A Call Control and Multi-Party Usage Framework for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
draft-ietf-sipping-cc-framework-12
The information below is for an old version of the document that is already published as an RFC.
| Document | Type |
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 5850.
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|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Daniel Petrie , Jonathan Rosenberg , Alan Johnston , Robert Sparks , Rohan Mahy | ||
| Last updated | 2015-10-14 (Latest revision 2009-12-20) | ||
| RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Intended RFC status | Informational | ||
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| Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
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draft-ietf-sipping-cc-framework-12
SIPPING WG R. Mahy
Internet-Draft Unaffiliated
Intended status: Informational R. Sparks
Expires: June 23, 2010 Tekelek
J. Rosenberg
jdrosen.net
D. Petrie
SIP EZ
A. Johnston, Ed.
Avaya
December 20, 2009
A Call Control and Multi-party usage framework for the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)
draft-ietf-sipping-cc-framework-12
Abstract
This document defines a framework and requirements for call control
and multi-party usage of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). To
enable discussion of multi-party features and applications we define
an abstract call model for describing the media relationships
required by many of these. The model and actions described here are
specifically chosen to be independent of the SIP signaling and/or
mixing approach chosen to actually setup the media relationships. In
addition to its dialog manipulation aspect, this framework includes
requirements for communicating related information and events such as
conference and session state, and session history. This framework
also describes other goals that embody the spirit of SIP applications
as used on the Internet such as: definition of primitives, not
services; invoker and participant oriented; signaling and mixing
model independence, and others.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
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The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
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http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on June 23, 2010.
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document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Motivation and Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1. "Conversation Space" Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2. Relationship Between Conversation Space, SIP Dialogs,
and SIP Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3. Signaling Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4. Mixing Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.1. Tightly Coupled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.2. Loosely Coupled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5. Conveying Information and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6. Componentization and Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.1. Media Intermediaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.2. Text-to-Speech and Automatic Speech Recognition . . . 17
2.6.3. VoiceXML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7. Use of URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.7.1. Naming Users in SIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.7.2. Naming Services with SIP URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.8. Invoker Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.9. Billing issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3. Catalog of call control actions and sample features . . . . . 23
3.1. Remote Call Control Actions on Early Dialogs . . . . . . . 24
3.1.1. Remote Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.2. Remote Forward or Put . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.3. Remote Busy or Error Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2. Remote Call Control Actions on Single Dialogs . . . . . . 24
3.2.1. Remote Dial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.2. Remote On and Off Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.3. Remote Hangup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3. Call Control Actions on Multiple Dialogs . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.1. Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.2. Take . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3.3. Add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.4. Local Join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.5. Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.6. Split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.7. Near fork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.8. Far fork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6. Appendix A: Example Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.1. Attended Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.2. Auto Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.3. Automatic Callback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.4. Barge-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.5. Blind Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.6. Call Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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6.7. Call Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.8. Call Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.9. Call Pickup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.10. Call Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.11. Call Waiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.12. Click-to-Dial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.13. Conference Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.14. Consultative Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.15. Distinctive Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.16. Do Not Disturb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.17. Find-Me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.18. Hotline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.19. IM Conference Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.20. Inbound Call Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.21. Intercom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.22. Message Waiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.23. Music on Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.24. Outbound Call Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.25. Pre-paid Calling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.26. Presence-Enabled Conferencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.27. Single Line Extension/Multiple Line Appearance . . . . . . 37
6.28. Speakerphone Paging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.29. Speed Dial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.30. Voice Message Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.31. Voice Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.32. Voicemail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.33. Whispered Call Waiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
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1. Motivation and Background
The Session Initiation Protocol [RFC3261] (SIP) was defined for the
initiation, maintenance, and termination of sessions or calls between
one or more users. However, despite its origins as a large-scale
multiparty conferencing protocol, SIP is used today primarily for
point to point calls. This two-party configuration is the focus of
the SIP specification and most of its extensions.
This document defines a framework and requirements for call control
and multi-party usage of SIP. Most multi-party operations manipulate
SIP dialogs (also known as call legs) or SIP conference media policy
to cause participants in a conversation to perceive specific media
relationships. In other protocols that deal with the concept of
calls, this manipulation is known as call control. In addition to
its dialog or policy manipulation aspect, "call control" also
includes communicating information and events related to manipulating
calls, including information and events dealing with session state
and history, conference state, user state, and even message state.
Based on input from the SIP community, the authors compiled the
following set of goals for SIP call control and multiparty
applications:
o Define Primitives, Not Services. Allow for a handful of robust
yet simple mechanisms that can be combined to deliver features and
services. Throughout this document we refer to these simple
mechanisms as "primitives". Primitives should be sufficiently
robust so that when they are combined with each other, they can be
used to build lots of services. However, the goal is not to
define a provably complete set of primitives. Note that while the
IETF will NOT standardize behavior or services, it may define
example services for informational purposes, as in service
examples [RFC5359].
o Participant oriented. The primitives should be designed to
provide services that are oriented around the experience of the
participants. The authors observe that end users of features and
services usually don't care how a media relationship is setup.
Their ultimate experience is based only on the resulting media and
other externally visible characteristics.
o Signaling Model independent: Support both a central control and a
peer-to-peer feature invocation model (and combinations of the
two). Baseline SIP already supports a centralized control model
described in 3pcc (third party call control) [RFC3725], and the
SIP community has expressed a great deal of interest in peer-to-
peer or distributed call control using primitives such as those
defined in REFER [RFC3515], Replaces [RFC3891], and Join
[RFC3911].
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o Mixing Model independent: The bulk of interesting multiparty
applications involve mixing or combining media from multiple
participants. This mixing can be performed by one or more of the
participants, or by a centralized mixing resource. The experience
of the participants should not depend on the mixing model used.
While most examples in this document refer to audio mixing, the
framework applies to any media type. In this context a "mixer"
refers to combining media of the same type in an appropriate,
media-specific way. This is consistent with the model described
in the SIP conferencing framework.
o Invoker oriented. Only the user who invokes a feature or a
service needs to know exactly which service is invoked or why.
This is good because it allows new services to be created without
requiring new primitives from all the participants; and it allows
for much simpler feature authorization policies, for example, when
participation spans organizational boundaries. As discussed in
section 2.7, this also avoids exponential state explosion when
combining features. The invoker only has to manage a user
interface or API to prevent local feature interactions. All the
other participants simply need to manage the feature interactions
of a much smaller number of primitives.
o Primitives make full use of URIs (uniform resource identifiers).
URIs are a very powerful mechanism for describing users and
services. They represent a plentiful resource that can be
extremely expressive and easily routed, translated, and
manipulated--even across organizational boundaries. URIs can
contain special parameters and informational headers that need
only be relevant to the owner of the namespace (domain) of the
URI. Just as a user who selects an http: URL need not understand
the significance and organization of the web site it references, a
user may encounter a SIP URI that translates into an email-style
group alias, that plays a pre-recorded message, or runs some
complex call-handling logic. Note that while this may seem
paradoxical to the previous goal, both goals can be satisfied by
the same model.
o Make use of SIP headers and SIP event packages to provide SIP
entities with information about their environment. These should
include information about the status / handling of dialogs on
other user agents, information about the history of other contacts
attempted prior to the current contact, the status of
participants, the status of conferences, user presence
information, and the status of messages.
o Encourage service decomposition, and design to make use of
standard components using well-defined, simple interfaces. Sample
components include a SIP mixer, recording service, announcement
server, and voice dialog server. (This is not an exhaustive
list).
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o Include authentication, authorization, policy, logging, and
accounting mechanisms to allow these primitives to be used safely
among mutually untrusted participants. Some of these mechanisms
may be used to assist in billing, but no specific billing system
will be endorsed.
o Permit graceful fallback to baseline SIP. Definitions for new SIP
call control extensions/primitives must describe a graceful way to
fallback to baseline SIP behavior. Support for one primitive must
not imply support for another primitive.
o There is no desire or goal to reinvent traditional models, such as
the model used the H.450 family of protocols, JTAPI (Java
Telephony Application Programming Interface), or the CSTA
(Computer-supported telecommunications applications) call model,
as these other models do not share the design goals presented in
this document.
Note that the flexibility in this model does have some disadvantages
in terms of interoperability. It is possible to build a call control
feature in SIP using different combinations of primitives. For a
discussion of the issues associated with this, see
[I-D.ietf-bliss-problem-statement].
2. Key Concepts
This section introduces a number of key concepts which will be used
to describe and explain various call control operations and services
in the remainder of this document. This includes the conversation
space model, signaling and mixing models, common components, and the
use of URIs.
2.1. "Conversation Space" Model
This document introduces the concept of an abstract "conversation
space" as a set of participants who believe they are all
communicating among one another. Each conversation space contains
one or more participants.
Participants are SIP User Agents that send original media to or
terminate and receive media from other members of the conversation
space. Logically, every participant in the conversation space has
access to all the media generated in that space (this is strictly
true if all participants share a common media type). A SIP User
Agent that does not contribute or consume any media is NOT a
participant; nor is a user agent that merely forwards, transcoders,
mixes, or selects media originating elsewhere in the conversation
space.
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Note that a conversation space consists of zero or more SIP calls
or SIP conferences. A conversation space is similar to the
definition of a "call" in some other call models.
Participants may represent human users or non-human users (referred
to as robots or automatons in this document). Some participants may
be hidden within a conversation space. Some examples of hidden
participants include: robots that generate tones, images, or
announcements during a conference to announce users arriving and
departing, a human call center supervisor monitoring a conversation
between a trainee and a customer, and robots that record media for
training or archival purposes.
Participants may also be active or passive. Active participants are
expected to be intelligent enough to leave a conversation space when
they no longer desire to participate. (An attentive human
participant is obviously active.) Some robotic participants (such as
a voice messaging system, an instant messaging agent, or a voice
dialog system) may be active participants if they can leave the
conversation space when there is no human interaction. Other robots
(for example our tone generating robot from the previous example) are
passive participants. A human participant "on-hold" is passive.
An example diagram of a conversation space can be shown as a "bubble"
or ovals, or as a "set" in curly or square brace notation. Each set,
oval, or "bubble" represents a conversation space. Hidden
participants are shown in lowercase letters. Examples are given in
Figure 1.
Note that while the term "conversation" usually applies to oral
exchange of information, we apply the conversation space model to any
media exchange between participants.
{ A , B } [ A , b, C, D ]
.-. .---.
/ \ / \
/ A \ / A b \
( ) ( )
\ B / \ C D /
\ / \ /
'-' '---'
Figure 1. Conversation Spaces.
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2.2. Relationship Between Conversation Space, SIP Dialogs, and SIP
Sessions
In SIP, a call is "an informal term that refers to some communication
between peers, generally set up for the purposes of a multimedia
conversation." The concept of a conversation space is needed because
the SIP definition of call is not sufficiently precise for the
purpose of describing the user experience of multiparty features.
Do any other definitions convey the correct meaning? SIP, and SDP
(Session Description Protocol) [RFC4566] both define a conference as
"a multimedia session identified by a common session description." A
session is defined as "a set of multimedia senders and receivers and
the data streams flowing from senders to receivers." The definition
of "call" in some call models is more similar to our definition of a
conversation space.
Some examples of the relationship between conversation spaces, SIP
dialogs, and SIP sessions are listed below. In each example, a human
user will perceive that there is a single call.
o A simple two-party call is a single conversation space, a single
session, and a single dialog.
o A locally mixed three-way call is two sessions and two dialogs.
It is also a single conversation space.
o A simple dial-in audio conference is a single conversation space,
but is represented by as many dialogs and sessions as there are
human participants.
o A multicast conference is a single conversation space, a single
session, and as many dialogs as participants.
2.3. Signaling Models
Obviously to make changes to a conversation space, you must be able
to use SIP signaling to cause these changes. Specifically there must
be a way to manipulate SIP dialogs (call legs) to move participants
into and out of conversation spaces. Although this is not as
obvious, there also must be a way to manipulate SIP dialogs to
include non-participant user agents that are otherwise involved in a
conversation space (e.g., back-to-back user agents or B2BUAs, third
party call control 3pcc controllers, mixers, transcoders,
translators, or relays).
Implementations may setup the media relationships described in the
conversation space model using a centralized control model. One
common way to implement this using SIP is known as 3rd Party Call
Control (3pcc) and is described in 3pcc [RFC3725]. The 3pcc approach
relies on only the following 3 primitive operations:
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o Create a new dialog (INVITE)
o Modify a dialog (reINVITE)
o Destroy a dialog (BYE)
The main advantage of the 3pcc approach is that it only requires very
basic SIP support from end systems to support call control features.
As such, third-party call control is a natural way to handle protocol
conversion and mid-call features. It also has the advantage and
disadvantage that new features can/must be implemented in one place
only (the controller), and neither requires enhanced client
functionality, nor takes advantage of it.
In addition, a peer-to-peer approach is discussed at length in this
draft. The primary drawback of the peer-to-peer model is additional
complexity in the end system and authentication and management
models. The benefits of the peer-to-peer model include:
o state remains at the edges
o call signaling need only go through participants involved (there
are no additional points of failure)
o peers may take advantage of end-to-end message integrity or
encryption
The peer-to-peer approach relies on additional "primitive"
operations, some of which are identified here.
o Replace an existing dialog
o Join a new dialog with an existing dialog
o Locally perform media forking (multi-unicast)
o Ask another User Agent (UA) to send a request on your behalf
The peer-to-peer approach also only results in a single SIP dialog,
directly between the two UAs. The 3pcc approach results in two SIP
dialogs, between each UA and the controller. As a result, the SIP
features and extensions that will be used during the dialog are
limited to the those understood by the controller. As a result, in a
situation where both the UAs support an advanced SIP feature but the
controller does not, the feature will not be able to be used.
Many of the features, primitives, and actions described in this
document also require some type of media mixing, combining, or
selection as described in the next section.
2.4. Mixing Models
SIP permits a variety of mixing models, which are discussed here
briefly. This topic is discussed more thoroughly in the SIP
conferencing framework [RFC4353] and [RFC4579]. SIP supports both
tightly-coupled and loosely-coupled conferencing, although more
sophisticated behavior is available in tightly-coupled conferences.
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In a tightly-coupled conference, a single SIP user agent (called the
focus) has a direct dialog relationship with each participant (and
may control non participant user agents as well). The focus can
authoritatively publish information about the character and
participants in a conference. In a loosely-coupled conference there
is no coordinated signaling relationships among the participants.
For brevity, only the two most popular conferencing models are
significantly discussed in this document (local and centralized
mixing). Applications of the conversation spaces model to loosely-
coupled multicast and distributed full unicast mesh conferences are
left as an exercise for the reader. Note that a distributed full
mesh conference can be used for basic conferences, but does not
easily allow for more complex conferencing actions like splitting,
merging, and sidebars.
Call control features should be designed to allow a mixer (local or
centralized) to decide when to reduce a conference back to a 2-party
call, or drop all the participants (for example if only two
automatons are communicating). The actual heuristics used to release
calls are beyond the scope of this document, but may depend on
properties in the conversation space, such as the number of active,
passive, or hidden participants; and the send-only, receive-only, or
send-and-receive orientation of various participants.
2.4.1. Tightly Coupled
Tightly coupled conferences utilize a central point for signaling and
authentication known as a focus [RFC4353]. The actual media can be
centrally mixed or distributed.
2.4.1.1. (Single) End System Mixing
The first model we call "end system mixing". In this model, user A
calls user B, and they have a conversation. At some point later, A
decides to conference in user C. To do this, A calls C, using a
completely separate SIP call. This call uses a different Call-ID,
different tags, etc. There is no call set up directly between B and
C. No SIP extension or external signaling is needed. A merely
decides to locally join two dialogs.
B C
\ /
\ /
A
Figure 2. End System mixing Example.
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In Figure 2, A receives media streams from both B and C, and mixes
them. A sends a stream containing A's and C's streams to B, and a
stream containing A's and B's streams to C. Basically, user A handles
both signaling and media mixing.
2.4.1.2. Centralized Mixing
In a centralized mixing model, all participants have a pairwise SIP
and media relationship with the mixer. Common applications of
centralized mixing include ad-hoc conferences and scheduled dial-in
or dial-out conferences. In Figure 3 below, the mixer M receives and
sends media to participants A, B, C, D, and E.
B C
\ /
\ /
M --- A
/ \
/ \
D E
Figure 3. Centralized Mixing Example.
2.4.1.3. Centralized Signaling, Distributed Media
In this conferencing model, there is a centralized controller, as in
the dial-in and dial-out cases. However, the centralized server
handles signaling only. The media is still sent directly between
participants, using either multicast or multi-unicast. Participants
perform their own mixing. Multi-unicast is when a user sends
multiple packets (one for each recipient, addressed to that
recipient). This is referred to as a "Decentralized Multipoint
Conference" in [H.323]. Full mesh media with centralized mixing is
another approach.
2.4.2. Loosely Coupled
In these models, there is no point of central control of SIP
signaling. As in the "Centralized Signaling, Distributed Media" case
above, all endpoints send media to all other endpoints. Consequently
every endpoint mixes their own media from all the other sources, and
sends their own media to every other participant.
2.4.2.1. Large-Scale Multicast Conferences
Large-scale multicast conferences were the original motivation for
both the Session Description Protocol SDP [RFC4566] and SIP. In a
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large-scale multicast conference, one or more multicast addresses are
allocated to the conference. Each participant joins those multicast
groups, and sends their media to those groups. Signaling is not sent
to the multicast groups. The sole purpose of the signaling is to
inform participants of which multicast groups to join. Large-scale
multicast conferences are usually pre-arranged, with specific start
and stop times. However, multicast conferences do not need to be
pre-arranged, so long as a mechanism exists to dynamically obtain a
multicast address.
2.4.2.2. Full Distributed Unicast Conferencing
In this conferencing model, each participant has both a pairwise
media relationship and a pairwise signaling relationship with every
other participant (a full mesh). This model requires a mechanism to
maintain a consistent view of distributed state across the group.
This is a classic hard problem in computer science. Also, this model
does not scale well for large numbers of participants. because for
<n> participants the number of media and signaling relationships is
approximately n-squared. As a result, this model is not generally
available in commercial implementations; to the contrary it is
primarily the topic of research or experimental implementations.
Note that this model assumes peer-to-peer signaling.
2.5. Conveying Information and Events
Participants should have access to information about the other
participants in a conversation space, so that this information can be
rendered to a human user or processed by an automaton. Although some
of this information may be available from the Request-URI or To,
From, Contact, or other SIP headers, another mechanism of reporting
this information is necessary.
Many applications are driven by knowledge about the progress of calls
and conferences. In general these types of events allow for the
construction of distributed applications, where the application
requires information on dialog and conference state, but is not
necessarily co-resident with an endpoint user agent or conference
server. For example, a focus involved in a conversation space may
wish to provide URIs for conference status, and/or conference/floor
control.
The SIP Events [RFC3265] architecture defines general mechanisms for
subscription to and notification of events within SIP networks. It
introduces the notion of a package that is a specific "instantiation"
of the events mechanism for a well-defined set of events.
Event packages are needed to provide the status of a user's dialogs,
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provide the status of conferences and their participants, provide
user presence information, provide the status of registrations, and
provide the status of user's messages. While this is not an
exhaustive list, these are sufficient to enable the sample features
described in this document.
The conference event package [RFC4575] allows users to subscribe to
information about an entire tightly-coupled SIP conference.
Notifications convey information about the participants such as: the
SIP URI identifying each user, their status in the space (active,
declined, departed), URIs to invoke other features (such as sidebar
conversations), links to other relevant information (such as floor
control policies), and if floor control policies are in place, the
user's floor control status. For conversation spaces created from
cascaded conferences, conversation state can be gathered from
relevant foci and merged into a cohesive set of state.
The dialog package [RFC4235] provides information about all the
dialogs the target user is maintaining, what conversations the user
in participating in, and how these are correlated. Likewise the
registration package [RFC3680] provides notifications when contacts
have changed for a specific address-of-record. The combination of
these allows a user agent to learn about all conversations occurring
for the entire registered contact set for an address-of-record.
Note that user presence in SIP [RFC3856] has a close relationship
with these later two event packages. It is fundamental to the
presence model that the information used to obtain user presence is
constructed from any number of different input sources. Examples of
other such sources include calendaring information and uploads of
presence documents. These two packages can be considered another
mechanism that allows a presence agent to determine the presence
state of the user. Specifically, a user presence server can act as a
subscriber for the dialog and registration packages to obtain
additional information that can be used to construct a presence
document.
The multi-party architecture may also need to provide a mechanism to
get information about the status /handling of a dialog (for example,
information about the history of other contacts attempted prior to
the current contact). Finally, the architecture should provide ample
opportunities to present informational URIs that relate to calls,
conversations, or dialogs in some way. For example, consider the SIP
Call-Info header, or Contact headers returned in a 300-class
response. Frequently additional information about a call or dialog
can be fetched via non-SIP URIs. For example, consider a web page
for package tracking when calling a delivery company, or a web page
with related documentation when joining a dial-in conference. The
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use of URIs in the multiparty framework is discussed in more detail
in Section 3.7.
Finally the interaction of SIP with stimulus-signaling-based
applications, that allow a user agent to interact with an application
without knowledge of the semantics of that application, is discussed
in the SIP application interaction framework [RFC5629]. Stimulus
signaling can occur to a user interface running locally with the
client, or to a remote user interface, through media streams.
Stimulus signaling encompasses a wide range of mechanisms, ranging
from clicking on hyperlinks, to pressing buttons, to traditional Dual
Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) input. In all cases, stimulus signaling
is supported through the use of markup languages, which play a key
role in that framework.
2.6. Componentization and Decomposition
This framework proposes a decomposed component architecture with a
very loose coupling of services and components. This means that a
service (such as a conferencing server or an auto-attendant) need not
be implemented as an actual server. Rather, these services can be
built by combining a few basic components in straightforward or
arbitrarily complex ways.
Since the components are easily deployed on separate boxes, by
separate vendors, or even with separate providers, we achieve a
separation of function that allows each piece to be developed in
complete isolation. We can also reuse existing components for new
applications. This allows rapid service creation, and the ability
for services to be distributed across organizational domains anywhere
in the Internet.
For many of these components it is also desirable to discover their
capabilities, for example querying the ability of a mixer to host a
10 dialog conference, or to reserve resources for a specific time.
These actions could be provided in the form of URIs, provided there
is an a priori means of understanding their semantics. For example
if there is a published dictionary of operations, a way to query the
service for the available operations and the associated URIs, the URI
can be the interface for providing these service operations. This
concept is described in more detail in the context of dialog
operations in Section 3.
2.6.1. Media Intermediaries
Media Intermediaries are not participants in any conversation space,
although an entity that is also a media translator may also have a
co-located participant component (for example a mixer that also
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announces the arrival of a new participant; the announcement portion
is a participant, but the mixer itself is not). Media intermediaries
should be as transparent as possible to the end users--offering a
useful, fundamental service; without getting in the way of new
features implemented by participants. Some common media
intermediaries are described below.
2.6.1.1. Mixer
A SIP mixer is a component that combines media from all dialogs in
the same conversation in a media specific way. For example, the
default combining for an audio conference might be an N-1
configuration, while a text mixer might interleave text messages on a
per-line basis. More details about how to manipulate the media
policy used by mixers is being discussed in [I-D.ietf-xcon-ccmp].
2.6.1.2. Transcoder
A transcoder translates media from one encoding or format to another
(for example, GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) voice to
G.711, MPEG2 to H.261, or text/html to text/plain), or from one media
type to another (for example text to speech). A more thorough
discussion of transcoding is described in SIP transcoding services
invocation [RFC5369].
2.6.1.3. Media Relay
A media relay terminates media and simply forwards it to a new
destination without changing the content in any way. Sometimes media
relays are used to provide source IP address anonymity, to facilitate
middlebox traversal, or to provide a trusted entity where media can
be forcefully disconnected.
2.6.1.4. Queue Server
A queue server is a location where calls can be entered into one of
several FIFO (first-in, first-out) queues. A queue server would
subscribe to the presence of groups or individuals who are interested
in its queues. When detecting that a user is available to service a
queue, the server redirects or transfers the last call in the
relevant queue to the available user. On a queue-by-queue basis,
authorized users could also subscribe to the call state (dialog
information) of calls within a queue. Authorized users could use
this information to effectively pluck (take) a call out of the queue
(for example by sending an INVITE with a Replaces header to one of
the user agents in the queue).
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2.6.1.5. Parking Place
A parking place is a location where calls can be terminated
temporarily and then retrieved later. While a call is "parked", it
can receive media "on-hold" such as music, announcements, or
advertisements. Such a service could be further decomposed such that
announcements or music are handled by a separate component.
2.6.1.6. Announcements and Voice Dialogs
An announcement server is a server that can play digitized media
(frequently audio), such as music or recorded speech. These servers
are typically accessible via SIP, HTTP (Hyper Text Transport
Protocol), or RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol). An analogous
service is a recording service that stores digitized media. A
convention for specifying announcements in SIP URIs is described in
[RFC4240]. Likewise the same server could easily provide a service
that records digitized media.
A "voice dialog" is a model of spoken interactive behavior between a
human and an automaton that can include synthesized speech, digitized
audio, recognition of spoken and DTMF key input, recording of spoken
input, and interaction with call control. Voice dialogs frequently
consist of forms or menus. Forms present information and gather
input; menus offer choices of what to do next.
Spoken dialogs are a basic building block of applications that use
voice. Consider for example that a voice mail system, the
conference-id and passcode collection system for a conferencing
system, and complicated voice portal applications all require a voice
dialog component.
2.6.2. Text-to-Speech and Automatic Speech Recognition
Text-to-Speech (TTS) is a service that converts text into digitized
audio. TTS is frequently integrated into other applications, but
when separated as a component, it provides greater opportunity for
broad reuse. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) is a service that
attempts to decipher digitized speech based on a proposed grammar.
Like TTS, ASR services can be embedded, or exposed so that many
applications can take advantage of such services. A standardized
(decomposed) interface to access standalone TTS and ASR services is
currently being developed in [RFC4313].
2.6.3. VoiceXML
VoiceXML is a W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) recommendation that was
designed to give authors control over the spoken dialog between users
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and applications. The application and user take turns speaking: the
application prompts the user, and the user in turn responds. Its
major goal is to bring the advantages of web-based development and
content delivery to interactive voice response applications. We
believe that VoiceXML represents the ideal partner for SIP in the
development of distributed IVR (interactive voice response) servers.
VoiceXML is an XML based scripting language for describing IVR
services at an abstract level. VoiceXML supports DTMF recognition,
speech recognition, text-to-speech, and playing out of recorded media
files. The results of the data collected from the user are passed to
a controlling entity through an HTTP POST operation. The controller
can then return another script, or terminate the interaction with the
IVR server.
A VoiceXML server also need not be implemented as a monolithic
server. Figure 4 shows a diagram of a VoiceXML browser that is split
into media and non-media handling parts. The VoiceXML interpreter
handles SIP dialog state and state within a VoiceXML document, and
sends requests to the media component over another protocol.
+-------------+
| |
| VoiceXML |
| Interpreter |
| (signaling) |
+-------------+
^ ^
| |
SIP | | RTSP
| |
| |
v v
+-------------+ +-------------+
| | | |
| SIP UA | RTP | RTSP Server |
| |<------>| (media) |
| | | |
+-------------+ +-------------+
Figure 4. Decomposed VoiceXML Server.
2.7. Use of URIs
All naming in SIP uses URIs. URIs in SIP are used in a plethora of
contexts: the Request-URI; Contact, To, From, and *-Info headers;
application/uri bodies; and embedded in email, web pages, instant
messages, and ENUM records. The request-URI identifies the user or
service that the call is destined for.
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SIP URIs embedded in informational SIP headers, SIP bodies, and non-
SIP content can also specify methods, special parameters, headers,
and even bodies. For example:
sip:bob@b.example.com;method=REFER?Refer-To=http://example.com/~alice
Throughout this draft we discuss call control primitive operations.
One of the biggest problems is defining how these operations may be
invoked. There are a number of ways to do this. One way is to
define the primitives in the protocol itself such that SIP methods
(for example REFER) or SIP headers (for example Replaces) indicate a
specific call control action. Another way to invoke call control
primitives is to define a specific Request-URI naming convention.
Either these conventions must be shared between the client (the
invoker) and the server, or published by or on behalf of the server.
The former involves defining URI construction techniques (e.g. URI
parameters and/or token conventions) as proposed in [RFC4240]. The
latter technique usually involves discovering the URI via a SIP event
package, a web page, a business card, or an Instant Message. Yet
another means to acquire the URIs is to define a dictionary of
primitives with well-defined semantics and provide a means to query
the named primitives and corresponding URIs that may be invoked on
the service or dialogs.
2.7.1. Naming Users in SIP
An address-of-record, or public SIP address, is a SIP (or Secure SIP
SIPS) URI that points to a domain with a location service that can
map the URI to set of Contact URIs where the user might be available.
Typically the Contact URIs are populated via registration.
Address of Record Contacts
sip:bob@biloxi.example.com -> sip:bob@babylon.biloxi.example.com:5060
sip:bbrown@mailbox.provider.example.net
sip:+1.408.555.6789@mobile.example.net
Callee Capabilities [RFC3840] defines a set of additional parameters
to the Contact header that define the characteristics of the user
agent at the specified URI. For example, there is a mobility
parameter that indicates whether the UA is fixed or mobile. When a
user agent registers, it places these parameters in the Contact
headers to characterize the URIs it is registering. This allows a
proxy for that domain to have information about the contact addresses
for that user.
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When a caller sends a request, it can optionally request Caller
Preferences [RFC3841], by including the Accept-Contact, Request-
Disposition, and Reject-Contact headers that request certain handling
by the proxy in the target domain. These headers contain preferences
that describe the set of desired URIs to which the caller would like
their request routed. The proxy in the target domain matches these
preferences with the Contact characteristics originally registered by
the target user. The target user can also choose to run arbitrarily
complex "Find-me" feature logic on a proxy in the target domain.
There is a strong asymmetry in how preferences for callers and
callees can be presented to the network. While a caller takes an
active role by initiating the request, the callee takes a passive
role in waiting for requests. This motivates the use of callee-
supplied scripts and caller preferences included in the call request.
This asymmetry is also reflected in the appropriate relationship
between caller and callee preferences. A server for a callee should
respect the wishes of the caller to avoid certain locations, while
the preferences among locations has to be the callee's choice, as it
determines where, for example, the phone rings and whether the callee
incurs mobile telephone charges for incoming calls.
SIP User Agent implementations are encouraged to make intelligent
decisions based on the type of participants (active/passive, hidden,
human/robot) in a conversation space. This information is conveyed
via the dialog package or in a SIP header parameter communicated
using an appropriate SIP header. For example, a music on hold
service may take the sensible approach that if there are two or more
unhidden participants, it should not provide hold music; or that it
will not send hold music to robots.
Multiple participants in the same conversation space may represent
the same human user. For example, the user may use one participant
device for video, chat, and whiteboard media on a PC and another for
audio media on a SIP phone. In this case, the address-of-record is
the same for both user agents, but the Contacts are different. In
this case, there is really only one human participant. In addition,
human users may add robot participants that act on their behalf (for
example a call recording service, or a calendar announcement
reminder). Call control features in SIP should continue to function
as expected in such an environment.
2.7.2. Naming Services with SIP URIs
A critical piece of defining a session level service that can be
accessed by SIP is defining the naming of the resources within that
service. This point cannot be overstated.
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In the context of SIP control of application components, we take
advantage of the fact that the left-hand-side of a standard SIP URI
is a user part. Most services may be thought of as user automatons
that participate in SIP sessions. It naturally follows that the user
part should be utilized as a service indicator.
For example, media servers commonly offer multiple services at a
single host address. Use of the user part as a service indicator
enables service consumers to direct their requests without ambiguity.
It has the added benefit of enabling media services to register their
availability with SIP Registrars just as any "real" SIP user would.
This maintains consistency and provides enhanced flexibility in the
deployment of media services in the network.
There has been much discussion about the potential for confusion if
media services URIs are not readily distinguishable from other types
of SIP UAs. The use of a service namespace provides a mechanism to
unambiguously identify standard interfaces while not constraining the
development of private or experimental services.
In SIP, the Request-URI identifies the user or service that the call
is destined for. The great advantage of using URIs (specifically,
the SIP Request-URI) as a service identifier comes because of the
combination of two facts. First, unlike in the PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network), where the namespace (dialable telephone numbers)
are limited, URIs come from an infinite space. They are plentiful,
and they are free. Secondly, the primary function of SIP is call
routing through manipulations of the Request-URI. In the traditional
SIP application, this URI represents a person. However, the URI can
also represent a service, as we propose here. This means we can
apply the routing services SIP provides to routing of calls to
services. The result - the problem of service invocation and service
location becomes a routing problem, for which SIP provides a scalable
and flexible solution. Since there is such a vast namespace of
services, we can explicitly name each service in a finely granular
way. This allows the distribution of services across the network.
For further discussion about services and SIP URIs, see RFC 3087
[RFC3087]
Consider a conferencing service, where we have separated the names of
ad-hoc conferences from scheduled conferences, we can program proxies
to route calls for ad-hoc conferences to one set of servers, and
calls for scheduled ones to another, possibly even in a different
provider. In fact, since each conference itself is given a URI, we
can distribute conferences across servers, and easily guarantee that
calls for the same conference always get routed to the same server.
This is in stark contrast to conferences in the telephone network,
where the equivalent of the URI - the phone number - is scarce. An
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entire conferencing provider generally has one or two numbers.
Conference IDs must be obtained through IVR interactions with the
caller, or through a human attendant. This makes it difficult to
distribute conferences across servers all over the network, since the
PSTN routing only knows about the dialed number.
For more examples, consider the URI conventions of RFC 4240 [RFC4240]
for media servers and RFC 4458 [RFC4458] for voicemail and IVR
systems.
In practical applications, it is important that an invoker does not
necessarily apply semantic rules to various URIs it did not create.
Instead, it should allow any arbitrary string to be provisioned, and
map the string to the desired behavior. The administrator of a
service may choose to provision specific conventions or mnemonic
strings, but the application should not require it. In any large
installation, the system owner is likely to have pre-existing rules
for mnemonic URIs, and any attempt by an application to define its
own rules may create a conflict. Implementations should allow an
arbitrary mix of URIs from these schemes, or any other scheme that
renders valid SIP URIs to be provisioned, rather than enforce only
one particular scheme.
As we have shown, SIP URIs represent an ideal, flexible mechanism for
describing and naming service resources, regardless if the resources
are queues, conferences, voice dialogs, announcements, voicemail
treatments, or phone features.
2.8. Invoker Independence
With functional signaling, only the invoker of features in SIP needs
to know exactly which feature they are invoking. One of the primary
benefits of this approach is that combinations of functional features
work in SIP call control without requiring complex feature
interaction matrices. For example, let us examine the combination of
a "transfer" of a call that is "conferenced".
Alice calls Bob. Alice silently "conferences in" her robotic
assistant Albert as a hidden party. Bob transfers Alice to Carol.
If Bob asks Alice to Replace her leg with a new one to Carol then
both Alice and Albert should be communicating with Carol
(transparently).
Using the peer-to-peer model, this combination of features works fine
if A is doing local mixing (Alice replaces Bob's dialog with
Carol's), or if A is using a central mixer (the mixer replaces Bob's
dialog with Carol's). A clever implementation using the 3pcc model
can generate similar results.
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New extensions to the SIP Call Control Framework should attempt to
preserve this property.
2.9. Billing issues
Billing in the PSTN is typically based on who initiated a call. At
the moment billing in a SIP network is neither consistent with
itself, nor with the PSTN. (A billing model for SIP should allow for
both PSTN-style billing, and non-PSTN billing.) The example below
demonstrates one such inconsistency.
Alice places a call to Bob. Alice then blind transfers Bob to Carol
through a PSTN gateway. In current usage of REFER, Bob may be billed
for a call he did not initiate (his UA originated the outgoing dialog
however). This is not necessarily a terrible thing, but it
demonstrates a security concern (Bob must have appropriate local
policy to prevent fraud). Also, Alice may wish to pay for Bob's
session with Carol. There should be a way to signal this in SIP.
Likewise a Replacement call may maintain the same billing
relationship as a Replaced call, so if Alice first calls Carol, then
asks Bob to Replace this call, Alice may continue to receive a bill.
Further work in SIP billing should define a way to set or discover
the direction of billing.
3. Catalog of call control actions and sample features
Call control actions can be categorized by the dialogs upon which
they operate. The actions may involve a single or multiple dialogs.
These dialogs can be early or established. Multiple dialogs may be
related in a conversation space to form a conference or other
interesting media topologies.
It should be noted that it is desirable to provide a means by which a
party can discover the actions that may be performed on a dialog.
The interested party may be independent or related to the dialogs.
One means of accomplishing this is through the ability to define and
obtain URIs for these actions as described in Section 2.7.2.
Below are listed several call control "actions" that establish or
modify dialogs and relate the participants in a conversation space.
The names of the actions listed are for descriptive purposes only
(they are not normative). This list of actions is not meant to be
exhaustive.
In the examples, all actions are initiated by the user "Alice"
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represented by UA "A".
3.1. Remote Call Control Actions on Early Dialogs
The following are a set of actions that may be performed on a single
early dialog. These actions can be thought of as a set of remote
control operations. For example an automaton might perform the
operation on behalf of a user. Alternatively a user might use the
remote control in the form of an application to perform the action on
the early dialog of a UA that may be out of reach. All of these
actions correspond to telling the UA how to respond to a request to
establish an early dialog. These actions provide useful
functionality for PDA, PC and server based applications that desire
the ability to control a UA. A proposed mechanism for this type of
functionality is described in Remote Call Control
[I-D.audet-sipping-feature-ref].
3.1.1. Remote Answer
A dialog is in some early dialog state such as 180 Ringing. It may
be desirable to tell the UA to answer the dialog. That is tell it to
send a 200 Ok response to establish the dialog.
3.1.2. Remote Forward or Put
It may be desirable to tell the UA to respond with a 3xx class
response to forward an early dialog to another UA.
3.1.3. Remote Busy or Error Out
It may be desirable to instruct the UA to send an error response such
as 486 Busy Here.
3.2. Remote Call Control Actions on Single Dialogs
There is another useful set of actions that operate on a single
established dialog. These operations are useful in building
productivity applications for aiding users to control their phone.
For example a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) application that
sets up calls for a user eliminating the need for the user to
actually enter an address. These operations can also be thought of a
remote control actions. A proposed mechanism for this type of
functionality is described in Remote Call Control
[I-D.audet-sipping-feature-ref].
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3.2.1. Remote Dial
This action instructs the UA to initiate a dialog. This action can
be performed using the REFER method.
3.2.2. Remote On and Off Hold
This action instructs the UA to put an established dialog on hold.
Though this operation can conceptually be performed with the REFER
method, there is no semantics defined as to what the referred party
should do with the SDP. There is no way to distinguish between the
desire to go on or off hold on a per media stream basis.
3.2.3. Remote Hangup
This action instructs the UA to terminate an early or established
dialog. A REFER request with the following Refer-To URI and Target-
Dialog header field [RFC4538] performs this action. Note: this
example does not show the full set of header fields.
REFER sip:carol@client.chicago.net SIP/2.0
Refer-To: sip:bob@babylon.biloxi.example.com;method=BYE
Target-Dialog: 13413098;local-tag=879738;remote-tag=023214
3.3. Call Control Actions on Multiple Dialogs
These actions apply to a set of related dialogs.
3.3.1. Transfer
This section describes how call transfer can be achieved using
centralized (3pcc) and peer-to-peer (REFER) approaches.
The conversation space changes as follows:
before after
{ A , B } --> { C , B }
A replaces itself with C.
To make this happen using the peer-to-peer approach, "A" would send
two SIP requests. A shorthand for those requests is shown below:
REFER B Refer-To:C
BYE B
To make this happen instead using the 3pcc approach, the controller
sends requests represented by the shorthand below:
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INVITE C (w/SDP of B)
reINVITE B (w/SDP of C)
BYE A
Features enabled by this action:
- blind transfer
- transfer to a central mixer (some type of conference or forking)
- transfer to park server (park)
- transfer to music on hold or announcement server
- transfer to a "queue"
- transfer to a service (such as Voice Dialogs service)
- transition from local mixer to central mixer
This action is frequently referred to as "completing an attended
transfer". It is described in more detail in [RFC5589].
Note that if a transfer requires URI hiding or privacy, then the 3pcc
approach can more easily implement this. For example, if the URI of
C needs to be hidden from B, then the use of 3pcc helps accomplish
this.
3.3.2. Take
The conversation space changes as follows:
{ B , C } --> { B , A }
A forcibly replaces C with itself. In most uses of this primitive, A
is just "un-replacing" itself.
Using the peer-to-peer approach, "A" sends:
INVITE B Replaces: <dialog between B and C>
Using the 3pcc approach (all requests sent from controller):
INVITE A (w/SDP of B)
reINVITE B (w/SDP of A)
BYE C
Features enabled by this action:
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- transferee completes an attended transfer
- retrieve from central mixer (not recommended)
- retrieve from music on hold or park
- retrieve from queue
- call center take
- voice portal resuming ownership of a call it originated
- answering-machine style screening (pickup)
- pickup of a ringing call (i.e.,, early dialog)
Note: that pick up of a ringing call has perhaps some interesting
additional requirements. First of all it is an early dialog as
opposed to an established dialog. Secondly the party which is to
pickup the call may only wish to do so only while it is an early
dialog. That is in the race condition where the ringing UA accepts
just before it receives signaling from the party wishing to take the
call, the taking party wishes to yield or cancel the take. The goal
is to avoid yanking an answered call from the called party.
This action is described in Replaces [RFC3891] and in [RFC5589].
3.3.3. Add
Note that the following 4 actions are described in [RFC4579].
This is merely adding a participant to a SIP conference. The
conversation space changes as follows:
{ A , B } --> { A , B , C }
A adds C to the conversation.
Using the peer-to-peer approach, adding a party using local mixing
requires no signaling. To transition from a 2-party call or a
locally mixed conference to centrally mixing A could send the
following requests:
REFER B Refer-To: conference-URI
INVITE conference-URI
BYE B
To add a party to a conference:
REFER C Refer-To: conference-URI
or
REFER conference-URI Refer-To: C
Using the 3pcc approach to transition to centrally mixed, the
controller would send:
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INVITE mixer leg 1 (w/SDP of A)
INVITE mixer leg 2 (w/SDP of B)
INVITE C (late SDP)
reINVITE A (w/SDP of mixer leg 1)
reINVITE B (w/SDP of mixer leg 2)
INVITE mixer leg3 (w/SDP of C)
To add a party to a SIP conference:
INVITE C (late SDP)
INVITE conference-URI (w/SDP of C)
Features enabled:
- standard conference feature
- call recording
- answering-machine style screening (screening)
3.3.4. Local Join
The conversation space changes like this:
{ A , B } , { A , C } --> { A , B , C }
or like this
{ A , B } , { C , D } --> { A , B , C , D }
A takes two conversation spaces and joins them together into a single
space.
Using the peer-to-peer approach, A can mix locally, or REFER the
participants of both conversation spaces to the same central mixer
(as in 3.3.5).
For the 3pcc approach, the call flows for inserting participants, and
joining and splitting conversation spaces are tedious yet
straightforward, so these are left as an exercise for the reader.
Features enabled:
- standard conference feature
- leaving a sidebar to rejoin a larger conference
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3.3.5. Insert
The conversation space changes like this:
{ B , C } --> { A , B , C }
A inserts itself into a conversation space.
A proposed mechanism for signaling this using the peer-to-peer
approach is to send a new header in an INVITE with "joining"
[RFC3911] semantics. For example:
INVITE B Join: <dialog id of B and C>
If B accepted the INVITE, B would accept responsibility to setup the
dialogs and mixing necessary (for example: to mix locally or to
transfer the participants to a central mixer)
Features enabled:
- barge-in
- call center monitoring
- call recording
3.3.6. Split
{ A , B , C , D } --> { A , B } , { C , D }
If using a central conference with peer-to-peer
REFER C Refer-To: conference-URI (new URI)
REFER D Refer-To: conference-URI (new URI)
BYE C
BYE D
Features enabled:
- sidebar conversations during a larger conference
3.3.7. Near fork
A participates in two conversation spaces simultaneously:
{ A, B } --> { B , A } & { A , C }
A is a participant in two conversation spaces such that A sends the
same media to both spaces, and renders media from both spaces,
presumably by mixing or rendering the media from both. We can define
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that A is the "anchor" point for both forks, each of which is a
separate conversation space.
This action is purely local implementation (it requires no special
signaling). Local features such as switching calls between the
background and foreground are possible using this media relationship.
3.3.8. Far fork
The conversation space diagram...
{ A, B } --> { A , B } & { B , C }
A requests B to be the "anchor" of two conversation spaces.
This is easily setup by creating a conference with two sub-
conferences and setting the media policy appropriately such that B is
a participant in both. Media forking can also be setup using 3pcc as
described in Section 5.1 of RFC3264 [RFC3264] (an offer/answer model
for SDP). The session descriptions for forking are quite complex.
Controllers should verify that endpoints can handle forked media, for
example using prior configuration.
Features enabled:
- barge-in
- voice portal services
- whisper
- key word detection
- sending DTMF somewhere else
4. Security Considerations
Call Control primitives provide a powerful set of features that can
be dangerous in the hands of an attacker. To complicate matters,
call control primitives are likely to be automatically authorized
without direct human oversight.
The class of attacks that are possible using these tools includes the
ability to eavesdrop on calls, disconnect calls, redirect calls,
render irritating content (including ringing) at a user agent, cause
an action that has billing consequences, subvert billing (theft-of-
service), and obtain private information. Call control extensions
must take extra care to describe how these attacks will be prevented.
We can also make some general observations about authorization and
trust with respect to call control. The security model is
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dramatically dependent on the signaling model chosen (see section
2.3)
Let us first examine the security model used in the 3pcc approach.
All signaling goes through the controller, which is a trusted entity.
Traditional SIP authentication and hop-by-hop encryption and message
integrity work fine in this environment, but end-to-end encryption
and message integrity may not be possible.
When using the peer-to-peer approach, call control actions and
primitives can be legitimately initiated by a) an existing
participant in the conversation space, b) a former participant in the
conversation space, or c) an entity trusted by one of the
participants. For example, a participant always initiates a
transfer; a retrieve from Park (a take) is initiated on behalf of a
former participant; and a barge-in (insert or far-fork) is initiated
by a trusted entity (an operator for example).
Authenticating requests by an existing participant or a trusted
entity can be done with baseline SIP mechanisms. In the case of
features initiated by a former participant, these should be protected
against replay attacks, e.g. by using a unique name or identifier per
invocation. The Replaces header exhibits this behavior as a by-
product of its operation (once a Replaces operation is successful,
the dialog being Replaced no longer exists). These credentials may
for example need to be passed transitively or fetched in an event
body.
To authorize call control primitives that trigger special behavior
(such as an INVITE with Replaces or Join semantics), the receiving
user agent may have trouble finding appropriate credentials with
which to challenge or authorize the request, as the sender may be
completely unknown to the receiver, except through the introduction
of a third party. These credentials need to be passed transitively
in some way or fetched in an event body, for example.
Standard SIP privacy and anonymity mechanisms such as [RFC3323] and
[RFC3325] used during SIP session establishment apply equally well to
SIP call control operations. SIP call control mechanisms should
address privacy and anonymity issues associated with that operation.
For example, privacy during a transfer operation using REFER is
discussed in Section 7.2 of [RFC5589]
5. IANA Considerations
This document required no action by IANA.
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6. Appendix A: Example Features
Primitives are defined in terms of their ability to provide features.
These example features should require an amply robust set of services
to demonstrate a useful set of primitives. They are described here
briefly. Note that the descriptions of these features are non-
normative. Note also that this document describes a mixture of both
features originating in the world of telephones, and features that
are clearly Internet oriented.
6.1. Attended Transfer
In Attended Transfer [RFC5589] the transferring party establishes a
session with the transfer target before completing the transfer.
6.2. Auto Answer
In Auto Answer, calls to a certain address or URI answer immediately
via a speakerphone. The Answer-Mode [RFC5373] header field can be
used for this feature.
6.3. Automatic Callback
In Automatic Callback [RFC5359], Alice calls Bob, but Bob is busy.
Alice would like Bob to call her automatically when he is available.
When Bob hangs up, Alice's phone rings. When Alice answers, Bob's
phone rings. Bob answers and they talk.
6.4. Barge-in
In Barge-in, Carol interrupts Alice who has a call in-progress call
with Bob. In some variations, Alice forcibly joins a new conversation
with Carol, in other variations, all three parties are placed in the
same conversation (basically a 3-way conference). Barge-in works the
same as call monitoring except that it must indicate that the send
media stream to be mixed so that all of the other parties can hear
the stream from the UA which is barging in.
6.5. Blind Transfer
In Blind Transfer [RFC5589], Alice is in a conversation with Bob.
Alice asks Bob to contact Carol, but makes no attempt to contact
Carol independently. In many implementations, Alice does not verify
Bob's success or failure in contacting Carol.
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6.6. Call Forwarding
In call forwarding [RFC5359], before a dialog is accepted it is
redirected to another location, for example, because the originally
intended recipient is busy, does not answer, is disconnected from the
network, configured all requests to go somewhere else.
6.7. Call Monitoring
Call monitoring is a Join [RFC3911] operation. For example, a call
center supervisor joins an in-progress call for monitoring purposes.
The monitoring UA sends a Join to the dialog it wants to listen to.
It is able to discover the dialog via the dialog state on the
monitored UA. The monitoring UA sends SDP in the INVITE that
indicates receive only media. As the UA is monitoring only it does
not matter whether the UA indicates it wishes the send stream be mix
or point to point.
6.8. Call Park
In Call Park [RFC5359], a participant parks a call (essentially puts
the call on hold), and then retrieves it at a later time (typically
from another location). Call park requires the ability to: put a
dialog some place, advertise it to users in a pickup group and to
uniquely identify it in a means that can be communicated (including
human voice). The dialog can be held locally on the UA parking the
dialog or alternatively transferred to the park service for the
pickup group. The parked dialog then needs to be labeled (e.g. orbit
12) in a way that can be communicated to the party that is to pick up
the call. The UAs in the pick up group discovers the parked
dialog(s) via the dialog package from the park service. If the
dialog is parked locally the park service merely aggregates the
parked call states from the set of UAs in the pickup up group.
6.9. Call Pickup
There are two different features that are called Call Pickup
[RFC5359]. The first is the pickup of a parked dialog. The UA from
which the dialog is to be picked up subscribes to the dialog state of
the park service or the UA that has locally parked the dialog.
Dialogs that are parked should be labeled with an identifier. The
labels are used by the UA to allow the user to indicate which dialog
is to be picked up. The UA picking up the call invoked the URI in
the call state that is labeled as replace-remote.
The other call pickup feature involves picking up an early dialog
(typically ringing). A party picks up a call that was ringing at
another location. One variation allows the caller to choose which
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location, another variation just picks up any call in that user's
"pickup group". This feature uses some of the same primitives as the
pick up of a parked call. The call state of the UA ringing phone is
advertised using the dialog package. The UA that is to pickup the
early dialog subscribes either directly to the ringing UA or to a
service aggregating the states for UAs in the pickup group. The call
state identifies early dialogs. The UA uses the call state(s) to
help the user choose which early dialog that is to be picked up. The
UA then invokes the URI in the call state labeled as replace-remote.
6.10. Call Return
In Call Return, Alice calls Bob. Bob misses the call or is
disconnected before he is finished talking to Alice. Bob invokes
Call return that calls Alice, even if Alice did not provide her real
identity or location to Bob.
6.11. Call Waiting
In Call Waiting, Alice is in a call, then receives another call.
Alice can place the first call on hold, and talk with the other
caller. She can typically switch back and forth between the callers.
6.12. Click-to-Dial
In Click-to-Dial [RFC5359], Alice looks in her company directory for
Bob. When she finds Bob, she clicks on a URI to call him. Her phone
rings (or possibly answers automatically), and when she answers,
Bob's phone rings. The application or server that hosts the Click-
to-Dial application captures the URI to be dialed and can setup the
call using 3pcc or can send a REFER request to the UA that is to dial
the address. As users sometimes change their mind or wish to give up
listing to a ringing or voicemail answered phone, this application
illustrates the need to also have the ability to remotely hangup a
call.
6.13. Conference Call
In a Conference Call [RFC4579], there are three or more active,
visible participants in the same conversation space.
6.14. Consultative Transfer
In Consultative Transfer [RFC5589], the transferring party
establishes a session with the target and mixes both sessions
together so that all three parties can participate, then disconnects
leaving the transferee and transfer target with an active session.
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6.15. Distinctive Ring
In Distinctive Ring, incoming calls have different ring cadences or
sample sounds depending on the From party, the To party, or other
factors. The target UA either makes a local decision based on
information in an incoming INVITE (To, From, Contact, Request-URI) or
trusts an Alert-Info [RFC3261] header provided by the caller or
inserted by a trusted proxy. In the latter case, the UA fetches the
content described in the URI (typically via http) and renders it to
the user.
6.16. Do Not Disturb
In Do Not Disturb, Alice selects the Do Not Disturb option. Calls to
her either ring briefly or not at all and are forwarded elsewhere.
Some variations allow specially authorized callers to override this
feature and ring Alice anyway. Do Not Disturb is best implemented in
SIP using presence [RFC3264].
6.17. Find-Me
In Find-Me, Alice sets up complicated rules for how she can be
reached (possibly using CPL (Call Processing Language) [RFC3880],
presence [RFC3856], or other factors). When Bob calls Alice, his
call is eventually routed to a temporary Contact where Alice happens
to be available.
6.18. Hotline
In Hotline, Alice picks up a phone and is immediately connected to
the technical support hotline, for example. Hotline is also
sometimes known as a Ringdown line.
6.19. IM Conference Alerts
In IM Conference Alerts, A user receives an notification as an
Instant Message whenever someone joins a conference they are also in.
6.20. Inbound Call Screening
In Inbound Call Screening, Alice doesn't want to receive calls from
Matt. Inbound Screening prevents Matt from disturbing Alice. In
some variations this works even if Matt hides his identity.
6.21. Intercom
In Intercom, Alice typically presses a button on a phone that
immediately connects to another user or phone and causes that phone
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to play her voice over its speaker. Some variations immediately
setup two-way communications, other variations require another button
to be pressed to enable a two-way conversation. The UA initiates a
dialog using INVITE and the Answer-Mode: Auto header field as
described in [RFC5373]. The called UA accepts the INVITE with a 200
OK and automatically enables the speakerphone.
Alternatively this can be a local decision for the UA to auto answer
based upon called party identification.
6.22. Message Waiting
In Message Waiting [RFC3842], Bob calls Alice when she steps away
from her phone, when she returns a visible or audible indicator
conveys that someone has left her a voicemail message. The message
waiting indication may also convey how many messages are waiting,
from whom, what time, and other useful pieces of information.
6.23. Music on Hold
In Music on Hold [RFC5359], when Alice places a call with Bob on
hold, it replaces its audio with streaming content such as music,
announcements, or advertisements. Music on hold can be implemented a
number of ways. One way is to transfer the held call to a holding
service. When the UA wishes to take the call off hold it basically
performs a take on the call from the holding service. This involves
subscribing to call state on the holding service and then invoking
the URI in the call state labeled as replace-remote.
Alternatively music on hold can be performed as a local mixing
operation. The UA holding the call can mix in the music from the
music service via RTP (i.e.,, an additional dialog) or RTSP or other
streaming media source. This approach is simpler (i.e., the held
dialog does not move so there is less chance of loosing them) from a
protocol perspective, however it does use more LAN bandwidth and
resources on the UA.
6.24. Outbound Call Screening
In Outbound Call Screening, Alice is paged and unknowingly calls a
PSTN pay-service telephone number in the Caribbean, but local policy
blocks her call, and possibly informs her why.
6.25. Pre-paid Calling
In Pre-paid Calling, Alice pays for a certain currency or unit amount
of calling value. When she places a call, she provides her account
number somehow. If her account runs out of calling value during a
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call her call is disconnected or redirected to a service where she
can purchase more calling value.
For prepaid calling, the user's media always passes through a device
that is trusted by the pre-paid provider. This may be the other
endpoint (for example a PSTN gateway). In either case, an
intermediary proxy or B2BUA can periodically verify the amount of
time available on the pre-paid account, and use the session-timer
extension to cause the trusted endpoint (gateway) or intermediary
(media relay) to send a reINVITE before that time runs out. During
the reINVITE, the SIP intermediary can re-verify the account and
insert another session-timer header.
Note that while most pre-paid systems on the PSTN use an IVR to
collect the account number and destination, this isn't strictly
necessary for a SIP-originated prepaid call. SIP requests and SIP
URIs are sufficiently expressive to convey the final destination, the
provider of the prepaid service, the location from which the user is
calling, and the prepaid account they want to use. If a pre-paid IVR
is used, the mechanism described below (Voice Portals) can be
combined as well.
6.26. Presence-Enabled Conferencing
In Presence-Enabled Conferencing, Alice wants to set up a conference
call with Bob and Cathy when they all happen to be available (rather
than scheduling a predefined time). The server providing the
application monitors their status, and calls all three when they are
all "online", not idle, and not in another call. This could be
implemented using conferencing [RFC4579] and presence [RFC3264]
primitives.
6.27. Single Line Extension/Multiple Line Appearance
In Single Line Extension/Multiple Line Appearances, group of phones
are all treated as "extensions" of a single line or AOR. A call for
one rings them all. As soon as one answers, the others stop ringing.
If any extension is actively in a conversation, another extension can
"pick up" and immediately join the conversation. This emulates the
behavior of a home telephone line with multiple phones. Incoming
calls ring all the extensions through basic parallel forking. Each
extension subscribes to dialog events from each other extension.
While one user has an active call, any other UA extension can insert
itself into that conversation (it already knows the dialog
information) in the same way as barge-in.
When implemented using SIP, this feature is known as Shared
Appearances of an AOR [I-D.ietf-bliss-shared-appearances].
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Extensions to the dialog package are used to convey appearance
numbers (line numbers).
6.28. Speakerphone Paging
In Speakerphone Paging, Alice calls the paging address and speaks.
Her voice is played on the speaker of every idle phone in a
preconfigured group of phones. Speakerphone paging can be
implemented using either multicast or through a simple multipoint
mixer. In the multicast solution the paging UA sends a multicast
INVITE with send only media in the SDP (see also RFC3264). The
automatic answer and enabling of the speakerphone is a locally
configured decision on the paged UAs. The paging UA sends RTP via
the multicast address indicated in the SDP.
The multipoint solution is accomplished by sending an INVITE to the
multipoint mixer. The mixer is configured to automatically answer
the dialog. The paging UA then sends REFER requests for each of the
UAs that are to become paging speakers (The UA is likely to send out
a single REFER that is parallel forked by the proxy server). The UAs
performing as paging speakers are configured to automatically answer
based upon caller identification (e.g. To field, URI or Referred-To
headers).
Finally as a third option, the user agent can send a mass-invitation
request to a conference server, which would create a conference and
send INVITEs containing the Answer-Mode: Auto header field to all
user agents in the paging group.
6.29. Speed Dial
In Speed Dial, Alice dials an abbreviated number, or enters an alias,
or presses a special speed dial button representing Bob. Her action
is interpreted as if she specified the full address of Bob.
6.30. Voice Message Screening
In Voice Message Screening, Bob calls Alice. Alice is screening her
calls, so Bob hears Alice's voicemail greeting. Alice can hear Bob
leave his message. If she decides to talk to Bob, she can take the
call back from the voicemail system, otherwise she can let Bob leave
a message. This emulates the behavior of a home telephone answering
machine.
At first, this is the same as Call Monitoring (Section 6.7). In this
case the voicemail service is one of the UAs. The UA screening the
message monitors the call on the voicemail service, and also
subscribes to dialog information. If the user screening their
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messages decides to answer, they perform a Take from the voicemail
system (for example, send an INVITE with Replaces to the UA leaving
the message)
6.31. Voice Portal
Voice Portal is service that allows users to access a portal site
using spoken dialog interaction. For example, Alice needs to
schedule a working dinner with her co-worker Carol. Alice uses a
voice portal to check Carol's flight schedule, find a restaurant near
her hotel, make a reservation, get directions there, and page Carol
with this information. A voice portal is essentially a complex
collection of voice dialogs used to access interesting content. One
of the most desirable call control features of a Voice Portal is the
ability to start a new outgoing call from within the context of the
Portal (to make a restaurant reservation, or return a voicemail
message for example). Once the new call is over, the user should be
able to return to the Portal by pressing a special key, using some
DTMF sequence (e.g., a very long pound or hash tone), or by speaking
a key word (e.g., "Main Menu").
In order to accomplish this, the Voice Portal starts with the
following media relationship:
{ User , Voice Portal }
The user then asks to make an outgoing call. The Voice Portal asks
the User to perform a Far-Fork. In other words the Voice Portal
wants the following media relationship:
{ Target , User } & { User , Voice Portal }
The Voice Portal is now just listening for a key word or the
appropriate DTMF. As soon as the user indicates they are done, the
Voice Portal takes the call from the old Target, and we are back to
the original media relationship.
This feature can also be used by the account number and phone number
collection menu in a pre-paid calling service. A user can press a
DTMF sequence that presents them with the appropriate menu again.
6.32. Voicemail
In Voicemail, Alice calls Bob who does not answer or is not
available. The call forwards to a voicemail server which plays Bob's
greeting and records Alice's message for Bob. An indication is sent
to Bob that a new message is waiting, and he retrieves the message at
a later date. This feature is implemented using features such as
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Call Forwarding (Section 6.6) and the History-Info [RFC4244] header
field or voicemail URI [RFC4458] convention and Message Waiting
[RFC3842] features.
6.33. Whispered Call Waiting
In Whispered Call Waiting, Alice is in a conversation with Bob. Carol
calls Alice. Either Carol can "whisper" to Alice directly ("Can you
get lunch in 15 minutes?"), or an automaton whispers to Alice
informing her that Carol is trying to reach her.
7. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Ben Campbell for his
contributions to the document and thank AC Mahendran, John Elwell,
and Xavier Marjou for their detailed Working Group review of the
document. The authors would like to thank Magnus Nystrom for his
review of the document.
8. Informative References
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
June 2002.
[RFC3264] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
June 2002.
[RFC3265] Roach, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific
Event Notification", RFC 3265, June 2002.
[RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
[RFC5359] Johnston, A., Sparks, R., Cunningham, C., Donovan, S., and
K. Summers, "Session Initiation Protocol Service
Examples", BCP 144, RFC 5359, October 2008.
[RFC3725] Rosenberg, J., Peterson, J., Schulzrinne, H., and G.
Camarillo, "Best Current Practices for Third Party Call
Control (3pcc) in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
BCP 85, RFC 3725, April 2004.
[RFC3515] Sparks, R., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Refer
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Method", RFC 3515, April 2003.
[RFC3891] Mahy, R., Biggs, B., and R. Dean, "The Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) "Replaces" Header", RFC 3891,
September 2004.
[RFC3911] Mahy, R. and D. Petrie, "The Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP) "Join" Header", RFC 3911, October 2004.
[I-D.ietf-bliss-problem-statement]
Rosenberg, J., "Basic Level of Interoperability for
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Services (BLISS)
Problem Statement", draft-ietf-bliss-problem-statement-04
(work in progress), March 2009.
[RFC4235] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and R. Mahy, "An INVITE-
Initiated Dialog Event Package for the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4235, November 2005.
[RFC4575] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and O. Levin, "A Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Package for Conference
State", RFC 4575, August 2006.
[RFC3680] Rosenberg, J., "A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event
Package for Registrations", RFC 3680, March 2004.
[RFC3856] Rosenberg, J., "A Presence Event Package for the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3856, August 2004.
[RFC4353] Rosenberg, J., "A Framework for Conferencing with the
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4353,
February 2006.
[RFC5629] Rosenberg, J., "A Framework for Application Interaction in
the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 5629,
October 2009.
[RFC5369] Camarillo, G., "Framework for Transcoding with the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 5369, October 2008.
[I-D.ietf-xcon-ccmp]
Barnes, M., Boulton, C., Romano, S., and H. Schulzrinne,
"Centralized Conferencing Manipulation Protocol",
draft-ietf-xcon-ccmp-04 (work in progress), November 2009.
[RFC5589] Sparks, R., Johnston, A., and D. Petrie, "Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) Call Control - Transfer",
BCP 149, RFC 5589, June 2009.
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[RFC4579] Johnston, A. and O. Levin, "Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP) Call Control - Conferencing for User Agents",
BCP 119, RFC 4579, August 2006.
[RFC3840] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and P. Kyzivat,
"Indicating User Agent Capabilities in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3840, August 2004.
[RFC3841] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and P. Kyzivat, "Caller
Preferences for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
RFC 3841, August 2004.
[RFC3087] Campbell, B. and R. Sparks, "Control of Service Context
using SIP Request-URI", RFC 3087, April 2001.
[I-D.audet-sipping-feature-ref]
Audet, F., Johnston, A., Mahy, R., and C. Jennings,
"Feature Referral in the Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP)", draft-audet-sipping-feature-ref-00 (work in
progress), February 2008.
[RFC4240] Burger, E., Van Dyke, J., and A. Spitzer, "Basic Network
Media Services with SIP", RFC 4240, December 2005.
[RFC4458] Jennings, C., Audet, F., and J. Elwell, "Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) URIs for Applications such as
Voicemail and Interactive Voice Response (IVR)", RFC 4458,
April 2006.
[RFC4538] Rosenberg, J., "Request Authorization through Dialog
Identification in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
RFC 4538, June 2006.
[RFC3880] Lennox, J., Wu, X., and H. Schulzrinne, "Call Processing
Language (CPL): A Language for User Control of Internet
Telephony Services", RFC 3880, October 2004.
[RFC5373] Willis, D. and A. Allen, "Requesting Answering Modes for
the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 5373,
November 2008.
[RFC3842] Mahy, R., "A Message Summary and Message Waiting
Indication Event Package for the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3842, August 2004.
[I-D.ietf-bliss-shared-appearances]
Johnston, A., Soroushnejad, M., and V. Venkataramanan,
"Shared Appearances of a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Mahy, et al. Expires June 23, 2010 [Page 42]
Internet-Draft SIP Call Control Framework December 2009
Address of Record (AOR)",
draft-ietf-bliss-shared-appearances-04 (work in progress),
October 2009.
[RFC4244] Barnes, M., "An Extension to the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) for Request History Information", RFC 4244,
November 2005.
[RFC4313] Oran, D., "Requirements for Distributed Control of
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Speaker
Identification/Speaker Verification (SI/SV), and Text-to-
Speech (TTS) Resources", RFC 4313, December 2005.
[RFC3323] Peterson, J., "A Privacy Mechanism for the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3323, November 2002.
[RFC3325] Jennings, C., Peterson, J., and M. Watson, "Private
Extensions to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for
Asserted Identity within Trusted Networks", RFC 3325,
November 2002.
Authors' Addresses
Rohan Mahy
Unaffiliated
Email: rohan@ekabal.com
Robert Sparks
Tekelek
Email: rjsparks@nostrum.com
Jonathan Rosenberg
jdrosen.net
Email: jdrosen@jdrosen.net
Dan Petrie
SIP EZ
Email: dpetrie@sipez.com
Mahy, et al. Expires June 23, 2010 [Page 43]
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Alan Johnston (editor)
Avaya
Email: alan@sipstation.com
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