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A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Response Code for Rejected Calls
draft-ietf-sipcore-rejected-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 8688.
Author Eric Burger
Last updated 2018-08-21
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draft-ietf-sipcore-rejected-00
SIPCORE                                                        E. Burger
Internet-Draft                                     Georgetown University
Intended status: Standards Track                         August 21, 2018
Expires: February 22, 2019

  A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Response Code for Rejected Calls
                     draft-ietf-sipcore-rejected-00

Abstract

   This document defines the 608 (Rejected) SIP response code.  This
   response code enables calling parties to learn their call was
   rejected by an intermediary and will not be answered.  As a 6xx code,
   the caller will be aware that future attempts to contact the same UAS
   will be likely to fail.  The present use case driving the need for
   the 608 response code is when the intermediary is an analytics
   engine.  In this case, the rejection is by a machine or other
   process.  This contrasts with the 607 (Unwanted) SIP response code,
   which a human at the target UAS indicated the call was not wanted.
   In some jurisdictions this distinction is important and may have
   additional requirements beyond the 607 response code.  Specifically,
   this document defines the use of the Call-Info header in 608
   responses to enable rejected callers to contact entities that blocked
   their calls in error.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on February 22, 2019.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

1.  Introduction

   The IETF has been addressing numerous issues surrounding how to
   handle unwanted and, depending on the jurisdiction, illegal calls
   [RFC5039].  Technologies such as STIR [RFC7340] and SHAKEN [SHAKEN]
   address cryptographic signing and attestation, respectively, of
   signaling to ensure the integrity and authenticity of the asserted
   identity.

   This document describes a new SIP response code, 608, which allows
   calling parties to learn an intermediary rejected their call.  As
   described below, we need a distinct indicator to differentiate
   between a user rejection and an intermediary's rejection of a call.
   In some jurisdictions, calls, even if unwanted by the user, may not
   be blocked unless there is an explicit user request.  Moreover, users
   may misidentify the nature of a caller.  For example, a legitimate
   caller may call a user who finds the call to be unwanted.  However,
   instead of marking the call as unwanted, the user may mark the call
   as illegal.  With that information, an analytics engine may determine
   that all calls from that source should be blocked.  However, in some
   jurisdictions blocking calls from that source for other users may not
   be legal.  Likewise, one can envision jurisdictions that allow an
   operator to block such calls, but only if there is a remediation
   mechanism in place to address false positives.

   Some call blocking services may return responses such as 604 (Does
   Not Exist Anywhere).  This might be a strategy to attempt to get a
   destination's address removed from a calling database.  However,
   other network elements might interpret this to mean the user truly
   does not exist and result in the user not being able to receive calls
   from anyone, even if wanted.  As well, in many jurisdictions,
   providing false signaling is illegal.

   The 608 response code addresses this need of remediating falsely
   blocked calls.  Specifically, this code informs the UAC an
   intermediary blocked the call and, to satisfy some jurisdictional
   requirements for providing a redress mechanism, how to contact the
   operator of the intermediary.

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   In the call handling ecosystem, users can explicitly reject a call or
   later mark a call as being unwanted by issuing a 607 SIP response
   code (Unwanted) [RFC8197].  Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the operation
   of the 607 SIP response code.  The UAS indicates the call was
   unwanted.  As RFC8197 explains, not only does the called party desire
   to reject that call, they may wish to let their proxy know they might
   consider future calls from that source unwanted.  Upon receipt of the
   607 response from the UAS, the proxy may send call information to a
   call analytics engine.  For various reasons described in RFC8197, if
   a network operator receives multiple reports of unwanted calls, that
   may indicate the entity placing the calls is likely to be a source of
   unwanted calls for many people.  As such, other users of the service
   provider's service may wish the service provider to automatically
   reject calls on their behalf based on that and other analytics.

   Another value of the 607 rejection is presuming the proxy forwards
   the response code to the UAC, the calling UAC or intervening proxies
   know the user is not interested in receiving calls from that sender.

                         +-----------+
                         |   Call    |
                         | Analytics |
                         |  Engine   |
                         +-----------+
                            ^     | (likely not SIP)
                            |     v
                         +-----------+
      +-----+    607     |  Called   |    607    +-----+
      | UAC | <--------- |  Party    | <-------- | UAS |
      +-----+            |  Proxy    |           +-----+
                         +-----------+

                    Figure 1: Unwanted (607) Call Flow

   For calls rejected with a 607 from a legitimate caller, receiving a
   607 response code can inform the caller to stop attempting to call
   the user.  Moreover, if the legitimate caller believes the user is
   rejecting their calls in error, they can use other channels to
   contact the user.  For example, if a pharmacy calls a user to let
   them know their prescription is available for pickup and the user
   mistakenly thinks the call is unwanted and issues a 607 response
   code, the pharmacy, having an existing relationship with the
   customer, can send the user an email, also noting they might consider
   not rejecting their calls in the future.

   Moreover, many systems that allow the user to mark the call unwanted
   (e.g., with the 607 response code) also allow the user to change

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   their mind and unmark such calls.  This is relatively easy to
   implement as the user usually has a direct relationship with the
   provider of the blocking service.

                       +--------+         +-----------+
                       | Called |         |   Call    |
      +-----+          | Party  |         | Analytics |   +-----+
      | UAC |          | Proxy  |         |  Engine   |   | UAS |
      +-----+          +--------+         +-----------+   +-----+
         |  INVITE         |                    |            |
         | --------------> |  INVITE            |            |
         |                 | ------------------------------> |
         |                 |                    |            |
         |                 |                    |       607  |
         |                 | <------------------------------ |
         |                 |                    |            |
         |                 |  Unwanted call     |            |
         |            607  | -----------------> |            |
         | <-------------- |  indicator         |            |
         |                 |                    |            |

                  Figure 2: Unwanted (607) Ladder Diagram

   However, things get more complicated if an intermediary, such as a
   third-party provider of call management services that classify calls
   based on the relative likelihood the call is unwanted, misidentifies
   the call as unwanted.  Figure 3 shows this case.  Note the UAS
   typically does not receive an INVITE as the proxy rejects the call on
   behalf of the user.  In this situation, it would be beneficial for
   the caller to be able to learn who rejected the call, so they might
   be able to correct the misidentification.

   In this situation, one might be tempted to have the intermediary use
   the 607 response code.  607 indicates to the caller the subscriber
   did not get the call and they do not want the call.  However, RFC8197
   specifies that one of the uses of 607 is to inform analytics engines
   that a user (human) has rejected a call.  The problem here is network
   elements downstream from the intermediary might interpret the 607 as
   a user (human) marking the call as unwanted, as opposed to a
   statistical, machine learning, vulnerable to the base rate fallacy
   [BaseRate] algorithm rejecting the call.  In other words, those
   downstream entities should not be relying on another entity
   'deciding' the call is unwanted.  By distinguishing between a (human)
   user rejection and an intermediary's statistical rejection, a
   downstream network element that sees a 607 response code can weight
   it as a human rejection in its call analytics.

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                         +-----------+
                         |   Call    |
                         | Analytics |
                         |  Engine   |
                         +-----------+
                            ^     | (likely not SIP)
                            |     v
                         +-----------+
      +-----+    608     |  Called   |           +-----+
      | UAC | <--------- |  Party    |           | UAS |
      +-----+            |  Proxy    |           +-----+
                         +-----------+

                    Figure 3: Rejected (608) Call Flow

   It is useful for blocked callers to have a redress mechanism.  One
   can imagine that some jurisdictions will require it.  However, we
   must be mindful that most of the calls that will be blocked will, in
   fact, be illegal and eligible for blocking.  Thus, providing
   alternate contact information for a user would be counterproductive
   to protecting that user from illegal communications.  This is another
   reason we do not propose to simply allow alternate contact
   information in a 607 response message.

   One might ask why we cannot use the same mechanism an analytics
   service provider offers their customers that lets them correct a call
   blocked in error?  The reason is whilst there is an existing
   relationship between the customer (called party) and the analytics
   service provider, it is unlikely there is a relationship between the
   caller and the analytics service provider.  Moreover, there are
   numerous call blocking providers in the ecosystem.  As such, we need
   a mechanism for indicating an intermediary rejected a call while
   providing contact information for the operator of the intermediary
   that provides call rejection services to the called party, without
   exposing the target user's contact information.

2.  Terminology

   This document uses the terms "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL",
   "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" as described in BCP14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only
   when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

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3.  Protocol Operation

   For clarity, this section uses the term 'intermediary' as the entity
   that acts as a SIP User Agent Server (UAS) on behalf of the user in
   the network, as opposed to the user's UAS (colloquially, but not
   necessarily, their phone).  The intermediary could be a back-to-back
   user agent (B2BUA) or a SIP Proxy.

   Figure 4 shows an overview of the call flow for a rejected call.

                       +--------+         +-----------+
                       | Called |         |   Call    |
      +-----+          | Party  |         | Analytics |   +-----+
      | UAC |          | Proxy  |         |  Engine   |   | UAS |
      +-----+          +--------+         +-----------+   +-----+
         |  INVITE         |                    |            |
         | --------------> |  Information from  |            |
         |                 | -----------------> |            |
         |                 |  INVITE            |            |
         |                 |            Reject  |            |
         |            608  | <----------------- |            |
         | <-------------- |            call    |            |
         |                 |                    |            |

                  Figure 4: Rejected (608) Ladder Diagram

3.1.  Intermediary Operation

   An intermediary MAY issue the 608 response code in a failure response
   for an INVITE, MESSAGE, SUBSCRIBE, or other out-of-dialog SIP
   [RFC3261] request to indicate that an intermediary rejected the
   offered communication as unwanted by the user.  An intermediary MAY
   issue the 608 as the value of the "cause" parameter of a SIP reason-
   value in a Reason header field [RFC3326].

   Unless there are indicators the calling party will use the contents
   of the Call-Info header for malicious purposes (see Section 6), if an
   intermediary issues a 608 code, the intermediary MUST include a Call-
   Info header in the response.

   If there is a Call-Info header, it MUST have the 'purpose' parameter
   of 'card'.  The value of the Call-Info header MUST refer to a valid
   vCard [RFC6350] object.

   The vCard referenced in the Call-Info header MUST include at least
   one of the URL, EMAIL, TEL, or ADR properties.  UACs supporting this
   specification MUST be prepared to receive a full vCard.  Call

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   originators (at the UAC) can use the information returned by the
   vCard to contact the intermediary that rejected the call to appeal
   the intermediary's blocking of the call attempt.  What the
   intermediary does if the blocked caller contacts the intermediary is
   outside the scope of this document.

   Proxies need to be mindful that a downstream intermediary may reject
   the attempt with a 608 while other paths may still be in progress.
   In this situation, the requirements stated in Section 16.7 of RFC3261
   [RFC3261] apply.  Specifically, the proxy should cancel pending
   transactions and must not create any new branches.  Note this is not
   a new requirement but simply pointing out the existing 6xx protocol
   mechanism in SIP.

3.2.  UAC Operation

   A UAC conforming to this specification MUST include the sip.608
   feature capability tag in the INVITE request.

   Upon receiving a 608 response, UACs perform normal SIP processing for
   6xx responses.

3.3.  Legacy Interoperation

   If the UAC indicates support for 608 and the intermediary issues a
   608, life is good as the UAC will receive all the information it
   needs to remediate an erroneous block by an intermediary.  However,
   what if the UAC does not understand 608?  Besides a UAC predating
   this specification, the could occur for callers from the legacy, non-
   SIP public switched network connecting to the SIP network via a media
   gateway.

   We address this situation by having the first network element that
   conforms with this specification play an announcement in the media.
   See Section 3.4 for requirements on the announcement.  The simple
   rule is a network element that inserts the sip.608 feature capability
   MUST be able to convey at a minimum whom to contact, ideally how to
   contact, the operator of the intermediary that rejected the call
   attempt.

   The degenerate case is the intermediary is the only element that
   understands the semantics of the 608 response code.  Obviously, any
   SIP device will understand that a 608 response code is a 6xx error.
   However, there are no other elements in the call path that understand
   the meaning of the value of the Call-Info header.  The intermediary
   knows this is the case as the INVITE request will not have the
   sip.608 feature capability.  In this case, one can consider the
   intermediary to be the element 'inserting' a virtual sip.608 feature

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   capability.  As such, the intermediary MUST play the announcement,
   with the caveats described in Section 3.4 and Section 6.

   Now we take the case where a network element that understands the 608
   response code receives an INVITE for further processing.  A network
   element conforming with this specification MUST insert the sip.608
   feature capability, per the behaviors described in Section 4.2 of
   [RFC6809].  This information will be in the vCard referenced by the
   Call-Info header in the 608 response message.  Note this
   specification does not specify the mechanism for such notification to
   the UAC (see Section 3.4).

   Do note that even if a network element plays an announcement
   describing the contents of the 608 response message, the network
   element MUST also send the 608 response code message as the final
   response to the INVITE.

   One aspect of using a feature capability is only the network elements
   that will consume (UAC) or play an announcement (media gateway, SBC,
   or proxy) need understand the sip.608 feature capability.  All other
   (existing) infrastructure can remain without modification, assuming
   they are conformant to Section 16.6 of [RFC3261], specifically they
   will pass headers such as "Feature-Capability: sip.608" unmodified.

3.4.  Announcement Requirements

   There are a few requirements on the element that will be doing the
   announcement for legacy interoperation.

   As noted above, the element that inserts the sip.608 feature
   capability is responsible for conveying the information referenced by
   the Call-Info header in the 608 response message.  However, this
   specification does not mandate the modality for conveying that
   information.

   Let us take the case where a telecommunications service provider
   controls the element inserting the sip.608 feature capability.  It
   would be reasonable to expect the service provider would play an
   actual announcement in the media path towards the UAC (caller).  It
   is important to note the network element should be mindful of the
   media type requested by the UAC as it formulates the announcement.
   For example, it would make sense for an INVITE that only indicated
   audio codecs in the SDP [RFC4566] to result in an audio announcement.
   However, if the INVITE only indicated a real-time text codec, for
   example, the network element SHOULD send the information in a text
   format, not an audio format, unless the network element is unable to
   render the information in the requested media format.

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   It is also possible for the network element inserting the sip.608
   feature capability to be under the control of the same entity that
   controls the UAC.  For example, a large call center might have legacy
   UACs, but have a modern outbound calling proxy that understands the
   full semantics of the 608 response code.  In this case, it is enough
   for the outbound calling proxy to digest the Call-Info information
   and handle the information digitally, rather than 'transcoding' the
   Call-Info information for presentation to the caller.

4.  Examples

   These examples are not normative, for clarity do not include all
   protocol elements, and may have errors.  Review the protocol
   documents for actual syntax and semantics of the protocol elements.

   Given an INVITE (shamelessly taken from [SHAKEN]):

   INVITE sip:+12155551213@tel.example1.net SIP/2.0
   Max-Forwards: 69
   Contact: <sip:+12155551212@69.241.19.12:50207;rinstance=9da3088f36cc>
   To: <sip:+12155551213@tel.example1.net>
   From: "Alice" <sip:+12155551212@tel.example2.net>;tag=614bdb40
   Call-ID: 79048YzkxNDA5NTI1MzA0OWFjOTFkMmFlODhiNTI2OWQ1ZTI
   P-Asserted-Identity: "Alice"<sip:+12155551212@tel.example2.net>,
       <tel:+12155551212>
   CSeq: 2 INVITE
   Allow: SUBSCRIBE, NOTIFY, INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, BYE, REFER, INFO,
       MESSAGE, OPTIONS
   Content-Type: application/sdp
   Date: Tue, 16 Aug 2016 19:23:38 GMT
   Feature-Caps: sip.608
   Identity:
   eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6InBhc3Nwb3J0IiwicHB0Ijoic2hha2VuIiwieDV1I
   joiaHR0cDovL2NlcnQtYXV0aC5wb2Muc3lzLmNvbWNhc3QubmV0L2V4YW1wbGUuY2VydC
   J9eyJhdHRlc3QiOiJBIiwiZGVzdCI6eyJ0biI6IisxMjE1NTU1MTIxMyJ9LCJpYXQiOiI
   xNDcxMzc1NDE4Iiwib3JpZyI6eyJ0biI64oCdKzEyMTU1NTUxMjEyIn0sIm9yaWdpZCI6
   IjEyM2U0NTY3LWU4OWItMTJkMy1hNDU2LTQyNjY1NTQ0MDAwMCJ9._28kAwRWnheXyA6n
   Y4MvmK5JKHZH9hSYkWI4g75mnq9Tj2lW4WPm0PlvudoGaj7wM5XujZUTb_3MA4modoDtC
   A;info=<http://cert.example2.net/example.cert>;alg=ES256
   Content-Length: 153

   v=0
   o=- 13103070023943130 1 IN IP4 192.0.2.177
   c=IN IP4 192.0.2.177
   t=0 0
   m=audio 54242 RTP/AVP 0
   a=sendrecv

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   An intermediary could reply:

   SIP/2.0 608 Rejected
   Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.177:60012;branch=z9hG4bK-524287-1
   From: "Alice" <sip:+12155551212@tel.example2.net>;tag=614bdb40
   To: <sip:+12155551213@tel.example1.net>
   Call-ID: 79048YzkxNDA5NTI1MzA0OWFjOTFkMmFlODhiNTI2OWQ1ZTI
   CSeq: 2 INVITE
   Call-Info: <https://blocker.example.net/complaints.vcf>;purpose=card

   A minimal vCard, in this example at https://blocker.example.net/
   complaints.vcf, could contain:

   BEGIN:VCARD
   VERSION:4.0
   FN:Robocall Adjudication
   EMAIL;TYPE=work:bitbucket@blocker.example.net
   END:VCARD

   For an intermediary that provides a Web site for adjudication, the
   vCard could contain:

   BEGIN:VCARD
   VERSION:4.0
   FN:Robocall Adjudication
   URL;TYPE=work:https://blocker.example.net/adjudication-form
   END:VCARD

   For an intermediary that provides a telephone number and a postal
   address, the vCard could contain:

   BEGIN:VCARD
   VERSION:4.0
   FN:Robocall Adjudication
   ADR;TYPE=work;Argument Clinic;12 Main St;Anytown;AP;000000;Somewhere
   TEL;VALUE=uri;TYPE=work:tel:+1-555-555-1212
   END:VCARD

   Note that it is up to the UAC to decide which vCard contact modality,
   if any, it will use.

   Figure 5 depicts a call flow illustrating legacy interoperability.
   In this non-normative example, we see a UAC that does not support the
   full semantics for 608.  However, there is an SBC that does support
   608.  Per RFC6809 [RFC6809], the SBC can insert "sip.608" into the
   Feature-Caps header for the INVITE.  When the intermediary, labeled
   "Called Party Proxy" in the figure, rejects the call, it knows it can
   simply perform the processing described in this document.  Since the

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   intermediary saw the sip.608 feature capability, it knows it does not
   need to send any media describing whom to contact in the event of an
   erroneous rejection.

     +---------+
     |  Call   |
     |Analytics|
     | Engine  |
     +---------+
        ^   |
        |   v
     +---------+
     | Called  |     +-----+     +-----+     +---+     +-----+     +---+
     | Party   | <---|Proxy| <---|Proxy| <---|SBC| <---|Proxy| <---|UAC|
     | Proxy   |     +-----+     +-----+     +---+     +-----+     +---+
     +---------+                               |                     |
          |                                    |              INVITE |
          |                             INVITE |<--------------------|
          |<-----------------------------------|                     |
          |              Feature-Caps: sip.608 |                     |
          |                                    |                     |
          | 608 Rejected                       |                     |
          |----------------------------------->| 183                 |
          | Call-Info: <...>                   |-------------------->|
          |     [path for Call-Info elided     | SDP for media       |
          |      for illustration purposes]    |                     |
          |                                    |=== Announcement ===>|
          |                                    |                     |
          |                                    | 608                 |
          |                                    |-------------------->|
          |                                    | Call-Info: <...>    |

                        Figure 5: Legacy Operation

   When the SBC receives the 608 response code, it correlates that with
   the original INVITE from the UAC.  The SBC remembers that it inserted
   the sip.608 feature capability, which means it is responsible for
   somehow alerting the UAC the call failed and whom to contact.  At
   this point the SBC can play a prompt, either natively or through a
   mechanism such as NETANN [RFC4240], that sends the relevant
   information in the appropriate media to the UAC.

   As an example, the SBC could extract the FN and TEL vCard fields and
   play something like a special information tone (see Telcordia SR-2275
   [SR-2275] section 6.21.2.1 or ITU-T E.180 [ITU.E.180.1998] section
   7), followed by "Your call has been rejected by ...", followed by a
   text-to-speech translation of the FN text, followed by "You can reach

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   them on", followed by a text-to-speech translation of the telephone
   number in the TEL field.

   Note the SBC also still sends the full 608 response code, including
   the Call-Info header, towards the UAC.

5.  IANA Considerations

5.1.  SIP Response Code

   This document defines a new SIP response code, 608.  Please register
   the response code in the "Response Codes" subregistry of the "Session
   Initiation Protocol (SIP) Parameters" registry at
   <http://www.iana.org/assignments/sip-parameters>.

   Response code: 608

   Description: Rejected

   Reference: [RFCXXXX]

5.2.  SIP Feature-Capability Indicator

   This document defines the feature capability sip.608 in the "SIP
   Feature-Capability Indicator Registration Tree" registry defined in
   [RFC6809].

   Name: sip.608

   Description: This feature capability indicator, when included in a
   Feature-Caps header field of an INVITE request, indicates that the
   entity that inserted the sip.608 Feature-Caps value will be
   responsible for indicating to the caller any information contained in
   the 608 SIP response code, specifically the value referenced by the
   Call-Info header.

   Reference: [RFCXXXX]

6.  Security Considerations

   Intermediary operators need to be mindful of whom they are sending
   the 608 response to.  There is a risk that a truly malicious caller
   is being rejected.  This raises two issues.  The first is the caller,
   being alerted their call is being automatically rejected, may change
   their call behavior to defeat call blocking systems.  The second, and
   more significant risk, is that by providing a contact modality in the
   Call-Info field, the intermediary may be giving the malicious caller
   a vector for attack.  In other words, the intermediary will be

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   publishing an address that a malicious actor may use to launch an
   attack on the intermediary.  Because of this, intermediary operators
   may wish to configure their response to only include a Call-Info
   field for INVITE or other initiating methods that are signed and pass
   validation by STIR [RFC8224].

   Another risk is for an attacker to purposely not include the sip.608
   feature capability in a flood of INVITE requests, with the first Via
   header to a victim device.  Worse, the attacker can format an SDP
   [RFC4566] body with the IP address of a victim device in a c-line.
   Because the mechanism described here can result in an audio file
   being sent to the target of the Contact header, an attacker could use
   the mechanism described by this document as an amplification attack,
   given a SIP INVITE can be under 1 kilobyte and an audio file can be
   hundreds of kilobytes.  One remediation for this is for intermediate
   devices that insert a sip.608 feature capability only transmit media
   back to what is highly likely to be the actual source of the call
   attempt.  A method for this is to only play media in response to an
   INVITE that is signed and passed validation by STIR [RFC8224].

   Yet another risk is a malicious entity can generate a 608 response
   with a vCard referring to a malicious agent.  For example, the
   recipient of a 608 may receive a TEL URI in the vCard.  When the
   recipient calls that address, the malicious agent could ask for
   personally identifying information.  However, instead of using that
   information to verify the recipient's identity, they are pharming the
   information for nefarious ends.  As such, we strongly recommend the
   recipient validates to whom they are communicating with if asking to
   adjudicate an erroneously rejected call attempt.  Unlike the INVITE
   case where we can suggest only responding to STIR-validated requests,
   there is no integrity protection of vCard data in such a way one can
   trace back the provenance of the data.  That is an opportunity for
   future work.

7.  Acknowledgements

   This document liberally lifts from [RFC8197] in its text and
   structure.  However, the mechanism and purpose of 608 is quite
   different than 607.  Any errors are the current editor's and not the
   editor of RFC8197.  Thanks also go to Ken Carlberg of the FCC, Russ
   Housley, Paul Kyzivat, and Tolga Asveren for their suggestions on
   improving the draft.  Tolga's suggestion to provide a mechanism for
   legacy interoperability served to expand the draft by 50%.  In
   addition, Tolga came up with the vCard attack.

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8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.

   [RFC3326]  Schulzrinne, H., Oran, D., and G. Camarillo, "The Reason
              Header Field for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
              RFC 3326, DOI 10.17487/RFC3326, December 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3326>.

   [RFC6350]  Perreault, S., "vCard Format Specification", RFC 6350,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6350, August 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6350>.

   [RFC6809]  Holmberg, C., Sedlacek, I., and H. Kaplan, "Mechanism to
              Indicate Support of Features and Capabilities in the
              Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 6809,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6809, November 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6809>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [BaseRate]
              Bar-Hillel, M., "The Base-Rate Fallacy in Probability
              Judgements", 4 1977,
              <http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA045772>.

   [ITU.E.180.1998]
              International Telecommunications Union, "Technical
              characteristics of tones for the telephone service",
              ITU Recommendation E.180/Q.35, March 1998.

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   [RFC4240]  Burger, E., Ed., Van Dyke, J., and A. Spitzer, "Basic
              Network Media Services with SIP", RFC 4240,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4240, December 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4240>.

   [RFC4566]  Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
              Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566,
              July 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4566>.

   [RFC5039]  Rosenberg, J. and C. Jennings, "The Session Initiation
              Protocol (SIP) and Spam", RFC 5039, DOI 10.17487/RFC5039,
              January 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5039>.

   [RFC7340]  Peterson, J., Schulzrinne, H., and H. Tschofenig, "Secure
              Telephone Identity Problem Statement and Requirements",
              RFC 7340, DOI 10.17487/RFC7340, September 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7340>.

   [RFC8197]  Schulzrinne, H., "A SIP Response Code for Unwanted Calls",
              RFC 8197, DOI 10.17487/RFC8197, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8197>.

   [RFC8224]  Peterson, J., Jennings, C., Rescorla, E., and C. Wendt,
              "Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
              Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 8224,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8224, February 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8224>.

   [SHAKEN]   Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS)
              and the SIP Forum, "Signature-based Handling of Asserted
              information using toKENs (SHAKEN)", ATIS 1000074, 1 2017,
              <https://www.sipforum.org/download/sip-forum-twg-10-
              signature-based-handling-of-asserted-information-using-
              tokens-shaken-pdf/?wpdmdl=2813>.

   [SR-2275]  Telcordia, "Bellcore Notes on the Networks", Telcordia SR-
              2275, October 2000.

Author's Address

   Eric W. Burger
   Georgetown University
   37th & O St, NW
   Washington, DC  20057
   USA

   Email: eburger@standardstrack.com

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