RPKI Validation Reconsidered
draft-ietf-sidr-rpki-validation-reconsidered-07

Network Working Group                                          G. Huston
Internet-Draft                                             G. Michaelson
Updates: 3779 6482 6484 6487 (if                                   APNIC
         approved)                                           C. Martinez
Intended status: Standards Track                                  LACNIC
Expires: April 6, 2017                                    T. Bruijnzeels
                                                                RIPE NCC
                                                               A. Newton
                                                                    ARIN
                                                                 D. Shaw
                                                                 AFRINIC
                                                         October 3, 2016

                      RPKI Validation Reconsidered
            draft-ietf-sidr-rpki-validation-reconsidered-07

Abstract

   This document proposes an update to the certificate validation
   procedure specified in RFC 6487 that reduces aspects of operational
   fragility in the management of certificates in the RPKI, while
   retaining essential security features.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 6, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Certificate Validation in the RPKI  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   3.  Operational Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   4.  An Amended RPKI Certification Validation Process  . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Verified Resource Sets  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.2.  Changes to existing standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       4.2.1.  Changes to RFC6484  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       4.2.2.  Changes to RFC3779  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       4.2.3.  Addendum to RFC6268 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       4.2.4.  Changes to RFC6487  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.2.5.  Changes to RFC6482  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       4.2.6.  Changes to BGPSec PKI Profiles  . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.3.  An example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   5.  Deployment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20

1.  Introduction

   This document proposes an update to the certificate validation
   procedure specified in [RFC6487] that reduces aspects of operational
   fragility in the management of certificates in the RPKI, while
   retaining essential security features.

2.  Certificate Validation in the RPKI

   As currently defined in section 7.2 of [RFC6487], validation of PKIX
   certificates that conform to the RPKI profile relies on the use of a
   path validation process where each certificate in the validation path
   is required to meet the certificate validation criteria.

   These criteria require, in particular, that the Internet Number
   Resources (INRs) of each certificate in the validation path are

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   "encompassed" by INRs on the issuing certificate.  The first
   certificate in the path is required to be a trust anchor, and its
   resources are considered valid by definition.

   For example, in the following sequence:

   Certificate 1 (trust anchor):
   Issuer TA,
   Subject TA,
   Resources 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24,
         2001:db8::/32, AS64496-AS64500

   Certificate 2:
   Issuer TA,
   Subject CA1,
   Resources 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24, 2001:db8::/32

   Certificate 3:
   Issuer CA1,
   Subject CA2,
   Resources 192.0.2.0/24, 2001:db8::/32

   ROA 1:
   Embedded Certificate 4 (EE certificate):
   Issuer CA2,
   Subject R1,
   Resources 192.0.2.0/24

   Prefix 192.0.2.0/24, Max Length 24, ASN 64496

   All certificates in this scenario are considered valid since the INRs
   of each certificate are encompassed by those of the issuing
   certificate.  ROA1 is valid because the specified prefix is
   encompassed by the embedded EE certificate, as required by [RFC6482].

3.  Operational Considerations

   The allocations recorded in the RPKI change as a result of resource
   transfers.  For example, the CAs involved in transfer might choose to
   modify CA certificates in an order that causes some of these
   certificates to "over-claim" temporarily.  A certificate is said to
   "over-claim" if it includes INRs not contained in the INRs of the CA
   that issued the certificate in question.

   It may also happen that a child CA does not voluntarily request a
   shrunk resource certificate when resources are being transferred or
   reclaimed by the parent.  Furthermore operational errors that may
   occur during management of RPKI databases also may create CA

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   certificates that, temporarily, no longer encompass all of the INRs
   of subordinate certificates.

   Consider the following sequence:

   Certificate 1 (trust anchor):
   Issuer TA,
   Subject TA,
   Resources 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24,
        2001:db8::/32, AS64496-AS64500

   Certificate 2:
   Issuer TA,
   Subject CA1,
   Resources 192.0.2.0/24, 2001:db8::/32

   Certificate 3 (invalid):
   Issuer CA1,
   Subject CA2,
   Resources 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24, 2001:db8::/32

   ROA 1 (invalid):
   Embedded Certificate 4 (EE certificate):
   Issuer CA2,
   Subject R1,
   Resources 192.0.2.0/24

   Prefix 192.0.2.0/24, Max Length 24, ASN 64496

   Here Certificate 2 from the previous example was re-issued by TA to
   CA1 and the prefix 198.51.100.0/24 was removed.  However, CA1 failed
   to re-issue a new Certificate 3 to CA2.  As a result Certificate 3 is
   now over-claiming and considered invalid; by recursion the embedded
   Certificate 4 used for ROA1 is also invalid.  And ROA1 is invalid
   because the specified prefix contained in the ROA is no longer
   encompassed by a valid embedded EE certificate, as required by
   [RFC6482]

   However, it should be noted that ROA1 does not make use of any of the
   address resources that were removed from CA1's certificate, and thus
   it would be desirable if ROA1 could still be viewed as valid.
   Technically CA1 should re-issue a Certificate 3 to CA2 without
   198.51.100.0/24, and then ROA1 would be considered valid according to
   [RFC6482].  But as long as CA1 does not take this action, ROA1
   remains invalid.  It would be preferable if ROA1 could be considered
   valid, since the assertion it makes was not affected by the reduced
   scope of CA1's certificate.

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

4.  An Amended RPKI Certification Validation Process

4.1.  Verified Resource Sets

   The problem described above can be considered as a low probability
   problem today.  However the potential impact on routing security
   would be high if an over-claiming occurred near the apex of the RPKI
   hierarchy, as this would invalidate the entirety of the sub-tree
   located below this point.

   The changes proposed here to the validation procedure in [RFC6487] do
   not change the probability of this problem, but they do limit the
   impact to just the over-claimed resources.  This revised validation
   algorithm is intended to avoid causing CA certificates to be treated
   as completely invalid as a result of over-claims.  However, these
   changes are designed to not degrade the security offered by the RPKI.
   Specifically, ROAs and router certificates will be treated as valid
   only if all of the resources contained in them are encompassed by all
   superior certificates along a path to a trust anchor.

   The way this is achieved conceptually is by maintaining Verified
   Resource Set (VRS) for each certificate that is separate from the
   INRs found in the [RFC3779] resource extension in the certificate.

4.2.  Changes to existing standards

4.2.1.  Changes to RFC6484

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 1.2 of [RFC6484].

   The name of this document is "Certificate Policy (CP) for the
   Resource PKI (RPKI)".

   This policy has been assigned the following two OIDs:

   id-cp-ipAddr-asNumber OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1)
               identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
               security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) cp(14) 2 }

   id-cp-ipAddr-asNumber-v2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1)
               identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
               security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) cp(14) TBD1 }

   id-cp-ipAddr-asNumber and the extensions defined in [RFC3779]
   indicate that the original certification path validation rules are to
   be used.  id-cp-ipAddr-asNumber-v2 and the extensions defined in
   [this document] indicate that the validation reconsidered

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   certification path validation rules defined in Section 4.2.4.4 are to
   be used.

4.2.2.  Changes to RFC3779

   To ensure that Relying Parties use the reconsidered certification
   path validation rules defined in Section 4.2.4.4, the following
   amended version of [RFC3779] is to be used.

4.2.2.1.  OID for id-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 2.2.1 of [RFC3779].

   The OID for this extension is id-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2.

   id-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { TBD2 }

   where [RFC3280] defines:

   id-pkix  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) identified-organization(3)
          dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) }

   id-pe    OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix 1 }

4.2.2.2.  Syntax for id-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2

   The following is amended specification to be used in place of section
   2.2.3 of [RFC3779].

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   id-pe-ipAddrBlocks      OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { TBD2 }

   IPAddrBlocks        ::= SEQUENCE OF IPAddressFamily

   IPAddressFamily     ::= SEQUENCE {    -- AFI & optional SAFI --
   addressFamily        OCTET STRING (SIZE (2..3)),
   ipAddressChoice      IPAddressChoice }

   IPAddressChoice     ::= CHOICE {
   inherit              NULL, -- inherit from issuer --
   addressesOrRanges    SEQUENCE OF IPAddressOrRange }

   IPAddressOrRange    ::= CHOICE {
   addressPrefix        IPAddress,
   addressRange         IPAddressRange }

   IPAddressRange      ::= SEQUENCE {
   min                  IPAddress,
   max                  IPAddress }

   IPAddress           ::= BIT STRING

4.2.2.3.  OID for id-pe-autonomousSysIds-v2

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 3.2.1 of [RFC3779].

   The OID for this extension is id-pe-autonomousSysIds-v2.

   id-pe-autonomousSysIds-v2  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { TBD3 }

   where [RFC3280] defines:

   id-pkix  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) identified-organization(3)
          dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) }

   id-pe    OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix 1 }

4.2.2.4.  Syntax for id-pe-autonomousSysIds-v2

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 3.2.3 of [RFC3779].

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   id-pe-autonomousSysIds  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { TBD3 }

   ASIdentifiers       ::= SEQUENCE {
   asnum               [0] EXPLICIT ASIdentifierChoice OPTIONAL,
   rdi                 [1] EXPLICIT ASIdentifierChoice OPTIONAL}

   ASIdentifierChoice  ::= CHOICE {
   inherit              NULL, -- inherit from issuer --
   asIdsOrRanges        SEQUENCE OF ASIdOrRange }

   ASIdOrRange         ::= CHOICE {
   id                  ASId,
   range               ASRange }

   ASRange             ::= SEQUENCE {
   min                 ASId,
   max                 ASId }

   ASId                ::= INTEGER

4.2.2.5.  Amended IP Address Delegation Extension Certification Path
          Validation

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 2.3 of [RFC3779].

   Certificate path validation is performed as specified in
   Section 4.2.4.4 of [this document].

4.2.2.6.  Amended Autonomous System Identifier Delegation Extension
          Certification Path Validation

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 3.3 of [RFC3779].

   Certificate path validation is performed as specified in
   Section 4.2.4.4 of [this document].

4.2.2.7.  Amended ASN.1 module

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   appendix A of [RFC3779].

   This normative appendix describes the IP address and AS identifiers
   extensions used by conforming PKI components in ASN.1 syntax.

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

IPAddrAndASCertExtn-v2 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
   internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) mod(0)
   id-mod-ip-addr-and-as-ident-v2(TBD4) }

DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::=

BEGIN

-- EXPORTS ALL --

IMPORTS

-- PKIX specific OIDs and arcs --

id-pe FROM PKIX1Explicit88 { iso(1) identified-organization(3)
         dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7)
         id-mod(0) id-pkix1-explicit(18) }

-- IP Address Block and AS Identifiers Syntax --

IPAddrBlocks, ASIdentifiers FROM  IPAddrAndASCertExtn { iso(1)
   identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
   mechanisms(5) pkix(7) mod(0) id-mod-ip-addr-and-as-ident(30) }
;

-- Validation Reconsidered IP Address Delegation Extension OID --

id-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pe TBD2 }

-- Validation Reconsidered IP Address Delegation Extension Syntax --
-- Syntax is imported from [RFC3779] --

-- Validation Reconsidered Autonomous System Identifier Delegation Extension OID --

id-pe-autonomousSysIds-v2  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pe TBD3 }

-- Validation Reconsidered Autonomous System Identifier Delegation Extension Syntax --
-- Syntax is imported from [RFC3779] --

END

4.2.3.  Addendum to RFC6268

   [RFC6268] is an informational RFC that updates some auxiliary ASN.1
   modules to conform to the 2008 version of ASN.1; the 1988 ASN.1
   modules for which we provided an update in Section 4.2.2.7 remain the
   normative version.

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   The following is an additional module confirming to the 2008 version
   of ASN.1 to be used with the updated version of [RFC3779] defined in
   [this document].

  IPAddrAndASCertExtn-2010v2 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
           internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) mod(0)
           id-mod-ip-addr-and-as-ident-2v2(TBD5) }

  DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::=

  BEGIN

     EXPORTS ALL;
     IMPORTS

     -- PKIX specific OIDs and arcs --

     id-pe
     FROM PKIX1Explicit-2009
       { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
         security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
         id-mod-pkix1-explicit-02(51)}

     EXTENSION
     FROM PKIX-CommonTypes-2009
       { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
         security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
         id-mod-pkixCommon-02(57)}

  -- IP Address Block and AS Identifiers Syntax --

     IPAddrBlocks, ASIdentifiers
     FROM IPAddrAndASCertExtn-2010
        { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
          internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) mod(0)
          id-mod-ip-addr-and-as-ident-2(72) }
     ;

     --
     -- Extensions contains the set of extensions defined in this
     -- module
     --
     -- These are intended to be placed in public key certificates
     -- and thus should be added to the CertExtensions extension
     -- set in PKIXImplicit-2009 defined for [RFC5280]
     --

     Extensions EXTENSION ::= {

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 10]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

        ext-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2 | ext-pe-autonomousSysIds-v2
     }

     -- Validation Reconsidered IP Address Delegation Extension OID --

     ext-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2 EXTENSION ::= {
       SYNTAX IPAddrBlocks
       IDENTIFIED BY id-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2
     }

     id-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pe TBD2 }

     -- Validation Reconsidered IP Address Delegation Extension Syntax --
     -- Syntax is imported from [RFC6268] --

     -- Validation Reconsidered Autonomous System Identifier Delegation Extension OID --

     ext-pe-autonomousSysIds-v2 EXTENSION ::= {
       SYNTAX ASIdentifiers
       IDENTIFIED BY id-pe-autonomousSysIds-v2
     }

     id-pe-autonomousSysIds OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pe TBD3 }

  -- Validation Reconsidered Autonomous System Identifier Delegation Extension Syntax --
  -- Syntax is imported from [RFC6268] --

  END

4.2.4.  Changes to RFC6487

   Certificate Authorities MUST issue certificates either as specified
   in [RFC6487] or with all the amendments specified in the following
   sections.

4.2.4.1.  Amended Certificate Policies

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 4.8.9 of [RFC6487].

   This extension MUST be present and MUST be marked critical.  It MUST
   include exactly one policy of type id-cp-ipAddr-asNumber-v2, as
   specified in the updated RPKI CP in Section 4.2.1 of [this document].

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 11]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

4.2.4.2.  Amended IP Resources

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 4.8.10 of [RFC6487].

   Either the IP Resources extension, or the AS Resources extension, or
   both, MUST be present in all RPKI certificates, and if present, MUST
   be marked critical.

   This extension contains the list of IP address resources as per
   Section 4.2.2.1 of [this document].  The value may specify the
   "inherit" element for a particular Address Family Identifier (AFI)
   value.  In the context of resource certificates describing public
   number resources for use in the public Internet, the Subsequent AFI
   (SAFI) value MUST NOT be used.

   This extension MUST either specify a non-empty set of IP address
   records, or use the "inherit" setting to indicate that the IP address
   resource set of this certificate is inherited from that of the
   certificate's issuer.

4.2.4.3.  Amended AS Resources

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 4.8.11 of [RFC6487].

   Either the AS Resources extension, or the IP Resources extension, or
   both, MUST be present in all RPKI certificates, and if present, MUST
   be marked critical.

   This extension contains the list of AS number resources as per
   Section 4.2.2.3 of [this document], or it may specify the "inherit"
   element.  Routing Domain Identifier (RDI) values are NOT supported in
   this profile and MUST NOT be used.

   This extension MUST either specify a non-empty set of AS number
   records, or use the "inherit" setting to indicate that the AS number
   resource set of this certificate is inherited from that of the
   certificate's issuer.

4.2.4.4.  Amended Resource Certificate Path Validation

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of
   section 7.2 of [RFC6487].

   The following algorithm is employed to validate CA and EE resources
   certificates.  It is modeled on the path validation algorithm from

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 12]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   [RFC5280], but modified to make use of the IP Address Delegation and
   AS Identifier Delegation Extensions from [RFC3779].

   There are two inputs to the validation algorithm:

   1.  a trust anchor

   2.  a certificate to be validated

   The algorithm is initialized with two new variables for use in the
   RPKI: Validated Resource Set-IP (VRS-IP) and Validated Resource Set-
   AS (VRS-AS).  These sets are used to track the set of INRs (IP
   address space and AS Numbers) that are considered valid for each CA
   certificate.  The VRS-IP and VRS-AS sets are initially set to the IP
   Address Delegation and AS Identifier Delegation values, respectively,
   from the trust anchor used to perform validation.

   This path validation algorithm verifies, among other things, that a
   prospective certification path (a sequence of n certificates)
   satisfies the following conditions:

   a.  for all 'x' in {1, ..., n-1}, the subject of certificate 'x' is
       the issuer of certificate ('x' + 1);

   b.  certificate '1' is issued by a trust anchor;

   c.  certificate 'n' is the certificate to be validated; and

   d.  for all 'x' in {1, ..., n}, certificate 'x' is valid.

   Certificate validation requires verifying that all of the following
   conditions hold, in addition to the certification path validation
   criteria specified in Section 6 of [RFC5280].

   1.  The signature of certificate x (x>1) is verified using the public
       key of the issuer's certificate (x-1), using the signature
       algorithm specified for that public key (in certificate x-1).

   2.  The current time lies within the interval defined by the
       NotBefore and NotAfter values in the Validity field of
       certificate x.

   3.  The Version, Issuer, and Subject fields of certificate x satisfy
       the constraints established in Section 4.1-4.7 of this
       specification.

   4.  Certificate x contains all the extensions that MUST be present,
       as defined in Section 4.8 of this specification.  The value(s)

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 13]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

       for each of these extensions MUST be satisfy the constraints
       established for each extension in the respective sections.  Any
       extension not identified in Section 4.8 MUST NOT appear in
       certificate x.

   5.  Certificate x MUST NOT have been revoked, i.e., it MUST NOT
       appear on a CRL issued by the CA represented by certificate x-1

   6.  Compute the VRS-IP and VRS-AS set values as indicated below:

       *  If the IP Address Delegation extension is present in
          certificate x, compute the intersection of the resources
          between this extension and the value of the VRS-IP computed
          for certificate x-1.

       *  If the IP Address Delegation extension is absent in
          certificate x, set the VRS-IP to NULL.

       *  If the AS Identifier Delegation extension is present in
          certificate x, compute the intersection of the resources
          between this extension and the value of the VRS-AS computed
          for certificate x-1

       *  If the AS Identifier Delegation extension is absent in
          certificate x, set the VRS-AS to NULL.

       *  If x = n (i.e., this is the certificate being validated),
          then:

          1.  If IP Address Delegation extension is present, it is
              replaced with the intersection of the values from that
              extension and the current value of the VRS-IP.

          2.  If an AS Identifier Delegation extension is present, it is
              replaced with the intersection of the values from that
              extension and the current value of the VRS-IP.

       *  If an RP is caching the results of validation, these values
          MAY be stored along with the certificate, to facilitate
          incremental validation based on cached results.

   7.  If there is any difference in resources in the VRS-IP and the IP
       Address Delegation extension on certificate x, or the VRS-AS and
       the AS Identifier Delegation extension on certificate x, then:

       *  If certificate x uses the updated version of [RFC6487] with
          the amended policy and extension defined in Section 4.2.4 a

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 14]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

          warning listing the over-claiming resources for certificate x
          SHOULD be issued.

       *  If certificate x uses the original version of [RFC6487], then
          certificate x MUST be rejected.

   These rules allow a CA certificate to contain resources that are not
   present in (all of) the certificates along the path from the trust
   anchor to the CA certificate.  If none of the resources in the CA
   certificate are present in all certificates along the path, no
   subordinate certificates could be valid.  However, the certificate is
   not immediately rejected as this may be a transient condition.  Not
   immediately rejecting the certificate does not result in a security
   problem because the associated VRS sets accurately reflect the
   resources validly associated with the certificate in question.

4.2.5.  Changes to RFC6482

   Section 4 of [RFC6482] currently has the following text on the
   validation of resources on a ROA:

   o  The IP address delegation extension [RFC3779] is present in the
      end-entity (EE) certificate (contained within the ROA), and each
      IP address prefix(es) in the ROA is contained within the set of IP
      addresses specified by the EE certificate's IP address delegation
      extension.

   The following is an amended specification to be used in place of this
   text.

   o  The IP address delegation extension [RFC3779] is present in the
      end-entity (EE) certificate (contained within the ROA), and each
      IP address prefix(es) in the ROA is contained within the VRS-IP
      set that is specified as an outcome of EE certificate validation.

   Note that this ensures that ROAs can be valid only, if all IP address
   prefixes in the ROA are encompassed by the VRS-IP of all certificates
   along the path to the trust anchor used to verify it.

   Operators MAY issue separate ROAs for each IP address prefix, so that
   the loss of on IP address prefix from the VRS-IP of any certificate
   along the path to the trust anchor would not invalidate
   authorizations for other IP address prefixes.

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 15]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

4.2.6.  Changes to BGPSec PKI Profiles

   In addition to the BGPsec Router Certificate Validation defined in
   section 3.3 of [I-D.ietf-sidr-bgpsec-pki-profiles], the following
   constraint MUST be met:

   o  The VRS-AS of BGPsec Router Certificates MUST encompass all ASNs
      in the AS Resource Identifier Delegation extension.

   Furthermore we wish to note that operators MAY issue separate BGPsec
   Router Certificates for different ASNs, so that the loss of on ASN
   from the VRS-AS of any certificate along the path to the trust anchor
   would not invalidate router keys for other ASNs.

4.3.  An example

   Consider the following example under the amended approach:

     Certificate 1 (trust anchor):
      Issuer TA,
      Subject TA,
      Resources 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24,
                2001:db8::/32, AS64496-AS64500

       Verified Resource Set: 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24,
                              2001:db8::/32, AS64496-AS64500
       Warnings: none

     Certificate 2:
      Issuer TA,
      Subject CA1,
      Resources 192.0.2.0/24, 2001:db8::/32, AS64496

       Verified Resource Set: 192.0.2.0/24,
                              2001:db8::/32, AS64496
       Warnings: none

     Certificate 3:
      Issuer CA1,
      Subject CA2,
      Resources 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24, AS64496

       Verified Resource Set: 192.0.2.0/24, AS64496
       Warnings: over-claim for 198.51.100.0/24

     ROA 1 (valid):
      Embedded Certificate 4 (EE certificate):
       Issuer CA2,

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 16]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

       Subject R1,
       Resources 192.0.2.0/24

        Verified resources: 192.0.2.0/24
        Warnings: none

        Prefix 192.0.2.0/24, Max Length 24, ASN 64496

       ROA1 is considered valid because the prefix matches the Verified
       Resource Set on the embedded EE certificate, as required by
       RFC 6482.

     ROA 2 (invalid):
      Embedded Certificate 5 (EE certificate invalid):
       Issuer CA2,
       Subject R2,
       Resources 198.51.100.0/24

        EE certificate is invalid due to over-claim for 198.51.100.0/24

        Prefix 198.51.100.0/24, Max Length 24, ASN 64496

       ROA2 is considered invalid because the embedded EE certificate is
       considered invalid.

     BGPSec Certificate 1 (valid):
      Issuer CA2
      Subject ROUTER-64496
      Resources AS64496

       Verified resources: AS64496
       Warnings: none

     BGPSec Certificate 2 (invalid):
      Issuer CA2
      Subject ALL-ROUTERS
      Resources AS64496-AS64497

       EE certificate is invalid due to over-claim for AS64497

       This problem can be mitigated by issuing separate certificates
       for each AS number.

5.  Deployment Considerations

   Because the use of the version of [RFC6487] updated in Section 4.2.4
   in RPKI certificates and objects will lead to the rejection of such
   objects by Relying Party tools that do not implement this updated

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 17]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   version, it is important that such tools are updated before
   Certificate Authorities start to use this updated specification.

   However, because the choice of algorithm is well-defined for each
   certificate and/or RPKI signed object, there is no strict requirement
   for all Certificate Authorities to migrate to this new algorithm
   within a specific time period.  The choice to opt-in to this can be
   made by each CA independently.  CAs MAY also choose to use the new
   algorithm for new certificates or objects only, without pro-actively
   re-issuing existing objects - for example because the latter would
   require an active authorisation by a user of the system.

   Therefore the following deployment time line applies:

   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
   |  Months since | Step                                              |
   |      RFC      |                                                   |
   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
   |       6       | Relying Party tools MUST implement the updated    |
   |               | specification.                                    |
   |       9       | Certificate Authorities MAY implement the updated |
   |               | specification.                                    |
   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+

                                  Table 1

6.  Security Considerations

   The authors believe that the revised validation algorithm introduces
   no new security vulnerabilities into the RPKI.

7.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is to add the following to the SMI Security for PKIX Certificate
   Policies registry:

         Decimal  Description                       References

         TBD1     id-cp-ipAddr-asNumber-v2          [this RFC]

   IANA is to add the following to the SMI Security for PKIX Certificate
   Extension registry:

         Decimal  Description                       References

         TBD2     id-pe-ipAddrBlocks-v2            [this RFC]
         TBD3     id-pe-autonomousSysIds-v2        [this RFC]

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 18]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   IANA is to add the following to the SMI Security for PKIX Module
   Identifier registry:

         Decimal  Description                       References

         TBD4   IPAddrAndASCertExtn-v2             [this RFC]
         TBD5   IPAddrAndASCertExtn-2010v2         [this RFC]

8.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Stephen Kent for reviewing and
   contributing to this document.  We would like to thank Rob Austein
   for suggesting that separate OIDs should be used to make the
   behaviour of Relying Party tools deterministic, and we would like to
   thank Russ Hously, Sean Turner and Tom Petch for their contributions
   on OID and ASN.1 updates.  Finally we would like to thank Tom
   Harrison for a general review of this document.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-sidr-bgpsec-pki-profiles]
              Reynolds, M., Turner, S., and S. Kent, "A Profile for
              BGPsec Router Certificates, Certificate Revocation Lists,
              and Certification Requests", draft-ietf-sidr-bgpsec-pki-
              profiles-18 (work in progress), July 2016.

   [RFC3280]  Housley, R., Polk, W., Ford, W., and D. Solo, "Internet
              X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and
              Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3280,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3280, April 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3280>.

   [RFC3779]  Lynn, C., Kent, S., and K. Seo, "X.509 Extensions for IP
              Addresses and AS Identifiers", RFC 3779,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3779, June 2004,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3779>.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 19]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   [RFC6268]  Schaad, J. and S. Turner, "Additional New ASN.1 Modules
              for the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) and the Public
              Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 6268,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6268, July 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6268>.

   [RFC6482]  Lepinski, M., Kent, S., and D. Kong, "A Profile for Route
              Origin Authorizations (ROAs)", RFC 6482,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6482, February 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6482>.

   [RFC6484]  Kent, S., Kong, D., Seo, K., and R. Watro, "Certificate
              Policy (CP) for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
              (RPKI)", BCP 173, RFC 6484, DOI 10.17487/RFC6484, February
              2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6484>.

   [RFC6487]  Huston, G., Michaelson, G., and R. Loomans, "A Profile for
              X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates", RFC 6487,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6487, February 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6487>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [RFC3849]  Huston, G., Lord, A., and P. Smith, "IPv6 Address Prefix
              Reserved for Documentation", RFC 3849,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3849, July 2004,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3849>.

   [RFC5398]  Huston, G., "Autonomous System (AS) Number Reservation for
              Documentation Use", RFC 5398, DOI 10.17487/RFC5398,
              December 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5398>.

   [RFC5737]  Arkko, J., Cotton, M., and L. Vegoda, "IPv4 Address Blocks
              Reserved for Documentation", RFC 5737,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5737, January 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5737>.

Authors' Addresses

   Geoff Huston
   Asia Pacific Network Information Centre
   6 Cordelia St
   South Brisbane, QLD  4101
   Australia

   Phone: +61 7 3858 3100
   Email: gih@apnic.net

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 20]
Internet-Draft               RPKI Validation                October 2016

   George Michaelson
   Asia Pacific Network Information Centre
   6 Cordelia St
   South Brisbane, QLD  4101
   Australia

   Phone: +61 7 3858 3100
   Email: ggm@apnic.net

   Carlos M. Martinez
   Latin American and Caribbean IP Address Regional Registry
   Rambla Mexico 6125
   Montevideo  11400
   Uruguay

   Phone: +598 2604 2222
   Email: carlos@lacnic.net

   Tim Bruijnzeels
   RIPE Network Coordination Centre
   Singel 258
   Amsterdam  1016 AB
   The Netherlands

   Email: tim@ripe.net

   Andrew Lee Newton
   American Registry for Internet Numbers
   3635 Concorde Parkway
   Chantilly, VA  20151
   USA

   Email: andy@arin.net

   Daniel Shaw
   African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC)
   11th Floor, Standard Chartered Tower
   Cybercity, Ebene
   Mauritius

   Phone: +230 403 51 00
   Email: daniel@afrinic.net

Huston, et al.            Expires April 6, 2017                [Page 21]