed, in accordance with 
  RFC 3668. 
   
  Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering 
  Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that 
  other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
  Drafts. 
   
  Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months 
  and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any 
  time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference 
  material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 
   
  The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at 
  http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. 
   
  The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at 
  http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. 
   
  This Internet-Draft will expire on June 13, 2005. 
   
   
Copyright Notice 
   
  Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).  All Rights Reserved. 
   
   
Abstract 
   
 
 
Le Faucheur, et al.                                      [Page 1] 

                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
  This document provides specification for one Bandwidth Constraints 
  Model for Diff-Serv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering, which is referred 
  to as the Maximum Allocation Model. 
 
Specification of Requirements 
   
  The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", 
  "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this 
  document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 
   
   
Table of Contents 
   
  1. Introduction...................................................2 
  2. Definitions....................................................3 
  3. Maximum Allocation Model Definition............................4 
  4. Example Formulas for Computing "Unreserved TE-Class [i]" with 
  Maximum Allocation Model..........................................6 
  5. Security Considerations........................................7 
  6. Acknowledgments................................................7 
  7. Intellectual Property Considerations...........................7 
  8. IANA Considerations............................................8 
  9. Normative References...........................................8 
  10. Informative References........................................9 
  11. Authors' Address:.............................................9 
  12. Full Copyright Statement.....................................10 
  Appendix A - Addressing [DSTE-REQ] Scenarios.....................10 
  Disclaimer of Validity...........................................12 
  Copyright Statement..............................................12 
  Acknowledgment...................................................12 
   
   
1.Introduction 
 
  [DSTE-REQ] presents the Service Providers requirements for support of 
  Diff-Serv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering (DS-TE). This includes the 
  fundamental requirement to be able to enforce different Bandwidth 
  Constraints for different classes of traffic. 
   
  [DSTE-REQ] also defines the concept of Bandwidth Constraints Model 
  for DS-TE and states that "The DS-TE technical solution MUST specify 
  at least one Bandwidth Constraints Model and MAY specify multiple 
  Bandwidth Constraints Models." 
   
  This document provides a detailed description of one particular 
  Bandwidth Constraints Model for DS-TE which is introduced in [DSTE-
  REQ] and called the Maximum Allocation Model (MAM). 
   
 
 
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                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
  [DSTE-PROTO] specifies the IGP and RSVP-TE signaling extensions for 
  support of DS-TE. These extensions support MAM. 
 
   
2.Definitions 
   
  For readability a number of definitions from [DSTE-REQ] are repeated 
  here: 
   
  Class-Type (CT): the set of Traffic Trunks crossing a link that is 
  governed by a specific set of Bandwidth Constraints. CT is used for 
  the purposes of link bandwidth allocation, constraint based routing 
  and admission control. A given Traffic Trunk belongs to the same CT 
  on all links.  
   
  TE-Class: A pair of: 
           i. a Class-Type 
          ii. a preemption priority allowed for that Class-Type. This    Formatted:
                                                                    Bullets and
              means that an LSP transporting a Traffic Trunk from 
              that Class-Type can use that preemption priority as the 
              set-up priority, as the holding priority or both. 
   
   
  A number of recovery mechanisms under investigation or specification 
  in the IETF take advantage of the concept of bandwidth sharing across 
  particular sets of LSPs. "Shared Mesh Restoration" in [GMPLS-RECOV] 
  and "Facility-based Computation Model" in [MPLS-BACKUP] are example 
  mechanisms which increase bandwidth efficiency by sharing bandwidth 
  across backup LSPs protecting against independent failures. To ensure 
  that the notion of "Reserved (CTc)" introduced in [DSTE-REQ] is 
  compatible with such a concept of bandwidth sharing across multiple 
  LSPs, the wording of the "Reserved (CTc)" definition provided in 
  [DSTE-REQ] is generalized into the following:  
   
  Reserved (CTc): For a given Class-Type CTc ( 0 <= c <= MaxCT ) ,let 
  us define "Reserved(CTc)" as the total amount of the bandwidth 
  reserved by all the established LSPs which belong to CTc. 
   
  With this generalization, the Maximum Allocation Model definition 
  provided in this document is compatible with Shared Mesh Restoration 
  defined in [GMPLS-RECOV], so that DS-TE and Shared Mesh Protection 
  can operate simultaneously, under the assumption that Shared Mesh 
  Restoration operates independently within each DS-TE Class-Type and 
  does not operate across Class-Types (for example back up 
  LSPs protecting Primary LSPs of CTx need to also belong to CTx; 
  Excess Traffic LSPs sharing bandwidth with Backup LSPs of CTx need to 
  also belong to CTx). 
   
  We also introduce the following definition: 
 
 
Le Faucheur, et al.                                      [Page 3] 

                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
   
  Reserved(CTb,q) : let us define "Reserved(CTb,q)" as the total amount 
  of the bandwidth reserved by all the established LSPs which belong to 
  CTb and have a holding priority of q. Note that if q and CTb do not 
  form one of the 8 possible configured TE-Classes, then there can not 
  be any established LSP which belong to CTb and have a holding 
  priority of q, so in that case, Reserved(CTb,q)=0. 
   
 
3.Maximum Allocation Model Definition 
   
  MAM is defined in the following manner: 
       o Maximum Number of Bandwidth Constraints (MaxBC)=  
         Maximum Number of Class-Types (MaxCT) = 8 
       o for each value of c in the range 0 <= c <= (MaxCT - 1): 
            Reserved (CTc) <= BCc <= Max-Reservable-Bandwidth, 
       o SUM (Reserved(CTc)) <= Max-Reservable-Bandwidth 
            where the SUM is across all values of c in the range  
            0 <= c <= (MaxCT - 1) 
   
   
  A DS-TE LSR implementing MAM MUST support enforcement of Bandwidth 
  Constraints in compliance with this definition. 
   
   
  To increase the degree of bandwidth sharing among the different CTs, 
  the sum of Bandwidth Constraints may exceed the Maximum Reservable 
  Bandwidth, so that the following relationship may hold true: 
           o SUM (BCc) > Max-Reservable-Bandwidth, 
              where the SUM is across all values of c in the range  
              0 <= c <= (MaxCT - 1) 
   
  The sum of Bandwidth Constraints may also be equal to (or below) the 
  Maximum Reservable Bandwidth. In that case, the Maximum Reservable 
  Bandwidth does not actually constrain CT bandwidth reservations (in 
  other words, the 3rd bullet item of the MAM definition above will 
  never effectively come into play). This is because the 2nd bullet 
  item of the MAM definition above implies that: 
      SUM (reserved(CTc)) <= SUM (BCc)  
  and we assume here that  
      SUM (BCc) <= Maximum Reservable Bandwidth 
  therefore, it will always be true that: 
      SUM (Reserved(CTc)) <= Max-Reservable-Bandwidth. 
   
   
  Both preemption within a Class-Type and across Class-Types is 
  allowed. 
   
   
 
 
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                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
  Where 8 Class-Types are active, the MAM Bandwidth Constraints can 
  also be expressed in the following way: 
       - All LSPs from CT7 use no more than BC7 
       - All LSPs from CT6 use no more than BC6 
       - All LSPs from CT5 use no more than BC5 
       - etc. 
       -
        All LSPs from CT0 use no more than BC0 
       -
        All LSPs from all CTs collectively use no more than the 
         Maximum Reservable Bandwidth 
   
  Purely for illustration purposes, the diagram below represents MAM in 
  a pictorial manner when 3 Class-Types are active: 
   
   
   
        I----------------------------I 
        <---BC0--->                  I 
        I---------I                  I 
        I         I                  I 
        I   CT0   I                  I 
        I         I                  I 
        I---------I                  I 
        I                            I 
        I                            I 
        <-------BC1------->          I 
        I-----------------I          I 
        I                 I          I 
        I       CT1       I          I 
        I                 I          I 
        I-----------------I          I 
        I                            I 
        I                            I 
        <-----BC2----->              I 
        I-------------I              I 
        I             I              I 
        I     CT2     I              I 
        I             I              I 
        I-------------I              I 
        I                            I 
        I        CT0+CT1+CT2         I 
        I                            I 
        I----------------------------I 
   
        <--Max Reservable Bandwidth--> 
   
         
  (Note that, in this illustration, the sum BC0 + BC1 + BC2 exceeds the 
  Max Reservable Bandwidth.) 
   
 
 
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                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
   
  While more flexible/sophisticated Bandwidth Constraints Models can be 
  defined (and are indeed defined - see [DSTE-RDM]), the Maximum 
  Allocation Model is attractive in some DS-TE environments for the 
  following reasons: 
       - Network administrators generally find MAM simple and 
         intuitive 
       - MAM matches simple bandwidth control policies that Network 
         Administrators may want to enforce such as setting individual 
         Bandwidth Constraint for a given type of traffic (aka. Class-
         Type) and simultaneously limit the aggregate of reserved 
         bandwidth across all types of traffic. 
       - MAM can be used in a way which ensures isolation across 
         Class-Types, whether preemption is used or not. 
       - MAM can simultaneously achieve isolation, bandwidth 
         efficiency and protection against QoS degradation of the 
         premium CT. 
       - MAM only requires limited protocol extensions such as the 
         ones defined in [DSTE-PROTO]. 
   
  MAM may not be attractive in some DS-TE environments because: 
       - MAM cannot simultaneously achieve isolation, bandwidth 
         efficiency and protection against QoS degradation of CTs 
         other than the Premium CT. 
   
  Additional considerations on the properties of MAM and its comparison 
  with RDM can be found in [BC-CONS] and [BC-MODEL]. 
   
   
  As a very simple example usage of the MAM Model, a network 
  administrator using one CT for Voice (CT1) and one CT for Data (CT0) 
  might configure on a given 2.5 Gb/s link: 
       -
        BC0 = 2 Gb/s (i.e. Data is limited to 2 Gb/s) 
       -
        BC1 = 1 Gb/s   (i.e. Voice is limited to 1 Gb/s) 
       -
        Maximum Reservable Bandwidth = 2.5 Gb/s (i.e. aggregate Data 
         + Voice is limited to 2.5 Gb/s) 
 
   
4.Example Formulas for Computing "Unreserved TE-Class [i]" with Maximum 
  Allocation Model 
   
  As specified in [DSTE-PROTO], formulas for computing "Unreserved TE-
  Class [i]" MUST reflect all of the Bandwidth Constraints relevant to 
  the CT associated with TE-Class[i], and thus, depend on the Bandwidth 
  Constraints Model. Thus, a DS-TE LSR implementing MAM MUST reflect 
  the MAM Bandwidth Constraints defined in section 3 above when 
  computing "Unreserved TE-Class [i]". 
   
 
 
Le Faucheur, et al.                                      [Page 6] 

                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
  Keeping in mind, as explained in [DSTE-PROTO], that details of 
  admission control algorithms as well as formulas for computing 
  "Unreserved TE-Class [i]" are outside the scope of the IETF work, we 
  provide in this section, for illustration purposes, an example of how 
  values for the unreserved bandwidth for TE-Class[i] might be computed 
  with MAM, assuming the basic admission control algorithm which simply 
  deducts the exact bandwidth of any established LSP from all of the 
  Bandwidth Constraints relevant to the CT associated with that LSP. 
   
  Then: 
   
     "Unreserved TE-Class [i]" = 
        
      MIN  [ 
     [ BCc - SUM ( Reserved(CTc,q) ) ] for q <= p  , 
     [ Max-Res-Bw - SUM (Reserved(CTb,q)) ] for q <= p and 0 <= b <= 7, 
            ] 
   
     where: 
          TE-Class [i] <--> < CTc , preemption p> 
          in the configured TE-Class mapping. 
   
   
5.Security Considerations 
   
  Security considerations related to the use of DS-TE are discussed in 
  [DSTE-PROTO]. Those apply independently of the Bandwidth Constraints 
  Model, including MAM specified in this document. 
   
   
6.Acknowledgments 
   
  A lot of the material in this document has been derived from ongoing 
  discussions within the TEWG work. This involved many people including 
  Jerry Ash and Dimitry Haskin.  
   
   
7.   Intellectual Property Considerations 
 
  The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any 
  Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to 
  pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in 
  this document or the extent to which any license under such rights 
  might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has 
  made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information 
  on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be 
  found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. 
   
 
 
Le Faucheur, et al.                                      [Page 7] 

                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
  Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any 
  assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an 
  attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of 
  such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this 
  specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at 
  http://www.ietf.org/ipr. 
   
  The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any 
  copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary 
  rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement 
  this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at 
  ietf-ipr@ietf.org. 
   
   
8.IANA Considerations 
   
  [DSTE-PROTO] defines a new name space for "Bandwidth Constraints 
  Model Id". The guidelines for allocation of values in that name space 
  are detailed in section 14.1 of [DSTE-PROTO]. In accordance with 
  these guidelines, IANA was requested to assign a Bandwidth 
  Constraints Model Id for MAM from the range 0-127 (which is to be 
  managed as per the "Specification Required" policy defined in [IANA-
  CONS]). 
   
  Bandwidth Constraints Model Id = TBD was allocated by IANA to MAM. 
   
  <IANA-note> To be removed by the RFC editor at the time of 
  publication 
       We request IANA to assign value 1 for the MAM model. 
    Once the value has been assigned, please replace "TBD" above 
       by the assigned value. 
  </IANA-note> 
   
   
9.Normative References 
   
  [DSTE-REQ] Le Faucheur et al, Requirements for support of Diff-Serv-
  aware MPLS Traffic Engineering, RFC3564. 
   
  [DSTE-PROTO] Le Faucheur et al, Protocol extensions for support of 
  Diff-Serv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering, draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-
  proto-08.txt, work in progress. 
   
  [RFC2119] S. Bradner, Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate 
  Requirement Levels, RFC2119 
   
  [IANA-CONS], T. Narten et al, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA 
  Considerations Section in RFCs", RFC2434. 
   
 
 
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                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
   
10.Informative References 
   
  [BC-CONS] Le Faucheur, "Considerations on Bandwidth Constraints Model 
  for DS-TE", draft-lefaucheur-tewg-russian-dolls-00.txt, June 2002. 
   
  [BC-MODEL] Lai, "Bandwidth Constraints Models for DS-TE",  
  draft-wlai-tewg-bcmodel-03.txt, work in progress. 
   
  [DSTE-RDM] Le Faucheur et al., "Russian Dolls Bandwidth Constraints 
  Model for Diff-Serv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering",  
  draft-ietf-tewg-diff-te-russian-07.txt, work in progress. 
   
  [OSPF-TE] Katz et al., "Traffic Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF 
  Version 2", RFC3630.  
   
  [ISIS-TE] Smit et al., "Intermediate System to Intermediate System 
  (IS-IS) extensions for Traffic Engineering (TE)", RFC 3784. 
   
  [RSVP-TE] Awduche et al, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP 
  Tunnels", RFC 3209. 
   
  [DIFF-MPLS] Le Faucheur et al, "MPLS Support of Diff-Serv", RFC3270, 
  May 2002. 
   
  [DSTE-MAR] Ash, G., "Max Allocation with Reservation Bandwidth 
  Constraints Model for MPLS/DiffServ TE & Performance Comparisons", 
  Work In Progress. 
   
  [GMPLS-RECOV] Lang et al, "Generalized MPLS Recovery Functional 
  Specification", draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-recovery-functional-02.txt, 
  work in progress. 
   
  [MPLS-BACKUP] Vasseur et al, "MPLS Traffic Engineering Fast reroute: 
  bypass tunnel path computation for bandwidth protection", draft-
  vasseur-mpls-backup-computation-02.txt, work in progress. 
   
   
11.Authors' Address: 
   
  Francois Le Faucheur 
  Cisco Systems, Inc. 
  Village d'Entreprise Green Side - Batiment T3 
  400, Avenue de Roumanille 
  06410 Biot-Sophia Antipolis 
  France 
  Phone: +33 4 97 23 26 19 
  Email: flefauch@cisco.com                                           Field Code
       
 
 
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                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
  Wai Sum Lai  
  AT&T Labs  
  200 Laurel Avenue  
  Middletown, New Jersey 07748, USA  
  Phone: (732) 420-3712  
  Email: wlai@att.com  
   
   
12.Full Copyright Statement 
   
  Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).  All Rights Reserved. 
   
  This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to 
  others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it 
  or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published 
  and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any 
  kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are 
  included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this 
  document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing 
  the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other 
  Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of 
  developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for 
  copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be 
  followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than 
  English. 
   
  The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be 
  revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. 
   
  This document and the information contained herein is provided on an 
  "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING 
  TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING 
  BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION 
  HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 
  MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 
 
 
Appendix A - Addressing [DSTE-REQ] Scenarios 
   
  This Appendix provides examples of how the Maximum Allocation 
  Bandwidth Constraints Model can be used to support each of the 
  scenarios described in [DSTE-REQ]. 
   
1.  Scenario 1: Limiting Amount of Voice 
   
  By configuring on every link:  
       -
        Bandwidth Constraint 1 (for CT1=Voice) = "certain percentage" 
         of link capacity 
 
 
Le Faucheur, et al.                                     [Page 10] 

                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
       -
        Bandwidth Constraint 0 (for CT0=Data) = link capacity (or a 
         constraint specific to data traffic) 
       -
        Max Reservable Bandwidth = link capacity 
   
  By configuring: 
       -
        every CT1/Voice TE-LSP with preemption =0  
       -
        every CT0/Data TE-LSP with preemption =1 
   
  DS-TE with the Maximum Allocation Model will address all the 
  requirements: 
       -
        amount of Voice traffic limited to desired percentage on 
         every link 
       -
        data traffic capable of using all remaining link capacity (or 
         up to its own specific constraint) 
       -
        voice traffic capable of preempting other traffic 
   
2.  Scenario 2: Maintain Relative Proportion of Traffic Classes 
   
  By configuring on every link:  
       -
        BC2 (for CT2) = e.g. 45% of link capacity 
       -
        BC1 (for CT1) = e.g. 35% of link capacity 
       -
        BC0 (for CT0) = e.g.100% of link capacity 
       -
        Max Reservable Bandwidth = link capacity 
   
  DS-TE with the Maximum Allocation Model will ensure that the amount 
  of traffic of each Class Type established on a link is within 
  acceptable levels as compared to the resources allocated to the 
  corresponding Diff-Serv PHBs regardless of which order the LSPs are 
  routed in, regardless of which preemption priorities are used by 
  which LSPs and regardless of failure situations. 
   
  By also configuring: 
       -
        every CT2/Voice TE-LSP with preemption =0  
       -
        every CT1/Premium Data TE-LSP with preemption =1  
       -
        every CT0/Best-Effort TE-LSP with preemption =2 
   
  DS-TE with the Maximum Allocation Model will also ensure that: 
       -
        CT2 Voice LSPs always have first preemption priority in order 
         to use the CT2 capacity 
       -
        CT1 Premium Data LSPs always have second preemption priority 
         in order to use the CT1 capacity 
       -
        Best-Effort can use up to link capacity whatever is left by 
         CT2 and CT1.  
   
  Optional automatic adjustment of Diff-Serv scheduling configuration 
  could be used for maintaining very strict relationship between amount 
  of established traffic of each Class Type and corresponding Diff-Serv 
  resources. 
   
 
 
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                Maximum Allocation Model for DS-TE    December 2004 
 
 
3.  Scenario 3: Guaranteed Bandwidth Services 
   
  By configuring on every link:  
       -
        BC1 (for CT1) = "given" percentage of link bandwidth 
         (appropriate to achieve the QoS objectives of the Guaranteed 
         Bandwidth service) 
       -
        BC0 (for CT0=Data) = link capacity (or a constraint specific 
         to data traffic) 
       -
        Max Reservable Bandwidth = link capacity 
   
  DS-TE with the Maximum Allocation Model will ensure that the amount 
  of Guaranteed Bandwidth Traffic established on every link remains 
  below the given percentage so that it will always meet its QoS 
  objectives. At the same time it will allow traffic engineering of the 
  rest of the traffic such that links can be filled up (or limited to 
  the specific constraint for such traffic). 
 
 
Disclaimer of Validity 
   
  This document and the information contained herein are provided on an 
  "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS 
  OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET 
  ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, 
  INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE 
  INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED 
  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 
   
 
Copyright Statement 
   
  Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).  This document is subject 
  to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and 
  except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. 
   
   
Acknowledgment 
   
  Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the 
  Internet Society. 
   

 
 
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