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QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport
draft-ietf-quic-transport-02

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 9000.
Authors Jana Iyengar , Martin Thomson
Last updated 2017-03-13
Replaces draft-hamilton-quic-transport-protocol
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draft-ietf-quic-transport-02
QUIC                                                     J. Iyengar, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                    Google
Intended status: Standards Track                         M. Thomson, Ed.
Expires: September 14, 2017                                      Mozilla
                                                          March 13, 2017

           QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport
                      draft-ietf-quic-transport-02

Abstract

   This document defines the core of the QUIC transport protocol.  This
   document describes connection establishment, packet format,
   multiplexing and reliability.  Accompanying documents describe the
   cryptographic handshake and loss detection.

Note to Readers

   Discussion of this draft takes place on the QUIC working group
   mailing list (quic@ietf.org), which is archived at
   https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/search/?email_list=quic .

   Working Group information can be found at https://github.com/quicwg ;
   source code and issues list for this draft can be found at
   https://github.com/quicwg/base-drafts/labels/transport .

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 14, 2017.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  Notational Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  A QUIC Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Low-Latency Connection Establishment  . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Stream Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.3.  Rich Signaling for Congestion Control and Loss Recovery .   6
     3.4.  Stream and Connection Flow Control  . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.5.  Authenticated and Encrypted Header and Payload  . . . . .   7
     3.6.  Connection Migration and Resilience to NAT Rebinding  . .   7
     3.7.  Version Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  Versions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  Packet Types and Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.1.  Long Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     5.2.  Short Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     5.3.  Version Negotiation Packet  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     5.4.  Cleartext Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.5.  Encrypted Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.6.  Public Reset Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       5.6.1.  Public Reset Proof  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     5.7.  Connection ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.8.  Packet Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       5.8.1.  Initial Packet Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     5.9.  Handling Packets from Different Versions  . . . . . . . .  17
   6.  Frames and Frame Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   7.  Life of a Connection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     7.1.  Version Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       7.1.1.  Using Reserved Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     7.2.  Cryptographic and Transport Handshake . . . . . . . . . .  21
     7.3.  Transport Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       7.3.1.  Transport Parameter Definitions . . . . . . . . . . .  24

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       7.3.2.  Values of Transport Parameters for 0-RTT  . . . . . .  24
       7.3.3.  New Transport Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       7.3.4.  Version Negotiation Validation  . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     7.4.  Proof of Source Address Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       7.4.1.  Client Address Validation Procedure . . . . . . . . .  27
       7.4.2.  Address Validation on Session Resumption  . . . . . .  28
       7.4.3.  Address Validation Token Integrity  . . . . . . . . .  29
     7.5.  Connection Migration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     7.6.  Connection Termination  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   8.  Frame Types and Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     8.1.  STREAM Frame  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     8.2.  ACK Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       8.2.1.  ACK Block Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       8.2.2.  Timestamp Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
       8.2.3.  ACK Frames and Packet Protection  . . . . . . . . . .  37
     8.3.  WINDOW_UPDATE Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     8.4.  BLOCKED Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     8.5.  RST_STREAM Frame  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     8.6.  PADDING Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     8.7.  PING frame  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     8.8.  CONNECTION_CLOSE frame  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     8.9.  GOAWAY Frame  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
   9.  Packetization and Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
     9.1.  Special Considerations for PMTU Discovery . . . . . . . .  44
   10. Streams: QUIC's Data Structuring Abstraction  . . . . . . . .  45
     10.1.  Life of a Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
       10.1.1.  idle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       10.1.2.  open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       10.1.3.  half-closed (local)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
       10.1.4.  half-closed (remote) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
       10.1.5.  closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
     10.2.  Stream Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     10.3.  Stream Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     10.4.  Sending and Receiving Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
     10.5.  Stream Prioritization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
   11. Flow Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
     11.1.  Edge Cases and Other Considerations  . . . . . . . . . .  54
       11.1.1.  Mid-stream RST_STREAM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
       11.1.2.  Response to a RST_STREAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
       11.1.3.  Offset Increment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
       11.1.4.  BLOCKED frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
   12. Error Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
     12.1.  Connection Errors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
     12.2.  Stream Errors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     12.3.  Error Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
   13. Security and Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
     13.1.  Spoofed ACK Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
   14. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61

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     14.1.  QUIC Transport Parameter Registry  . . . . . . . . . . .  61
   15. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     15.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     15.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     15.3.  URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   Appendix A.  Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   Appendix B.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   Appendix C.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     C.1.  Since draft-ietf-quic-transport-01: . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     C.2.  Since draft-ietf-quic-transport-00: . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     C.3.  Since draft-hamilton-quic-transport-protocol-01:  . . . .  67
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67

1.  Introduction

   QUIC is a multiplexed and secure transport protocol that runs on top
   of UDP.  QUIC aims to provide a flexible set of features that allow
   it to be a general-purpose transport for multiple applications.

   QUIC implements techniques learned from experience with TCP, SCTP and
   other transport protocols.  Using UDP as the substrate, QUIC seeks to
   be compatible with legacy clients and middleboxes.  QUIC
   authenticates all of its headers and encrypts most of the data it
   exchanges, including its signaling.  This allows the protocol to
   evolve without incurring a dependency on upgrades to middleboxes.

   This document describes the core QUIC protocol, including the
   conceptual design, wire format, and mechanisms of the QUIC protocol
   for connection establishment, stream multiplexing, stream and
   connection-level flow control, and data reliability.

   Accompanying documents describe QUIC's loss detection and congestion
   control [QUIC-RECOVERY], and the use of TLS 1.3 for key negotiation
   [QUIC-TLS].

2.  Conventions and Definitions

   The words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", and "MAY" are used in this
   document.  It's not shouting; when they are capitalized, they have
   the special meaning defined in [RFC2119].

   Definitions of terms that are used in this document:

   Client:  The endpoint initiating a QUIC connection.

   Server:  The endpoint accepting incoming QUIC connections.

   Endpoint:  The client or server end of a connection.

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   Stream:  A logical, bi-directional channel of ordered bytes within a
      QUIC connection.

   Connection:  A conversation between two QUIC endpoints with a single
      encryption context that multiplexes streams within it.

   Connection ID:  The identifier for a QUIC connection.

   QUIC packet:  A well-formed UDP payload that can be parsed by a QUIC
      receiver.  QUIC packet size in this document refers to the UDP
      payload size.

2.1.  Notational Conventions

   Packet and frame diagrams use the format described in [RFC2360]
   Section 3.1, with the following additional conventions:

   [x]  Indicates that x is optional

   {x}  Indicates that x is encrypted

   x (A)  Indicates that x is A bits long

   x (A/B/C) ...  Indicates that x is one of A, B, or C bits long

   x (*) ...  Indicates that x is variable-length

3.  A QUIC Overview

   This section briefly describes QUIC's key mechanisms and benefits.
   Key strengths of QUIC include:

   o  Low-latency connection establishment

   o  Multiplexing without head-of-line blocking

   o  Authenticated and encrypted header and payload

   o  Rich signaling for congestion control and loss recovery

   o  Stream and connection flow control

   o  Connection migration and resilience to NAT rebinding

   o  Version negotiation

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3.1.  Low-Latency Connection Establishment

   QUIC relies on a combined cryptographic and transport handshake for
   setting up a secure transport connection.  QUIC connections are
   expected to commonly use 0-RTT handshakes, meaning that for most QUIC
   connections, data can be sent immediately following the client
   handshake packet, without waiting for a reply from the server.  QUIC
   provides a dedicated stream (Stream ID 1) to be used for performing
   the cryptographic handshake and QUIC options negotiation.  The format
   of the QUIC options and parameters used during negotiation are
   described in this document, but the handshake protocol that runs on
   Stream ID 1 is described in the accompanying cryptographic handshake
   draft [QUIC-TLS].

3.2.  Stream Multiplexing

   When application messages are transported over TCP, independent
   application messages can suffer from head-of-line blocking.  When an
   application multiplexes many streams atop TCP's single-bytestream
   abstraction, a loss of a TCP segment results in blocking of all
   subsequent segments until a retransmission arrives, irrespective of
   the application streams that are encapsulated in subsequent segments.
   QUIC ensures that lost packets carrying data for an individual stream
   only impact that specific stream.  Data received on other streams can
   continue to be reassembled and delivered to the application.

3.3.  Rich Signaling for Congestion Control and Loss Recovery

   QUIC's packet framing and acknowledgments carry rich information that
   help both congestion control and loss recovery in fundamental ways.
   Each QUIC packet carries a new packet number, including those
   carrying retransmitted data.  This obviates the need for a separate
   mechanism to distinguish acknowledgments for retransmissions from
   those for original transmissions, avoiding TCP's retransmission
   ambiguity problem.  QUIC acknowledgments also explicitly encode the
   delay between the receipt of a packet and its acknowledgment being
   sent, and together with the monotonically-increasing packet numbers,
   this allows for precise network roundtrip-time (RTT) calculation.
   QUIC's ACK frames support up to 256 ACK blocks, so QUIC is more
   resilient to reordering than TCP with SACK support, as well as able
   to keep more bytes on the wire when there is reordering or loss.

3.4.  Stream and Connection Flow Control

   QUIC implements stream- and connection-level flow control, closely
   following HTTP/2's flow control mechanisms.  At a high level, a QUIC
   receiver advertises the absolute byte offset within each stream up to
   which the receiver is willing to receive data.  As data is sent,

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   received, and delivered on a particular stream, the receiver sends
   WINDOW_UPDATE frames that increase the advertised offset limit for
   that stream, allowing the peer to send more data on that stream.  In
   addition to this stream-level flow control, QUIC implements
   connection-level flow control to limit the aggregate buffer that a
   QUIC receiver is willing to allocate to all streams on a connection.
   Connection-level flow control works in the same way as stream-level
   flow control, but the bytes delivered and highest received offset are
   all aggregates across all streams.

3.5.  Authenticated and Encrypted Header and Payload

   TCP headers appear in plaintext on the wire and are not
   authenticated, causing a plethora of injection and header
   manipulation issues for TCP, such as receive-window manipulation and
   sequence-number overwriting.  While some of these are mechanisms used
   by middleboxes to improve TCP performance, others are active attacks.
   Even "performance-enhancing" middleboxes that routinely interpose on
   the transport state machine end up limiting the evolvability of the
   transport protocol, as has been observed in the design of MPTCP
   [RFC6824] and in its subsequent deployability issues.

   Generally, QUIC packets are always authenticated and the payload is
   typically fully encrypted.  The parts of the packet header which are
   not encrypted are still authenticated by the receiver, so as to
   thwart any packet injection or manipulation by third parties.  Some
   early handshake packets, such as the Version Negotiation packet, are
   not encrypted, but information sent in these unencrypted handshake
   packets is later verified as part of cryptographic processing.

   PUBLIC_RESET packets that reset a connection are currently not
   authenticated.

3.6.  Connection Migration and Resilience to NAT Rebinding

   QUIC connections are identified by a 64-bit Connection ID, randomly
   generated by the client.  QUIC's consistent connection ID allows
   connections to survive changes to the client's IP and port, such as
   those caused by NAT rebindings or by the client changing network
   connectivity to a new address.  QUIC provides automatic cryptographic
   verification of a rebound client, since the client continues to use
   the same session key for encrypting and decrypting packets.  The
   consistent connection ID can be used to allow migration of the
   connection to a new server IP address as well, since the Connection
   ID remains consistent across changes in the client's and the server's
   network addresses.

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3.7.  Version Negotiation

   QUIC version negotiation allows for multiple versions of the protocol
   to be deployed and used concurrently.  Version negotiation is
   described in Section 7.1.

4.  Versions

   QUIC versions are identified using a 32-bit value.

   The version 0x00000000 is reserved to represent an invalid version.
   This version of the specification is identified by the number
   0x00000001.

   Versions with the most significant 16 bits of the version number
   cleared are reserved for use in future IETF consensus documents.

   Versions that follow the pattern 0x?a?a?a?a are reserved for use in
   forcing version negotiation to be exercised.  That is, any version
   number where the low four bits of all octets is 1010 (in binary).  A
   client or server MAY advertise support for any of these reserved
   versions.

   Reserved version numbers will probably never represent a real
   protocol; a client MAY use one of these version numbers with the
   expectation that the server will initiate version negotiation; a
   server MAY advertise support for one of these versions and can expect
   that clients ignore the value.

   [[RFC editor: please remove the remainder of this section before
   publication.]]

   The version number for the final version of this specification
   (0x00000001), is reserved for the version of the protocol that is
   published as an RFC.

   Version numbers used to identify IETF drafts are created by adding
   the draft number to 0xff000000.  For example, draft-ietf-quic-
   transport-13 would be identified as 0xff00000D.

   Implementors are encouraged to register version numbers of QUIC that
   they are using for private experimentation on the github wiki [4].

5.  Packet Types and Formats

   We first describe QUIC's packet types and their formats, since some
   are referenced in subsequent mechanisms.

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   All numeric values are encoded in network byte order (that is, big-
   endian) and all field sizes are in bits.  When discussing individual
   bits of fields, the least significant bit is referred to as bit 0.
   Hexadecimal notation is used for describing the value of fields.

   Any QUIC packet has either a long or a short header, as indicated by
   the Header Form bit.  Long headers are expected to be used early in
   the connection before version negotiation and establishment of 1-RTT
   keys, and for public resets.  Short headers are minimal version-
   specific headers, which can be used after version negotiation and
   1-RTT keys are established.

5.1.  Long Header

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |1|   Type (7)  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                       Connection ID (64)                      +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       Packet Number (32)                      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Version (32)                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Payload (*)                        ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 1: Long Header Format

   Long headers are used for packets that are sent prior to the
   completion of version negotiation and establishment of 1-RTT keys.
   Once both conditions are met, a sender SHOULD switch to sending
   short-form headers.  While inefficient, long headers MAY be used for
   packets encrypted with 1-RTT keys.  The long form allows for special
   packets, such as the Version Negotiation and the Public Reset packets
   to be represented in this uniform fixed-length packet format.  A long
   header contains the following fields:

   Header Form:  The most significant bit (0x80) of the first octet is
      set to 1 for long headers and 0 for short headers.

   Long Packet Type:  The remaining seven bits of first octet of a long
      packet is the packet type.  This field can indicate one of 128
      packet types.  The types specified for this version are listed in
      Table 1.

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   Connection ID:  Octets 1 through 8 contain the connection ID.
      Section 5.7 describes the use of this field in more detail.

   Packet Number:  Octets 9 to 12 contain the packet number.  {{packet-
      numbers} describes the use of packet numbers.

   Version:  Octets 13 to 16 contain the selected protocol version.
      This field indicates which version of QUIC is in use and
      determines how the rest of the protocol fields are interpreted.

   Payload:  Octets from 17 onwards (the rest of QUIC packet) are the
      payload of the packet.

   The following packet types are defined:

          +------+-------------------------------+-------------+
          | Type | Name                          | Section     |
          +------+-------------------------------+-------------+
          | 01   | Version Negotiation           | Section 5.3 |
          |      |                               |             |
          | 02   | Client Cleartext              | Section 5.4 |
          |      |                               |             |
          | 03   | Non-Final Server Cleartext    | Section 5.4 |
          |      |                               |             |
          | 04   | Final Server Cleartext        | Section 5.4 |
          |      |                               |             |
          | 05   | 0-RTT Encrypted               | Section 5.5 |
          |      |                               |             |
          | 06   | 1-RTT Encrypted (key phase 0) | Section 5.5 |
          |      |                               |             |
          | 07   | 1-RTT Encrypted (key phase 1) | Section 5.5 |
          |      |                               |             |
          | 08   | Public Reset                  | Section 5.6 |
          +------+-------------------------------+-------------+

                     Table 1: Long Header Packet Types

   The header form, packet type, connection ID, packet number and
   version fields of a long header packet are version-independent.  The
   types of packets defined in Table 1 are version-specific.  See
   Section 5.9 for details on how packets from different versions of
   QUIC are interpreted.

   (TODO: Should the list of packet types be version-independent?)

   The interpretation of the fields and the payload are specific to a
   version and packet type.  Type-specific semantics for this version

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   are described in Section 5.3, Section 5.6, Section 5.4, and
   Section 5.5.

5.2.  Short Header

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |0|C|K| Type (5)|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                     [Connection ID (64)]                      +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Packet Number (8/16/32)                ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                     Encrypted Payload (*)                   ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 2: Short Header Format

   The short header can be used after the version and 1-RTT keys are
   negotiated.  This header form has the following fields:

   Header Form:  The most significant bit (0x80) of the first octet of a
      packet is the header form.  This bit is set to 0 for the short
      header.

   Connection ID Flag:  The second bit (0x40) of the first octet
      indicates whether the Connection ID field is present.  If set to
      1, then the Connection ID field is present; if set to 0, the
      Connection ID field is omitted.

   Key Phase Bit:  The third bit (0x20) of the first octet indicates the
      key phase, which allows a recipient of a packet to identify the
      packet protection keys that are used to protect the packet.  See
      [QUIC-TLS] for details.

   Short Packet Type:  The remaining 5 bits of the first octet include
      one of 32 packet types.  Table 2 lists the types that are defined
      for short packets.

   Connection ID:  If the Connection ID Flag is set, a connection ID
      occupies octets 1 through 8 of the packet.  See Section 5.7 for
      more details.

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   Packet Number:  The length of the packet number field depends on the
      packet type.  This field can be 1, 2 or 4 octets long depending on
      the short packet type.

   Encrypted Payload:  Packets with a short header always include a
      1-RTT protected payload.

   The packet type in a short header currently determines only the size
   of the packet number field.  Additional types can be used to signal
   the presence of other fields.

                       +------+--------------------+
                       | Type | Packet Number Size |
                       +------+--------------------+
                       | 01   | 1 octet            |
                       |      |                    |
                       | 02   | 2 octets           |
                       |      |                    |
                       | 03   | 4 octets           |
                       +------+--------------------+

                    Table 2: Short Header Packet Types

   The header form, connection ID flag and connection ID of a short
   header packet are version-independent.  The remaining fields are
   specific to the selected QUIC version.  See Section 5.9 for details
   on how packets from different versions of QUIC are interpreted.

5.3.  Version Negotiation Packet

   A Version Negotiation packet is sent only by servers and is a
   response to a client packet of an unsupported version.  It uses a
   long header and contains:

   o  Octet 0: 0x81

   o  Octets 1-8: Connection ID (echoed)

   o  Octets 9-12: Packet Number (echoed)

   o  Octets 13-16: Version (echoed)

   o  Octets 17+: Payload

   The payload of the Version Negotiation packet is a list of 32-bit
   versions which the server supports, as shown below.

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    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                    Supported Version 1 (32)                 ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                   [Supported Version 2 (32)]                ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                  ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                   [Supported Version N (32)]                ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                   Figure 3: Version Negotiation Packet

   See Section 7.1 for a description of the version negotiation process.

5.4.  Cleartext Packets

   Cleartext packets are sent during the handshake prior to key
   negotiation.  A Client Cleartext packet contains:

   o  Octet 0: 0x82

   o  Octets 1-8: Connection ID (initial)

   o  Octets 9-12: Packet number

   o  Octets 13-16: Version

   o  Octets 17+: Payload

   Non-Final Server Cleartext packets contain:

   o  Octet 0: 0x83

   o  Octets 1-8: Connection ID (echoed)

   o  Octets 9-12: Packet Number

   o  Octets 13-16: Version

   o  Octets 17+: Payload

   Final Server Cleartext packets contains:

   o  Octet 0: 0x84

   o  Octets 1-8: Connection ID (final)

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   o  Octets 9-12: Packet Number

   o  Octets 13-16: Version

   o  Octets 17+: Payload

   The client MUST choose a random 64-bit value and use it as the
   initial Connection ID in all packets until the server replies with
   the final Connection ID.  The server echoes the client's Connection
   ID in Non-Final Server Cleartext packets.  The first Final Server
   Cleartext and all subsequent packets MUST use the final Connection
   ID, as described in Section 5.7.

   The payload of a Cleartext packet consists of a sequence of frames,
   as described in Section 6.

   (TODO: Add hash before frames.)

5.5.  Encrypted Packets

   Packets encrypted with either 0-RTT or 1-RTT keys may be sent with
   long headers.  Different packet types explicitly indicate the
   encryption level for ease of decryption.  These packets contain:

   o  Octet 0: 0x85, 0x86 or 0x87

   o  Octets 1-8: Connection ID (initial or final)

   o  Octets 9-12: Packet Number

   o  Octets 13-16: Version

   o  Octets 17+: Encrypted Payload

   A first octet of 0x85 indicates a 0-RTT packet.  After the 1-RTT keys
   are established, key phases are used by the QUIC packet protection to
   identify the correct packet protection keys.  The initial key phase
   is 0.  See [QUIC-TLS] for more details.

   The encrypted payload is both authenticated and encrypted using
   packet protection keys.  [QUIC-TLS] describes packet protection in
   detail.  After decryption, the plaintext consists of a sequence of
   frames, as described in Section 6.

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5.6.  Public Reset Packet

   A Public Reset packet is only sent by servers and is used to abruptly
   terminate communications.  Public Reset is provided as an option of
   last resort for a server that does not have access to the state of a
   connection.  This is intended for use by a server that has lost state
   (for example, through a crash or outage).  A server that wishes to
   communicate a fatal connection error MUST use a CONNECTION_CLOSE
   frame if it has sufficient state to do so.

   A Public Reset packet contains:

   o  Octet 0: 0x88

   o  Octets 1-8: Echoed data (octets 1-8 of received packet)

   o  Octets 9-12: Echoed data (octets 9-12 of received packet)

   o  Octets 13-16: Version

   o  Octets 17+: Public Reset Proof

   For a client that sends a connection ID on every packet, the
   Connection ID field is simply an echo of the initial Connection ID,
   and the Packet Number field includes an echo of the client's packet
   number (and, depending on the client's packet number length, 0, 2, or
   3 additional octets from the client's packet).

   A Public Reset packet sent by a server indicates that it does not
   have the state necessary to continue with a connection.  In this
   case, the server will include the fields that prove that it
   originally participated in the connection (see Section 5.6.1 for
   details).

   Upon receipt of a Public Reset packet that contains a valid proof, a
   client MUST tear down state associated with the connection.  The
   client MUST then cease sending packets on the connection and SHOULD
   discard any subsequent packets that arrive.  A Public Reset that does
   not contain a valid proof MUST be ignored.

5.6.1.  Public Reset Proof

   TODO: Details to be added.

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5.7.  Connection ID

   QUIC connections are identified by their 64-bit Connection ID.  All
   long headers contain a Connection ID.  Short headers indicate the
   presence of a Connection ID using the CONNECTION_ID flag.  When
   present, the Connection ID is in the same location in all packet
   headers, making it straightforward for middleboxes, such as load
   balancers, to locate and use it.

   When a connection is initiated, the client MUST choose a random value
   and use it as the initial Connection ID until the final value is
   available.  The initial Connection ID is a suggestion to the server.
   The server echoes this value in all packets until the handshake is
   successful (see [QUIC-TLS]).  On a successful handshake, the server
   MUST select the final Connection ID for the connection and use it in
   Final Server Cleartext packets.  This final Connection ID MAY be the
   one proposed by the client or MAY be a new server-selected value.
   All subsequent packets from the server MUST contain this value.  On
   handshake completion, the client MUST switch to using the final
   Connection ID for all subsequent packets.

   Thus, all Client Cleartext packets, 0-RTT Encrypted packets, and Non-
   Final Server Cleartext packets MUST use the client's randomly-
   generated initial Connection ID.  Final Server Cleartext packets,
   1-RTT Encrypted packets, and all short-header packets MUST use the
   final Connection ID.

5.8.  Packet Numbers

   The packet number is a 64-bit unsigned number and is used as part of
   a cryptographic nonce for packet encryption.  Each endpoint maintains
   a separate packet number for sending and receiving.  The packet
   number for sending MUST increase by at least one after sending any
   packet.

   A QUIC endpoint MUST NOT reuse a packet number within the same
   connection (that is, under the same cryptographic keys).  If the
   packet number for sending reaches 2^64 - 1, the sender MUST close the
   connection by sending a CONNECTION_CLOSE frame with the error code
   QUIC_SEQUENCE_NUMBER_LIMIT_REACHED (connection termination is
   described in Section 7.6.)

   To reduce the number of bits required to represent the packet number
   over the wire, only the least significant bits of the packet number
   are transmitted over the wire, up to 32 bits.  The actual packet
   number for each packet is reconstructed at the receiver based on the
   largest packet number received on a successfully authenticated
   packet.

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   A packet number is decoded by finding the packet number value that is
   closest to the next expected packet.  The next expected packet is the
   highest received packet number plus one.  For example, if the highest
   successfully authenticated packet had a packet number of 0xaa82f30e,
   then a packet containing a 16-bit value of 0x1f94 will be decoded as
   0xaa831f94.

   The sender MUST use a packet number size able to represent more than
   twice as large a range than the difference between the largest
   acknowledged packet and packet number being sent.  A peer receiving
   the packet will then correctly decode the packet number, unless the
   packet is delayed in transit such that it arrives after many higher-
   numbered packets have been received.  An endpoint MAY use a larger
   packet number size to safeguard against such reordering.

   As a result, the size of the packet number encoding is at least one
   more than the base 2 logarithm of the number of contiguous
   unacknowledged packet numbers, including the new packet.

   For example, if an endpoint has received an acknowledgment for packet
   0x6afa2f, sending a packet with a number of 0x6b4264 requires a
   16-bit or larger packet number encoding; whereas a 32-bit packet
   number is needed to send a packet with a number of 0x6bc107.

5.8.1.  Initial Packet Number

   The initial value for packet number MUST be a 31-bit random number.
   That is, the value is selected from an uniform random distribution
   between 0 and 2^31-1.  [RFC4086] provides guidance on the generation
   of random values.

   The first set of packets sent by an endpoint MUST include the low
   32-bits of the packet number.  Once any packet has been acknowledged,
   subsequent packets can use a shorter packet number encoding.

5.9.  Handling Packets from Different Versions

   Between different versions the following things are guaranteed to
   remain constant:

   o  the location of the header form flag,

   o  the location of the Connection ID flag in short headers,

   o  the location and size of the Connection ID field in both header
      forms,

   o  the location and size of the Version field in long headers, and

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   o  the location and size of the Packet Number field in long headers.

   Implementations MUST assume that an unsupported version uses an
   unknown packet format.  All other fields MUST be ignored when
   processing a packet that contains an unsupported version.

6.  Frames and Frame Types

   The payload of cleartext packets and the plaintext after decryption
   of encrypted payloads consists of a sequence of frames, as shown in
   Figure 4.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Frame 1 (*)                        ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Frame 2 (*)                        ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                  ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Frame N (*)                        ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 4: Contents of Encrypted Payload

   Encrypted payloads MUST contain at least one frame, and MAY contain
   multiple frames and multiple frame types.

   Frames MUST fit within a single QUIC packet and MUST NOT span a QUIC
   packet boundary.  Each frame begins with a Frame Type byte,
   indicating its type, followed by additional type-dependent fields:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Type (8)    |           Type-Dependent Fields (*)         ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 5: Generic Frame Layout

   Frame types are listed in Table 3.  Note that the Frame Type byte in
   STREAM and ACK frames is used to carry other frame-specific flags.
   For all other frames, the Frame Type byte simply identifies the
   frame.  These frames are explained in more detail as they are
   referenced later in the document.

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           +------------------+------------------+-------------+
           | Type-field value | Frame type       | Definition  |
           +------------------+------------------+-------------+
           | 0x00             | PADDING          | Section 8.6 |
           |                  |                  |             |
           | 0x01             | RST_STREAM       | Section 8.5 |
           |                  |                  |             |
           | 0x02             | CONNECTION_CLOSE | Section 8.8 |
           |                  |                  |             |
           | 0x03             | GOAWAY           | Section 8.9 |
           |                  |                  |             |
           | 0x04             | WINDOW_UPDATE    | Section 8.3 |
           |                  |                  |             |
           | 0x05             | BLOCKED          | Section 8.4 |
           |                  |                  |             |
           | 0x07             | PING             | Section 8.7 |
           |                  |                  |             |
           | 0x40 - 0x7f      | ACK              | Section 8.2 |
           |                  |                  |             |
           | 0x80 - 0xff      | STREAM           | Section 8.1 |
           +------------------+------------------+-------------+

                           Table 3: Frame Types

7.  Life of a Connection

   A QUIC connection is a single conversation between two QUIC
   endpoints.  QUIC's connection establishment intertwines version
   negotiation with the cryptographic and transport handshakes to reduce
   connection establishment latency, as described in Section 7.2.  Once
   established, a connection may migrate to a different IP or port at
   either endpoint, due to NAT rebinding or mobility, as described in
   Section 7.5.  Finally a connection may be terminated by either
   endpoint, as described in Section 7.6.

7.1.  Version Negotiation

   QUIC's connection establishment begins with version negotiation,
   since all communication between the endpoints, including packet and
   frame formats, relies on the two endpoints agreeing on a version.

   A QUIC connection begins with a client sending a handshake packet.
   The details of the handshake mechanisms are described in Section 7.2,
   but all of the initial packets sent from the client to the server
   MUST use the long header format and MUST specify the version of the
   protocol being used.

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   When the server receives a packet from a client with the long header
   format, it compares the client's version to the versions it supports.

   If the version selected by the client is not acceptable to the
   server, the server discards the incoming packet and responds with a
   Version Negotiation packet (Section 5.3).  This includes a list of
   versions that the server will accept.  A server MUST send a Version
   Negotiation packet for every packet that it receives with an
   unacceptable version.

   If the packet contains a version that is acceptable to the server,
   the server proceeds with the handshake (Section 7.2).  This commits
   the server to the version that the client selected.

   When the client receives a Version Negotiation packet from the
   server, it should select an acceptable protocol version.  If the
   server lists an acceptable version, the client selects that version
   and reattempts to create a connection using that version.  Though the
   contents of a packet might not change in response to version
   negotiation, a client MUST increase the packet number it uses on
   every packet it sends.  Packets MUST continue to use long headers and
   MUST include the new negotiated protocol version.

   The client MUST use the long header format and include its selected
   version on all packets until it has 1-RTT keys and it has received a
   packet from the server which is not a Version Negotiation packet.

   A client MUST NOT change the version it uses unless it is in response
   to a Version Negotiation packet from the server.  Once a client
   receives a packet from the server which is not a Version Negotiation
   packet, it MUST ignore Version Negotiation packets on the same
   connection.

   Version negotiation uses unprotected data.  The result of the
   negotiation MUST be revalidated as part of the cryptographic
   handshake (see Section 7.3.4).

7.1.1.  Using Reserved Versions

   For a server to use a new version in the future, clients must
   correctly handle unsupported versions.  To help ensure this, a server
   SHOULD include a reserved version (see Section 4) while generating a
   Version Negotiation packet.

   The design of version negotiation permits a server to avoid
   maintaining state for packets that it rejects in this fashion.
   However, when the server generates a Version Negotiation packet, it
   cannot randomly generate a reserved version number.  This is because

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   the server is required to include the same value in its transport
   parameters (see Section 7.3.4).  To avoid the selected version number
   changing during connection establishment, the reserved version SHOULD
   be generated as a function of values that will be available to the
   server when later generating its handshake packets.

   A pseudorandom function that takes client address information (IP and
   port) and the client selected version as input would ensure that
   there is sufficient variability in the values that a server uses.

   A client MAY send a packet using a reserved version number.  This can
   be used to solicit a list of supported versions from a server.

7.2.  Cryptographic and Transport Handshake

   QUIC relies on a combined cryptographic and transport handshake to
   minimize connection establishment latency.  QUIC allocates stream 1
   for the cryptographic handshake.  This version of QUIC uses TLS 1.3
   [QUIC-TLS].

   QUIC provides this stream with reliable, ordered delivery of data.
   In return, the cryptographic handshake provides QUIC with:

   o  authenticated key exchange, where

      *  a server is always authenticated,

      *  a client is optionally authenticated,

      *  every connection produces distinct and unrelated keys,

      *  keying material is usable for packet protection for both 0-RTT
         and 1-RTT packets, and

      *  1-RTT keys have forward secrecy

   o  authenticated values for the transport parameters of the peer (see
      Section 7.3)

   o  authenticated confirmation of version negotiation (see
      Section 7.3.4)

   o  authenticated negotiation of an application protocol (TLS uses
      ALPN [RFC7301] for this purpose)

   o  for the server, the ability to carry data that provides assurance
      that the client can receive packets that are addressed with the
      transport address that is claimed by the client (see Section 7.4)

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   The initial cryptographic handshake message MUST be sent in a single
   packet.  Any second attempt that is triggered by address validation
   MUST also be sent within a single packet.  This avoids having to
   reassemble a message from multiple packets.  Reassembling messages
   requires that a server maintain state prior to establishing a
   connection, exposing the server to a denial of service risk.

   The first client packet of the cryptographic handshake protocol MUST
   fit within a 1280 octet QUIC packet.  This includes overheads that
   reduce the space available to the cryptographic handshake protocol.

   Details of how TLS is integrated with QUIC is provided in more detail
   in [QUIC-TLS].

7.3.  Transport Parameters

   During connection establishment, both endpoints make authenticated
   declarations of their transport parameters.  These declarations are
   made unilaterally by each endpoint.  Endpoints are required to comply
   with the restrictions implied by these parameters; the description of
   each parameter includes rules for its handling.

   The format of the transport parameters is the TransportParameters
   struct from Figure 6.  This is described using the presentation
   language from Section 3 of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13].

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      uint32 QuicVersion;

      enum {
         stream_fc_offset(0),
         connection_fc_offset(1),
         concurrent_streams(2),
         idle_timeout(3),
         truncate_connection_id(4),
         (65535)
      } TransportParameterId;

      struct {
         TransportParameterId parameter;
         opaque value<0..2^16-1>;
      } TransportParameter;

      struct {
         select (Handshake.msg_type) {
            case client_hello:
               QuicVersion negotiated_version;
               QuicVersion initial_version;

            case encrypted_extensions:
               QuicVersion supported_versions<2..2^8-4>;
         };
         TransportParameter parameters<30..2^16-1>;
      } TransportParameters;

                Figure 6: Definition of TransportParameters

   The "extension_data" field of the quic_transport_parameters extension
   defined in [QUIC-TLS] contains a TransportParameters value.  TLS
   encoding rules are therefore used to encode the transport parameters.

   QUIC encodes transport parameters into a sequence of octets, which
   are then included in the cryptographic handshake.  Once the handshake
   completes, the transport parameters declared by the peer are
   available.  Each endpoint validates the value provided by its peer.
   In particular, version negotiation MUST be validated (see
   Section 7.3.4) before the connection establishment is considered
   properly complete.

   Definitions for each of the defined transport parameters are included
   in Section 7.3.1.

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7.3.1.  Transport Parameter Definitions

   An endpoint MUST include the following parameters in its encoded
   TransportParameters:

   stream_fc_offset (0x0000):  The initial stream level flow control
      offset parameter is encoded as an unsigned 32-bit integer in units
      of octets.  The sender of this parameter indicates that the flow
      control offset for all stream data sent toward it is this value.

   connection_fc_offset (0x0001):  The connection level flow control
      offset parameter contains the initial connection flow control
      window encoded as an unsigned 32-bit integer in units of 1024
      octets.  That is, the value here is multiplied by 1024 to
      determine the actual flow control offset.  The sender of this
      parameter sets the byte offset for connection level flow control
      to this value.  This is equivalent to sending a WINDOW_UPDATE
      (Section 8.3) for the connection immediately after completing the
      handshake.

   concurrent_streams (0x0002):  The maximum number of concurrent
      streams parameter is encoded as an unsigned 32-bit integer.

   idle_timeout (0x0003):  The idle timeout is a value in seconds that
      is encoded as an unsigned 16-bit integer.  The maximum value is
      600 seconds (10 minutes).

   An endpoint MAY use the following transport parameters:

   truncate_connection_id (0x0004):  The truncated connection identifier
      parameter indicates that packets sent to the peer can omit the
      connection ID.  This can be used by an endpoint where the 5-tuple
      is sufficient to identify a connection.  This parameter is zero
      length.  Omitting the parameter indicates that the endpoint relies
      on the connection ID being present in every packet.

7.3.2.  Values of Transport Parameters for 0-RTT

   Transport parameters from the server SHOULD be remembered by the
   client for use with 0-RTT data.  A client that doesn't remember
   values from a previous connection can instead assume the following
   values: stream_fc_offset (65535), connection_fc_offset (65535),
   concurrent_streams (10), idle_timeout (600), truncate_connection_id
   (absent).

   If assumed values change as a result of completing the handshake, the
   client is expected to respect the new values.  This introduces some

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   potential problems, particularly with respect to transport parameters
   that establish limits:

   o  A client might exceed a newly declared connection or stream flow
      control limit with 0-RTT data.  If this occurs, the client ceases
      transmission as though the flow control limit was reached.  Once
      WINDOW_UPDATE frames indicating an increase to the affected flow
      control offsets is received, the client can recommence sending.

   o  Similarly, a client might exceed the concurrent stream limit
      declared by the server.  A client MUST reset any streams that
      exceed this limit.  A server SHOULD reset any streams it cannot
      handle with a code that allows the client to retry any application
      action bound to those streams.

   A server MAY close a connection if remembered or assumed 0-RTT
   transport parameters cannot be supported, using an error code that is
   appropriate to the specific condition.  For example, a
   QUIC_FLOW_CONTROL_RECEIVED_TOO_MUCH_DATA might be used to indicate
   that exceeding flow control limits caused the error.  A client that
   has a connection closed due to an error condition SHOULD NOT attempt
   0-RTT when attempting to create a new connection.

7.3.3.  New Transport Parameters

   New transport parameters can be used to negotiate new protocol
   behavior.  An endpoint MUST ignore transport parameters that it does
   not support.  Absence of a transport parameter therefore disables any
   optional protocol feature that is negotiated using the parameter.

   The definition of a transport parameter SHOULD include a default
   value that a client can use when establishing a new connection.  If
   no default is specified, the value can be assumed to be absent when
   attempting 0-RTT.

   New transport parameters can be registered according to the rules in
   Section 14.1.

7.3.4.  Version Negotiation Validation

   The transport parameters include three fields that encode version
   information.  These retroactively authenticate the version
   negotiation (see Section 7.1) that is performed prior to the
   cryptographic handshake.

   The cryptographic handshake provides integrity protection for the
   negotiated version as part of the transport parameters (see

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   Section 7.3).  As a result, modification of version negotiation
   packets by an attacker can be detected.

   The client includes two fields in the transport parameters:

   o  The negotiated_version is the version that was finally selected
      for use.  This MUST be identical to the value that is on the
      packet that carries the ClientHello.  A server that receives a
      negotiated_version that does not match the version of QUIC that is
      in use MUST terminate the connection with a
      QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_MISMATCH error code.

   o  The initial_version is the version that the client initially
      attempted to use.  If the server did not send a version
      negotiation packet Section 5.3, this will be identical to the
      negotiated_version.

   A server that processes all packets in a stateful fashion can
   remember how version negotiation was performed and validate the
   initial_version value.

   A server that does not maintain state for every packet it receives
   (i.e., a stateless server) uses a different process.  If the initial
   and negotiated versions are the same, a stateless server can accept
   the value.

   If the initial version is different from the negotiated_version, a
   stateless server MUST check that it would have sent a version
   negotiation packet if it had received a packet with the indicated
   initial_version.  If a server would have accepted the version
   included in the initial_version and the value differs from the value
   of negotiated_version, the server MUST terminate the connection with
   a QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_MISMATCH error.

   The server includes a list of versions that it would send in any
   version negotiation packet (Section 5.3) in supported_versions.  This
   value is set even if it did not send a version negotiation packet.

   The client can validate that the negotiated_version is included in
   the supported_versions list and - if version negotiation was
   performed - that it would have selected the negotiated version.  A
   client MUST terminate the connection with a
   QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_MISMATCH error code if the
   negotiated_version value is not included in the supported_versions
   list.  A client MUST terminate with a
   QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_MISMATCH error code if version negotiation
   occurred but it would have selected a different version based on the
   value of the supported_versions list.

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7.4.  Proof of Source Address Ownership

   Transport protocols commonly spend a round trip checking that a
   client owns the transport address (IP and port) that it claims.
   Verifying that a client can receive packets sent to its claimed
   transport address protects against spoofing of this information by
   malicious clients.

   This technique is used primarily to avoid QUIC from being used for
   traffic amplification attack.  In such an attack, a packet is sent to
   a server with spoofed source address information that identifies a
   victim.  If a server generates more or larger packets in response to
   that packet, the attacker can use the server to send more data toward
   the victim than it would be able to send on its own.

   Several methods are used in QUIC to mitigate this attack.  Firstly,
   the initial handshake packet from a client is padded to at least 1280
   octets.  This allows a server to send a similar amount of data
   without risking causing an amplication attack toward an unproven
   remote address.

   A server eventually confirms that a client has received its messages
   when the cryptographic handshake successfully completes.  This might
   be insufficient, either because the server wishes to avoid the
   computational cost of completing the handshake, or it might be that
   the size of the packets that are sent during the handshake is too
   large.  This is especially important for 0-RTT, where the server
   might wish to provide application data traffic - such as a response
   to a request - in response to the data carried in the early data from
   the client.

   To send additional data prior to completing the cryptographic
   handshake, the server then needs to validate that the client owns the
   address that it claims.

   Source address validation is therefore performed during the
   establishment of a connection.  TLS provides the tools that support
   the feature, but basic validation is performed by the core transport
   protocol.

7.4.1.  Client Address Validation Procedure

   QUIC uses token-based address validation.  Any time the server wishes
   to validate a client address, it provides the client with a token.
   As long as the token cannot be easily guessed (see Section 7.4.3), if
   the client is able to return that token, it proves to the server that
   it received the token.

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   During the processing of the cryptographic handshake messages from a
   client, TLS will request that QUIC make a decision about whether to
   proceed based on the information it has.  TLS will provide QUIC with
   any token that was provided by the client.  For an initial packet,
   QUIC can decide to abort the connection, allow it to proceed, or
   request address validation.

   If QUIC decides to request address validation, it provides the
   cryptographic handshake with a token.  The contents of this token are
   consumed by the server that generates the token, so there is no need
   for a single well-defined format.  A token could include information
   about the claimed client address (IP and port), a timestamp, and any
   other supplementary information the server will need to validate the
   token in the future.

   The cryptographic handshake is responsible for enacting validation by
   sending the address validation token to the client.  A legitimate
   client will include a copy of the token when it attempts to continue
   the handshake.  The cryptographic handshake extracts the token then
   asks QUIC a second time whether the token is acceptable.  In
   response, QUIC can either abort the connection or permit it to
   proceed.

   A connection MAY be accepted without address validation - or with
   only limited validation - but a server SHOULD limit the data it sends
   toward an unvalidated address.  Successful completion of the
   cryptographic handshake implicitly provides proof that the client has
   received packets from the server.

7.4.2.  Address Validation on Session Resumption

   A server MAY provide clients with an address validation token during
   one connection that can be used on a subsequent connection.  Address
   validation is especially important with 0-RTT because a server
   potentially sends a significant amount of data to a client in
   response to 0-RTT data.

   A different type of token is needed when resuming.  Unlike the token
   that is created during a handshake, there might be some time between
   when the token is created and when the token is subsequently used.
   Thus, a resumption token SHOULD include an expiration time.  It is
   also unlikely that the client port number is the same on two
   different connections; validating the port is therefore unlikely to
   be successful.

   This token can be provided to the cryptographic handshake immediately
   after establishing a connection.  QUIC might also generate an updated
   token if significant time passes or the client address changes for

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   any reason (see Section 7.5).  The cryptographic handshake is
   responsible for providing the client with the token.  In TLS the
   token is included in the ticket that is used for resumption and
   0-RTT, which is carried in a NewSessionTicket message.

7.4.3.  Address Validation Token Integrity

   An address validation token MUST be difficult to guess.  Including a
   large enough random value in the token would be sufficient, but this
   depends on the server remembering the value it sends to clients.

   A token-based scheme allows the server to offload any state
   associated with validation to the client.  For this design to work,
   the token MUST be covered by integrity protection against
   modification or falsification by clients.  Without integrity
   protection, malicious clients could generate or guess values for
   tokens that would be accepted by the server.  Only the server
   requires access to the integrity protection key for tokens.

   In TLS the address validation token is often bundled with the
   information that TLS requires, such as the resumption secret.  In
   this case, adding integrity protection can be delegated to the
   cryptographic handshake protocol, avoiding redundant protection.  If
   integrity protection is delegated to the cryptographic handshake, an
   integrity failure will result in immediate cryptographic handshake
   failure.  If integrity protection is performed by QUIC, QUIC MUST
   abort the connection if the integrity check fails with a
   QUIC_ADDRESS_VALIDATION_FAILURE error code.

7.5.  Connection Migration

   QUIC connections are identified by their 64-bit Connection ID.
   QUIC's consistent connection ID allows connections to survive changes
   to the client's IP and/or port, such as those caused by client or
   server migrating to a new network.  QUIC also provides automatic
   cryptographic verification of a client which has changed its IP
   address because the client continues to use the same session key for
   encrypting and decrypting packets.

   DISCUSS: Simultaneous migration.  Is this reasonable?

   TODO: Perhaps move mitigation techniques from Security Considerations
   here.

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7.6.  Connection Termination

   Connections should remain open until they become idle for a pre-
   negotiated period of time.  A QUIC connection, once established, can
   be terminated in one of three ways:

   1.  Explicit Shutdown: An endpoint sends a CONNECTION_CLOSE frame to
       initiate a connection termination.  An endpoint may send a GOAWAY
       frame to the peer prior to a CONNECTION_CLOSE to indicate that
       the connection will soon be terminated.  A GOAWAY frame signals
       to the peer that any active streams will continue to be
       processed, but the sender of the GOAWAY will not initiate any
       additional streams and will not accept any new incoming streams.
       On termination of the active streams, a CONNECTION_CLOSE may be
       sent.  If an endpoint sends a CONNECTION_CLOSE frame while
       unterminated streams are active (no FIN bit or RST_STREAM frames
       have been sent or received for one or more streams), then the
       peer must assume that the streams were incomplete and were
       abnormally terminated.

   2.  Implicit Shutdown: The default idle timeout for a QUIC connection
       is 30 seconds, and is a required parameter in connection
       negotiation.  The maximum is 10 minutes.  If there is no network
       activity for the duration of the idle timeout, the connection is
       closed.  By default a CONNECTION_CLOSE frame will be sent.  A
       silent close option can be enabled when it is expensive to send
       an explicit close, such as mobile networks that must wake up the
       radio.

   3.  Abrupt Shutdown: An endpoint may send a Public Reset packet at
       any time during the connection to abruptly terminate an active
       connection.  A Public Reset packet SHOULD only be used as a final
       recourse.  Commonly, a public reset is expected to be sent when a
       packet on an established connection is received by an endpoint
       that is unable decrypt the packet.  For instance, if a server
       reboots mid-connection and loses any cryptographic state
       associated with open connections, and then receives a packet on
       an open connection, it should send a Public Reset packet in
       return.  (TODO: articulate rules around when a public reset
       should be sent.)

   TODO: Connections that are terminated are added to a TIME_WAIT list
   at the server, so as to absorb any straggler packets in the network.
   Discuss TIME_WAIT list.

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8.  Frame Types and Formats

   As described in Section 6, Regular packets contain one or more
   frames.  We now describe the various QUIC frame types that can be
   present in a Regular packet.  The use of these frames and various
   frame header bits are described in subsequent sections.

8.1.  STREAM Frame

   STREAM frames implicitly create a stream and carry stream data.  The
   type byte for a STREAM frame contains embedded flags, and is
   formatted as "1FDOOOSS".  These bits are parsed as follows:

   o  The leftmost bit must be set to 1, indicating that this is a
      STREAM frame.

   o  "F" is the FIN bit, which is used for stream termination.

   o  The "D" bit indicates whether a Data Length field is present in
      the STREAM header.  When set to 0, this field indicates that the
      Stream Data field extends to the end of the packet.  When set to
      1, this field indicates that Data Length field contains the length
      (in bytes) of the Stream Data field.  The option to omit the
      length should only be used when the packet is a "full-sized"
      packet, to avoid the risk of corruption via padding.

   o  The "OOO" bits encode the length of the Offset header field as 0,
      16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, or 64 bits long.

   o  The "SS" bits encode the length of the Stream ID header field as
      8, 16, 24, or 32 bits.  (DISCUSS: Consider making this 8, 16, 32,
      64.)

   A STREAM frame is shown below.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |       [Data Length (16)]      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                    Stream ID (8/16/24/32)                   ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                Offset (0/16/24/32/40/48/56/64)              ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Stream Data (*)                      ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 7: STREAM Frame Format

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   The STREAM frame contains the following fields:

   Data Length:  An optional 16-bit unsigned number specifying the
      length of the Stream Data field in this STREAM frame.  This field
      is present when the "D" bit is set to 1.

   Stream ID:  A variable-sized unsigned ID unique to this stream.

   Offset:  A variable-sized unsigned number specifying the byte offset
      in the stream for the data in this STREAM frame.  The first byte
      in the stream has an offset of 0.  The largest offset delivered on
      a stream - the sum of the re-constructed offset and data length -
      MUST be less than 2^64.

   Stream Data:  The bytes from the designated stream to be delivered.

   A STREAM frame MUST have either non-zero data length or the FIN bit
   set.

   Stream multiplexing is achieved by interleaving STREAM frames from
   multiple streams into one or more QUIC packets.  A single QUIC packet
   MAY bundle STREAM frames from multiple streams.

   Implementation note: One of the benefits of QUIC is avoidance of
   head-of-line blocking across multiple streams.  When a packet loss
   occurs, only streams with data in that packet are blocked waiting for
   a retransmission to be received, while other streams can continue
   making progress.  Note that when data from multiple streams is
   bundled into a single QUIC packet, loss of that packet blocks all
   those streams from making progress.  An implementation is therefore
   advised to bundle as few streams as necessary in outgoing packets
   without losing transmission efficiency to underfilled packets.

8.2.  ACK Frame

   Receivers send ACK frames to inform senders which packets they have
   received and processed, as well as which packets are considered
   missing.  The ACK frame contains between 1 and 256 ACK blocks.  ACK
   blocks are ranges of acknowledged packets.

   To limit ACK blocks to those that have not yet been received by the
   sender, the receiver SHOULD track which ACK frames have been
   acknowledged by its peer.  Once an ACK frame has been acknowledged,
   the packets it acknowledges SHOULD not be acknowledged again.  To
   handle cases where the receiver is only sending ACK frames, and hence
   will not receive acknowledgments for its packets, it MAY send a PING
   frame at most once per RTT to explicitly request acknowledgment.

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   To limit receiver state or the size of ACK frames, a receiver MAY
   limit the number of ACK blocks it sends.  A receiver can do this even
   without receiving acknowledgment of its ACK frames, with the
   knowledge this could cause the sender to unnecessarily retransmit
   some data.

   Unlike TCP SACKs, QUIC ACK blocks are cumulative and therefore
   irrevocable.  Once a packet has been acknowledged, even if it does
   not appear in a future ACK frame, it is assumed to be acknowledged.

   QUIC ACK frames contain a timestamp section with up to 255
   timestamps.  Timestamps enable better congestion control, but are not
   required for correct loss recovery, and old timestamps are less
   valuable, so it is not guaranteed every timestamp will be received by
   the sender.  A receiver SHOULD send a timestamp exactly once for each
   received packet containing retransmittable frames.  A receiver MAY
   send timestamps for non-retransmittable packets.

   A sender MAY intentionally skip packet numbers to introduce entropy
   into the connection, to avoid opportunistic acknowledgement attacks.
   The sender MUST close the connection if an unsent packet number is
   acknowledged.  The format of the ACK frame is efficient at expressing
   blocks of missing packets; skipping packet numbers between 1 and 255
   effectively provides up to 8 bits of efficient entropy on demand,
   which should be adequate protection against most opportunistic
   acknowledgement attacks.

   The type byte for a ACK frame contains embedded flags, and is
   formatted as "01NULLMM".  These bits are parsed as follows:

   o  The first two bits must be set to 01 indicating that this is an
      ACK frame.

   o  The "N" bit indicates whether the frame has more than 1 range of
      acknowledged packets (i.e., whether the ACK Block Section contains
      a Num Blocks field).

   o  The "U" bit is unused and MUST be set to zero.

   o  The two "LL" bits encode the length of the Largest Acknowledged
      field as 1, 2, 4, or 6 bytes long.

   o  The two "MM" bits encode the length of the ACK Block Length fields
      as 1, 2, 4, or 6 bytes long.

   An ACK frame is shown below.

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    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |[Num Blocks(8)]|   NumTS (8)   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                Largest Acknowledged (8/16/32/48)            ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |        ACK Delay (16)         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                     ACK Block Section (*)                   ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                     Timestamp Section (*)                   ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                        Figure 8: ACK Frame Format

   The fields in the ACK frame are as follows:

   Num Blocks (opt):  An optional 8-bit unsigned value specifying the
      number of additional ACK blocks (besides the required First ACK
      Block) in this ACK frame.  Only present if the 'N' flag bit is 1.

   Num Timestamps:  An unsigned 8-bit number specifying the total number
      of <packet number, timestamp> pairs in the Timestamp Section.

   Largest Acknowledged:  A variable-sized unsigned value representing
      the largest packet number the peer is acknowledging in this packet
      (typically the largest that the peer has seen thus far.)

   ACK Delay:  The time from when the largest acknowledged packet, as
      indicated in the Largest Acknowledged field, was received by this
      peer to when this ACK was sent.

   ACK Block Section:  Contains one or more blocks of packet numbers
      which have been successfully received, see Section 8.2.1.

   Timestamp Section:  Contains zero or more timestamps reporting
      transit delay of received packets.  See Section 8.2.2.

8.2.1.  ACK Block Section

   The ACK Block Section contains between one and 256 blocks of packet
   numbers which have been successfully received.  If the Num Blocks
   field is absent, only the First ACK Block length is present in this
   section.  Otherwise, the Num Blocks field indicates how many
   additional blocks follow the First ACK Block Length field.

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    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |              First ACK Block Length (8/16/32/48)            ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  [Gap 1 (8)]  |       [ACK Block 1 Length (8/16/32/48)]     ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  [Gap 2 (8)]  |       [ACK Block 2 Length (8/16/32/48)]     ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  [Gap N (8)]  |       [ACK Block N Length (8/16/32/48)]     ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                        Figure 9: ACK Block Section

   The fields in the ACK Block Section are:

   First ACK Block Length:  An unsigned packet number delta that
      indicates the number of contiguous additional packets being
      acknowledged starting at the Largest Acknowledged.

   Gap To Next Block (opt, repeated):  An unsigned number specifying the
      number of contiguous missing packets from the end of the previous
      ACK block to the start of the next.  Repeated "Num Blocks" times.

   ACK Block Length (opt, repeated):  An unsigned packet number delta
      that indicates the number of contiguous packets being acknowledged
      starting after the end of the previous gap.  Repeated "Num Blocks"
      times.

8.2.2.  Timestamp Section

   The Timestamp Section contains between zero and 255 measurements of
   packet receive times relative to the beginning of the connection.

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    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | [Delta LA (8)]|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                    [First Timestamp (32)]                     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |[Delta LA 1(8)]| [Time Since Previous 1 (16)]  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |[Delta LA 2(8)]| [Time Since Previous 2 (16)]  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                          ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |[Delta LA N(8)]| [Time Since Previous N (16)]  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 10: Timestamp Section

   The fields in the Timestamp Section are:

   Delta Largest Acknowledged (opt):  An optional 8-bit unsigned packet
      number delta specifying the delta between the largest acknowledged
      and the first packet whose timestamp is being reported.  In other
      words, this first packet number may be computed as (Largest
      Acknowledged - Delta Largest Acknowledged.)

   First Timestamp (opt):  An optional 32-bit unsigned value specifying
      the time delta in microseconds, from the beginning of the
      connection to the arrival of the packet indicated by Delta Largest
      Acknowledged.

   Delta Largest Acked 1..N (opt, repeated):  This field has the same
      semantics and format as "Delta Largest Acknowledged".  Repeated
      "Num Timestamps - 1" times.

   Time Since Previous Timestamp 1..N(opt, repeated):  An optional
      16-bit unsigned value specifying time delta from the previous
      reported timestamp.  It is encoded in the same format as the ACK
      Delay.  Repeated "Num Timestamps - 1" times.

   The timestamp section lists packet receipt timestamps ordered by
   timestamp.

8.2.2.1.  Time Format

   DISCUSS_AND_REPLACE: Perhaps make this format simpler.

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   The time format used in the ACK frame above is a 16-bit unsigned
   float with 11 explicit bits of mantissa and 5 bits of explicit
   exponent, specifying time in microseconds.  The bit format is loosely
   modeled after IEEE 754.  For example, 1 microsecond is represented as
   0x1, which has an exponent of zero, presented in the 5 high order
   bits, and mantissa of 1, presented in the 11 low order bits.  When
   the explicit exponent is greater than zero, an implicit high-order
   12th bit of 1 is assumed in the mantissa.  For example, a floating
   value of 0x800 has an explicit exponent of 1, as well as an explicit
   mantissa of 0, but then has an effective mantissa of 4096 (12th bit
   is assumed to be 1).  Additionally, the actual exponent is one-less
   than the explicit exponent, and the value represents 4096
   microseconds.  Any values larger than the representable range are
   clamped to 0xFFFF.

8.2.3.  ACK Frames and Packet Protection

   ACK frames that acknowledge protected packets MUST be carried in a
   packet that has an equivalent or greater level of packet protection.

   Packets that are protected with 1-RTT keys MUST be acknowledged in
   packets that are also protected with 1-RTT keys.

   A packet that is not protected and claims to acknowledge a packet
   number that was sent with packet protection is not valid.  An
   unprotected packet that carries acknowledgments for protected packets
   MUST be discarded in its entirety.

   Packets that a client sends with 0-RTT packet protection MUST be
   acknowledged by the server in packets protected by 1-RTT keys.  This
   can mean that the client is unable to use these acknowledgments if
   the server cryptographic handshake messages are delayed or lost.
   Note that the same limitation applies to other data sent by the
   server protected by the 1-RTT keys.

   Unprotected packets, such as those that carry the initial
   cryptographic handshake messages, MAY be acknowledged in unprotected
   packets.  Unprotected packets are vulnerable to falsification or
   modification.  Unprotected packets can be acknowledged along with
   protected packets in a protected packet.

   An endpoint SHOULD acknowledge packets containing cryptographic
   handshake messages in the next unprotected packet that it sends,
   unless it is able to acknowledge those packets in later packets
   protected by 1-RTT keys.  At the completion of the cryptographic
   handshake, both peers send unprotected packets containing
   cryptographic handshake messages followed by packets protected by
   1-RTT keys.  An endpoint SHOULD acknowledge the unprotected packets

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   that complete the cryptographic handshake in a protected packet,
   because its peer is guaranteed to have access to 1-RTT packet
   protection keys.

   For instance, a server acknowledges a TLS ClientHello in the packet
   that carries the TLS ServerHello; similarly, a client can acknowledge
   a TLS HelloRetryRequest in the packet containing a second TLS
   ClientHello.  The complete set of server handshake messages (TLS
   ServerHello through to Finished) might be acknowledged by a client in
   protected packets, because it is certain that the server is able to
   decipher the packet.

8.3.  WINDOW_UPDATE Frame

   The WINDOW_UPDATE frame (type=0x04) informs the peer of an increase
   in an endpoint's flow control receive window for either a single
   stream, or the entire connection as a whole.

   The frame is as follows:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Stream ID (32)                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                    Flow Control Offset (64)                   +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The fields in the WINDOW_UPDATE frame are as follows:

   Stream ID:  ID of the stream whose flow control windows is being
      updated, or 0 to specify the connection-level flow control window.

   Flow Control Offset:  A 64-bit unsigned integer indicating the flow
      control offset for the given stream (for a stream ID other than 0)
      or the entire connection.

   The flow control offset is expressed in units of octets for
   individual streams (for stream identifiers other than 0).

   The connection-level flow control offset is expressed in units of
   1024 octets (for a stream identifier of 0).  That is, the connection-
   level flow control offset is determined by multiplying the encoded
   value by 1024.

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   An endpoint accounts for the maximum offset of data that is sent or
   received on a stream.  Loss or reordering can mean that the maximum
   offset is greater than the total size of data received on a stream.
   Similarly, receiving STREAM frames might not increase the maximum
   offset on a stream.  A STREAM frame with a FIN bit set or RST_STREAM
   causes the final offset for a stream to be fixed.

   The maximum data offset on a stream MUST NOT exceed the stream flow
   control offset advertised by the receiver.  The sum of the maximum
   data offsets of all streams (including closed streams) MUST NOT
   exceed the connection flow control offset advertised by the receiver.
   An endpoint MUST terminate a connection with a
   QUIC_FLOW_CONTROL_RECEIVED_TOO_MUCH_DATA error if it receives more
   data than the largest flow control offset that it has sent, unless
   this is a result of a change in the initial offsets (see
   Section 7.3.2).

8.4.  BLOCKED Frame

   A sender sends a BLOCKED frame (type=0x05) when it is ready to send
   data (and has data to send), but is currently flow control blocked.
   BLOCKED frames are purely informational frames, but extremely useful
   for debugging purposes.  A receiver of a BLOCKED frame should simply
   discard it (after possibly printing a helpful log message).  The
   frame is as follows:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Stream ID (32)                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The BLOCKED frame contains a single field:

   Stream ID:  A 32-bit unsigned number indicating the stream which is
      flow control blocked.  A non-zero Stream ID field specifies the
      stream that is flow control blocked.  When zero, the Stream ID
      field indicates that the connection is flow control blocked.

8.5.  RST_STREAM Frame

   An endpoint may use a RST_STREAM frame (type=0x01) to abruptly
   terminate a stream.  The frame is as follows:

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    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Error Code (32)                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Stream ID (32)                         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                       Final Offset (64)                       +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The fields are:

   Error code:  A 32-bit error code which indicates why the stream is
      being closed.

   Stream ID:  The 32-bit Stream ID of the stream being terminated.

   Final offset:  A 64-bit unsigned integer indicating the absolute byte
      offset of the end of data written on this stream by the RST_STREAM
      sender.

8.6.  PADDING Frame

   The PADDING frame (type=0x00) has no semantic value.  PADDING frames
   can be used to increase the size of a packet.  Padding can be used to
   increase an initial client packet to the minimum required size, or to
   provide protection against traffic analysis for protected packets.

   A PADDING frame has no content.  That is, a PADDING frame consists of
   the single octet that identifies the frame as a PADDING frame.

8.7.  PING frame

   Endpoints can use PING frames (type=0x07) to verify that their peers
   are still alive or to check reachability to the peer.  The PING frame
   contains no additional fields.  The receiver of a PING frame simply
   needs to acknowledge the packet containing this frame.  The PING
   frame SHOULD be used to keep a connection alive when a stream is
   open.  The default is to send a PING frame after 15 seconds of
   quiescence.  A PING frame has no additional fields.

8.8.  CONNECTION_CLOSE frame

   An endpoint sends a CONNECTION_CLOSE frame (type=0x02) to notify its
   peer that the connection is being closed.  If there are open streams
   that haven't been explicitly closed, they are implicitly closed when

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   the connection is closed.  (Ideally, a GOAWAY frame would be sent
   with enough time that all streams are torn down.)  The frame is as
   follows:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Error Code (32)                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Reason Phrase Length (16)   |      [Reason Phrase (*)]    ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The fields of a CONNECTION_CLOSE frame are as follows:

   Error Code:  A 32-bit error code which indicates the reason for
      closing this connection.

   Reason Phrase Length:  A 16-bit unsigned number specifying the length
      of the reason phrase.  This may be zero if the sender chooses to
      not give details beyond the Error Code.

   Reason Phrase:  An optional human-readable explanation for why the
      connection was closed.

8.9.  GOAWAY Frame

   An endpoint uses a GOAWAY frame (type=0x03) to initiate a graceful
   shutdown of a connection.  The endpoints will continue to use any
   active streams, but the sender of the GOAWAY will not initiate or
   accept any additional streams beyond those indicated.  The GOAWAY
   frame is as follows:

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                  Largest Client Stream ID (32)                |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                  Largest Server Stream ID (32)                |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The fields of a GOAWAY frame are:

   Largest Client Stream ID:  The highest-numbered, client-initiated
      stream on which the endpoint sending the GOAWAY frame either sent
      data, or received and delivered data.  All higher-numbered,
      client-initiated streams (that is, odd-numbered streams) are
      implicitly reset by sending or receiving the GOAWAY frame.

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   Largest Server Stream ID:  The highest-numbered, server-initiated
      stream on which the endpoint sending the GOAWAY frame either sent
      data, or received and delivered data.  All higher-numbered,
      server-initiated streams (that is, even-numbered streams) are
      implicitly reset by sending or receiving the GOAWAY frame.

   A GOAWAY frame indicates that any application layer actions on
   streams with higher numbers than those indicated can be safely
   retried because no data was exchanged.  An endpoint MUST set the
   value of the Largest Client or Server Stream ID to be at least as
   high as the highest-numbered stream on which it either sent data or
   received and delivered data to the application protocol that uses
   QUIC.

   An endpoint MAY choose a larger stream identifier if it wishes to
   allow for a number of streams to be created.  This is especially
   valuable for peer-initiated streams where packets creating new
   streams could be in transit; using a larger stream number allows
   those streams to complete.

   In addition to initiating a graceful shutdown of a connection, GOAWAY
   MAY be sent immediately prior to sending a CONNECTION_CLOSE frame
   that is sent as a result of detecting a fatal error.  Higher-numbered
   streams than those indicated in the GOAWAY frame can then be retried.

9.  Packetization and Reliability

   The Path Maximum Transmission Unit (PTMU) is the maximum size of the
   entire IP header, UDP header, and UDP payload.  The UDP payload
   includes the QUIC public header, encrypted payload, and any
   authentication fields.

   All QUIC packets SHOULD be sized to fit within the estimated PMTU to
   avoid IP fragmentation or packet drops.  To optimize bandwidth
   efficiency, endpoints SHOULD use Packetization Layer PMTU Discovery
   ([RFC4821]) and MAY use PMTU Discovery ([RFC1191], [RFC1981]) for
   detecting the PMTU, setting the PMTU appropriately, and storing the
   result of previous PMTU determinations.

   In the absence of these mechanisms, QUIC endpoints SHOULD NOT send IP
   packets larger than 1280 octets.  Assuming the minimum IP header
   size, this results in a UDP payload length of 1232 octets for IPv6
   and 1252 octets for IPv4.

   QUIC endpoints that implement any kind of PMTU discovery SHOULD
   maintain an estimate for each combination of local and remote IP
   addresses (as each pairing could have a different maximum MTU in the
   path).

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   QUIC depends on the network path supporting a MTU of at least 1280
   octets.  This is the IPv6 minimum and therefore also supported by
   most modern IPv4 networks.  An endpoint MUST NOT reduce their MTU
   below this number, even if it receives signals that indicate a
   smaller limit might exist.

   Clients MUST ensure that the first packet in a connection, and any
   retransmissions of those octets, has a total size (including IP and
   UDP headers) of at least 1280 bytes.  This might require inclusion of
   PADDING frames.  It is RECOMMENDED that a packet be padded to exactly
   1280 octets unless the client has a reasonable assurance that the
   PMTU is larger.  Sending a packet of this size ensures that the
   network path supports an MTU of this size and helps mitigate
   amplification attacks caused by server responses toward an unverified
   client address.

   Servers MUST reject the first plaintext packet received from a client
   if it its total size is less than 1280 octets, to mitigate
   amplification attacks.

   If a QUIC endpoint determines that the PMTU between any pair of local
   and remote IP addresses has fallen below 1280 octets, it MUST
   immediately cease sending QUIC packets between those IP addresses.
   This may result in abrupt termination of the connection if all pairs
   are affected.  In this case, an endpoint SHOULD send a Public Reset
   packet to indicate the failure.  The application SHOULD attempt to
   use TLS over TCP instead.

   A sender bundles one or more frames in a Regular QUIC packet (see
   Section 6).

   A sender SHOULD minimize per-packet bandwidth and computational costs
   by bundling as many frames as possible within a QUIC packet.  A
   sender MAY wait for a short period of time to bundle multiple frames
   before sending a packet that is not maximally packed, to avoid
   sending out large numbers of small packets.  An implementation may
   use heuristics about expected application sending behavior to
   determine whether and for how long to wait.  This waiting period is
   an implementation decision, and an implementation should be careful
   to delay conservatively, since any delay is likely to increase
   application-visible latency.

   Regular QUIC packets are "containers" of frames; a packet is never
   retransmitted whole.  How an endpoint handles the loss of the frame
   depends on the type of the frame.  Some frames are simply
   retransmitted, some have their contents moved to new frames, and
   others are never retransmitted.

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   When a packet is detected as lost, the sender re-sends any frames as
   necessary:

   o  All application data sent in STREAM frames MUST be retransmitted,
      unless the endpoint has sent a RST_STREAM for that stream.  When
      an endpoint sends a RST_STREAM frame, data outstanding on that
      stream SHOULD NOT be retransmitted, since subsequent data on this
      stream is expected to not be delivered by the receiver.

   o  ACK and PADDING frames MUST NOT be retransmitted.  ACK frames are
      cumulative, so new frames containing updated information will be
      sent as described in Section 8.2.

   o  All other frames MUST be retransmitted.

   Upon detecting losses, a sender MUST take appropriate congestion
   control action.  The details of loss detection and congestion control
   are described in [QUIC-RECOVERY].

   A packet MUST NOT be acknowledged until packet protection has been
   successfully removed and all frames contained in the packet have been
   processed.  For STREAM frames, this means the data has been queued
   (but not necessarily delivered to the application).  This also means
   that any stream state transitions triggered by STREAM or RST_STREAM
   frames have occurred.  Once the packet has been fully processed, a
   receiver acknowledges receipt by sending one or more ACK frames
   containing the packet number of the received packet.

   To avoid creating an indefinite feedback loop, an endpoint MUST NOT
   generate an ACK frame in response to a packet containing only ACK or
   PADDING frames.

   Strategies and implications of the frequency of generating
   acknowledgments are discussed in more detail in [QUIC-RECOVERY].

9.1.  Special Considerations for PMTU Discovery

   Traditional ICMP-based path MTU discovery in IPv4 ([RFC1191] is
   potentially vulnerable to off-path attacks that successfully guess
   the IP/port 4-tuple and reduce the MTU to a bandwidth-inefficient
   value.  TCP connections mitigate this risk by using the (at minimum)
   8 bytes of transport header echoed in the ICMP message to validate
   the TCP sequence number as valid for the current connection.
   However, as QUIC operates over UDP, in IPv4 the echoed information
   could consist only of the IP and UDP headers, which usually has
   insufficient entropy to mitigate off-path attacks.

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   As a result, endpoints that implement PMTUD in IPv4 SHOULD take steps
   to mitigate this risk.  For instance, an application could:

   o  Set the IPv4 Don't Fragment (DF) bit on a small proportion of
      packets, so that most invalid ICMP messages arrive when there are
      no DF packets outstanding, and can therefore be identified as
      spurious.

   o  Store additional information from the IP or UDP headers from DF
      packets (for example, the IP ID or UDP checksum) to further
      authenticate incoming Datagram Too Big messages.

   o  Any reduction in PMTU due to a report contained in an ICMP packet
      is provisional until QUIC's loss detection algorithm determines
      that the packet is actually lost.

10.  Streams: QUIC's Data Structuring Abstraction

   Streams in QUIC provide a lightweight, ordered, and bidirectional
   byte-stream abstraction modeled closely on HTTP/2 streams [RFC7540].

   Streams can be created either by the client or the server, can
   concurrently send data interleaved with other streams, and can be
   cancelled.

   Data that is received on a stream is delivered in order within that
   stream, but there is no particular delivery order across streams.
   Transmit ordering among streams is left to the implementation.

   The creation and destruction of streams are expected to have minimal
   bandwidth and computational cost.  A single STREAM frame may create,
   carry data for, and terminate a stream, or a stream may last the
   entire duration of a connection.

   Streams are individually flow controlled, allowing an endpoint to
   limit memory commitment and to apply back pressure.

   An alternative view of QUIC streams is as an elastic "message"
   abstraction, similar to the way ephemeral streams are used in SST
   [SST], which may be a more appealing description for some
   applications.

10.1.  Life of a Stream

   The semantics of QUIC streams is based on HTTP/2 streams, and the
   lifecycle of a QUIC stream therefore closely follows that of an
   HTTP/2 stream [RFC7540], with some differences to accommodate the
   possibility of out-of-order delivery due to the use of multiple

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   streams in QUIC.  The lifecycle of a QUIC stream is shown in the
   following figure and described below.

                               +--------+
                               |        |
                               |  idle  |
                               |        |
                               +--------+
                                    |
                                    | send data/
                                    | recv data/
                                    | recv higher stream
                                    |
                                    v
                               +--------+
                   recv FIN    |        |    send FIN
                     ,---------|  open  |-----------.
                    /          |        |            \
                   v           +--------+             v
            +----------+            |             +----------+
            |   half   |            |             |   half   |
            |  closed  |            | send RST/   |  closed  |
            | (remote) |            | recv RST    |  (local) |
            +----------+            |             +----------+
                |                   |                    |
                | send FIN/         |          recv FIN/ |
                | send RST/         v          send RST/ |
                | recv RST     +--------+      recv RST  |
                `------------->|        |<---------------'
                               | closed |
                               |        |
                               +--------+

      send:   endpoint sends this frame
      recv:   endpoint receives this frame

      data: application data in a STREAM frame
      FIN: FIN flag in a STREAM frame
      RST: RST_STREAM frame

                     Figure 11: Lifecycle of a stream

   Note that this diagram shows stream state transitions and the frames
   and flags that affect those transitions only.  For the purpose of
   state transitions, the FIN flag is processed as a separate event to
   the frame that bears it; a STREAM frame with the FIN flag set can
   cause two state transitions.  When the FIN flag is sent on an empty

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   STREAM frame, the offset in the STREAM frame MUST be one greater than
   the last data byte sent on this stream.

   The recipient of a frame which changes stream state will have a
   delayed view of the state of a stream while the frame is in transit.
   Endpoints do not coordinate the creation of streams; they are created
   unilaterally by either endpoint.  The negative consequences of a
   mismatch in states are limited to the "closed" state after sending
   RST_STREAM, where frames might be received for some time after
   closing.  Endpoints can use acknowledgments to understand the peer's
   subjective view of stream state at any given time.

   Streams have the following states:

10.1.1.  idle

   All streams start in the "idle" state.

   The following transitions are valid from this state:

   Sending or receiving a STREAM frame causes the stream to become
   "open".  The stream identifier is selected as described in
   Section 10.2.  The same STREAM frame can also cause a stream to
   immediately become "half-closed".

   Receiving a STREAM frame on a peer-initiated stream (that is, a
   packet sent by a server on an even-numbered stream or a client packet
   on an odd-numbered stream) also causes all lower-numbered "idle"
   streams in the same direction to become "open".  This could occur if
   a peer begins sending on streams in a different order to their
   creation, or it could happen if packets are lost or reordered in
   transit.

   Receiving any frame other than STREAM or RST_STREAM on a stream in
   this state MUST be treated as a connection error (Section 12) of type
   YYYY.

10.1.2.  open

   A stream in the "open" state may be used by both peers to send frames
   of any type.  In this state, a sending peer must observe the flow-
   control limit advertised by its receiving peer (Section 11).

   From this state, either endpoint can send a frame with the FIN flag
   set, which causes the stream to transition into one of the "half-
   closed" states.  An endpoint sending an FIN flag causes the stream
   state to become "half-closed (local)".  An endpoint receiving a FIN
   flag causes the stream state to become "half-closed (remote)" once

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   all preceding data has arrived.  The receiving endpoint MUST NOT
   consider the stream state to have changed until all data has arrived.

   Either endpoint can send a RST_STREAM frame from this state, causing
   it to transition immediately to "closed".

10.1.3.  half-closed (local)

   A stream that is in the "half-closed (local)" state MUST NOT be used
   for sending STREAM frames; WINDOW_UPDATE and RST_STREAM MAY be sent
   in this state.

   A stream transitions from this state to "closed" when a STREAM frame
   that contains a FIN flag is received and all prior data has arrived,
   or when either peer sends a RST_STREAM frame.

   An endpoint that closes a stream MUST NOT send data beyond the final
   offset that it has chosen, see Section 10.1.5 for details.

   An endpoint can receive any type of frame in this state.  Providing
   flow-control credit using WINDOW_UPDATE frames is necessary to
   continue receiving flow-controlled frames.  In this state, a receiver
   MAY ignore WINDOW_UPDATE frames for this stream, which might arrive
   for a short period after a frame bearing the FIN flag is sent.

10.1.4.  half-closed (remote)

   A stream that is "half-closed (remote)" is no longer being used by
   the peer to send any data.  In this state, a sender is no longer
   obligated to maintain a receiver stream-level flow-control window.

   A stream that is in the "half-closed (remote)" state will have a
   final offset for received data, see Section 10.1.5 for details.

   A stream in this state can be used by the endpoint to send frames of
   any type.  In this state, the endpoint continues to observe
   advertised stream-level and connection-level flow-control limits
   (Section 11).

   A stream can transition from this state to "closed" by sending a
   frame that contains a FIN flag or when either peer sends a RST_STREAM
   frame.

10.1.5.  closed

   The "closed" state is the terminal state.

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   An endpoint will learn the final offset of the data it receives on a
   stream when it enters the "half-closed (remote)" or "closed" state.
   The final offset is carried explicitly in the RST_STREAM frame;
   otherwise, the final offset is the offset of the end of the data
   carried in STREAM frame marked with a FIN flag.

   An endpoint MUST NOT send data on a stream at or beyond the final
   offset.

   Once a final offset for a stream is known, it cannot change.  If a
   RST_STREAM or STREAM frame causes the final offset to change for a
   stream, an endpoint SHOULD respond with a
   QUIC_STREAM_DATA_AFTER_TERMINATION error (see Section 12).  A
   receiver SHOULD treat receipt of data at or beyond the final offset
   as a QUIC_STREAM_DATA_AFTER_TERMINATION error.  Generating these
   errors is not mandatory, but only because requiring that an endpoint
   generate these errors also means that the endpoint needs to maintain
   the final offset state for closed streams, which could mean a
   significant state commitment.

   An endpoint that receives a RST_STREAM frame (and which has not sent
   a FIN or a RST_STREAM) MUST immediately respond with a RST_STREAM
   frame, and MUST NOT send any more data on the stream.  This endpoint
   may continue receiving frames for the stream on which a RST_STREAM is
   received.

   If this state is reached as a result of sending a RST_STREAM frame,
   the peer that receives the RST_STREAM frame might have already sent -
   or enqueued for sending - frames on the stream that cannot be
   withdrawn.  An endpoint MUST ignore frames that it receives on closed
   streams after it has sent a RST_STREAM frame.  An endpoint MAY choose
   to limit the period over which it ignores frames and treat frames
   that arrive after this time as being in error.

   STREAM frames received after sending RST_STREAM are counted toward
   the connection and stream flow-control windows.  Even though these
   frames might be ignored, because they are sent before their sender
   receives the RST_STREAM, the sender will consider the frames to count
   against its flow-control windows.

   In the absence of more specific guidance elsewhere in this document,
   implementations SHOULD treat the receipt of a frame that is not
   expressly permitted in the description of a state as a connection
   error (Section 12).  Frames of unknown types are ignored.

   (TODO: QUIC_STREAM_NO_ERROR is a special case.  Write it up.)

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10.2.  Stream Identifiers

   Streams are identified by an unsigned 32-bit integer, referred to as
   the StreamID.  To avoid StreamID collision, clients MUST initiate
   streams usinge odd-numbered StreamIDs; streams initiated by the
   server MUST use even-numbered StreamIDs.

   A StreamID of zero (0x0) is reserved and used for connection-level
   flow control frames (Section 11); the StreamID of zero cannot be used
   to establish a new stream.

   StreamID 1 (0x1) is reserved for the cryptographic handshake.
   StreamID 1 MUST NOT be used for application data, and MUST be the
   first client-initiated stream.

   A QUIC endpoint cannot reuse a StreamID on a given connection.
   Streams MUST be created in sequential order.  Open streams can be
   used in any order.  Streams that are used out of order result in
   lower-numbered streams in the same direction being counted as open.

   All streams, including stream 1, count toward this limit.  Thus, a
   concurrent stream limit of 0 will cause a connection to be unusable.
   Application protocols that use QUIC might require a certain minimum
   number of streams to function correctly.  If a peer advertises an
   concurrent stream limit (concurrent_streams) that is too small for
   the selected application protocol to function, an endpoint MUST
   terminate the connection with an error of type
   QUIC_TOO_MANY_OPEN_STREAMS (Section 12).

10.3.  Stream Concurrency

   An endpoint limits the number of concurrently active incoming streams
   by setting the concurrent stream limit (see Section 7.3.1) in the
   transport parameters.  The maximum concurrent streams setting is
   specific to each endpoint and applies only to the peer that receives
   the setting.  That is, clients specify the maximum number of
   concurrent streams the server can initiate, and servers specify the
   maximum number of concurrent streams the client can initiate.

   Streams that are in the "open" state or in either of the "half-
   closed" states count toward the maximum number of streams that an
   endpoint is permitted to open.  Streams in any of these three states
   count toward the limit advertised in the concurrent stream limit.

   A recently closed stream MUST also be considered to count toward this
   limit until packets containing all frames required to close the
   stream have been acknowledged.  For a stream which closed cleanly,
   this means all STREAM frames have been acknowledged; for a stream

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   which closed abruptly, this means the RST_STREAM frame has been
   acknowledged.

   Endpoints MUST NOT exceed the limit set by their peer.  An endpoint
   that receives a STREAM frame that causes its advertised concurrent
   stream limit to be exceeded MUST treat this as a stream error of type
   QUIC_TOO_MANY_OPEN_STREAMS (Section 12).

10.4.  Sending and Receiving Data

   Once a stream is created, endpoints may use the stream to send and
   receive data.  Each endpoint may send a series of STREAM frames
   encapsulating data on a stream until the stream is terminated in that
   direction.  Streams are an ordered byte-stream abstraction, and they
   have no other structure within them.  STREAM frame boundaries are not
   expected to be preserved in retransmissions from the sender or during
   delivery to the application at the receiver.

   When new data is to be sent on a stream, a sender MUST set the
   encapsulating STREAM frame's offset field to the stream offset of the
   first byte of this new data.  The first byte of data that is sent on
   a stream has the stream offset 0.  The largest offset delivered on a
   stream MUST be less than 2^64.  A receiver MUST ensure that received
   stream data is delivered to the application as an ordered byte-
   stream.  Data received out of order MUST be buffered for later
   delivery, as long as it is not in violation of the receiver's flow
   control limits.

   The cryptographic handshake stream, Stream 1, MUST NOT be subject to
   congestion control or connection-level flow control, but MUST be
   subject to stream-level flow control.  An endpoint MUST NOT send data
   on any other stream without consulting the congestion controller and
   the flow controller.

   Flow control is described in detail in Section 11, and congestion
   control is described in the companion document [QUIC-RECOVERY].

10.5.  Stream Prioritization

   Stream multiplexing has a significant effect on application
   performance if resources allocated to streams are correctly
   prioritized.  Experience with other multiplexed protocols, such as
   HTTP/2 [RFC7540], shows that effective prioritization strategies have
   a significant positive impact on performance.

   QUIC does not provide frames for exchanging priotization information.
   Instead it relies on receiving priority information from the
   application that uses QUIC.  Protocols that use QUIC are able to

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   define any prioritization scheme that suits their application
   semantics.  A protocol might define explicit messages for signaling
   priority, such as those defined in HTTP/2; it could define rules that
   allow an endpoint to determine priority based on context; or it could
   leave the determination to the application.

   A QUIC implementation SHOULD provide ways in which an application can
   indicate the relative priority of streams.  When deciding which
   streams to dedicate resources to, QUIC SHOULD use the information
   provided by the application.  Failure to account for priority of
   streams can result in suboptimal performance.

   Stream priority is most relevant when deciding which stream data will
   be transmitted.  Often, there will be limits on what can be
   transmitted as a result of connection flow control or the current
   congestion controller state.

   Giving preference to the transmission of its own management frames
   ensures that the protocol functions efficiently.  That is,
   prioritizing frames other than STREAM frames ensures that loss
   recovery, congestion control, and flow control operate effectively.

   Stream 1 MUST be prioritized over other streams prior to the
   completion of the cryptographic handshake.  This includes the
   retransmission of the second flight of client handshake messages,
   that is, the TLS Finished and any client authentication messages.

   STREAM frames that are determined to be lost SHOULD be retransmitted
   before sending new data, unless application priorities indicate
   otherwise.  Retransmitting lost STREAM frames can fill in gaps, which
   allows the peer to consume already received data and free up flow
   control window.

11.  Flow Control

   It is necessary to limit the amount of data that a sender may have
   outstanding at any time, so as to prevent a fast sender from
   overwhelming a slow receiver, or to prevent a malicious sender from
   consuming significant resources at a receiver.  This section
   describes QUIC's flow-control mechanisms.

   QUIC employs a credit-based flow-control scheme similar to HTTP/2's
   flow control [RFC7540].  A receiver advertises the number of octets
   it is prepared to receive on a given stream and for the entire
   connection.  This leads to two levels of flow control in QUIC: (i)
   Connection flow control, which prevents senders from exceeding a
   receiver's buffer capacity for the connection, and (ii) Stream flow

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   control, which prevents a single stream from consuming the entire
   receive buffer for a connection.

   A receiver sends WINDOW_UPDATE frames to the sender to advertise
   additional credit by sending the absolute byte offset in the stream
   or in the connection which it is willing to receive.

   The initial flow control credit is 65536 bytes for both the stream
   and connection flow controllers.

   A receiver MAY advertise a larger offset at any point in the
   connection by sending a WINDOW_UPDATE frame.  A receiver MUST NOT
   renege on an advertisement; that is, once a receiver advertises an
   offset via a WINDOW_UPDATE frame, it MUST NOT subsequently advertise
   a smaller offset.  A sender may receive WINDOW_UPDATE frames out of
   order; a sender MUST therefore ignore any WINDOW_UPDATE that does not
   move the window forward.

   A receiver MUST close the connection with a
   QUIC_FLOW_CONTROL_RECEIVED_TOO_MUCH_DATA error (Section 12) if the
   peer violates the advertised stream or connection flow control
   windows.

   A sender MUST send BLOCKED frames to indicate it has data to write
   but is blocked by lack of connection or stream flow control credit.
   BLOCKED frames are expected to be sent infrequently in common cases,
   but they are considered useful for debugging and monitoring purposes.

   A receiver advertises credit for a stream by sending a WINDOW_UPDATE
   frame with the StreamID set appropriately.  A receiver may use the
   current offset of data consumed to determine the flow control offset
   to be advertised.  A receiver MAY send copies of a WINDOW_UPDATE
   frame in multiple packets in order to make sure that the sender
   receives it before running out of flow control credit, even if one of
   the packets is lost.

   Connection flow control is a limit to the total bytes of stream data
   sent in STREAM frames on all streams contributing to connection flow
   control.  A receiver advertises credit for a connection by sending a
   WINDOW_UPDATE frame with the StreamID set to zero (0x00).  A receiver
   maintains a cumulative sum of bytes received on all streams
   contributing to connection-level flow control, to check for flow
   control violations.  A receiver may maintain a cumulative sum of
   bytes consumed on all contributing streams to determine the
   connection-level flow control offset to be advertised.

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11.1.  Edge Cases and Other Considerations

   There are some edge cases which must be considered when dealing with
   stream and connection level flow control.  Given enough time, both
   endpoints must agree on flow control state.  If one end believes it
   can send more than the other end is willing to receive, the
   connection will be torn down when too much data arrives.  Conversely
   if a sender believes it is blocked, while endpoint B expects more
   data can be received, then the connection can be in a deadlock, with
   the sender waiting for a WINDOW_UPDATE which will never come.

11.1.1.  Mid-stream RST_STREAM

   On receipt of a RST_STREAM frame, an endpoint will tear down state
   for the matching stream and ignore further data arriving on that
   stream.  This could result in the endpoints getting out of sync,
   since the RST_STREAM frame may have arrived out of order and there
   may be further bytes in flight.  The data sender would have counted
   the data against its connection level flow control budget, but a
   receiver that has not received these bytes would not know to include
   them as well.  The receiver must learn the number of bytes that were
   sent on the stream to make the same adjustment in its connection flow
   controller.

   To avoid this de-synchronization, a RST_STREAM sender MUST include
   the final byte offset sent on the stream in the RST_STREAM frame.  On
   receiving a RST_STREAM frame, a receiver definitively knows how many
   bytes were sent on that stream before the RST_STREAM frame, and the
   receiver MUST use the final offset to account for all bytes sent on
   the stream in its connection level flow controller.

11.1.2.  Response to a RST_STREAM

   Since streams are bidirectional, a sender of a RST_STREAM needs to
   know how many bytes the peer has sent on the stream.  If an endpoint
   receives a RST_STREAM frame and has sent neither a FIN nor a
   RST_STREAM, it MUST send a RST_STREAM in response, bearing the offset
   of the last byte sent on this stream as the final offset.

11.1.3.  Offset Increment

   This document leaves when and how many bytes to advertise in a
   WINDOW_UPDATE to the implementation, but offers a few considerations.
   WINDOW_UPDATE frames constitute overhead, and therefore, sending a
   WINDOW_UPDATE with small offset increments is undesirable.  At the
   same time, sending WINDOW_UPDATES with large offset increments
   requires the sender to commit to that amount of buffer.

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   Implementations must find the correct tradeoff between these sides to
   determine how large an offset increment to send in a WINDOW_UPDATE.

   A receiver MAY use an autotuning mechanism to tune the size of the
   offset increment to advertise based on a roundtrip time estimate and
   the rate at which the receiving application consumes data, similar to
   common TCP implementations.

11.1.4.  BLOCKED frames

   If a sender does not receive a WINDOW_UPDATE frame when it has run
   out of flow control credit, the sender will be blocked and MUST send
   a BLOCKED frame.  A BLOCKED frame is expected to be useful for
   debugging at the receiver.  A receiver SHOULD NOT wait for a BLOCKED
   frame before sending a WINDOW_UPDATE, since doing so will cause at
   least one roundtrip of quiescence.  For smooth operation of the
   congestion controller, it is generally considered best to not let the
   sender go into quiescence if avoidable.  To avoid blocking a sender,
   and to reasonably account for the possibiity of loss, a receiver
   should send a WINDOW_UPDATE frame at least two roundtrips before it
   expects the sender to get blocked.

12.  Error Handling

   An endpoint that detects an error SHOULD signal the existence of that
   error to its peer.  Errors can affect an entire connection (see
   Section 12.1), or a single stream (see Section 12.2).

   The most appropriate error code (Section 12.3) SHOULD be included in
   the frame that signals the error.  Where this specification
   identifies error conditions, it also identifies the error code that
   is used.

   Public Reset is not suitable for any error that can be signaled with
   a CONNECTION_CLOSE or RST_STREAM frame.  Public Reset MUST NOT be
   sent by an endpoint that has the state necessary to send a frame on
   the connection.

12.1.  Connection Errors

   Errors that result in the connection being unusable, such as an
   obvious violation of protocol semantics or corruption of state that
   affects an entire connection, MUST be signaled using a
   CONNECTION_CLOSE frame (Section 8.8).  An endpoint MAY close the
   connection in this manner, even if the error only affects a single
   stream.

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   A CONNECTION_CLOSE frame could be sent in a packet that is lost.  An
   endpoint SHOULD be prepared to retransmit a packet containing a
   CONNECTION_CLOSE frame if it receives more packets on a terminated
   connection.  Limiting the number of retransmissions and the time over
   which this final packet is sent limits the effort expended on
   terminated connections.

   An endpoint that chooses not to retransmit packets containing
   CONNECTION_CLOSE risks a peer missing the first such packet.  The
   only mechanism available to an endpoint that continues to receive
   data for a terminated connection is to send a Public Reset packet.

12.2.  Stream Errors

   If the error affects a single stream, but otherwise leaves the
   connection in a recoverable state, the endpoint can sent a RST_STREAM
   frame (Section 8.5) with an appropriate error code to terminate just
   the affected stream.

   Stream 1 is critical to the functioning of the entire connection.  If
   stream 1 is closed with either a RST_STREAM or STREAM frame bearing
   the FIN flag, an endpoint MUST generate a connection error of type
   QUIC_CLOSED_CRITICAL_STREAM.

   Some application protocols make other streams critical to that
   protocol.  An application protocol does not need to inform the
   transport that a stream is critical; it can instead generate
   appropriate errors in response to being notified that the critical
   stream is closed.

   An endpoint MAY send a RST_STREAM frame in the same packet as a
   CONNECTION_CLOSE frame.

12.3.  Error Codes

   Error codes are 32 bits long, with the first two bits indicating the
   source of the error code:

   0x00000000-0x3FFFFFFF:  Application-specific error codes.  Defined by
      each application-layer protocol.

   0x40000000-0x7FFFFFFF:  Reserved for host-local error codes.  These
      codes MUST NOT be sent to a peer, but MAY be used in API return
      codes and logs.

   0x80000000-0xBFFFFFFF:  QUIC transport error codes, including packet
      protection errors.  Applicable to all uses of QUIC.

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   0xC0000000-0xFFFFFFFF:  Cryptographic error codes.  Defined by the
      cryptographic handshake protocol in use.

   This section lists the defined QUIC transport error codes that may be
   used in a CONNECTION_CLOSE or RST_STREAM frame.  Error codes share a
   common code space.  Some error codes apply only to either streams or
   the entire connection and have no defined semantics in the other
   context.

   QUIC_INTERNAL_ERROR (0x80000001):  Connection has reached an invalid
      state.

   QUIC_STREAM_DATA_AFTER_TERMINATION (0x80000002):  There were data
      frames after the a fin or reset.

   QUIC_INVALID_PACKET_HEADER (0x80000003):  Control frame is malformed.

   QUIC_INVALID_FRAME_DATA (0x80000004):  Frame data is malformed.

   QUIC_MULTIPLE_TERMINATION_OFFSETS (0x80000005):  Multiple final
      offset values were received on the same stream

   QUIC_STREAM_CANCELLED (0x80000006):  The stream was cancelled

   QUIC_CLOSED_CRITICAL_STREAM (0x80000007):  A stream that is critical
      to the protocol was closed.

   QUIC_MISSING_PAYLOAD (0x80000030):  The packet contained no payload.

   QUIC_INVALID_STREAM_DATA (0x8000002E):  STREAM frame data is
      malformed.

   QUIC_UNENCRYPTED_STREAM_DATA (0x8000003D):  Received STREAM frame
      data is not encrypted.

   QUIC_MAYBE_CORRUPTED_MEMORY (0x80000059):  Received a frame which is
      likely the result of memory corruption.

   QUIC_INVALID_RST_STREAM_DATA (0x80000006):  RST_STREAM frame data is
      malformed.

   QUIC_INVALID_CONNECTION_CLOSE_DATA (0x80000007):  CONNECTION_CLOSE
      frame data is malformed.

   QUIC_INVALID_GOAWAY_DATA (0x80000008):  GOAWAY frame data is
      malformed.

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   QUIC_INVALID_WINDOW_UPDATE_DATA (0x80000039):  WINDOW_UPDATE frame
      data is malformed.

   QUIC_INVALID_BLOCKED_DATA (0x8000003A):  BLOCKED frame data is
      malformed.

   QUIC_INVALID_PATH_CLOSE_DATA (0x8000004E):  PATH_CLOSE frame data is
      malformed.

   QUIC_INVALID_ACK_DATA (0x80000009):  ACK frame data is malformed.

   QUIC_INVALID_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_PACKET (0x8000000A):  Version
      negotiation packet is malformed.

   QUIC_INVALID_PUBLIC_RST_PACKET (0x8000000b):  Public RST packet is
      malformed.

   QUIC_DECRYPTION_FAILURE (0x8000000c):  There was an error decrypting.

   QUIC_ENCRYPTION_FAILURE (0x8000000d):  There was an error encrypting.

   QUIC_PACKET_TOO_LARGE (0x8000000e):  The packet exceeded
      kMaxPacketSize.

   QUIC_PEER_GOING_AWAY (0x80000010):  The peer is going away.  May be a
      client or server.

   QUIC_INVALID_STREAM_ID (0x80000011):  A stream ID was invalid.

   QUIC_INVALID_PRIORITY (0x80000031):  A priority was invalid.

   QUIC_TOO_MANY_OPEN_STREAMS (0x80000012):  Too many streams already
      open.

   QUIC_TOO_MANY_AVAILABLE_STREAMS (0x8000004c):  The peer created too
      many available streams.

   QUIC_PUBLIC_RESET (0x80000013):  Received public reset for this
      connection.

   QUIC_INVALID_VERSION (0x80000014):  Invalid protocol version.

   QUIC_INVALID_HEADER_ID (0x80000016):  The Header ID for a stream was
      too far from the previous.

   QUIC_INVALID_NEGOTIATED_VALUE (0x80000017):  Negotiable parameter
      received during handshake had invalid value.

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   QUIC_DECOMPRESSION_FAILURE (0x80000018):  There was an error
      decompressing data.

   QUIC_NETWORK_IDLE_TIMEOUT (0x80000019):  The connection timed out due
      to no network activity.

   QUIC_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT (0x80000043):  The connection timed out
      waiting for the handshake to complete.

   QUIC_ERROR_MIGRATING_ADDRESS (0x8000001a):  There was an error
      encountered migrating addresses.

   QUIC_ERROR_MIGRATING_PORT (0x80000056):  There was an error
      encountered migrating port only.

   QUIC_EMPTY_STREAM_FRAME_NO_FIN (0x80000032):  We received a
      STREAM_FRAME with no data and no fin flag set.

   QUIC_FLOW_CONTROL_RECEIVED_TOO_MUCH_DATA (0x8000003b):  The peer
      received too much data, violating flow control.

   QUIC_FLOW_CONTROL_SENT_TOO_MUCH_DATA (0x8000003f):  The peer sent too
      much data, violating flow control.

   QUIC_FLOW_CONTROL_INVALID_WINDOW (0x80000040):  The peer received an
      invalid flow control window.

   QUIC_CONNECTION_IP_POOLED (0x8000003e):  The connection has been IP
      pooled into an existing connection.

   QUIC_TOO_MANY_OUTSTANDING_SENT_PACKETS (0x80000044):  The connection
      has too many outstanding sent packets.

   QUIC_TOO_MANY_OUTSTANDING_RECEIVED_PACKETS (0x80000045):  The
      connection has too many outstanding received packets.

   QUIC_CONNECTION_CANCELLED (0x80000046):  The QUIC connection has been
      cancelled.

   QUIC_BAD_PACKET_LOSS_RATE (0x80000047):  Disabled QUIC because of
      high packet loss rate.

   QUIC_PUBLIC_RESETS_POST_HANDSHAKE (0x80000049):  Disabled QUIC
      because of too many PUBLIC_RESETs post handshake.

   QUIC_TIMEOUTS_WITH_OPEN_STREAMS (0x8000004a):  Disabled QUIC because
      of too many timeouts with streams open.

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   QUIC_TOO_MANY_RTOS (0x80000055):  QUIC timed out after too many RTOs.

   QUIC_ENCRYPTION_LEVEL_INCORRECT (0x8000002c):  A packet was received
      with the wrong encryption level (i.e. it should have been
      encrypted but was not.)

   QUIC_VERSION_NEGOTIATION_MISMATCH (0x80000037):  This connection
      involved a version negotiation which appears to have been tampered
      with.

   QUIC_IP_ADDRESS_CHANGED (0x80000050):  IP address changed causing
      connection close.

   QUIC_ADDRESS_VALIDATION_FAILURE (0x80000051):  Client address
      validation failed.

   QUIC_TOO_MANY_FRAME_GAPS (0x8000005d):  Stream frames arrived too
      discontiguously so that stream sequencer buffer maintains too many
      gaps.

   QUIC_TOO_MANY_SESSIONS_ON_SERVER (0x80000060):  Connection closed
      because server hit max number of sessions allowed.

13.  Security and Privacy Considerations

13.1.  Spoofed ACK Attack

   An attacker receives an STK from the server and then releases the IP
   address on which it received the STK.  The attacker may, in the
   future, spoof this same address (which now presumably addresses a
   different endpoint), and initiate a 0-RTT connection with a server on
   the victim's behalf.  The attacker then spoofs ACK frames to the
   server which cause the server to potentially drown the victim in
   data.

   There are two possible mitigations to this attack.  The simplest one
   is that a server can unilaterally create a gap in packet-number
   space.  In the non-attack scenario, the client will send an ACK frame
   with the larger value for largest acknowledged.  In the attack
   scenario, the attacker could acknowledge a packet in the gap.  If the
   server sees an acknowledgment for a packet that was never sent, the
   connection can be aborted.

   The second mitigation is that the server can require that
   acknowledgments for sent packets match the encryption level of the
   sent packet.  This mitigation is useful if the connection has an
   ephemeral forward-secure key that is generated and used for every new
   connection.  If a packet sent is encrypted with a forward-secure key,

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   then any acknowledgments that are received for them MUST also be
   forward-secure encrypted.  Since the attacker will not have the
   forward secure key, the attacker will not be able to generate
   forward-secure encrypted packets with ACK frames.

14.  IANA Considerations

14.1.  QUIC Transport Parameter Registry

   IANA [SHALL add/has added] a registry for "QUIC Transport Parameters"
   under a "QUIC Protocol" heading.

   The "QUIC Transport Parameters" registry governs a 16-bit space.
   This space is split into two spaces that are governed by different
   policies.  Values with the first byte in the range 0x00 to 0xfe (in
   hexadecimal) are assigned via the Specification Required policy
   [RFC5226].  Values with the first byte 0xff are reserved for Private
   Use [RFC5226].

   Registrations MUST include the following fields:

   Value:  The numeric value of the assignment (registrations will be
      between 0x0000 and 0xfeff).

   Parameter Name:  A short mnemonic for the parameter.

   Specification:  A reference to a publicly available specification for
      the value.

   The nominated expert(s) verify that a specification exists and is
   readily accessible.  The expert(s) are encouraged to be biased
   towards approving registrations unless they are abusive, frivolous,
   or actively harmful (not merely aesthetically displeasing, or
   architecturally dubious).

   The initial contents of this registry are shown in Table 4.

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            +--------+------------------------+---------------+
            | Value  | Parameter Name         | Specification |
            +--------+------------------------+---------------+
            | 0x0000 | stream_fc_offset       | Section 7.3.1 |
            |        |                        |               |
            | 0x0001 | connection_fc_offset   | Section 7.3.1 |
            |        |                        |               |
            | 0x0002 | concurrent_streams     | Section 7.3.1 |
            |        |                        |               |
            | 0x0003 | idle_timeout           | Section 7.3.1 |
            |        |                        |               |
            | 0x0004 | truncate_connection_id | Section 7.3.1 |
            +--------+------------------------+---------------+

            Table 4: Initial QUIC Transport Parameters Entries

15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]
              Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-19 (work in progress),
              March 2017.

   [QUIC-RECOVERY]
              Iyengar, J., Ed. and I. Swett, Ed., "QUIC Loss Detection
              and Congestion Control".

   [QUIC-TLS]
              Thomson, M., Ed. and S. Turner, Ed., "Using Transport
              Layer Security (TLS) to Secure QUIC".

   [RFC1191]  Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1191,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1191, November 1990,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1191>.

   [RFC1981]  McCann, J., Deering, S., and J. Mogul, "Path MTU Discovery
              for IP version 6", RFC 1981, DOI 10.17487/RFC1981, August
              1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1981>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

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   [RFC4821]  Mathis, M. and J. Heffner, "Packetization Layer Path MTU
              Discovery", RFC 4821, DOI 10.17487/RFC4821, March 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4821>.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226>.

15.2.  Informative References

   [EARLY-DESIGN]
              Roskind, J., "QUIC: Multiplexed Transport Over UDP",
              December 2013, <https://goo.gl/dMVtFi>.

   [RFC2360]  Scott, G., "Guide for Internet Standards Writers", BCP 22,
              RFC 2360, DOI 10.17487/RFC2360, June 1998,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2360>.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.

   [RFC6824]  Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and O. Bonaventure,
              "TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple
              Addresses", RFC 6824, DOI 10.17487/RFC6824, January 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6824>.

   [RFC7301]  Friedl, S., Popov, A., Langley, A., and E. Stephan,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol
              Negotiation Extension", RFC 7301, DOI 10.17487/RFC7301,
              July 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7301>.

   [RFC7540]  Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7540>.

   [SST]      Ford, B., "Structured Streams: A New Transport
              Abstraction", DOI 10.1145/1282427.1282421, ACM
              SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Volume 37 Issue 4,
              October 2007.

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15.3.  URIs

   [1] https://github.com/quicwg/base-drafts/wiki/QUIC-Versions

Appendix A.  Contributors

   The original authors of this specification were Ryan Hamilton, Jana
   Iyengar, Ian Swett, and Alyssa Wilk.

   The original design and rationale behind this protocol draw
   significantly from work by Jim Roskind [EARLY-DESIGN].  In
   alphabetical order, the contributors to the pre-IETF QUIC project at
   Google are: Britt Cyr, Jeremy Dorfman, Ryan Hamilton, Jana Iyengar,
   Fedor Kouranov, Charles Krasic, Jo Kulik, Adam Langley, Jim Roskind,
   Robbie Shade, Satyam Shekhar, Cherie Shi, Ian Swett, Raman Tenneti,
   Victor Vasiliev, Antonio Vicente, Patrik Westin, Alyssa Wilk, Dale
   Worley, Fan Yang, Dan Zhang, Daniel Ziegler.

Appendix B.  Acknowledgments

   Special thanks are due to the following for helping shape pre-IETF
   QUIC and its deployment: Chris Bentzel, Misha Efimov, Roberto Peon,
   Alistair Riddoch, Siddharth Vijayakrishnan, and Assar Westerlund.

   This document has benefited immensely from various private
   discussions and public ones on the quic@ietf.org and proto-
   quic@chromium.org mailing lists.  Our thanks to all.

Appendix C.  Change Log

      *RFC Editor's Note:* Please remove this section prior to
      publication of a final version of this document.

   Issue and pull request numbers are listed with a leading octothorp.

C.1.  Since draft-ietf-quic-transport-01:

   o  Defined short and long packet headers (#40, #148, #361)

   o  Defined a versioning scheme and stable fields (#51, #361)

   o  Define reserved version values for "greasing" negotiation (#112,
      #278)

   o  The initial packet number is randomized (#35, #283)

   o  Narrow the packet number encoding range requirement (#67, #286,
      #299, #323, #356)

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   o  Defined client address validation (#52, #118, #120, #275)

   o  Define transport parameters as a TLS extension (#122)

   o  SCUP and COPT parameters are no longer valid (#116, #117)

   o  Transport parameters for 0-RTT are either remembered from before,
      or assume default values (#126)

   o  The server chooses connection IDs in its final flight (#119, #349,
      #361)

   o  The server echoes the Connection ID and packet number fields when
      sending a Version Negotiation packet (#133, #295, #244)

   o  Definied a minimum packet size for the initial handshake packet
      from the client (#69, #136, #139, #164)

   o  Path MTU Discovery (#64, #106)

   o  The initial handshake packet from the client needs to fit in a
      single packet (#338)

   o  Forbid acknowledgment of packets containing only ACK and PADDING
      (#291)

   o  Require that frames are processed when packets are acknowledged
      (#381, #341)

   o  Removed the STOP_WAITING frame (#66)

   o  Don't require retransmission of old timestamps for lost ACK frames
      (#308)

   o  Clarified that frames are not retransmitted, but the information
      in them can be (#157, #298)

   o  Error handling definitions (#335)

   o  Split error codes into four sections (#74)

   o  Forbid the use of Public Reset where CONNECTION_CLOSE is possible
      (#289)

   o  Define packet protection rules (#336)

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   o  Require that stream be entirely delivered or reset, including
      acknowledgment of all STREAM frames or the RST_STREAM, before it
      closes (#381)

   o  Remove stream reservation from state machine (#174, #280)

   o  Only stream 0 does not contributing to connection-level flow
      control (#204)

   o  Stream 1 counts towards the maximum concurrent stream limit (#201,
      #282)

   o  Remove connection-level flow control exclusion for some streams
      (except 1) (#246)

   o  RST_STREAM affects connection-level flow control (#162, #163)

   o  Flow control accounting uses the maximum data offset on each
      stream, rather than bytes received (#378)

   o  Moved length-determining fields to the start of STREAM and ACK
      (#168, #277)

   o  Added the ability to pad between frames (#158, #276)

   o  Remove error code and reason phrase from GOAWAY (#352, #355)

   o  GOAWAY includes a final stream number for both directions (#347)

   o  Error codes for RST_STREAM and CONNECTION_CLOSE are now at a
      consistent offset (#249)

   o  Defined priority as the responsibility of the application protocol
      (#104, #303)

C.2.  Since draft-ietf-quic-transport-00:

   o  Replaced DIVERSIFICATION_NONCE flag with KEY_PHASE flag

   o  Defined versioning

   o  Reworked description of packet and frame layout

   o  Error code space is divided into regions for each component

   o  Use big endian for all numeric values

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C.3.  Since draft-hamilton-quic-transport-protocol-01:

   o  Adopted as base for draft-ietf-quic-tls.

   o  Updated authors/editors list.

   o  Added IANA Considerations section.

   o  Moved Contributors and Acknowledgments to appendices.

Authors' Addresses

   Jana Iyengar (editor)
   Google

   Email: jri@google.com

   Martin Thomson (editor)
   Mozilla

   Email: martin.thomson@gmail.com

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