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Routing for IPv4-embedded IPv6 Packets
draft-ietf-ospf-ipv4-embedded-ipv6-routing-01

The information below is for an old version of the document.
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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 6992.
Authors Dean Cheng , Mohamed Boucadair
Last updated 2011-10-11 (Latest revision 2011-04-13)
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draft-ietf-ospf-ipv4-embedded-ipv6-routing-01
Network Working Group                                           D. Cheng
Internet-Draft                                       Huawei Technologies
Intended status: Informational                              M. Boucadair
Expires: April 12, 2012                                   France Telecom
                                                        October 10, 2011

                 Routing for IPv4-embedded IPv6 Packets
             draft-ietf-ospf-ipv4-embedded-ipv6-routing-01

Abstract

   This document describes routing packets destined to IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 addresses across IPv6 transit core using OSPFv3 with a separate
   routing table.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 12, 2012.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents

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   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  The Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.2.  Routing Solution per RFC5565 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.3.  An Alternative Routing Solution with OSPFv3  . . . . . . .  4
     1.4.  OSPFv3 Routing with a Specific Topology  . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.  Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.1.  Deciding the IPv4-embedded IPv6 Topology . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.2.  Maintaining a Dedicated IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routing
           Table  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.3.  OSPFv3 Topology with a Separate Instance ID  . . . . . . .  6
     2.4.  OSPFv3 Topology with the Default Instance  . . . . . . . .  7
   3.  IP Packets Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.1.  Address Translation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   4.  Advertising IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routes  . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1.  Advertising IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routes into IPv6
           Transit Network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       4.1.1.  Routing Metrics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       4.1.2.  Forwarding Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.2.  Advertising IPv4 Addresses into Client Networks  . . . . .  9
   5.  Aggregation on IPv4 Addresses and Prefixes . . . . . . . . . .  9
   6.  Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   7.  MTU Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   8.  Backdoor Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   9.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   10. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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1.  Introduction

   This document describes a routing scenario where IPv4 packets are
   transported over IPv6 network.

   In this document the following terminology is used:

   o  An IPv4-embedded IPv6 address denotes an IPv6 address which
      contains an embedded 32-bit IPv4 address constructed according to
      the rules defined in [RFC6052].

   o  IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets are packets of which destination
      addresses are IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses.

   o  AFBR (Address Family Border Router, [RFC5565]) refers to an edge
      router, which supports both IPv4 and IPv6 address families, of a
      backbone that supports only IPv4 or IPv6 address family.

   o  AFXLBR (Address Family Translation Border Router) is defined in
      this document.  It refers to a border router that supports both
      IPv4 and IPv6 address families, located on the boundary of IPv4-
      only network and IPv6-only network, and is capable of performing
      IP header translation between IPv4 and IPv6 according to
      [RFC6145].

1.1.  The Scenario

   Due to exhaustion of public IPv4 addresses, there has been continuing
   effort within IETF on IPv6 transitional techniques.  In the course of
   transition, it is certain that networks based on IPv4 and IPv6
   transfer capabilities, respectively, will co-exist at least for some
   time.  One scenario of the co-existence is that IPv4-only networks
   inter-connecting with IPv6-only networks, and in particular, when an
   IPv6-only network serves as a transit network that inter-connects
   several segregated IPv4-only networks.  In this scenario, IPv4
   packets are transported over the IPv6 transit network between IPv4
   networks.  In order to forward an IPv4 packet from a source IPv4
   network to the destination IPv4 network, IPv4 reachability
   information must be exchanged among involved networks by dedicated
   means.

   Unlike dual-stack networks, operating an IPv6-only network would
   allow optimize OPEX and maintenance operations in particular.  Some
   solutions have been proposed to allow delivery of IPv4 services over
   an IPv6-only network.  This document focuses on an engineering
   techniques which aims to separate the routing instance dedicated to
   IPv4-embedded IPv6 destination from native IPv6 ones.

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   The purpose of running separate instances or topologies for IPv4-
   embedded IPv6 traffic is to distinguish from the native IPv6 routing
   topology, and the topology that is used for routing IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 datagram only.  Separate instances/topologies are also meant to
   prevent any overload of the native IPv6 routing tables by IPv4-
   embedded IPv6 routes.

1.2.  Routing Solution per RFC5565

   The aforementioned scenario is described in [RFC5565], i.e.- IPv4-
   over-IPv6 scenario, where the network core is IPv6-only, and the
   inter-connected IPv4 networks are called IPv4 client networks.  The P
   routers in the core only support IPv6 but the AFBRs (Address Family
   Border Routers) support IPv4 on interface facing IPv4 client
   networks, and IPv6 on interface facing the core.  The routing
   solution defined in [RFC5565] for this scenario is to run i-BGP among
   AFBRs to exchange IPv4 routing information with each other, and the
   IPv4 packets are forwarded from one IPv4 client network to the other
   through a softwire using tunneling technology such as MPLS LSP, GRE,
   L2TPv3, etc.

1.3.  An Alternative Routing Solution with OSPFv3

   In this document, we propose an alternative routing solution for the
   scenario described in Section 1.1, where several segregated IPv4
   networks, called IPv4 client networks, are interconnected by an IPv6
   transit network, and in particular, we name the border node on the
   boundary of an IPv4 client network and the IPv6 transit network as
   Address Family Translation Border Router, or AFXLBR, which supports
   both IPv4 and IPv6 address families, and is capable of translating an
   IPv4 packet to an IPv6 packet, and vice versa, according to
   [RFC6145].

   Since the scenario occurs most in a single ISP operating environment,
   an IPv6 prefix can be locally allocated and used to construct IPv4-
   embedded IPv6 addresses according to [RFC6052] by each AFXLBR, where
   the embedded IPv4 addresses are associated with an IPv4 client
   network that is connected to the AFXLBR, and each IPv4 address is an
   individual IPv4 address or prefix.  An AFXLBR injects IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 addresses/prefixes into the IPv6 transit network using OSPFv3
   and also installs those advertised by other AFXLBRs.  When an IPv4
   packet is sent from one IPv4 client network to the other, it is first
   encapsulated with an IPv6 header, where the source and destination
   IPv6 address are constructed, in a stateless manner, as IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 address, respectively, and then forwarded to the destination
   AFXLBR that is the advertising router of the destination IPv4-
   embedded IPv6 address.  The destination AFXLBR replaces the IPv6
   header by the corresponding IPv4 header, where the source and

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   destination IPv4 addresses are derived from the IPv4-embedded IPv6
   source and destination addresses, respectively, and then forwards the
   IPv4 packet using its IPv4 routing table in the attached IPv4 client
   network.

   There are use cases where the proposed routing solution is useful.
   One case is that some border nodes do not participate in i-BGP for
   routes exchange (one example is documented in
   [I-D.boucadair-softwire-dslite-v6only]), or i-BGP is not used at all.
   Another case is that tunnel mechanism is not used in the IPv6 transit
   network, or native IPv6 forwarding is preferred.  Note also that with
   this routing solution, the IPv4-IPv6 inter-connection and associated
   header translation that occurs at an AFXLBR is stateless.

1.4.  OSPFv3 Routing with a Specific Topology

   Routing IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets in the IPv6 transit network using
   OSPFv3, in general, may be performed by the OSPFv3 operation that is
   already running in the IPv6 network.  One concern however, is that
   IPv4-embedded IPv6 routes would flood throughout the entire transit
   network and stored on every router, which may not be desirable.
   Also, since all IPv6 routes are stored in the same routing table, it
   might be more difficult to manage the resource required for routing
   and forwarding based on traffic category, if so desired.  To solve
   this problem and to ease the separation between native IPv6 and IPv4-
   inferred routing policies, a separate OSPFv3 routing table can be
   constructed that is dedicated to IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology, and
   that table is solely used for routing IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets
   (i.e., IPv4 part of the Internet) in the transit network.  Further,
   only a set of routers in the transit network are required to be
   involved in such routing scheme, including AFXLBRs that connect to
   IPv4 client networks along with a set of P routers in the core for
   routing path.

   There are two methods to build a separate OSPFv3 routing table for
   IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing.

   o  The first one is to run a separate OSPFv3 instance for IPv4-
      embedded IPv6 topology in the IPv6 transit network according to
      [RFC5838],

   o  The second one is to stay with the existing OSPFv3 instance that
      already operates in the transit network, but maintain a separate
      IPv4-embedded topology, according to [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3].

   With both methods, there would be a dedicated IPv4-embedded IPv6
   topology that is maintained by OSPFv3 speakers and thus a dedicated
   IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing table, which is then used for routing

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   IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets (i.e., packets destined to an IPv4
   destination).  It would be operators' preference as which method is
   going to be used.  This document elaborates on how configuration is
   done for each method and related routing issues that is common to
   both.

   This document only focuses on unicast routing for IPv4-embedded IPv6
   packets using OSPFv3.

2.  Provisioning

2.1.  Deciding the IPv4-embedded IPv6 Topology

   Before making appropriate configuration in order to generate a
   separate OSPFv3 routing table for IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses/
   prefixes, decision must be made on the set of routers and their
   interfaces in the IPv6 transit network that should be on the IPv4-
   embedded IPv6 topology.

   For the purpose of this topology, all AFXLBRs that connect to IPv4
   client networks should be members of this topology, and also at least
   some of their network core facing interfaces, which depends on which
   P routers in the IPv6 transit network would be on this topology.

   The IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology is a sub-topology of the entire IPv6
   transit network, and if all routers (including AFXLBRs and P-routers)
   and their interfaces are included, the two topologies converge.  In
   general, as more P routers and their interfaces are configured on
   this sub-topology, it would increase the inter-connectivity and
   potentially, there would be more routing paths cross the transit
   network from one IPv4 client network to the other, at the cost that
   more routers need to participate the IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing.  In
   any case, the IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology must be continuous with no
   partitions.

2.2.  Maintaining a Dedicated IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routing Table

   In an IPv6 transit network, in order to maintain a separate IPv6
   routing table that contains routes for IPv4-embedded IPv6
   destinations only, OSPFv3 needs to use the mechanism defined either
   in [RFC5838] or [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3] with required configuration
   tasks, as described in the following sub-sections.

2.3.  OSPFv3 Topology with a Separate Instance ID

   It is assumed that the scenario as described in this document is
   under a single ISP and as such, an OSPFv3 instance ID (IID) is

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   allocated locally and used for an OSPFv3 operation dedicated to
   unicast IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing in an IPv6 transit network.  This
   IID is configured on each OSPFv3 interface of routers that
   participates in this routing instance.

   The range for a locally configured OSPFv3 IID is from 128 to 255,
   inclusively, and this number must be used to encode the "Instance ID"
   field in the OSPFv3 packet header on every router that executes this
   instance in the IPv6 transit network.

   In addition, the "AF" bit in the OSPFv3 Option field must be set.

   During the Hello packets processing, adjacency may only be
   established when received Hello packets contain the same Instance ID
   as configured on the receiving interface for OSPFv3 instance
   dedicated to the IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing.

   For more details, the reader is referred to [RFC5838].

2.4.  OSPFv3 Topology with the Default Instance

   Similar to that as described in the previous section, an OSPFv3
   multi-topology ID (MT-ID) is locally allocated and used for an OSPFv3
   operation including unicast IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing in an IPv6
   transit network.  This MTID is configured on each OSPFv3 interface of
   routers that participates in this routing topology.

   The range for a locally configured OSPFv3 MT-ID is from 32 to 255,
   inclusively, and this number must be used to encode the "MT-ID" field
   that is included in some of the extended LSAs as documented in
   [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3].

   In addition, the MT bit in the OSPFv3 Option field must be set.

   For more details, the reader is referred to
   [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3].

3.  IP Packets Translation

   When transporting IPv4 packets across an IPv6 transit network with
   the mechanism described above, an IPv4 packet is translated to an
   IPv6 packet at ingress AFXLBR, and the IPv6 packet is translated back
   to the original IPv4 packet at egress AFXLBR.  The IP packet
   translation is accomplished in stateless manner according to rules
   specified in [RFC6145], with the address translation detail explained
   in the next sub-section.

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3.1.  Address Translation

   Prior to the operation, an IPv6 prefix is allocated by the ISP and it
   is used to form an IPv4-embedded IPv6 address.

   The IPv6 prefix can either be a well-known IPv6 prefix (WKP) 64:
   ff9b::/96, or a network-specific prefix that is unique to the ISP,
   and for the later case, the IPv6 prefix length may be 32, 40, 48, 56
   or 64.  In either case, this IPv6 prefix is used during the address
   translation between an IPv4 address and an IPv4-embedded IPv6
   address, which is performed according to [RFC6052].

   During translation from an IPv4 header to an IPv6 header at an
   ingress AFXLBR, the source IPv4 address and destination IPv4 address
   are translated into the corresponding IPv6 source address and
   destination IPv6 address, respectively, and during translation from
   an IPv6 header to an IPv4 header at an egress AFXLBR, the source IPv6
   address and destination IPv6 address are translated into the
   corresponding IPv4 source address and destination IPv4 address,
   respectively.  Note that the address translation is accomplished in a
   stateless manner.

4.  Advertising IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routes

   In order to forward IPv4 packets to the proper destination across
   IPv6 transit network, IPv4 reachability needs to be disseminated
   throughout the IPv6 transit network and this work is performed by
   AFXLBRs that connect to IPv4 client networks using OSPFv3.

   With the scenario described in this document, i.e. - a set of AFXLBRs
   that inter-connect a bunch of IPv4 client networks with an IPv6
   transit network, we view that IPv4 networks and IPv6 networks belong
   to separate Autonomous Systems, and as such, these AFXLBRs are OSPFv3
   ASBRs.

4.1.  Advertising IPv4-embedded IPv6 Routes into IPv6 Transit Network

   IPv4 addresses and prefixes in an IPv4 client network are translated
   into IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses and prefixes, respectively, using
   the same IPv6 prefix allocated by the ISP and the method specified in
   [RFC6052], and then advertised by one or more attached ASBRs into the
   IPv6 transit network using AS External LSA [RFC5340], i.e. - with the
   advertising scope throughout the entire Autonomous System.

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4.1.1.  Routing Metrics

   By default, the metric in an AS External LSA that carries an IPv4-
   embedded IPv6 address or prefixes is a Type 1 external metric, which
   is then to be added to the metric of an intra-AS path during OSPFv3
   routes calculation.  By configuration on an ASBR, the metric can be
   set to a Type 2 external metric, which is considered much larger than
   that on any intra-AS path.  The detail is referred to OSPFv3
   specification [RFC5340].  In either case, an external metric may be
   exact the same unit as in an IPv4 network (running OSPFv2 or others),
   but may also be specified by a routing policy, the detail is outside
   of the scope of this document.

4.1.2.  Forwarding Address

   If the "Forwarding Address" field of an OSPFv3 AS External LSA is
   used to carry an IPv6 address, that must also be an IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 address where the embedded IPv4 address is the actual address in
   an IPv4 client network to which, data traffic is forwarded to.
   However, since an AFXLBR sits on the border of an IPv4 network and an
   IPv6 network, it is recommended that the "Forwarding Address" field
   not to be used by setting the F bit in the associated OSPFv3 AS-
   external-LSA to zero, so that the AFXLBR can make the forwarding
   decision based on its own IPv4 routing table.

4.2.  Advertising IPv4 Addresses into Client Networks

   IPv4-embedded IPv6 routes injected into the IPv6 transit network from
   one IPv4 client network may be advertised into another IPv4 client
   network, after the associated destination addresses/prefixes are
   translated back to IPv4 addresses/prefixes format.  This operation is
   similar to the regular OSPFv3 operation, wherein an AS External LSA
   can be advertised in a non-backbone area by default.

   An IPv4 client network that does not want to receive such
   advertisement can be configured as a stub area or with other routing
   policy.

   For the purpose of this document, IPv4-embedded IPv6 routes must not
   be advertised into any IPv6 client networks that also connected to
   the IPv6 transit network.

5.  Aggregation on IPv4 Addresses and Prefixes

   In order to reduce the amount of AS External LSAs that are injected
   to the IPv6 transit network, effort must be made to aggregate IPv4
   addresses and prefixes at each AFXLBR before advertising.

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6.  Forwarding

   There are three cases in forwarding IP packets in the scenario as
   described in this document, as follows:

   1.  On an AFXLBR, if an IPv4 packet that is received on an interface
       connecting to an IPv4 client network with the destination IPv4
       address belong to another IPv4 client network, the header of the
       packet is translated to a corresponding IPv6 header as described
       in Section 3, and the packet is then forwarded to the destination
       AFXLBR that advertises the IPv4-embedded IPv6 address through the
       IPv6 transit network.

   2.  On an AFXLBR, if an IPv4-embedded IPv6 packet is received and the
       embedded destination IPv4 address is in its IPv4 routing table,
       the header of the packet is translated to a corresponding IPv4
       header as described in Section 3, and the packet is then
       forwarded accordingly.

   3.  On any router that is within the IPv4-embedded IPv6 topology
       located in the IPv6 transit network, if an IPv4-embedded IPv6
       packet is received and a route is found in the IPv4-embedded IPv6
       routing table, the packet is forwarded accordingly.

   The classification of IPv4-embedded IPv6 packet is according to the
   IPv6 prefix of the destination address, which is either the Well
   Known Prefix (i.e., 64:ff9b::/96) or locally allocated as defined in
   [RFC6052].

7.  MTU Issues

   In the IPv6 transit network, there is no new MTU issue introduced by
   this document.  If a separate OSPFv3 instance (per [RFC5838]) is used
   for IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing, the MTU handling in the transit
   network is the same as that of the default OSPFv3 instance.  If a
   separate OSPFv3 topology (per [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3]) is used for
   IPv4-embedded IPv6 routing, the MTU handling in the transit network
   is the same as that of the default OSPFv3 topology.

   However, the MTU in the IPv6 transit network may be different than
   that of IPv4 client networks.  Since an IPv6 router will never
   fragment a packet, the packet size of any IPv4-embedded IPv6 packet
   entering the IPv6 transit network must be equal to or smaller than
   the MTU of the IPv6 transit network.  In order to achieve this
   requirement, it is recommended that AFXLBRs to perform IPv6 path
   discovery among themselves and the resulting MTU, after taking into
   account of the difference between IPv4 header length and IPv6 header

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   length, must be "propagated" into IPv4 client networks, e.g.-
   included in the OSPFv3 Database Description packet.

   The detail of passing the proper MTU into IPv4 client networks is
   beyond the scope of this document.

8.  Backdoor Connections

   In some deployments, there may exist direct connections among IPv4
   client networks themselves in addition to the IPv6 transit network,
   as "backdoor" connections referring to, where IPv4 packets can either
   be transported between those IPv4 client networks via backdoor
   connections, or through the IPv6 transit network.  In general,
   routing policies should be as such that the "backdoor" path is
   preferred since the packet forwarding is within a single address
   family without the need for IP header translation, among other
   things.

9.  Security Considerations

   This document does not introduce any security issue than what has
   been identified in [RFC5838], [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3] and
   [RFC6052].

10.  IANA Considerations

   No new IANA assignments are required for this document.

11.  Acknowledgements

   Many thanks to Acee Lindem, Dan Wing and Joel Halpern for their
   comments.

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3]
              Mirtorabi, S. and A. Roy, "Multi-topology routing in
              OSPFv3 (MT-OSPFv3)", draft-ietf-ospf-mt-ospfv3-03 (work in
              progress), July 2007.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate

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              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC5340]  Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPF
              for IPv6", RFC 5340, July 2008.

   [RFC5838]  Lindem, A., Mirtorabi, S., Roy, A., Barnes, M., and R.
              Aggarwal, "Support of Address Families in OSPFv3",
              RFC 5838, April 2010.

   [RFC6052]  Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
              Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
              October 2010.

   [RFC6145]  Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
              Algorithm", RFC 6145, April 2011.

12.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.boucadair-softwire-dslite-v6only]
              Boucadair, M., Jacquenet, C., Grimault, J., Kassi-Lahlou,
              M., Levis, P., Cheng, D., and Y. Lee, "Deploying Dual-
              Stack Lite in IPv6 Network",
              draft-boucadair-softwire-dslite-v6only-01 (work in
              progress), April 2011.

   [RFC5565]  Wu, J., Cui, Y., Metz, C., and E. Rosen, "Softwire Mesh
              Framework", RFC 5565, June 2009.

Authors' Addresses

   Dean Cheng
   Huawei Technologies
   2330 Central Expressway
   95050
   USA

   Email: dean.cheng@huawei.com

   Mohamed Boucadair
   France Telecom
   Rennes,   35000
   France

   Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange-ftgroup.com

Cheng & Boucadair        Expires April 12, 2012                [Page 12]