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NFS Version 4 Minor Version 2
draft-ietf-nfsv4-minorversion2-39

The information below is for an old version of the document.
Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft that was ultimately published as RFC 7862.
Author Thomas Haynes
Last updated 2016-01-04 (Latest revision 2015-09-01)
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draft-ietf-nfsv4-minorversion2-39
NFSv4                                                          T. Haynes
Internet-Draft                                              Primary Data
Intended status: Standards Track                      September 01, 2015
Expires: March 4, 2016

                     NFS Version 4 Minor Version 2
                 draft-ietf-nfsv4-minorversion2-39.txt

Abstract

   This Internet-Draft describes NFS version 4 minor version two,
   describing the protocol extensions made from NFS version 4 minor
   version 1.  Major extensions introduced in NFS version 4 minor
   version two include: Server Side Copy, Application I/O Advise, Space
   Reservations, Sparse Files, Application Data Blocks, and Labeled NFS.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 4, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of

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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  The NFS Version 4 Minor Version 2 Protocol  . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Scope of This Document  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  NFSv4.2 Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.4.  Overview of NFSv4.2 Features  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.4.1.  Server Side Copy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.4.2.  Application I/O Advise  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       1.4.3.  Sparse Files  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       1.4.4.  Space Reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       1.4.5.  Application Data Block (ADB) Support  . . . . . . . .   6
       1.4.6.  Labeled NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.5.  Enhancements to Minor Versioning Model  . . . . . . . . .   7
   2.  Minor Versioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  pNFS considerations for New Operations  . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  Atomicity for ALLOCATE and DEALLOCATE . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  Sharing of stateids with NFSv4.1  . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.3.  NFSv4.2 as a Storage Protocol in pNFS: the File Layout
           Type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.3.1.  Operations Sent to NFSv4.2 Data Servers . . . . . . .   8
   4.  Server Side Copy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.2.  Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       4.2.1.  Copy Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.2.2.  Requirements for Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.3.  Requirements for Inter-Server Copy  . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.4.  Implementation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.4.1.  Locking the Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.4.2.  Client Caches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.5.  Intra-Server Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.6.  Inter-Server Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.7.  Server-to-Server Copy Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.7.1.  Considerations on Selecting a Copy Protocol . . . . .  17
       4.7.2.  Using NFSv4.x as the Copy Protocol  . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.7.3.  Using an Alternative Copy Protocol  . . . . . . . . .  17
     4.8.  netloc4 - Network Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     4.9.  Copy Offload Stateids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     4.10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       4.10.1.  Inter-Server Copy Security . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   5.  Support for Application IO Hints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27

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   6.  Sparse Files  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     6.1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     6.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     6.3.  New Operations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       6.3.1.  READ_PLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       6.3.2.  DEALLOCATE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   7.  Space Reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
   8.  Application Data Block Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     8.1.  Generic Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       8.1.1.  Data Block Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     8.2.  An Example of Detecting Corruption  . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     8.3.  Example of READ_PLUS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
     8.4.  An Example of Zeroing Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
   9.  Labeled NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     9.1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     9.2.  Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     9.3.  MAC Security Attribute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
       9.3.1.  Delegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       9.3.2.  Permission Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       9.3.3.  Object Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       9.3.4.  Existing Objects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       9.3.5.  Label Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     9.4.  pNFS Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     9.5.  Discovery of Server Labeled NFS Support . . . . . . . . .  39
     9.6.  MAC Security NFS Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . .  40
       9.6.1.  Full Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
       9.6.2.  Guest Mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     9.7.  Security Considerations for Labeled NFS . . . . . . . . .  42
   10. Sharing change attribute implementation characteristics with
       NFSv4 clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
   11. Error Values  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     11.1.  Error Definitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
       11.1.1.  General Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
       11.1.2.  Server to Server Copy Errors . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
       11.1.3.  Labeled NFS Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     11.2.  New Operations and Their Valid Errors  . . . . . . . . .  44
     11.3.  New Callback Operations and Their Valid Errors . . . . .  48
   12. New File Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     12.1.  New RECOMMENDED Attributes - List and Definition
            References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     12.2.  Attribute Definitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
   13. Operations: REQUIRED, RECOMMENDED, or OPTIONAL  . . . . . . .  52
   14. Modifications to NFSv4.1 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     14.1.  Operation 42: EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Client ID  . . .  56
     14.2.  Operation 48: GETDEVICELIST - Get All Device Mappings
            for a File System  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
   15. NFSv4.2 Operations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     15.1.  Operation 59: ALLOCATE - Reserve Space in A Region of a

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            File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     15.2.  Operation 60: COPY - Initiate a server-side copy . . . .  60
     15.3.  Operation 61: COPY_NOTIFY - Notify a source server of a
            future copy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     15.4.  Operation 62: DEALLOCATE - Unreserve Space in a Region
            of a File  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     15.5.  Operation 63: IO_ADVISE - Application I/O access pattern
            hints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
     15.6.  Operation 64: LAYOUTERROR - Provide Errors for the
            Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
     15.7.  Operation 65: LAYOUTSTATS - Provide Statistics for the
            Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     15.8.  Operation 66: OFFLOAD_CANCEL - Stop an Offloaded
            Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
     15.9.  Operation 67: OFFLOAD_STATUS - Poll for Status of
            Asynchronous Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
     15.10. Operation 68: READ_PLUS - READ Data or Holes from a File  80
     15.11. Operation 69: SEEK - Find the Next Data or Hole  . . . .  85
     15.12. Operation 70: WRITE_SAME - WRITE an ADB Multiple Times
            to a File  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     15.13. Operation 71: CLONE - Clone a range of file into another
            file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
   16. NFSv4.2 Callback Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
     16.1.  Operation 15: CB_OFFLOAD - Report results of an
            asynchronous operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
   17. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
   18. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
   19. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
     19.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
     19.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
   Appendix B.  RFC Editor Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97

1.  Introduction

1.1.  The NFS Version 4 Minor Version 2 Protocol

   The NFS version 4 minor version 2 (NFSv4.2) protocol is the third
   minor version of the NFS version 4 (NFSv4) protocol.  The first minor
   version, NFSv4.0, is described in [RFC7530] and the second minor
   version, NFSv4.1, is described in [RFC5661].

   As a minor version, NFSv4.2 is consistent with the overall goals for
   NFSv4, but extends the protocol so as to better meet those goals,
   based on experiences with NFSv4.1.  In addition, NFSv4.2 has adopted
   some additional goals, which motivate some of the major extensions in
   NFSv4.2.

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1.2.  Scope of This Document

   This document describes the NFSv4.2 protocol.  With respect to
   NFSv4.0 and NFSv4.1, this document does not:

   o  describe the NFSv4.0 or NFSv4.1 protocols, except where needed to
      contrast with NFSv4.2

   o  modify the specification of the NFSv4.0 or NFSv4.1 protocols

   o  clarify the NFSv4.0 or NFSv4.1 protocols.  I.e., any
      clarifications made here apply to NFSv4.2 and neither of the prior
      protocols

   The full External Data Representation (XDR) [RFC4506] for NFSv4.2 is
   presented in [NFSv42xdr].

1.3.  NFSv4.2 Goals

   A major goal of the design of NFSv4.2 is to take common local file
   system features and offer them remotely.  These features might

   o  already be available on the servers, e.g., sparse files

   o  be under development as a new standard, e.g., SEEK pulls in both
      SEEK_HOLE and SEEK_DATA

   o  be used by clients with the servers via some proprietary means,
      e.g., Labeled NFS

   NFSv4.2 provides means for clients to leverage these features on the
   server in cases in which that had previously not been possible within
   the confines of the NFS protocol.

1.4.  Overview of NFSv4.2 Features

1.4.1.  Server Side Copy

   A traditional file copy of a remotely accessed, whether from one
   server to another or between location in the same server, results in
   the data being put on the network twice - source to client and then
   client to destination.  New operations are introduced to allow
   unnecessary traffic to be eliminated:

      The intra-server copy feature allows the client to request the
      server to perform the copy internally, avoiding unnecessary
      network traffic.

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      The inter-server copy feature allows the client to authorize the
      source and destination servers to interact directly.

   As such copies can be lengthy, asynchronous support is also provided.

1.4.2.  Application I/O Advise

   Applications and clients want to advise the server as to expected I/O
   behavior.  Using IO_ADVISE (see Section 15.5) to communicate future I
   /O behavior such as whether a file will be accessed sequentially or
   randomly, and whether a file will or will not be accessed in the near
   future, allows servers to optimize future I/O requests for a file by,
   for example, prefetching or evicting data.  This operation can be
   used to support the posix_fadvise function.  In addition, it may be
   helpful to applications such as databases and video editors.

1.4.3.  Sparse Files

   Sparse files are ones which have unallocated or uninitialized data
   blocks as holes in the file.  Such holes are typically transferred as
   0s during I/O. READ_PLUS (see Section 15.10) allows a server to send
   back to the client metadata describing the hole and DEALLOCATE (see
   Section 15.4) allows the client to punch holes into a file.  In
   addition, SEEK (see Section 15.11) is provided to scan for the next
   hole or data from a given location.

1.4.4.  Space Reservation

   When a file is sparse, one concern applications have is ensuring that
   there will always be enough data blocks available for the file during
   future writes.  ALLOCATE (see Section 15.1) allows a client to
   request a guarantee that space will be available.  Also DEALLOCATE
   (see Section 15.4) allows the client to punch a hole into a file,
   thus releasing a space reservation.

1.4.5.  Application Data Block (ADB) Support

   Some applications treat a file as if it were a disk and as such want
   to initialize (or format) the file image.  We introduce WRITE_SAME
   (see Section 15.12) to send this metadata to the server to allow it
   to write the block contents.

1.4.6.  Labeled NFS

   While both clients and servers can employ Mandatory Access Control
   (MAC) security models to enforce data access, there has been no
   protocol support for interoperability.  A new file object attribute,
   sec_label (see Section 12.2.4) allows for the server to store MAC

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   labels on files, which the client retrieves and uses to enforce data
   access (see Section 9.6.2).  The format of the sec_label accommodates
   any MAC security system.

1.5.  Enhancements to Minor Versioning Model

   In NFSv4.1, the only way to introduce new variants of an operation
   was to introduce a new operation.  I.e., READ becomes either READ2 or
   READ_PLUS.  With the use of discriminated unions as parameters to
   such functions in NFSv4.2, it is possible to add a new arm in a
   subsequent minor version.  And it is also possible to move such an
   operation from OPTIONAL/RECOMMENDED to REQUIRED.  Forcing an
   implementation to adopt each arm of a discriminated union at such a
   time does not meet the spirit of the minor versioning rules.  As
   such, new arms of a discriminated union MUST follow the same
   guidelines for minor versioning as operations in NFSv4.1 - i.e., they
   may not be made REQUIRED.  To support this, a new error code,
   NFS4ERR_UNION_NOTSUPP, allows the server to communicate to the client
   that the operation is supported, but the specific arm of the
   discriminated union is not.

2.  Minor Versioning

   NFSv4.2 is a minor version of NFSv4 and is built upon NFSv4.1 as
   documented in [RFC5661] and [RFC5662].

   NFSv4.2 does not modify the rules applicable to the NFSv4 versioning
   process and follows the rules set out in [RFC5661] or in standard-
   track documents updating that document (e.g., in an RFC based on
   [NFSv4-Versioning]).

   NFSv4.2 only defines extensions to NFSv4.1, each of which may be
   supported (or not) independently.  It does not

   o  introduce infrastructural features

   o  make existing features MANDATORY to NOT implement

   o  change the status of existing features (i.e., by changing their
      status among OPTIONAL, RECOMMENDED, REQUIRED).

   The following versioning-related considerations should be noted.

   o  When a new case is added to an existing switch, servers need to
      report non-support of that new case by returning
      NFS4ERR_UNION_NOTSUPP.

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   o  As regards the potential cross-minor-version transfer of stateids,
      pNFS implementations of the file mapping type may support of use
      of an NFSv4.2 metadata sever with NFSv4.1 data servers.  In this
      context, a stateid returned by an NFSv4.2 COMPOUND will be used in
      an NFSv4.1 COMPOUND directed to the data server (see Sections 3.2
      and 3.3).

3.  pNFS considerations for New Operations

3.1.  Atomicity for ALLOCATE and DEALLOCATE

   Both ALLOCATE (see Section 15.1) and DEALLOCATE (see Section 15.4)
   are sent to the metadata server, which is responsible for
   coordinating the changes onto the storage devices.  In particular,
   both operations must either fully succeed or fail, it cannot be the
   case that one storage device succeeds whilst another fails.

3.2.  Sharing of stateids with NFSv4.1

   A NFSv4.2 metadata server can hand out a layout to a NFSv4.1 storage
   device.  Section 13.9.1 of [RFC5661] discusses how the client gets a
   stateid from the metadata server to present to a storage device.

3.3.  NFSv4.2 as a Storage Protocol in pNFS: the File Layout Type

   A file layout provided by a NFSv4.2 server may refer either to a
   storage device that only implements NFSv4.1 as specified in
   [RFC5661], or to a storage device that implements additions from
   NFSv4.2, in which case the rules in Section 3.3.1 apply.  As the File
   Layout Type does not provide a means for informing the client as to
   which minor version a particular storage device is providing, it will
   have to negotiate this via the normal RPC semantics of major and
   minor version discovery.

3.3.1.  Operations Sent to NFSv4.2 Data Servers

   In addition to the commands listed in [RFC5661], NFSv4.2 data servers
   MAY accept a COMPOUND containing the following additional operations:
   IO_ADVISE (see Section 15.5), READ_PLUS (see Section 15.10),
   WRITE_SAME (see Section 15.12), and SEEK (see Section 15.11), which
   will be treated like the subset specified as "Operations Sent to
   NFSv4.1 Data Servers" in Section 13.6 of [RFC5661].

   Additional details on the implementation of these operations in a
   pNFS context are documented in the operation specific sections.

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4.  Server Side Copy

4.1.  Introduction

   The server-side copy feature provides a mechanism for the NFS client
   to perform a file copy on a server or between two servers without the
   data being transmitted back and forth over the network through the
   NFS client.  Without this feature, an NFS client copies data from one
   location to another by reading the data from the source server over
   the network, and then writing the data back over the network to the
   destination server.

   If the source object and destination object are on different file
   servers, the file servers will communicate with one another to
   perform the copy operation.  The server-to-server protocol by which
   this is accomplished is not defined in this document.

4.2.  Protocol Overview

   The server-side copy offload operations support both intra-server and
   inter-server file copies.  An intra-server copy is a copy in which
   the source file and destination file reside on the same server.  In
   an inter-server copy, the source file and destination file are on
   different servers.  In both cases, the copy may be performed
   synchronously or asynchronously.

   Throughout the rest of this document, we refer to the NFS server
   containing the source file as the "source server" and the NFS server
   to which the file is transferred as the "destination server".  In the
   case of an intra-server copy, the source server and destination
   server are the same server.  Therefore in the context of an intra-
   server copy, the terms source server and destination server refer to
   the single server performing the copy.

   The new operations are designed to copy files.  Other file system
   objects can be copied by building on these operations or using other
   techniques.  For example, if the user wishes to copy a directory, the
   client can synthesize a directory copy by first creating the
   destination directory and then copying the source directory's files
   to the new destination directory.

   For the inter-server copy, the operations are defined to be
   compatible with the traditional copy authentication approach.  The
   client and user are authorized at the source for reading.  Then they
   are authorized at the destination for writing.

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4.2.1.  Copy Operations

   COPY_NOTIFY:  Used by the client to notify the source server of a
      future file copy from a given destination server for the given
      user.  (Section 15.3)

   COPY:  Used by the client to request a file copy.  (Section 15.2)

   OFFLOAD_CANCEL:  Used by the client to terminate an asynchronous file
      copy.  (Section 15.8)

   OFFLOAD_STATUS:  Used by the client to poll the status of an
      asynchronous file copy.  (Section 15.9)

   CB_OFFLOAD:  Used by the destination server to report the results of
      an asynchronous file copy to the client.  (Section 16.1)

4.2.2.  Requirements for Operations

   The implementation of server-side copy is OPTIONAL by the client and
   the server.  However, in order to successfully copy a file, some
   operations MUST be supported by the client and/or server.

   If a client desires an intra-server file copy, then it MUST support
   the COPY and CB_OFFLOAD operations.  If COPY returns a stateid, then
   the client MAY use the OFFLOAD_CANCEL and OFFLOAD_STATUS operations.

   If a client desires an inter-server file copy, then it MUST support
   the COPY, COPY_NOTIFY, and CB_OFFLOAD operations, and MAY use the
   OFFLOAD_CANCEL operation.  If COPY returns a stateid, then the client
   MAY use the OFFLOAD_CANCEL and OFFLOAD_STATUS operations.

   If a server supports intra-server copy, then the server MUST support
   the COPY operation.  If a server's COPY operation returns a stateid,
   then the server MUST also support these operations: CB_OFFLOAD,
   OFFLOAD_CANCEL, and OFFLOAD_STATUS.

   If a source server supports inter-server copy, then the source server
   MUST support all these operations: COPY_NOTIFY and OFFLOAD_CANCEL.
   If a destination server supports inter-server copy, then the
   destination server MUST support the COPY operation.  If a destination
   server's COPY operation returns a stateid, then the destination
   server MUST also support these operations: CB_OFFLOAD,
   OFFLOAD_CANCEL, COPY_NOTIFY, and OFFLOAD_STATUS.

   Each operation is performed in the context of the user identified by
   the ONC RPC credential of its containing COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND
   request.  For example, an OFFLOAD_CANCEL operation issued by a given

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   user indicates that a specified COPY operation initiated by the same
   user be canceled.  Therefore an OFFLOAD_CANCEL MUST NOT interfere
   with a copy of the same file initiated by another user.

   An NFS server MAY allow an administrative user to monitor or cancel
   copy operations using an implementation specific interface.

4.3.  Requirements for Inter-Server Copy

   Inter-server copy is driven by several requirements:

   o  The specification MUST NOT mandate the server-to-server protocol.

   o  The specification MUST provide guidance for using NFSv4.x as a
      copy protocol.  For those source and destination servers willing
      to use NFSv4.x, there are specific security considerations that
      this specification MUST address.

   o  The specification MUST NOT mandate preconfiguration between the
      source and destination server.  Requiring that the source and
      destination first have a "copying relationship" increases the
      administrative burden.  However the specification MUST NOT
      preclude implementations that require preconfiguration.

   o  The specification MUST NOT mandate a trust relationship between
      the source and destination server.  The NFSv4 security model
      requires mutual authentication between a principal on an NFS
      client and a principal on an NFS server.  This model MUST continue
      with the introduction of COPY.

4.4.  Implementation Considerations

4.4.1.  Locking the Files

   Both the source and destination file may need to be locked to protect
   the content during the copy operations.  A client can achieve this by
   a combination of OPEN and LOCK operations.  I.e., either share or
   byte range locks might be desired.

   Note that when the client establishes a lock stateid on the source,
   the context of that stateid is for the client and not the
   destination.  As such, there might already be an outstanding stateid,
   issued to the destination as client of the source, with the same
   value as that provided for the lock stateid.  The source MUST equate
   the lock stateid as that of the client, i.e., when the destination
   presents it in the context of a inter-server copy, it is on behalf of
   the client.

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4.4.2.  Client Caches

   In a traditional copy, if the client is in the process of writing to
   the file before the copy (and perhaps with a write delegation), it
   will be straightforward to update the destination server.  With an
   inter-server copy, the source has no insight into the changes cached
   on the client.  The client SHOULD write back the data to the source.
   If it does not do so, it is possible that the destination will
   receive a corrupt copy of file.

4.5.  Intra-Server Copy

   To copy a file on a single server, the client uses a COPY operation.
   The server may respond to the copy operation with the final results
   of the copy or it may perform the copy asynchronously and deliver the
   results using a CB_OFFLOAD operation callback.  If the copy is
   performed asynchronously, the client may poll the status of the copy
   using OFFLOAD_STATUS or cancel the copy using OFFLOAD_CANCEL.

   A synchronous intra-server copy is shown in Figure 1.  In this
   example, the NFS server chooses to perform the copy synchronously.
   The copy operation is completed, either successfully or
   unsuccessfully, before the server replies to the client's request.
   The server's reply contains the final result of the operation.

     Client                                  Server
        +                                      +
        |                                      |
        |--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Client opens
        |<------------------------------------/| the source file
        |                                      |
        |--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Client opens
        |<------------------------------------/| the destination file
        |                                      |
        |--- COPY ---------------------------->| Client requests
        |<------------------------------------/| a file copy
        |                                      |
        |--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Client closes
        |<------------------------------------/| the destination file
        |                                      |
        |--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Client closes
        |<------------------------------------/| the source file
        |                                      |
        |                                      |

                Figure 1: A synchronous intra-server copy.

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   An asynchronous intra-server copy is shown in Figure 2.  In this
   example, the NFS server performs the copy asynchronously.  The
   server's reply to the copy request indicates that the copy operation
   was initiated and the final result will be delivered at a later time.
   The server's reply also contains a copy stateid.  The client may use
   this copy stateid to poll for status information (as shown) or to
   cancel the copy using an OFFLOAD_CANCEL.  When the server completes
   the copy, the server performs a callback to the client and reports
   the results.

     Client                                  Server
        +                                      +
        |                                      |
        |--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Client opens
        |<------------------------------------/| the source file
        |                                      |
        |--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Client opens
        |<------------------------------------/| the destination file
        |                                      |
        |--- COPY ---------------------------->| Client requests
        |<------------------------------------/| a file copy
        |                                      |
        |                                      |
        |--- OFFLOAD_STATUS ------------------>| Client may poll
        |<------------------------------------/| for status
        |                                      |
        |                  .                   | Multiple OFFLOAD_STATUS
        |                  .                   | operations may be sent.
        |                  .                   |
        |                                      |
        |<-- CB_OFFLOAD -----------------------| Server reports results
        |\------------------------------------>|
        |                                      |
        |--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Client closes
        |<------------------------------------/| the destination file
        |                                      |
        |--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Client closes
        |<------------------------------------/| the source file
        |                                      |
        |                                      |

               Figure 2: An asynchronous intra-server copy.

4.6.  Inter-Server Copy

   A copy may also be performed between two servers.  The copy protocol
   is designed to accommodate a variety of network topologies.  As shown
   in Figure 3, the client and servers may be connected by multiple

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   networks.  In particular, the servers may be connected by a
   specialized, high speed network (network 192.0.2.0/24 in the diagram)
   that does not include the client.  The protocol allows the client to
   setup the copy between the servers (over network 203.0.113.0/24 in
   the diagram) and for the servers to communicate on the high speed
   network if they choose to do so.

                             192.0.2.0/24
                 +-------------------------------------+
                 |                                     |
                 |                                     |
                 | 192.0.2.18                          | 192.0.2.56
         +-------+------+                       +------+------+
         |     Source   |                       | Destination |
         +-------+------+                       +------+------+
                 | 203.0.113.18                        | 203.0.113.56
                 |                                     |
                 |                                     |
                 |             203.0.113.0/24          |
                 +------------------+------------------+
                                    |
                                    |
                                    | 203.0.113.243
                              +-----+-----+
                              |   Client  |
                              +-----------+

            Figure 3: An example inter-server network topology.

   For an inter-server copy, the client notifies the source server that
   a file will be copied by the destination server using a COPY_NOTIFY
   operation.  The client then initiates the copy by sending the COPY
   operation to the destination server.  The destination server may
   perform the copy synchronously or asynchronously.

   A synchronous inter-server copy is shown in Figure 4.  In this case,
   the destination server chooses to perform the copy before responding
   to the client's COPY request.

   An asynchronous copy is shown in Figure 5.  In this case, the
   destination server chooses to respond to the client's COPY request
   immediately and then perform the copy asynchronously.

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     Client                Source         Destination
        +                    +                 +
        |                    |                 |
        |--- OPEN        --->|                 | Returns os1
        |<------------------/|                 |
        |                    |                 |
        |--- COPY_NOTIFY --->|                 |
        |<------------------/|                 |
        |                    |                 |
        |--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Returns os2
        |<------------------------------------/|
        |                    |                 |
        |--- COPY ---------------------------->|
        |                    |                 |
        |                    |                 |
        |                    |<----- read -----|
        |                    |\--------------->|
        |                    |                 |
        |                    |        .        | Multiple reads may
        |                    |        .        | be necessary
        |                    |        .        |
        |                    |                 |
        |                    |                 |
        |<------------------------------------/| Destination replies
        |                    |                 | to COPY
        |                    |                 |
        |--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Release open state
        |<------------------------------------/|
        |                    |                 |
        |--- CLOSE       --->|                 | Release open state
        |<------------------/|                 |

                Figure 4: A synchronous inter-server copy.

     Client                Source         Destination
       +                    +                 +
       |                    |                 |
       |--- OPEN        --->|                 | Returns os1
       |<------------------/|                 |
       |                    |                 |
       |--- LOCK        --->|                 | Optional, could be done
       |<------------------/|                 | with a share lock
       |                    |                 |
       |--- COPY_NOTIFY --->|                 | Need to pass in
       |<------------------/|                 | os1 or lock state
       |                    |                 |
       |                    |                 |
       |                    |                 |

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       |--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Returns os2
       |<------------------------------------/|
       |                    |                 |
       |--- LOCK ---------------------------->| Optional ...
       |<------------------------------------/|
       |                    |                 |
       |--- COPY ---------------------------->| Need to pass in
       |<------------------------------------/| os2 or lock state
       |                    |                 |
       |                    |                 |
       |                    |<----- read -----|
       |                    |\--------------->|
       |                    |                 |
       |                    |        .        | Multiple reads may
       |                    |        .        | be necessary
       |                    |        .        |
       |                    |                 |
       |                    |                 |
       |--- OFFLOAD_STATUS ------------------>| Client may poll
       |<------------------------------------/| for status
       |                    |                 |
       |                    |        .        | Multiple OFFLOAD_STATUS
       |                    |        .        | operations may be sent
       |                    |        .        |
       |                    |                 |
       |                    |                 |
       |                    |                 |
       |<-- CB_OFFLOAD -----------------------| Destination reports
       |\------------------------------------>| results
       |                    |                 |
       |--- LOCKU --------------------------->| Only if LOCK was done
       |<------------------------------------/|
       |                    |                 |
       |--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Release open state
       |<------------------------------------/|
       |                    |                 |
       |--- LOCKU       --->|                 | Only if LOCK was done
       |<------------------/|                 |
       |                    |                 |
       |--- CLOSE       --->|                 | Release open state
       |<------------------/|                 |
       |                    |                 |

               Figure 5: An asynchronous inter-server copy.

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4.7.  Server-to-Server Copy Protocol

   The choice of what protocol to use in an inter-server copy is
   ultimately the destination server's decision.  However, the
   destination server has to be cognizant that it is working on behalf
   of the client.

4.7.1.  Considerations on Selecting a Copy Protocol

   The client can have requirements over both the size of transactions
   and error recovery semantics.  It may want to split the copy up such
   that each chunk is synchronously transferred.  It may want the copy
   protocol to copy the bytes in consecutive order such that upon an
   error, the client can restart the copy at the last known good offset.
   If the destination server cannot meet these requirements, the client
   may prefer the traditional copy mechanism such that it can meet those
   requirements.

4.7.2.  Using NFSv4.x as the Copy Protocol

   The destination server MAY use standard NFSv4.x (where x >= 1)
   operations to read the data from the source server.  If NFSv4.x is
   used for the server-to-server copy protocol, the destination server
   can use the source filehandle and ca_src_stateid provided in the COPY
   request with standard NFSv4.x operations to read data from the source
   server.  Note that the ca_src_stateid MUST be the cnr_stateid
   returned from the source via the COPY_NOTIFY.

4.7.3.  Using an Alternative Copy Protocol

   In a homogeneous environment, the source and destination servers
   might be able to perform the file copy extremely efficiently using
   specialized protocols.  For example the source and destination
   servers might be two nodes sharing a common file system format for
   the source and destination file systems.  Thus the source and
   destination are in an ideal position to efficiently render the image
   of the source file to the destination file by replicating the file
   system formats at the block level.  Another possibility is that the
   source and destination might be two nodes sharing a common storage
   area network, and thus there is no need to copy any data at all, and
   instead ownership of the file and its contents might simply be re-
   assigned to the destination.  To allow for these possibilities, the
   destination server is allowed to use a server-to-server copy protocol
   of its choice.

   In a heterogeneous environment, using a protocol other than NFSv4.x
   (e.g., HTTP [RFC2616] or FTP [RFC959]) presents some challenges.  In

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   particular, the destination server is presented with the challenge of
   accessing the source file given only an NFSv4.x filehandle.

   One option for protocols that identify source files with path names
   is to use an ASCII hexadecimal representation of the source
   filehandle as the file name.

   Another option for the source server is to use URLs to direct the
   destination server to a specialized service.  For example, the
   response to COPY_NOTIFY could include the URL ftp://
   s1.example.com:9999/_FH/0x12345, where 0x12345 is the ASCII
   hexadecimal representation of the source filehandle.  When the
   destination server receives the source server's URL, it would use
   "_FH/0x12345" as the file name to pass to the FTP server listening on
   port 9999 of s1.example.com.  On port 9999 there would be a special
   instance of the FTP service that understands how to convert NFS
   filehandles to an open file descriptor (in many operating systems,
   this would require a new system call, one which is the inverse of the
   makefh() function that the pre-NFSv4 MOUNT service needs).

   Authenticating and identifying the destination server to the source
   server is also a challenge.  Recommendations for how to accomplish
   this are given in Section 4.10.1.3.

4.8.  netloc4 - Network Locations

   The server-side copy operations specify network locations using the
   netloc4 data type shown below:

   <CODE BEGINS>

   enum netloc_type4 {
           NL4_NAME        = 1,
           NL4_URL         = 2,
           NL4_NETADDR     = 3
   };
   union netloc4 switch (netloc_type4 nl_type) {
           case NL4_NAME:          utf8str_cis nl_name;
           case NL4_URL:           utf8str_cis nl_url;
           case NL4_NETADDR:       netaddr4    nl_addr;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

   If the netloc4 is of type NL4_NAME, the nl_name field MUST be
   specified as a UTF-8 string.  The nl_name is expected to be resolved
   to a network address via DNS, LDAP, NIS, /etc/hosts, or some other
   means.  If the netloc4 is of type NL4_URL, a server URL [RFC3986]

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   appropriate for the server-to-server copy operation is specified as a
   UTF-8 string.  If the netloc4 is of type NL4_NETADDR, the nl_addr
   field MUST contain a valid netaddr4 as defined in Section 3.3.9 of
   [RFC5661].

   When netloc4 values are used for an inter-server copy as shown in
   Figure 3, their values may be evaluated on the source server,
   destination server, and client.  The network environment in which
   these systems operate should be configured so that the netloc4 values
   are interpreted as intended on each system.

4.9.  Copy Offload Stateids

   A server may perform a copy offload operation asynchronously.  An
   asynchronous copy is tracked using a copy offload stateid.  Copy
   offload stateids are included in the COPY, OFFLOAD_CANCEL,
   OFFLOAD_STATUS, and CB_OFFLOAD operations.

   A copy offload stateid will be valid until either (A) the client or
   server restarts or (B) the client returns the resource by issuing a
   OFFLOAD_CANCEL operation or the client replies to a CB_OFFLOAD
   operation.

   A copy offload stateid's seqid MUST NOT be 0.  In the context of a
   copy offload operation, it is ambiguous to indicate the most recent
   copy offload operation using a stateid with seqid of 0.  Therefore a
   copy offload stateid with seqid of 0 MUST be considered invalid.

4.10.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations pertaining to NFSv4.1 [RFC5661] apply to
   this section.  And as such, the standard security mechanisms used by
   the protocol can be used to secure the server-to-server operations.

   NFSv4 clients and servers supporting the inter-server copy operations
   described in this chapter are REQUIRED to implement the mechanism
   described in Section 4.10.1.1, and to support rejecting COPY_NOTIFY
   requests that do not use RPCSEC_GSS with privacy.  If the server-to-
   server copy protocol is ONC RPC based, the servers are also REQUIRED
   to implement [rpcsec_gssv3] including the RPCSEC_GSSv3 copy_to_auth,
   copy_from_auth, and copy_confirm_auth structured privileges.  This
   requirement to implement is not a requirement to use; for example, a
   server may depending on configuration also allow COPY_NOTIFY requests
   that use only AUTH_SYS.

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4.10.1.  Inter-Server Copy Security

4.10.1.1.  Inter-Server Copy via ONC RPC with RPCSEC_GSSv3

   When the client sends a COPY_NOTIFY to the source server to expect
   the destination to attempt to copy data from the source server, it is
   expected that this copy is being done on behalf of the principal
   (called the "user principal") that sent the RPC request that encloses
   the COMPOUND procedure that contains the COPY_NOTIFY operation.  The
   user principal is identified by the RPC credentials.  A mechanism
   that allows the user principal to authorize the destination server to
   perform the copy, that lets the source server properly authenticate
   the destination's copy, and does not allow the destination server to
   exceed this authorization, is necessary.

   An approach that sends delegated credentials of the client's user
   principal to the destination server is not used for the following
   reason.  If the client's user delegated its credentials, the
   destination would authenticate as the user principal.  If the
   destination were using the NFSv4 protocol to perform the copy, then
   the source server would authenticate the destination server as the
   user principal, and the file copy would securely proceed.  However,
   this approach would allow the destination server to copy other files.
   The user principal would have to trust the destination server to not
   do so.  This is counter to the requirements, and therefore is not
   considered.

   Instead, a feature of the RPCSEC_GSSv3 [rpcsec_gssv3] protocol can be
   used: RPC application defined structured privilege assertion.  This
   features allow the destination server to authenticate to the source
   server as acting on behalf of the user principal, and to authorize
   the destination server to perform READs of the file to be copied from
   the source on behalf of the user principal.  Once the copy is
   complete, the client can destroy the RPCSEC_GSSv3 handles to end the
   authorization of both the source and destination servers to copy.

   We define three RPCSEC_GSSv3 structured privilege assertions that
   work in tandem to authorize the copy:

   copy_from_auth:  A user principal is authorizing a source principal
      ("nfs@<source>") to allow a destination principal
      ("nfs@<destination>") to setup the copy_confirm_auth privilege
      required to copy a file from the source to the destination on
      behalf of the user principal.  This privilege is established on
      the source server before the user principal sends a COPY_NOTIFY
      operation to the source server, and the resultant RPCSEC_GSSv3
      context is used to secure the COPY_NOTIFY operation.

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      <CODE BEGINS>

   struct copy_from_auth_priv {
           secret4             cfap_shared_secret;
           netloc4             cfap_destination;
           /* the NFSv4 user name that the user principal maps to */
           utf8str_mixed       cfap_username;
   };

      <CODE ENDS>

      cfp_shared_secret is an automatically generated random number
      secret value.

   copy_to_auth:  A user principal is authorizing a destination
      principal ("nfs@<destination>") to setup a copy_confirm_auth
      privilege with a source principal ("nfs@<source>") to allow it to
      copy a file from the source to the destination on behalf of the
      user principal.  This privilege is established on the destination
      server before the user principal sends a COPY operation to the
      destination server, and the resultant RPCSEC_GSSv3 context is used
      to secure the COPY operation.

      <CODE BEGINS>

   struct copy_to_auth_priv {
           /* equal to cfap_shared_secret */
           secret4              ctap_shared_secret;
           netloc4              ctap_source<>;
           /* the NFSv4 user name that the user principal maps to */
           utf8str_mixed        ctap_username;
   };

      <CODE ENDS>

      ctap_shared_secret is the automatically generated secret value
      used to establish the copy_from_auth privilege with the source
      principal.  See Section 4.10.1.1.1.

   copy_confirm_auth:  A destination principal ("nfs@<destination>") is
      confirming with the source principal ("nfs@<source>") that it is
      authorized to copy data from the source.  This privilege is
      established on the destination server before the file is copied
      from the source to the destination.  The resultant RPCSEC_GSSv3
      context is used to secure the READ operations from the source to
      the destination server.

      <CODE BEGINS>

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   struct copy_confirm_auth_priv {
           /* equal to GSS_GetMIC() of cfap_shared_secret */
           opaque              ccap_shared_secret_mic<>;
           /* the NFSv4 user name that the user principal maps to */
           utf8str_mixed       ccap_username;
   };

      <CODE ENDS>

4.10.1.1.1.  Establishing a Security Context

   When the user principal wants to COPY a file between two servers, if
   it has not established copy_from_auth and copy_to_auth privileges on
   the servers, it establishes them:

   o  As noted in [rpcsec_gssv3] the client uses an existing
      RPCSEC_GSSv3 context termed the "parent" handle to establish and
      protect RPCSEC_GSSv3 structured privilege assertion exchanges.
      The copy_from_auth privilege will use the context established
      between the user principal and the source server used to OPEN the
      source file as the RPCSEC_GSSv3 parent handle.  The copy_to_auth
      privilege will use the context established between the user
      principal and the destination server used to OPEN the destination
      file as the RPCSEC_GSSv3 parent handle.

   o  A random number is generated to use as a secret to be shared
      between the two servers.  This shared secret will be placed in the
      cfap_shared_secret and ctap_shared_secret fields of the
      appropriate privilege data types, copy_from_auth_priv and
      copy_to_auth_priv.  Because of this shared_secret the
      RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE control messages for copy_from_auth and
      copy_to_auth MUST use a QOP of rpc_gss_svc_privacy.

   o  An instance of copy_from_auth_priv is filled in with the shared
      secret, the destination server, and the NFSv4 user id of the user
      principal and is placed in rpc_gss3_create_args
      assertions[0].privs.privilege.  The string "copy_from_auth" is
      placed in assertions[0].privs.name.  The source server unwraps the
      rpc_gss_svc_privacy RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE payload and verifies that
      the NFSv4 user id being asserted matches the source server's
      mapping of the user principal.  If it does, the privilege is
      established on the source server as: <"copy_from_auth", user id,
      destination>.  The field "handle" in a successful reply is the
      RPCSEC_GSSv3 copy_from_auth "child" handle that the client will
      use on COPY_NOTIFY requests to the source server.

   o  An instance of copy_to_auth_priv is filled in with the shared
      secret, the cnr_source_server list returned by COPY_NOTIFY, and

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      the NFSv4 user id of the user principal.  The copy_to_auth_priv
      instance is placed in rpc_gss3_create_args
      assertions[0].privs.privilege.  The string "copy_to_auth" is
      placed in assertions[0].privs.name.  The destination server
      unwraps the rpc_gss_svc_privacy RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE payload and
      verifies that the NFSv4 user id being asserted matches the
      destination server's mapping of the user principal.  If it does,
      the privilege is established on the destination server as:
      <"copy_to_auth", user id, source list>.  The field "handle" in a
      successful reply is the RPCSEC_GSSv3 copy_to_auth "child" handle
      that the client will use on COPY requests to the destination
      server involving the source server.

   As noted in [rpcsec_gssv3] Section 2.3.1 "Create Request", both the
   client and the source server should associate the RPCSEC_GSSv3
   "child" handle with the parent RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle used to create the
   RPCSEC_GSSv3 child handle.

4.10.1.1.2.  Starting a Secure Inter-Server Copy

   When the client sends a COPY_NOTIFY request to the source server, it
   uses the privileged "copy_from_auth" RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle.
   cna_destination_server in COPY_NOTIFY MUST be the same as
   cfap_destination specified in copy_from_auth_priv.  Otherwise,
   COPY_NOTIFY will fail with NFS4ERR_ACCESS.  The source server
   verifies that the privilege <"copy_from_auth", user id, destination>
   exists, and annotates it with the source filehandle, if the user
   principal has read access to the source file, and if administrative
   policies give the user principal and the NFS client read access to
   the source file (i.e., if the ACCESS operation would grant read
   access).  Otherwise, COPY_NOTIFY will fail with NFS4ERR_ACCESS.

   When the client sends a COPY request to the destination server, it
   uses the privileged "copy_to_auth" RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle.
   ca_source_server list in COPY MUST be the same as ctap_source list
   specified in copy_to_auth_priv.  Otherwise, COPY will fail with
   NFS4ERR_ACCESS.  The destination server verifies that the privilege
   <"copy_to_auth", user id, source list> exists, and annotates it with
   the source and destination filehandles.  If the COPY returns a
   wr_callback_id, then this is an asynchronous copy and the
   wr_callback_id must also must be annotated to the copy_to_auth
   privilege.  If the client has failed to establish the "copy_to_auth"
   privilege it will reject the request with NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH.

   If either the COPY_NOTIFY, or the COPY operations fail, the
   associated "copy_from_auth" and "copy_to_auth" RPCSEC_GSSv3 handles
   MUST be destroyed.

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4.10.1.1.3.  Securing ONC RPC Server-to-Server Copy Protocols

   After a destination server has a "copy_to_auth" privilege established
   on it, and it receives a COPY request, if it knows it will use an ONC
   RPC protocol to copy data, it will establish a "copy_confirm_auth"
   privilege on the source server prior to responding to the COPY
   operation as follows:

   o  Before establishing an RPCSEC_GSSv3 context, a parent context
      needs to exist between nfs@<destination> as the initiator
      principal, and nfs@<source> as the target principal.  If NFS is to
      be used as the copy protocol, this means that the destination
      server must mount the source server using RPCSEC_GSSv3.

   o  An instance of copy_confirm_auth_priv is filled in with
      information from the established "copy_to_auth" privilege.  The
      value of the field ccap_shared_secret_mic is a GSS_GetMIC() of the
      ctap_shared_secret in the copy_to_auth privilege using the parent
      handle context.  The field ccap_username is the mapping of the
      user principal to an NFSv4 user name ("user"@"domain" form), and
      MUST be the same as the ctap_username in the copy_to_auth
      privilege.  The copy_confirm_auth_priv instance is placed in
      rpc_gss3_create_args assertions[0].privs.privilege.  The string
      "copy_confirm_auth" is placed in assertions[0].privs.name.

   o  The RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE copy_from_auth message is sent to the
      source server with a QOP of rpc_gss_svc_privacy.  The source
      server unwraps the rpc_gss_svc_privacy RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE payload
      and verifies the cap_shared_secret_mic by calling GSS_VerifyMIC()
      using the parent context on the cfap_shared_secret from the
      established "copy_from_auth" privilege, and verifies the that the
      ccap_username equals the cfap_username.

   o  If all verification succeeds, the "copy_confirm_auth" privilege is
      established on the source server as < "copy_confirm_auth",
      shared_secret_mic, user id> Because the shared secret has been
      verified, the resultant copy_confirm_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 child
      handle is noted to be acting on behalf of the user principal.

   o  If the source server fails to verify the copy_from_auth privilege
      the COPY operation will be rejected with NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH,
      causing in turn the client to destroy the associated
      copy_from_auth and copy_to_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 structured privilege
      assertion handles.

   o  All subsequent ONC RPC READ requests sent from the destination to
      copy data from the source to the destination will use the
      RPCSEC_GSSv3 copy_confirm_auth child handle.

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   Note that the use of the "copy_confirm_auth" privilege accomplishes
   the following:

   o  If a protocol like NFS is being used, with export policies, export
      policies can be overridden in case the destination server as-an-
      NFS-client is not authorized

   o  Manual configuration to allow a copy relationship between the
      source and destination is not needed.

4.10.1.1.4.  Maintaining a Secure Inter-Server Copy

   If the client determines that either the copy_from_auth or the
   copy_to_auth handle becomes invalid during a copy, then the copy MUST
   be aborted by the client sending an OFFLOAD_CANCEL to both the source
   and destination servers and destroying the respective copy related
   context handles as described in Section 4.10.1.1.5.

4.10.1.1.5.  Finishing or Stopping a Secure Inter-Server Copy

   Under normal operation, the client MUST destroy the copy_from_auth
   and the copy_to_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle once the COPY operation
   returns for a synchronous inter-server copy or a CB_OFFLOAD reports
   the result of an asynchronous copy.

   The copy_confirm_auth privilege constructed from information held by
   the copy_to_auth privilege, and MUST be destroyed by the destination
   server (via an RPCSEC_GSS3_DESTROY call) when the copy_to_auth
   RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle is destroyed.

   The copy_confirm_auth RPCSEC_GSS3 handle is associated with a
   copy_from_auth RPCSEC_GSS3 handle on the source server via the shared
   secret and MUST be locally destroyed (there is no RPCSEC_GSS3_DESTROY
   as the source server is not the initiator) when the copy_from_auth
   RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle is destroyed.

   If the client sends an OFFLOAD_CANCEL to the source server to rescind
   the destination server's synchronous copy privilege, it uses the
   privileged "copy_from_auth" RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle and the
   cra_destination_server in OFFLOAD_CANCEL MUST be the same as the name
   of the destination server specified in copy_from_auth_priv.  The
   source server will then delete the <"copy_from_auth", user id,
   destination> privilege and fail any subsequent copy requests sent
   under the auspices of this privilege from the destination server.
   The client MUST destroy both the "copy_from_auth" and the
   "copy_to_auth" RPCSEC_GSSv3 handles.

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   If the client sends an OFFLOAD_STATUS to the destination server to
   check on the status of an asynchronous copy, it uses the privileged
   "copy_to_auth" RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle and the osa_stateid in
   OFFLOAD_STATUS MUST be the same as the wr_callback_id specified in
   the "copy_to_auth" privilege stored on the destination server.

   If the client sends an OFFLOAD_CANCEL to the destination server to
   cancel an asynchronous copy, it uses the privileged "copy_to_auth"
   RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle and the oaa_stateid in OFFLOAD_CANCEL MUST be the
   same as the wr_callback_id specified in the "copy_to_auth" privilege
   stored on the destination server.  The destination server will then
   delete the <"copy_to_auth", user id, source list, nounce, nounce MIC,
   context handle, handle version> privilege and the associated
   "copy_confirm_auth" RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle.  The client MUST destroy
   both the copy_to_auth and copy_from_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handles.

4.10.1.2.  Inter-Server Copy via ONC RPC without RPCSEC_GSS

   ONC RPC security flavors other than RPCSEC_GSS MAY be used with the
   server-side copy offload operations described in this chapter.  In
   particular, host-based ONC RPC security flavors such as AUTH_NONE and
   AUTH_SYS MAY be used.  If a host-based security flavor is used, a
   minimal level of protection for the server-to-server copy protocol is
   possible.

   In the absence of a strong security mechanism designed for the
   purpose, the challenge is how the source server and destination
   server identify themselves to each other, especially in the presence
   of multi-homed source and destination servers.  In a multi-homed
   environment, the destination server might not contact the source
   server from the same network address specified by the client in the
   COPY_NOTIFY.  The cnr_stateid returned from the COPY_NOTIFY can be
   used to uiniquely identify the destination server to the source
   server.  The use of cnr_stateid provides initial authentication of
   the destination server, but cannot defend against man-in-the-middle
   attacks after authentication or an eavesdropper that observes the
   opaque stateid on the wire.  Other secure communication techniques
   (e.g., IPsec) are necessary to block these attacks.

   Servers SHOULD reject COPY_NOTIFY requests that do not use RPCSEC_GSS
   with privacy, thus ensuring the cnr_stateid in the COPY_NOTIFY reply
   is encrypted.  For the same reason, clients SHOULD send COPY requests
   to the destination using RPCSEC_GSS with privacy.

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4.10.1.3.  Inter-Server Copy without ONC RPC

   The same techniques as Section 4.10.1.2, using unique URLs for each
   destination server, can be used for other protocols (e.g., HTTP
   [RFC2616] and FTP [RFC959]) as well.

5.  Support for Application IO Hints

   Applications can issue client I/O hints via posix_fadvise()
   [posix_fadvise] to the NFS client.  While this can help the NFS
   client optimize I/O and caching for a file, it does not allow the NFS
   server and its exported file system to do likewise.  We add an
   IO_ADVISE procedure (Section 15.5) to communicate the client file
   access patterns to the NFS server.  The NFS server upon receiving a
   IO_ADVISE operation MAY choose to alter its I/O and caching behavior,
   but is under no obligation to do so.

   Application specific NFS clients such as those used by hypervisors
   and databases can also leverage application hints to communicate
   their specialized requirements.

6.  Sparse Files

6.1.  Introduction

   A sparse file is a common way of representing a large file without
   having to utilize all of the disk space for it.  Consequently, a
   sparse file uses less physical space than its size indicates.  This
   means the file contains 'holes', byte ranges within the file that
   contain no data.  Most modern file systems support sparse files,
   including most UNIX file systems and NTFS, but notably not Apple's
   HFS+.  Common examples of sparse files include Virtual Machine (VM)
   OS/disk images, database files, log files, and even checkpoint
   recovery files most commonly used by the HPC community.

   In addition many modern file systems support the concept of
   'unwritten' or 'uninitialized' blocks, which have uninitialized space
   allocated to them on disk, but will return zeros until data is
   written to them.  Such functionality is already present in the data
   model of the pNFS Block/Volume Layout (see [RFC5663]).  Uninitialized
   blocks can thought as holes inside a space reservation window.

   If an application reads a hole in a sparse file, the file system must
   return all zeros to the application.  For local data access there is
   little penalty, but with NFS these zeroes must be transferred back to
   the client.  If an application uses the NFS client to read data into
   memory, this wastes time and bandwidth as the application waits for
   the zeroes to be transferred.

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   A sparse file is typically created by initializing the file to be all
   zeros - nothing is written to the data in the file, instead the hole
   is recorded in the metadata for the file.  So a 8G disk image might
   be represented initially by a couple hundred bits in the inode and
   nothing on the disk.  If the VM then writes 100M to a file in the
   middle of the image, there would now be two holes represented in the
   metadata and 100M in the data.

   No new operation is needed to allow the creation of a sparsely
   populated file, when a file is created and a write occurs past the
   current size of the file, the non-allocated region will either be a
   hole or filled with zeros.  The choice of behavior is dictated by the
   underlying file system and is transparent to the application.  What
   is needed are the abilities to read sparse files and to punch holes
   to reinitialize the contents of a file.

   Two new operations DEALLOCATE (Section 15.4) and READ_PLUS
   (Section 15.10) are introduced.  DEALLOCATE allows for the hole
   punching.  I.e., an application might want to reset the allocation
   and reservation status of a range of the file.  READ_PLUS supports
   all the features of READ but includes an extension to support sparse
   files.  READ_PLUS is guaranteed to perform no worse than READ, and
   can dramatically improve performance with sparse files.  READ_PLUS
   does not depend on pNFS protocol features, but can be used by pNFS to
   support sparse files.

6.2.  Terminology

   Regular file:  An object of file type NF4REG or NF4NAMEDATTR.

   Sparse file:  A Regular file that contains one or more holes.

   Hole:  A byte range within a Sparse file that contains regions of all
      zeroes.  A hole might or might not have space allocated or
      reserved to it.

6.3.  New Operations

6.3.1.  READ_PLUS

   READ_PLUS is a new variant of the NFSv4.1 READ operation [RFC5661].
   Besides being able to support all of the data semantics of the READ
   operation, it can also be used by the client and server to
   efficiently transfer holes.  Note that as the client has no a priori
   knowledge of whether a hole is present or not, if the client supports
   READ_PLUS and so does the server, then it should always use the
   READ_PLUS operation in preference to the READ operation.

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   READ_PLUS extends the response with a new arm representing holes to
   avoid returning data for portions of the file which are initialized
   to zero and may or may not contain a backing store.  Returning data
   blocks of uninitialized data wastes computational and network
   resources, thus reducing performance.

   When a client sends a READ operation, it is not prepared to accept a
   READ_PLUS-style response providing a compact encoding of the scope of
   holes.  If a READ occurs on a sparse file, then the server must
   expand such data to be raw bytes.  If a READ occurs in the middle of
   a hole, the server can only send back bytes starting from that
   offset.  By contrast, if a READ_PLUS occurs in the middle of a hole,
   the server can send back a range which starts before the offset and
   extends past the range.

6.3.2.  DEALLOCATE

   DEALLOCATE can be used to hole punch, which allows the client to
   avoid the transfer of a repetitive pattern of zeros across the
   network.

7.  Space Reservation

   Applications want to be able to reserve space for a file, report the
   amount of actual disk space a file occupies, and free-up the backing
   space of a file when it is not required.

   One example is the posix_fallocate ([posix_fallocate]) which allows
   applications to ask for space reservations from the operating system,
   usually to provide a better file layout and reduce overhead for
   random or slow growing file appending workloads.

   Another example is space reservation for virtual disks in a
   hypervisor.  In virtualized environments, virtual disk files are
   often stored on NFS mounted volumes.  When a hypervisor creates a
   virtual disk file, it often tries to preallocate the space for the
   file so that there are no future allocation related errors during the
   operation of the virtual machine.  Such errors prevent a virtual
   machine from continuing execution and result in downtime.

   Currently, in order to achieve such a guarantee, applications zero
   the entire file.  The initial zeroing allocates the backing blocks
   and all subsequent writes are overwrites of already allocated blocks.
   This approach is not only inefficient in terms of the amount of I/O
   done, it is also not guaranteed to work on file systems that are log
   structured or deduplicated.  An efficient way of guaranteeing space
   reservation would be beneficial to such applications.

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   The new ALLOCATE operation (see Section 15.1) allows a client to
   request a guarantee that space will be available.  The ALLOCATE
   operation guarantees that any future writes to the region it was
   successfully called for will not fail with NFS4ERR_NOSPC.

   Another useful feature is the ability to report the number of blocks
   that would be freed when a file is deleted.  Currently, NFS reports
   two size attributes:

   size  The logical file size of the file.

   space_used  The size in bytes that the file occupies on disk

   While these attributes are sufficient for space accounting in
   traditional file systems, they prove to be inadequate in modern file
   systems that support block sharing.  In such file systems, multiple
   inodes can point to a single block with a block reference count to
   guard against premature freeing.  Having a way to tell the number of
   blocks that would be freed if the file was deleted would be useful to
   applications that wish to migrate files when a volume is low on
   space.

   Since virtual disks represent a hard drive in a virtual machine, a
   virtual disk can be viewed as a file system within a file.  Since not
   all blocks within a file system are in use, there is an opportunity
   to reclaim blocks that are no longer in use.  A call to deallocate
   blocks could result in better space efficiency.  Lesser space MAY be
   consumed for backups after block deallocation.

   The following operations and attributes can be used to resolve these
   issues:

   space_freed  This attribute specifies the space freed when a file is
      deleted, taking block sharing into consideration.

   DEALLOCATE  This operation delallocates the blocks backing a region
      of the file.

   If space_used of a file is interpreted to mean the size in bytes of
   all disk blocks pointed to by the inode of the file, then shared
   blocks get double counted, over-reporting the space utilization.
   This also has the adverse effect that the deletion of a file with
   shared blocks frees up less than space_used bytes.

   On the other hand, if space_used is interpreted to mean the size in
   bytes of those disk blocks unique to the inode of the file, then
   shared blocks are not counted in any file, resulting in under-
   reporting of the space utilization.

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   For example, two files A and B have 10 blocks each.  Let 6 of these
   blocks be shared between them.  Thus, the combined space utilized by
   the two files is 14 * BLOCK_SIZE bytes.  In the former case, the
   combined space utilization of the two files would be reported as 20 *
   BLOCK_SIZE.  However, deleting either would only result in 4 *
   BLOCK_SIZE being freed.  Conversely, the latter interpretation would
   report that the space utilization is only 8 * BLOCK_SIZE.

   Adding another size attribute, space_freed (see Section 12.2.2), is
   helpful in solving this problem. space_freed is the number of blocks
   that are allocated to the given file that would be freed on its
   deletion.  In the example, both A and B would report space_freed as 4
   * BLOCK_SIZE and space_used as 10 * BLOCK_SIZE.  If A is deleted, B
   will report space_freed as 10 * BLOCK_SIZE as the deletion of B would
   result in the deallocation of all 10 blocks.

   The addition of these attributes does not solve the problem of space
   being over-reported.  However, over-reporting is better than under-
   reporting.

8.  Application Data Block Support

   At the OS level, files are contained on disk blocks.  Applications
   are also free to impose structure on the data contained in a file and
   we can define an Application Data Block (ADB) to be such a structure.
   From the application's viewpoint, it only wants to handle ADBs and
   not raw bytes (see [Strohm11]).  An ADB is typically comprised of two
   sections: header and data.  The header describes the characteristics
   of the block and can provide a means to detect corruption in the data
   payload.  The data section is typically initialized to all zeros.

   The format of the header is application specific, but there are two
   main components typically encountered:

   1.  An Application Data Block Number (ADBN) which allows the
       application to determine which data block is being referenced.
       This is useful when the client is not storing the blocks in
       contiguous memory, i.e., a logical block number.

   2.  Fields to describe the state of the ADB and a means to detect
       block corruption.  For both pieces of data, a useful property is
       that allowed values be unique in that if passed across the
       network, corruption due to translation between big and little
       endian architectures are detectable.  For example, 0xF0DEDEF0 has
       the same bit pattern in both architectures.

   Applications already impose structures on files [Strohm11] and detect
   corruption in data blocks [Ashdown08].  What they are not able to do

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   is efficiently transfer and store ADBs.  To initialize a file with
   ADBs, the client must send each full ADB to the server and that must
   be stored on the server.

   In this section, we define a framework for transferring the ADB from
   client to server and present one approach to detecting corruption in
   a given ADB implementation.

8.1.  Generic Framework

   We want the representation of the ADB to be flexible enough to
   support many different applications.  The most basic approach is no
   imposition of a block at all, which means we are working with the raw
   bytes.  Such an approach would be useful for storing holes, punching
   holes, etc.  In more complex deployments, a server might be
   supporting multiple applications, each with their own definition of
   the ADB.  One might store the ADBN at the start of the block and then
   have a guard pattern to detect corruption [McDougall07].  The next
   might store the ADBN at an offset of 100 bytes within the block and
   have no guard pattern at all, i.e., existing applications might
   already have well defined formats for their data blocks.

   The guard pattern can be used to represent the state of the block, to
   protect against corruption, or both.  Again, it needs to be able to
   be placed anywhere within the ADB.

   We need to be able to represent the starting offset of the block and
   the size of the block.  Note that nothing prevents the application
   from defining different sized blocks in a file.

8.1.1.  Data Block Representation

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct app_data_block4 {
           offset4         adb_offset;
           length4         adb_block_size;
           length4         adb_block_count;
           length4         adb_reloff_blocknum;
           count4          adb_block_num;
           length4         adb_reloff_pattern;
           opaque          adb_pattern<>;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

   The app_data_block4 structure captures the abstraction presented for
   the ADB.  The additional fields present are to allow the transmission

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   of adb_block_count ADBs at one time.  We also use adb_block_num to
   convey the ADBN of the first block in the sequence.  Each ADB will
   contain the same adb_pattern string.

   As both adb_block_num and adb_pattern are optional, if either
   adb_reloff_pattern or adb_reloff_blocknum is set to NFS4_UINT64_MAX,
   then the corresponding field is not set in any of the ADB.

8.2.  An Example of Detecting Corruption

   In this section, we define an ADB format in which corruption can be
   detected.  Note that this is just one possible format and means to
   detect corruption.

   Consider a very basic implementation of an operating system's disk
   blocks.  A block is either data or it is an indirect block which
   allows for files to be larger than one block.  It is desired to be
   able to initialize a block.  Lastly, to quickly unlink a file, a
   block can be marked invalid.  The contents remain intact - which
   would enable this OS application to undelete a file.

   The application defines 4k sized data blocks, with an 8 byte block
   counter occurring at offset 0 in the block, and with the guard
   pattern occurring at offset 8 inside the block.  Furthermore, the
   guard pattern can take one of four states:

   0xfeedface -   This is the FREE state and indicates that the ADB
      format has been applied.

   0xcafedead -   This is the DATA state and indicates that real data
      has been written to this block.

   0xe4e5c001 -   This is the INDIRECT state and indicates that the
      block contains block counter numbers that are chained off of this
      block.

   0xba1ed4a3 -   This is the INVALID state and indicates that the block
      contains data whose contents are garbage.

   Finally, it also defines an 8 byte checksum [Baira08] starting at
   byte 16 which applies to the remaining contents of the block.  If the
   state is FREE, then that checksum is trivially zero.  As such, the
   application has no need to transfer the checksum implicitly inside
   the ADB - it need not make the transfer layer aware of the fact that
   there is a checksum (see [Ashdown08] for an example of checksums used
   to detect corruption in application data blocks).

   Corruption in each ADB can thus be detected:

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   o  If the guard pattern is anything other than one of the allowed
      values, including all zeros.

   o  If the guard pattern is FREE and any other byte in the remainder
      of the ADB is anything other than zero.

   o  If the guard pattern is anything other than FREE, then if the
      stored checksum does not match the computed checksum.

   o  If the guard pattern is INDIRECT and one of the stored indirect
      block numbers has a value greater than the number of ADBs in the
      file.

   o  If the guard pattern is INDIRECT and one of the stored indirect
      block numbers is a duplicate of another stored indirect block
      number.

   As can be seen, the application can detect errors based on the
   combination of the guard pattern state and the checksum.  But also,
   the application can detect corruption based on the state and the
   contents of the ADB.  This last point is important in validating the
   minimum amount of data we incorporated into our generic framework.
   I.e., the guard pattern is sufficient in allowing applications to
   design their own corruption detection.

   Finally, it is important to note that none of these corruption checks
   occur in the transport layer.  The server and client components are
   totally unaware of the file format and might report everything as
   being transferred correctly even in the case the application detects
   corruption.

8.3.  Example of READ_PLUS

   The hypothetical application presented in Section 8.2 can be used to
   illustrate how READ_PLUS would return an array of results.  A file is
   created and initialized with 100 4k ADBs in the FREE state with the
   WRITE_SAME operation (see Section 15.12):

      WRITE_SAME {0, 4k, 100, 0, 0, 8, 0xfeedface}

   Further, assume the application writes a single ADB at 16k, changing
   the guard pattern to 0xcafedead, we would then have in memory:

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       0k ->   (4k - 1) : 00 00 00 00 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
       4k ->   (8k - 1) : 00 00 00 01 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
       8k ->  (12k - 1) : 00 00 00 02 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
      12k ->  (16k - 1) : 00 00 00 03 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
      16k ->  (20k - 1) : 00 00 00 04 ca fe de ad 00 00 ... 00 00
      20k ->  (24k - 1) : 00 00 00 05 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
      24k ->  (28k - 1) : 00 00 00 06 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
         ...
     396k -> (400k - 1) : 00 00 00 63 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00

   And when the client did a READ_PLUS of 64k at the start of the file,
   it could get back a result of data:

       0k ->   (4k - 1) : 00 00 00 00 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
       4k ->   (8k - 1) : 00 00 00 01 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
       8k ->  (12k - 1) : 00 00 00 02 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
      12k ->  (16k - 1) : 00 00 00 03 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
      16k ->  (20k - 1) : 00 00 00 04 ca fe de ad 00 00 ... 00 00
      20k ->  (24k - 1) : 00 00 00 05 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
      24k ->  (24k - 1) : 00 00 00 06 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00
         ...
      62k ->  (64k - 1) : 00 00 00 15 fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00 00

8.4.  An Example of Zeroing Space

   A simpler use case for WRITE_SAME are applications that want to
   efficiently zero out a file, but do not want to modify space
   reservations.  This can easily be achieved by a call to WRITE_SAME
   without a ADB block numbers and pattern, e.g.:

      WRITE_SAME {0, 1k, 10000, 0, 0, 0, 0}

9.  Labeled NFS

9.1.  Introduction

   Access control models such as Unix permissions or Access Control
   Lists are commonly referred to as Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
   models.  These systems base their access decisions on user identity
   and resource ownership.  In contrast Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
   models base their access control decisions on the label on the
   subject (usually a process) and the object it wishes to access
   [RFC7204].  These labels may contain user identity information but
   usually contain additional information.  In DAC systems users are
   free to specify the access rules for resources that they own.  MAC
   models base their security decisions on a system wide policy
   established by an administrator or organization which the users do

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   not have the ability to override.  In this section, we add a MAC
   model to NFSv4.2.

   First we provide a method for transporting and storing security label
   data on NFSv4 file objects.  Security labels have several semantics
   that are met by NFSv4 recommended attributes such as the ability to
   set the label value upon object creation.  Access control on these
   attributes are done through a combination of two mechanisms.  As with
   other recommended attributes on file objects the usual DAC checks
   (ACLs and permission bits) will be performed to ensure that proper
   file ownership is enforced.  In addition a MAC system MAY be employed
   on the client, server, or both to enforce additional policy on what
   subjects may modify security label information.

   Second, we describe a method for the client to determine if an NFSv4
   file object security label has changed.  A client which needs to know
   if a label on a file or set of files is going to change SHOULD
   request a delegation on each labeled file.  In order to change such a
   security label, the server will have to recall delegations on any
   file affected by the label change, so informing clients of the label
   change.

   An additional useful feature would be modification to the RPC layer
   used by NFSv4 to allow RPC calls to carry security labels and enable
   full mode enforcement as described in Section 9.6.1.  Such
   modifications are outside the scope of this document (see
   [rpcsec_gssv3]).

9.2.  Definitions

   Label Format Specifier (LFS):  is an identifier used by the client to
      establish the syntactic format of the security label and the
      semantic meaning of its components.  These specifiers exist in a
      registry associated with documents describing the format and
      semantics of the label.

   Label Format Registry:  is the IANA registry (see [Quigley14])
      containing all registered LFSes along with references to the
      documents that describe the syntactic format and semantics of the
      security label.

   Policy Identifier (PI):  is an optional part of the definition of a
      Label Format Specifier which allows for clients and server to
      identify specific security policies.

   Object:  is a passive resource within the system that we wish to be
      protected.  Objects can be entities such as files, directories,

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      pipes, sockets, and many other system resources relevant to the
      protection of the system state.

   Subject:  is an active entity usually a process which is requesting
      access to an object.

   MAC-Aware:  is a server which can transmit and store object labels.

   MAC-Functional:  is a client or server which is Labeled NFS enabled.
      Such a system can interpret labels and apply policies based on the
      security system.

   Multi-Level Security (MLS):  is a traditional model where objects are
      given a sensitivity level (Unclassified, Secret, Top Secret, etc)
      and a category set (see [BL73], [RFC1108], and [RFC2401]).

9.3.  MAC Security Attribute

   MAC models base access decisions on security attributes bound to
   subjects and objects.  This information can range from a user
   identity for an identity based MAC model, sensitivity levels for
   Multi-level security, or a type for Type Enforcement.  These models
   base their decisions on different criteria but the semantics of the
   security attribute remain the same.  The semantics required by the
   security attributes are listed below:

   o  MUST provide flexibility with respect to the MAC model.

   o  MUST provide the ability to atomically set security information
      upon object creation.

   o  MUST provide the ability to enforce access control decisions both
      on the client and the server.

   o  MUST NOT expose an object to either the client or server name
      space before its security information has been bound to it.

   NFSv4 implements the security attribute as a recommended attribute.
   These attributes have a fixed format and semantics, which conflicts
   with the flexible nature of the security attribute.  To resolve this
   the security attribute consists of two components.  The first
   component is a LFS as defined in [Quigley14] to allow for
   interoperability between MAC mechanisms.  The second component is an
   opaque field which is the actual security attribute data.  To allow
   for various MAC models, NFSv4 should be used solely as a transport
   mechanism for the security attribute.  It is the responsibility of
   the endpoints to consume the security attribute and make access
   decisions based on their respective models.  In addition, creation of

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   objects through OPEN and CREATE allows for the security attribute to
   be specified upon creation.  By providing an atomic create and set
   operation for the security attribute it is possible to enforce the
   second and fourth requirements.  The recommended attribute
   FATTR4_SEC_LABEL (see Section 12.2.4) will be used to satisfy this
   requirement.

9.3.1.  Delegations

   In the event that a security attribute is changed on the server while
   a client holds a delegation on the file, both the server and the
   client MUST follow the NFSv4.1 protocol (see Chapter 10 of [RFC5661])
   with respect to attribute changes.  It SHOULD flush all changes back
   to the server and relinquish the delegation.

9.3.2.  Permission Checking

   It is not feasible to enumerate all possible MAC models and even
   levels of protection within a subset of these models.  This means
   that the NFSv4 client and servers cannot be expected to directly make
   access control decisions based on the security attribute.  Instead
   NFSv4 should defer permission checking on this attribute to the host
   system.  These checks are performed in addition to existing DAC and
   ACL checks outlined in the NFSv4 protocol.  Section 9.6 gives a
   specific example of how the security attribute is handled under a
   particular MAC model.

9.3.3.  Object Creation

   When creating files in NFSv4 the OPEN and CREATE operations are used.
   One of the parameters to these operations is an fattr4 structure
   containing the attributes the file is to be created with.  This
   allows NFSv4 to atomically set the security attribute of files upon
   creation.  When a client is MAC-Functional it must always provide the
   initial security attribute upon file creation.  In the event that the
   server is MAC-Functional as well, it should determine by policy
   whether it will accept the attribute from the client or instead make
   the determination itself.  If the client is not MAC-Functional, then
   the MAC-Functional server must decide on a default label.  A more in
   depth explanation can be found in Section 9.6.

9.3.4.  Existing Objects

   Note that under the MAC model, all objects must have labels.
   Therefore, if an existing server is upgraded to include Labeled NFS
   support, then it is the responsibility of the security system to
   define the behavior for existing objects.

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9.3.5.  Label Changes

   Consider a guest mode system (Section 9.6.2) in which the clients
   enforce MAC checks and the server has only a DAC security system
   which stores the labels along with the file data.  In this type of
   system, a user with the appropriate DAC credentials on a client with
   poorly configured or disabled MAC labeling enforcement is allowed
   access to the file label (and data) on the server and can change the
   label.

   Clients which need to know if a label on a file or set of files has
   changed SHOULD request a delegation on each labeled file so that a
   label change by another client will be known via the process
   described in Section 9.3.1 which must be followed: the delegation
   will be recalled, which effectively notifies the client of the
   change.

   Note that the MAC security policies on a client can be such that the
   client does not have access to the file unless it has a delegation.

9.4.  pNFS Considerations

   The new FATTR4_SEC_LABEL attribute is metadata information and as
   such the DS is not aware of the value contained on the MDS.
   Fortunately, the NFSv4.1 protocol [RFC5661] already has provisions
   for doing access level checks from the DS to the MDS.  In order for
   the DS to validate the subject label presented by the client, it
   SHOULD utilize this mechanism.

9.5.  Discovery of Server Labeled NFS Support

   The server can easily determine that a client supports Labeled NFS
   when it queries for the FATTR4_SEC_LABEL label for an object.  The
   client might need to discover which LFS the server supports.

   The following compound MUST NOT be denied by any MAC label check:

        PUTROOTFH, GETATTR {FATTR4_SEC_LABEL}

   Note that the server might have imposed a security flavor on the root
   that precludes such access.  I.e., if the server requires kerberized
   access and the client presents a compound with AUTH_SYS, then the
   server is allowed to return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC in this case.  But if
   the client presents a correct security flavor, then the server MUST
   return the FATTR4_SEC_LABEL attribute with the supported LFS filled
   in.

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9.6.  MAC Security NFS Modes of Operation

   A system using Labeled NFS may operate in two modes.  The first mode
   provides the most protection and is called "full mode".  In this mode
   both the client and server implement a MAC model allowing each end to
   make an access control decision.  The remaining mode is called the
   "guest mode" and in this mode one end of the connection is not
   implementing a MAC model and thus offers less protection than full
   mode.

9.6.1.  Full Mode

   Full mode environments consist of MAC-Functional NFSv4 servers and
   clients and may be composed of mixed MAC models and policies.  The
   system requires that both the client and server have an opportunity
   to perform an access control check based on all relevant information
   within the network.  The file object security attribute is provided
   using the mechanism described in Section 9.3.

   Fully MAC-Functional NFSv4 servers are not possible in the absence of
   RPCSEC_GSSv3 [rpcsec_gssv3] support for subject label transport.
   However, servers may make decisions based on the RPC credential
   information available.

9.6.1.1.  Initial Labeling and Translation

   The ability to create a file is an action that a MAC model may wish
   to mediate.  The client is given the responsibility to determine the
   initial security attribute to be placed on a file.  This allows the
   client to make a decision as to the acceptable security attributes to
   create a file with before sending the request to the server.  Once
   the server receives the creation request from the client it may
   choose to evaluate if the security attribute is acceptable.

   Security attributes on the client and server may vary based on MAC
   model and policy.  To handle this the security attribute field has an
   LFS component.  This component is a mechanism for the host to
   identify the format and meaning of the opaque portion of the security
   attribute.  A full mode environment may contain hosts operating in
   several different LFSes.  In this case a mechanism for translating
   the opaque portion of the security attribute is needed.  The actual
   translation function will vary based on MAC model and policy and is
   out of the scope of this document.  If a translation is unavailable
   for a given LFS then the request MUST be denied.  Another recourse is
   to allow the host to provide a fallback mapping for unknown security
   attributes.

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9.6.1.2.  Policy Enforcement

   In full mode access control decisions are made by both the clients
   and servers.  When a client makes a request it takes the security
   attribute from the requesting process and makes an access control
   decision based on that attribute and the security attribute of the
   object it is trying to access.  If the client denies that access an
   RPC call to the server is never made.  If however the access is
   allowed the client will make a call to the NFS server.

   When the server receives the request from the client it uses any
   credential information conveyed in the RPC request and the attributes
   of the object the client is trying to access to make an access
   control decision.  If the server's policy allows this access it will
   fulfill the client's request, otherwise it will return
   NFS4ERR_ACCESS.

   Future protocol extensions may also allow the server to factor into
   the decision a security label extracted from the RPC request.

   Implementations MAY validate security attributes supplied over the
   network to ensure that they are within a set of attributes permitted
   from a specific peer, and if not, reject them.  Note that a system
   may permit a different set of attributes to be accepted from each
   peer.

9.6.1.3.  Limited Server

   A Limited Server mode (see Section 4.2 of [RFC7204]) consists of a
   server which is label aware, but does not enforce policies.  Such a
   server will store and retrieve all object labels presented by
   clients, utilize the methods described in Section 9.3.5 to allow the
   clients to detect changing labels, but may not factor the label into
   access decisions.  Instead, it will expect the clients to enforce all
   such access locally.

9.6.2.  Guest Mode

   Guest mode implies that either the client or the server does not
   handle labels.  If the client is not Labeled NFS aware, then it will
   not offer subject labels to the server.  The server is the only
   entity enforcing policy, and may selectively provide standard NFS
   services to clients based on their authentication credentials and/or
   associated network attributes (e.g., IP address, network interface).
   The level of trust and access extended to a client in this mode is
   configuration-specific.  If the server is not Labeled NFS aware, then
   it will not return object labels to the client.  Clients in this
   environment are may consist of groups implementing different MAC

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   model policies.  The system requires that all clients in the
   environment be responsible for access control checks.

9.7.  Security Considerations for Labeled NFS

   This entire chapter deals with security issues.

   Depending on the level of protection the MAC system offers there may
   be a requirement to tightly bind the security attribute to the data.

   When only one of the client or server enforces labels, it is
   important to realize that the other side is not enforcing MAC
   protections.  Alternate methods might be in use to handle the lack of
   MAC support and care should be taken to identify and mitigate threats
   from possible tampering outside of these methods.

   An example of this is that a server that modifies READDIR or LOOKUP
   results based on the client's subject label might want to always
   construct the same subject label for a client which does not present
   one.  This will prevent a non-Labeled NFS client from mixing entries
   in the directory cache.

10.  Sharing change attribute implementation characteristics with NFSv4
     clients

   Although both the NFSv4 [RFC7530] and NFSv4.1 protocol [RFC5661],
   define the change attribute as being mandatory to implement, there is
   little in the way of guidance as to its construction.  The only
   mandated constraint is that the value must change whenever the file
   data or metadata change.

   While this allows for a wide range of implementations, it also leaves
   the client with no way to determine which is the most recent value
   for the change attribute in a case where several RPC calls have been
   issued in parallel.  In other words if two COMPOUNDs, both containing
   WRITE and GETATTR requests for the same file, have been issued in
   parallel, how does the client determine which of the two change
   attribute values returned in the replies to the GETATTR requests
   correspond to the most recent state of the file?  In some cases, the
   only recourse may be to send another COMPOUND containing a third
   GETATTR that is fully serialized with the first two.

   NFSv4.2 avoids this kind of inefficiency by allowing the server to
   share details about how the change attribute is expected to evolve,
   so that the client may immediately determine which, out of the
   several change attribute values returned by the server, is the most
   recent. change_attr_type is defined as a new recommended attribute
   (see Section 12.2.3), and is per file system.

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11.  Error Values

   NFS error numbers are assigned to failed operations within a Compound
   (COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND) request.  A Compound request contains a
   number of NFS operations that have their results encoded in sequence
   in a Compound reply.  The results of successful operations will
   consist of an NFS4_OK status followed by the encoded results of the
   operation.  If an NFS operation fails, an error status will be
   entered in the reply and the Compound request will be terminated.

11.1.  Error Definitions

                        Protocol Error Definitions

          +-------------------------+--------+------------------+
          | Error                   | Number | Description      |
          +-------------------------+--------+------------------+
          | NFS4ERR_BADLABEL        | 10093  | Section 11.1.3.1 |
          | NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_DENIED  | 10091  | Section 11.1.2.1 |
          | NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS | 10094  | Section 11.1.2.2 |
          | NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH | 10089  | Section 11.1.2.3 |
          | NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NOTSUPP | 10088  | Section 11.1.2.4 |
          | NFS4ERR_UNION_NOTSUPP   | 10090  | Section 11.1.1.1 |
          | NFS4ERR_WRONG_LFS       | 10092  | Section 11.1.3.2 |
          +-------------------------+--------+------------------+

                                  Table 1

11.1.1.  General Errors

   This section deals with errors that are applicable to a broad set of
   different purposes.

11.1.1.1.  NFS4ERR_UNION_NOTSUPP (Error Code 10090)

   One of the arguments to the operation is a discriminated union and
   while the server supports the given operation, it does not support
   the selected arm of the discriminated union.

11.1.2.  Server to Server Copy Errors

   These errors deal with the interaction between server to server
   copies.

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11.1.2.1.  NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_DENIED (Error Code 10091)

   The copy offload operation is supported by both the source and the
   destination, but the destination is not allowing it for this file.
   If the client sees this error, it should fall back to the normal copy
   semantics.

11.1.2.2.  NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS (Error Code 10094)

   The copy offload operation is supported by both the source and the
   destination, but the destination can not meet the client requirements
   for either consecutive byte copy or synchronous copy.  If the client
   sees this error, it should either relax the requirements (if any) or
   fall back to the normal copy semantics.

11.1.2.3.  NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH (Error Code 10089)

   The source server does not authorize a server-to-server copy offload
   operation.  This may be due to the client's failure to send the
   COPY_NOTIFY operation to the source server, the source server
   receiving a server-to-server copy offload request after the copy
   lease time expired, or for some other permission problem.

11.1.2.4.  NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NOTSUPP (Error Code 10088)

   The remote server does not support the server-to-server copy offload
   protocol.

11.1.3.  Labeled NFS Errors

   These errors are used in Labeled NFS.

11.1.3.1.  NFS4ERR_BADLABEL (Error Code 10093)

   The label specified is invalid in some manner.

11.1.3.2.  NFS4ERR_WRONG_LFS (Error Code 10092)

   The LFS specified in the subject label is not compatible with the LFS
   in the object label.

11.2.  New Operations and Their Valid Errors

   This section contains a table that gives the valid error returns for
   each new NFSv4.2 protocol operation.  The error code NFS4_OK
   (indicating no error) is not listed but should be understood to be
   returnable by all new operations.  The error values for all other
   operations are defined in Section 15.2 of [RFC5661].

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            Valid Error Returns for Each New Protocol Operation

   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Operation      | Errors                                           |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | ALLOCATE       | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_DQUOT,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FBIG,                   |
   |                | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_MOVED,        |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOSPC,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_ROFS, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT,               |
   |                | NFS4ERR_STALE, NFS4ERR_SYMLINK,                  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE         |
   | CLONE          | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_DQUOT,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FBIG,                   |
   |                | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_MOVED,        |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOSPC, NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_ROFS, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT,               |
   |                | NFS4ERR_STALE, NFS4ERR_SYMLINK,                  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE,        |
   |                | NFS4ERR_XDEV                                     |
   | COPY           | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_DQUOT,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FBIG,                   |
   |                | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_LOCKED,       |
   |                | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOSPC, NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_DENIED,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_OPENMODE,           |

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   |                | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,                       |
   |                | NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH,                         |
   |                | NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_PNFS_IO_HOLE,   |
   |                | NFS4ERR_PNFS_NO_LAYOUT, NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_ROFS, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT,               |
   |                | NFS4ERR_STALE, NFS4ERR_SYMLINK,                  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE         |
   | COPY_NOTIFY    | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED,          |
   |                | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_LOCKED,       |
   |                | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_OPENMODE,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, NFS4ERR_PNFS_IO_HOLE, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_PNFS_NO_LAYOUT, NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_SYMLINK, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE                               |
   | DEALLOCATE     | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED,          |
   |                | NFS4ERR_FBIG, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE,  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR,        |
   |                | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_ROFS, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT,               |
   |                | NFS4ERR_STALE, NFS4ERR_SYMLINK,                  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE         |
   | GETDEVICELIST  | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP                                  |
   | LAYOUTERROR    | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION,        |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_ISDIR,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE,               |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,  |

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   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS,                            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE, NFS4ERR_WRONG_CRED,  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE                               |
   | LAYOUTSTATS    | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION,        |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_ISDIR,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE,               |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS,                            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE, NFS4ERR_WRONG_CRED,  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE                               |
   | OFFLOAD_CANCEL | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_COMPLETE_ALREADY,   |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP,   |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS        |
   | OFFLOAD_STATUS | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_COMPLETE_ALREADY,   |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP,   |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS        |
   | READ_PLUS      | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED,          |
   |                | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_LOCKED,       |
   |                | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_PNFS_IO_HOLE, NFS4ERR_PNFS_NO_LAYOUT,    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,              |

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   |                | NFS4ERR_SYMLINK, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE                               |
   | SEEK           | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED,          |
   |                | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_LOCKED,       |
   |                | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_PNFS_IO_HOLE, NFS4ERR_PNFS_NO_LAYOUT,    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_SYMLINK, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_UNION_NOTSUPP, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE        |
   | WRITE_SAME     | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,              |
   |                | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_DQUOT,            |
   |                | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FBIG,                   |
   |                | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE, NFS4ERR_INVAL, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR, NFS4ERR_LOCKED,       |
   |                | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,             |
   |                | NFS4ERR_NOSPC, NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP,                  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_OPENMODE,           |
   |                | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, NFS4ERR_PNFS_IO_HOLE, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_PNFS_NO_LAYOUT, NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,     |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,                    |
   |                | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG, NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, |
   |                | NFS4ERR_ROFS, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT,               |
   |                | NFS4ERR_STALE, NFS4ERR_SYMLINK,                  |
   |                | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE         |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+

                                  Table 2

11.3.  New Callback Operations and Their Valid Errors

   This section contains a table that gives the valid error returns for
   each new NFSv4.2 callback operation.  The error code NFS4_OK
   (indicating no error) is not listed but should be understood to be
   returnable by all new callback operations.  The error values for all
   other callback operations are defined in Section 15.3 of [RFC5661].

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       Valid Error Returns for Each New Protocol Callback Operation

   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | Callback   | Errors                                               |
   | Operation  |                                                      |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | CB_OFFLOAD | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,                   |
   |            | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_DELAY,                  |
   |            | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION, NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,      |
   |            | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE, NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,   |
   |            | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT,     |
   |            | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS                                 |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+

                                  Table 3

12.  New File Attributes

12.1.  New RECOMMENDED Attributes - List and Definition References

   The list of new RECOMMENDED attributes appears in Table 4.  The
   meaning of the columns of the table are:

   Name:  The name of the attribute.

   Id:  The number assigned to the attribute.  In the event of conflicts
      between the assigned number and [NFSv42xdr], the latter is likely
      authoritative, but should be resolved with Errata to this document
      and/or [NFSv42xdr].  See [IESG08] for the Errata process.

   Data Type:  The XDR data type of the attribute.

   Acc:  Access allowed to the attribute.

      R  means read-only (GETATTR may retrieve, SETATTR may not set).

      W  means write-only (SETATTR may set, GETATTR may not retrieve).

      R W   means read/write (GETATTR may retrieve, SETATTR may set).

   Defined in:  The section of this specification that describes the
      attribute.

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   +------------------+----+-------------------+-----+----------------+
   | Name             | Id | Data Type         | Acc | Defined in     |
   +------------------+----+-------------------+-----+----------------+
   | clone_blksize    | 77 | length4           | R   | Section 12.2.1 |
   | space_freed      | 78 | length4           | R   | Section 12.2.2 |
   | change_attr_type | 79 | change_attr_type4 | R   | Section 12.2.3 |
   | sec_label        | 80 | sec_label4        | R W | Section 12.2.4 |
   +------------------+----+-------------------+-----+----------------+

                                  Table 4

12.2.  Attribute Definitions

12.2.1.  Attribute 77: clone_blksize

   The clone_blksize attribute indicates the granularity of a CLONE
   operation.

12.2.2.  Attribute 78: space_freed

   space_freed gives the number of bytes freed if the file is deleted.
   This attribute is read only and is of type length4.  It is a per file
   attribute.

12.2.3.  Attribute 79: change_attr_type

   <CODE BEGINS>

   enum change_attr_type4 {
              NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_MONOTONIC_INCR         = 0,
              NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER        = 1,
              NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER_NOPNFS = 2,
              NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_TIME_METADATA          = 3,
              NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_UNDEFINED              = 4
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

   change_attr_type is a per file system attribute which enables the
   NFSv4.2 server to provide additional information about how it expects
   the change attribute value to evolve after the file data, or metadata
   has changed.  While Section 5.4 of [RFC5661] discusses per file
   system attributes, it is expected that the value of change_attr_type
   not depend on the value of "homogeneous" and only changes in the
   event of a migration.

   NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_UNDEFINED:  The change attribute does not take
      values that fit into any of these categories.

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   NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_MONOTONIC_INCR:  The change attribute value MUST
      monotonically increase for every atomic change to the file
      attributes, data, or directory contents.

   NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER:  The change attribute value MUST
      be incremented by one unit for every atomic change to the file
      attributes, data, or directory contents.  This property is
      preserved when writing to pNFS data servers.

   NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER_NOPNFS:  The change attribute
      value MUST be incremented by one unit for every atomic change to
      the file attributes, data, or directory contents.  In the case
      where the client is writing to pNFS data servers, the number of
      increments is not guaranteed to exactly match the number of
      writes.

   NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_TIME_METADATA:  The change attribute is
      implemented as suggested in [RFC7530] in terms of the
      time_metadata attribute.

   If either NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_MONOTONIC_INCR,
   NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER, or
   NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_TIME_METADATA are set, then the client knows at
   the very least that the change attribute is monotonically increasing,
   which is sufficient to resolve the question of which value is the
   most recent.

   If the client sees the value NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_TIME_METADATA, then
   by inspecting the value of the 'time_delta' attribute it additionally
   has the option of detecting rogue server implementations that use
   time_metadata in violation of the spec.

   If the client sees NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER, it has the
   ability to predict what the resulting change attribute value should
   be after a COMPOUND containing a SETATTR, WRITE, or CREATE.  This
   again allows it to detect changes made in parallel by another client.
   The value NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER_NOPNFS permits the
   same, but only if the client is not doing pNFS WRITEs.

   Finally, if the server does not support change_attr_type or if
   NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_UNDEFINED is set, then the server SHOULD make an
   effort to implement the change attribute in terms of the
   time_metadata attribute.

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12.2.4.  Attribute 80: sec_label

   <CODE BEGINS>

   typedef uint32_t  policy4;

   struct labelformat_spec4 {
           policy4 lfs_lfs;
           policy4 lfs_pi;
   };

   struct sec_label4 {
           labelformat_spec4       slai_lfs;
           opaque                  slai_data<>;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

   The FATTR4_SEC_LABEL contains an array of two components with the
   first component being an LFS.  It serves to provide the receiving end
   with the information necessary to translate the security attribute
   into a form that is usable by the endpoint.  Label Formats assigned
   an LFS may optionally choose to include a Policy Identifier field to
   allow for complex policy deployments.  The LFS and Label Format
   Registry are described in detail in [Quigley14].  The translation
   used to interpret the security attribute is not specified as part of
   the protocol as it may depend on various factors.  The second
   component is an opaque section which contains the data of the
   attribute.  This component is dependent on the MAC model to interpret
   and enforce.

   In particular, it is the responsibility of the LFS specification to
   define a maximum size for the opaque section, slai_data<>.  When
   creating or modifying a label for an object, the client needs to be
   guaranteed that the server will accept a label that is sized
   correctly.  By both client and server being part of a specific MAC
   model, the client will be aware of the size.

13.  Operations: REQUIRED, RECOMMENDED, or OPTIONAL

   The following tables summarize the operations of the NFSv4.2 protocol
   and the corresponding designation of REQUIRED, RECOMMENDED, and
   OPTIONAL to implement or MUST NOT implement.  The designation of MUST
   NOT implement is reserved for those operations that were defined in
   either NFSv4.0 or NFSV4.1 and MUST NOT be implemented in NFSv4.2.

   For the most part, the REQUIRED, RECOMMENDED, or OPTIONAL designation
   for operations sent by the client is for the server implementation.

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   The client is generally required to implement the operations needed
   for the operating environment for which it serves.  For example, a
   read-only NFSv4.2 client would have no need to implement the WRITE
   operation and is not required to do so.

   The REQUIRED or OPTIONAL designation for callback operations sent by
   the server is for both the client and server.  Generally, the client
   has the option of creating the backchannel and sending the operations
   on the fore channel that will be a catalyst for the server sending
   callback operations.  A partial exception is CB_RECALL_SLOT; the only
   way the client can avoid supporting this operation is by not creating
   a backchannel.

   Since this is a summary of the operations and their designation,
   there are subtleties that are not presented here.  Therefore, if
   there is a question of the requirements of implementation, the
   operation descriptions themselves must be consulted along with other
   relevant explanatory text within this either specification or that of
   NFSv4.1 [RFC5661].

   The abbreviations used in the second and third columns of the table
   are defined as follows.

   REQ:  REQUIRED to implement

   REC:  RECOMMENDED to implement

   OPT:  OPTIONAL to implement

   MNI:  MUST NOT implement

   For the NFSv4.2 features that are OPTIONAL, the operations that
   support those features are OPTIONAL, and the server MUST return
   NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP in response to the client's use of those operations,
   when those operations are not implemented by the server.  If an
   OPTIONAL feature is supported, it is possible that a set of
   operations related to the feature become REQUIRED to implement.  The
   third column of the table designates the feature(s) and if the
   operation is REQUIRED or OPTIONAL in the presence of support for the
   feature.

   The OPTIONAL features identified and their abbreviations are as
   follows:

   pNFS:  Parallel NFS

   FDELG:  File Delegations

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   DDELG:  Directory Delegations

   COPYra:  Intra-server Server Side Copy

   COPYer:  Inter-server Server Side Copy

   ADB:  Application Data Blocks

                                Operations

   +----------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
   | Operation            | EOL, REQ, REC, OPT, | Feature (REQ, REC,   |
   |                      | or MNI              | or OPT)              |
   +----------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
   | ALLOCATE             | OPT                 |                      |
   | ACCESS               | REQ                 |                      |
   | BACKCHANNEL_CTL      | REQ                 |                      |
   | BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION | REQ                 |                      |
   | CLONE                | OPT                 |                      |
   | CLOSE                | REQ                 |                      |
   | COMMIT               | REQ                 |                      |
   | COPY                 | OPT                 | COPYer (REQ), COPYra |
   |                      |                     | (REQ)                |
   | COPY_NOTIFY          | OPT                 | COPYer (REQ)         |
   | DEALLOCATE           | OPT                 |                      |
   | CREATE               | REQ                 |                      |
   | CREATE_SESSION       | REQ                 |                      |
   | DELEGPURGE           | OPT                 | FDELG (REQ)          |
   | DELEGRETURN          | OPT                 | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS   |
   |                      |                     | (REQ)                |
   | DESTROY_CLIENTID     | REQ                 |                      |
   | DESTROY_SESSION      | REQ                 |                      |
   | EXCHANGE_ID          | REQ                 |                      |
   | FREE_STATEID         | REQ                 |                      |
   | GETATTR              | REQ                 |                      |
   | GETDEVICEINFO        | OPT                 | pNFS (REQ)           |
   | GETDEVICELIST        | MNI                 | pNFS (MNI)           |
   | GETFH                | REQ                 |                      |
   | GET_DIR_DELEGATION   | OPT                 | DDELG (REQ)          |
   | LAYOUTCOMMIT         | OPT                 | pNFS (REQ)           |
   | LAYOUTGET            | OPT                 | pNFS (REQ)           |
   | LAYOUTRETURN         | OPT                 | pNFS (REQ)           |
   | LAYOUTERROR          | OPT                 | pNFS (OPT)           |
   | LAYOUTSTATS          | OPT                 | pNFS (OPT)           |
   | LINK                 | OPT                 |                      |
   | LOCK                 | REQ                 |                      |
   | LOCKT                | REQ                 |                      |
   | LOCKU                | REQ                 |                      |

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   | LOOKUP               | REQ                 |                      |
   | LOOKUPP              | REQ                 |                      |
   | NVERIFY              | REQ                 |                      |
   | OFFLOAD_CANCEL       | OPT                 | COPYer (REQ), COPYra |
   |                      |                     | (REQ)                |
   | OFFLOAD_STATUS       | OPT                 | COPYer (REQ), COPYra |
   |                      |                     | (REQ)                |
   | OPEN                 | REQ                 |                      |
   | OPENATTR             | OPT                 |                      |
   | OPEN_CONFIRM         | MNI                 |                      |
   | OPEN_DOWNGRADE       | REQ                 |                      |
   | PUTFH                | REQ                 |                      |
   | PUTPUBFH             | REQ                 |                      |
   | PUTROOTFH            | REQ                 |                      |
   | READ                 | REQ                 |                      |
   | READDIR              | REQ                 |                      |
   | READLINK             | OPT                 |                      |
   | READ_PLUS            | OPT                 |                      |
   | RECLAIM_COMPLETE     | REQ                 |                      |
   | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER    | MNI                 |                      |
   | REMOVE               | REQ                 |                      |
   | RENAME               | REQ                 |                      |
   | RENEW                | MNI                 |                      |
   | RESTOREFH            | REQ                 |                      |
   | SAVEFH               | REQ                 |                      |
   | SECINFO              | REQ                 |                      |
   | SECINFO_NO_NAME      | REC                 | pNFS file layout     |
   |                      |                     | (REQ)                |
   | SEEK                 | OPT                 |                      |
   | SEQUENCE             | REQ                 |                      |
   | SETATTR              | REQ                 |                      |
   | SETCLIENTID          | MNI                 |                      |
   | SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM  | MNI                 |                      |
   | SET_SSV              | REQ                 |                      |
   | TEST_STATEID         | REQ                 |                      |
   | VERIFY               | REQ                 |                      |
   | WANT_DELEGATION      | OPT                 | FDELG (OPT)          |
   | WRITE                | REQ                 |                      |
   | WRITE_SAME           | OPT                 | ADB (REQ)            |
   +----------------------+---------------------+----------------------+

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                            Callback Operations

   +-------------------------+------------------+----------------------+
   | Operation               | REQ, REC, OPT,   | Feature (REQ, REC,   |
   |                         | or MNI           | or OPT)              |
   +-------------------------+------------------+----------------------+
   | CB_OFFLOAD              | OPT              | COPYer (REQ), COPYra |
   |                         |                  | (REQ)                |
   | CB_GETATTR              | OPT              | FDELG (REQ)          |
   | CB_LAYOUTRECALL         | OPT              | pNFS (REQ)           |
   | CB_NOTIFY               | OPT              | DDELG (REQ)          |
   | CB_NOTIFY_DEVICEID      | OPT              | pNFS (OPT)           |
   | CB_NOTIFY_LOCK          | OPT              |                      |
   | CB_PUSH_DELEG           | OPT              | FDELG (OPT)          |
   | CB_RECALL               | OPT              | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS   |
   |                         |                  | (REQ)                |
   | CB_RECALL_ANY           | OPT              | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS   |
   |                         |                  | (REQ)                |
   | CB_RECALL_SLOT          | REQ              |                      |
   | CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL | OPT              | DDELG, pNFS (REQ)    |
   | CB_SEQUENCE             | OPT              | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS   |
   |                         |                  | (REQ)                |
   | CB_WANTS_CANCELLED      | OPT              | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS   |
   |                         |                  | (REQ)                |
   +-------------------------+------------------+----------------------+

14.  Modifications to NFSv4.1 Operations

14.1.  Operation 42: EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Client ID

14.1.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

      /* new */
      const EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_FENCE_OPS      = 0x00000004;

   <CODE ENDS>

14.1.2.  RESULT

      Unchanged

14.1.3.  MOTIVATION

   Enterprise applications require guarantees that an operation has
   either aborted or completed.  NFSv4.1 provides this guarantee as long
   as the session is alive: simply send a SEQUENCE operation on the same

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   slot with a new sequence number, and the successful return of
   SEQUENCE indicates the previous operation has completed.  However, if
   the session is lost, there is no way to know when any in progress
   operations have aborted or completed.  In hindsight, the NFSv4.1
   specification should have mandated that DESTROY_SESSION either abort
   or complete all outstanding operations.

14.1.4.  DESCRIPTION

   A client SHOULD request the EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_FENCE_OPS capability
   when it sends an EXCHANGE_ID operation.  The server SHOULD set this
   capability in the EXCHANGE_ID reply whether the client requests it or
   not.  It is the server's return that determines whether this
   capability is in effect.  When it is in effect, the following will
   occur:

   o  The server will not reply to any DESTROY_SESSION invoked with the
      client ID until all operations in progress are completed or
      aborted.

   o  The server will not reply to subsequent EXCHANGE_ID invoked on the
      same client owner with a new verifier until all operations in
      progress on the client ID's session are completed or aborted.

   o  In implementations where the NFS server is deployed as a cluster,
      it does support client ID trunking, and the
      EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_FENCE_OPS capability is enabled, then a session
      ID created on one node of the storage cluster MUST be destroyable
      via DESTROY_SESSION.  In addition, DESTROY_CLIENTID and an
      EXCHANGE_ID with a new verifier affects all sessions regardless
      what node the sessions were created on.

14.2.  Operation 48: GETDEVICELIST - Get All Device Mappings for a File
       System

14.2.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

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   struct GETDEVICELIST4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: object belonging to the file system */
           layouttype4     gdla_layout_type;

           /* number of deviceIDs to return */
           count4          gdla_maxdevices;

           nfs_cookie4     gdla_cookie;
           verifier4       gdla_cookieverf;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

14.2.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct GETDEVICELIST4resok {
           nfs_cookie4             gdlr_cookie;
           verifier4               gdlr_cookieverf;
           deviceid4               gdlr_deviceid_list<>;
           bool                    gdlr_eof;
   };

   union GETDEVICELIST4res switch (nfsstat4 gdlr_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
           GETDEVICELIST4resok     gdlr_resok4;
   default:
           void;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

14.2.3.  MOTIVATION

   The GETDEVICELIST operation was introduced in [RFC5661] specifically
   to request a list of devices at filesystem mount time from block
   layout type servers.  However use of the GETDEVICELIST operation
   introduces a race condition versus notification about changes to pNFS
   device IDs as provided by CB_NOTIFY_DEVICEID.  Implementation
   experience with block layout servers has shown there is no need for
   GETDEVICELIST.  Clients have to be able to request new devices using
   GETDEVICEINFO at any time in response either to a new deviceid in
   LAYOUTGET results or to the CB_NOTIFY_DEVICEID callback operation.

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14.2.4.  DESCRIPTION

   Clients and servers MUST NOT implement the GETDEVICELIST operation.

15.  NFSv4.2 Operations

15.1.  Operation 59: ALLOCATE - Reserve Space in A Region of a File

15.1.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct ALLOCATE4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: file */
           stateid4        aa_stateid;
           offset4         aa_offset;
           length4         aa_length;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.1.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct ALLOCATE4res {
           nfsstat4        ar_status;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.1.3.  DESCRIPTION

   Whenever a client wishes to reserve space for a region in a file it
   calls the ALLOCATE operation with the current filehandle set to the
   filehandle of the file in question, and the start offset and length
   in bytes of the region set in aa_offset and aa_length respectively.

   CURRENT_FH must be a regular file.  If CURRENT_FH is not a regular
   file, the operation MUST fail and return NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE.

   The aa_stateid MUST refer to a stateid that is valid for a WRITE
   operation and follows the rules for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and
   18.32.3 of [RFC5661].

   The server will ensure that backing blocks are reserved to the region
   specified by aa_offset and aa_length, and that no future writes into
   this region will return NFS4ERR_NOSPC.  If the region lies partially

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   or fully outside the current file size the file size will be set to
   aa_offset + aa_length implicitly.  If the server cannot guarantee
   this, it must return NFS4ERR_NOSPC.

   The ALLOCATE operation can also be used to extend the size of a file
   if the region specified by aa_offset and aa_length extends beyond the
   current file size.  In that case any data outside of the previous
   file size will return zeroes when read before data is written to it.

   It is not required that the server allocate the space to the file
   before returning success.  The allocation can be deferred, however,
   it must be guaranteed that it will not fail for lack of space.  The
   deferral does not result in an asynchronous reply.

   The ALLOCATE operation will result in the space_used attribute and
   space_freed attributes being increased by the number of bytes
   reserved unless they were previously reserved or written and not
   shared.

15.2.  Operation 60: COPY - Initiate a server-side copy

15.2.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct COPY4args {
           /* SAVED_FH: source file */
           /* CURRENT_FH: destination file */
           stateid4        ca_src_stateid;
           stateid4        ca_dst_stateid;
           offset4         ca_src_offset;
           offset4         ca_dst_offset;
           length4         ca_count;
           bool            ca_consecutive;
           bool            ca_synchronous;
           netloc4         ca_source_server<>;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.2.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

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   struct write_response4 {
           stateid4        wr_callback_id<1>;
           length4         wr_count;
           stable_how4     wr_committed;
           verifier4       wr_writeverf;
   };

   struct copy_requirements4 {
           bool            cr_consecutive;
           bool            cr_synchronous;
   };

   struct COPY4resok {
           write_response4         cr_response;
           copy_requirements4      cr_requirements;
   };

   union COPY4res switch (nfsstat4 cr_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
           COPY4resok              cr_resok4;
   case NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS:
           copy_requirements4      cr_requirements;
   default:
           void;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.2.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The COPY operation is used for both intra-server and inter-server
   copies.  In both cases, the COPY is always sent from the client to
   the destination server of the file copy.  The COPY operation requests
   that a range in the file specified by SAVED_FH is copied to a range
   in the file specified by CURRENT_FH.

   Both SAVED_FH and CURRENT_FH must be regular files.  If either
   SAVED_FH or CURRENT_FH is not a regular file, the operation MUST fail
   and return NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE.

   SAVED_FH and CURRENT_FH must be different files.  If SAVED_FH and
   CURRENT_FH refer to the same file, the operation MUST fail with
   NFS4ERR_INVAL.

   If the request is for an inter-server-to-server copy, the source-fh
   is a filehandle from the source server and the compound procedure is
   being executed on the destination server.  In this case, the source-

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   fh is a foreign filehandle on the server receiving the COPY request.
   If either PUTFH or SAVEFH checked the validity of the filehandle, the
   operation would likely fail and return NFS4ERR_STALE.

   If a server supports the inter-server-to-server COPY feature, a PUTFH
   followed by a SAVEFH MUST NOT return NFS4ERR_STALE for either
   operation.  These restrictions do not pose substantial difficulties
   for servers.  CURRENT_FH and SAVED_FH may be validated in the context
   of the operation referencing them and an NFS4ERR_STALE error returned
   for an invalid file handle at that point.

   The ca_dst_stateid MUST refer to a stateid that is valid for a WRITE
   operation and follows the rules for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and
   18.32.3 of [RFC5661].  For an inter-server copy, the ca_src_stateid
   MUST be the cnr_stateid returned from the earlier COPY_NOTIFY
   operation, while for an intra-server copy ca_src_stateid MUST refer
   to a stateid that is valid for a READ operations and follows the
   rules for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and 18.22.3 of [RFC5661].  If
   either stateid is invalid, then the operation MUST fail.

   The ca_src_offset is the offset within the source file from which the
   data will be read, the ca_dst_offset is the offset within the
   destination file to which the data will be written, and the ca_count
   is the number of bytes that will be copied.  An offset of 0 (zero)
   specifies the start of the file.  A count of 0 (zero) requests that
   all bytes from ca_src_offset through EOF be copied to the
   destination.  If concurrent modifications to the source file overlap
   with the source file region being copied, the data copied may include
   all, some, or none of the modifications.  The client can use standard
   NFS operations (e.g., OPEN with OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_WRITE or mandatory
   byte range locks) to protect against concurrent modifications if the
   client is concerned about this.  If the source file's end of file is
   being modified in parallel with a copy that specifies a count of 0
   (zero) bytes, the amount of data copied is implementation dependent
   (clients may guard against this case by specifying a non-zero count
   value or preventing modification of the source file as mentioned
   above).

   If the source offset or the source offset plus count is greater than
   the size of the source file, the operation MUST fail with
   NFS4ERR_INVAL.  The destination offset or destination offset plus
   count may be greater than the size of the destination file.  This
   allows for the client to issue parallel copies to implement
   operations such as

   <CODE BEGINS>

      % cat file1 file2 file3 file4 > dest

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   <CODE ENDS>

   If the ca_source_server list is specified, then this is an inter-
   server copy operation and the source file is on a remote server.  The
   client is expected to have previously issued a successful COPY_NOTIFY
   request to the remote source server.  The ca_source_server list MUST
   be the same as the COPY_NOTIFY response's cnr_source_server list.  If
   the client includes the entries from the COPY_NOTIFY response's
   cnr_source_server list in the ca_source_server list, the source
   server can indicate a specific copy protocol for the destination
   server to use by returning a URL, which specifies both a protocol
   service and server name.  Server-to-server copy protocol
   considerations are described in Section 4.7 and Section 4.10.1.

   If ca_consecutive is set, then the client has specified that the copy
   protocol selected MUST copy bytes in consecutive order from
   ca_src_offset to ca_count.  If the destination server cannot meet
   this requirement, then it MUST return an error of
   NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS and set cr_consecutive to be false.
   Likewise, if ca_synchronous is set, then the client has required that
   the copy protocol selected MUST perform a synchronous copy.  If the
   destination server cannot meet this requirement, then it MUST return
   an error of NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS and set cr_synchronous to be
   false.

   If both are set by the client, then the destination SHOULD try to
   determine if it can respond to both requirements at the same time.
   If it cannot make that determination, it must set to false the one it
   can and set to true the other.  The client, upon getting an
   NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS error, has to examine both cr_consecutive and
   cr_synchronous against the respective values of ca_consecutive and
   ca_synchronous to determine the possible requirement not met.  It
   MUST be prepared for the destination server not being able to
   determine both requirements at the same time.

   Upon receiving the NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS error, the client has to
   determine if it wants to either re-request the copy with a relaxed
   set of requirements or if it wants to revert to manually copying the
   data.  If it decides to manually copy the data and this is a remote
   copy, then the client is responsible for informing the source that
   the earlier COPY_NOTIFY is no longer valid by sending it an
   OFFLOAD_CANCEL.

   If the operation does not result in an immediate failure, the server
   will return NFS4_OK.

   If the wr_callback_id is returned, this indicates that an
   asynchronous COPY operation was initiated and a CB_OFFLOAD callback

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   will deliver the final results of the operation.  The wr_callback_id
   stateid is termed a copy stateid in this context.  The server is
   given the option of returning the results in a callback because the
   data may require a relatively long period of time to copy.

   If no wr_callback_id is returned, the operation completed
   synchronously and no callback will be issued by the server.  The
   completion status of the operation is indicated by cr_status.

   If the copy completes successfully, either synchronously or
   asynchronously, the data copied from the source file to the
   destination file MUST appear identical to the NFS client.  However,
   the NFS server's on disk representation of the data in the source
   file and destination file MAY differ.  For example, the NFS server
   might encrypt, compress, deduplicate, or otherwise represent the on
   disk data in the source and destination file differently.

   If a failure does occur for a synchronous copy, wr_count will be set
   to the number of bytes copied to the destination file before the
   error occurred.  If cr_consecutive is true, then the bytes were
   copied in order.  If the failure occurred for an asynchronous copy,
   then the client will have gotten the notification of the consecutive
   copy order when it got the copy stateid.  It will be able to
   determine the bytes copied from the coa_bytes_copied in the
   CB_OFFLOAD argument.

   In either case, if cr_consecutive was not true, there is no assurance
   as to exactly which bytes in the range were copied.  The client MUST
   assume that there exists a mixture of the original contents of the
   range and the new bytes.  If the COPY wrote past the end of the file
   on the destination, then the last byte written to will determine the
   new file size.  The contents of any block not written to and past the
   original size of the file will be as if a normal WRITE extended the
   file.

15.3.  Operation 61: COPY_NOTIFY - Notify a source server of a future
       copy

15.3.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

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   struct COPY_NOTIFY4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: source file */
           stateid4        cna_src_stateid;
           netloc4         cna_destination_server;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.3.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct COPY_NOTIFY4resok {
           nfstime4        cnr_lease_time;
           stateid4        cnr_stateid;
           netloc4         cnr_source_server<>;
   };

   union COPY_NOTIFY4res switch (nfsstat4 cnr_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
           COPY_NOTIFY4resok       resok4;
   default:
           void;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.3.3.  DESCRIPTION

   This operation is used for an inter-server copy.  A client sends this
   operation in a COMPOUND request to the source server to authorize a
   destination server identified by cna_destination_server to read the
   file specified by CURRENT_FH on behalf of the given user.

   The cna_src_stateid MUST refer to either open or locking states
   provided earlier by the server.  If it is invalid, then the operation
   MUST fail.

   The cna_destination_server MUST be specified using the netloc4
   network location format.  The server is not required to resolve the
   cna_destination_server address before completing this operation.

   If this operation succeeds, the source server will allow the
   cna_destination_server to copy the specified file on behalf of the
   given user as long as both of the following conditions are met:

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   o  The destination server begins reading the source file before the
      cnr_lease_time expires.  If the cnr_lease_time expires while the
      destination server is still reading the source file, the
      destination server is allowed to finish reading the file.

   o  The client has not issued a OFFLOAD_CANCEL for the same
      combination of user, filehandle, and destination server.

   The cnr_lease_time is chosen by the source server.  A cnr_lease_time
   of 0 (zero) indicates an infinite lease.  To avoid the need for
   synchronized clocks, copy lease times are granted by the server as a
   time delta.  To renew the copy lease time the client should resend
   the same copy notification request to the source server.

   The cnr_stateid is a copy stateid which uniquely describes the state
   needed on the source server to track the proposed copy.  As defined
   in Section 8.2 of [RFC5661], a stateid is tied to the current
   filehandle and if the same stateid is presented by two different
   clients, it may refer to different state.  As the source does not
   know which netloc4 network location the destinaton might use to
   establish the copy operation, it can use the cnr_stateid to identify
   that the destination is operating on behalf of the client.  Thus the
   source server MUST construct copy stateids such that they are
   distinct from all other stateids handed out to clients.  These copy
   stateids MUST denote the same set of locks as each of the earlier
   delegation, locking, and open states for the client on the given file
   (see Section 4.4.1).

   A successful response will also contain a list of netloc4 network
   location formats called cnr_source_server, on which the source is
   willing to accept connections from the destination.  These might not
   be reachable from the client and might be located on networks to
   which the client has no connection.

   For a copy only involving one server (the source and destination are
   on the same server), this operation is unnecessary.

15.4.  Operation 62: DEALLOCATE - Unreserve Space in a Region of a File

15.4.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

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   struct DEALLOCATE4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: file */
           stateid4        da_stateid;
           offset4         da_offset;
           length4         da_length;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.4.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct DEALLOCATE4res {
           nfsstat4        dr_status;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.4.3.  DESCRIPTION

   Whenever a client wishes to unreserve space for a region in a file it
   calls the DEALLOCATE operation with the current filehandle set to the
   filehandle of the file in question, and the start offset and length
   in bytes of the region set in da_offset and da_length respectively.
   If no space was allocated or reserved for all or parts of the region,
   the DEALLOCATE operation will have no effect for the region that
   already is in unreserved state.  All further reads from the region
   passed to DEALLOCATE MUST return zeros until overwritten.

   CURRENT_FH must be a regular file.  If CURRENT_FH is not a regular
   file, the operation MUST fail and return NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE.

   The da_stateid MUST refer to a stateid that is valid for a WRITE
   operation and follows the rules for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and
   18.32.3 of [RFC5661].

   Situations may arise where da_offset and/or da_offset + da_length
   will not be aligned to a boundary for which the server does
   allocations or deallocations.  For most file systems, this is the
   block size of the file system.  In such a case, the server can
   deallocate as many bytes as it can in the region.  The blocks that
   cannot be deallocated MUST be zeroed.

   DEALLOCATE will result in the space_used attribute being decreased by
   the number of bytes that were deallocated.  The space_freed attribute

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   may or may not decrease, depending on the support and whether the
   blocks backing the specified range were shared or not.  The size
   attribute will remain unchanged.

15.5.  Operation 63: IO_ADVISE - Application I/O access pattern hints

15.5.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   enum IO_ADVISE_type4 {
           IO_ADVISE4_NORMAL                       = 0,
           IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL                   = 1,
           IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL_BACKWARDS         = 2,
           IO_ADVISE4_RANDOM                       = 3,
           IO_ADVISE4_WILLNEED                     = 4,
           IO_ADVISE4_WILLNEED_OPPORTUNISTIC       = 5,
           IO_ADVISE4_DONTNEED                     = 6,
           IO_ADVISE4_NOREUSE                      = 7,
           IO_ADVISE4_READ                         = 8,
           IO_ADVISE4_WRITE                        = 9,
           IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY               = 10
   };

   struct IO_ADVISE4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: file */
           stateid4        iaa_stateid;
           offset4         iaa_offset;
           length4         iaa_count;
           bitmap4         iaa_hints;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.5.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

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   struct IO_ADVISE4resok {
           bitmap4 ior_hints;
   };

   union IO_ADVISE4res switch (nfsstat4 ior_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
           IO_ADVISE4resok resok4;
   default:
           void;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.5.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The IO_ADVISE operation sends an I/O access pattern hint to the
   server for the owner of the stateid for a given byte range specified
   by iar_offset and iar_count.  The byte range specified by iaa_offset
   and iaa_count need not currently exist in the file, but the iaa_hints
   will apply to the byte range when it does exist.  If iaa_count is 0,
   all data following iaa_offset is specified.  The server MAY ignore
   the advice.

   The following are the allowed hints for a stateid holder:

   IO_ADVISE4_NORMAL  There is no advice to give, this is the default
      behavior.

   IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL  Expects to access the specified data
      sequentially from lower offsets to higher offsets.

   IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL_BACKWARDS  Expects to access the specified data
      sequentially from higher offsets to lower offsets.

   IO_ADVISE4_RANDOM  Expects to access the specified data in a random
      order.

   IO_ADVISE4_WILLNEED  Expects to access the specified data in the near
      future.

   IO_ADVISE4_WILLNEED_OPPORTUNISTIC  Expects to possibly access the
      data in the near future.  This is a speculative hint, and
      therefore the server should prefetch data or indirect blocks only
      if it can be done at a marginal cost.

   IO_ADVISE_DONTNEED  Expects that it will not access the specified
      data in the near future.

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   IO_ADVISE_NOREUSE  Expects to access the specified data once and then
      not reuse it thereafter.

   IO_ADVISE4_READ  Expects to read the specified data in the near
      future.

   IO_ADVISE4_WRITE  Expects to write the specified data in the near
      future.

   IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY  Informs the server that the data in the
      byte range remains important to the client.

   Since IO_ADVISE is a hint, a server SHOULD NOT return an error and
   invalidate a entire Compound request if one of the sent hints in
   iar_hints is not supported by the server.  Also, the server MUST NOT
   return an error if the client sends contradictory hints to the
   server, e.g., IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL and IO_ADVISE4_RANDOM in a single
   IO_ADVISE operation.  In these cases, the server MUST return success
   and a ior_hints value that indicates the hint it intends to
   implement.  This may mean simply returning IO_ADVISE4_NORMAL.

   The ior_hints returned by the server is primarily for debugging
   purposes since the server is under no obligation to carry out the
   hints that it describes in the ior_hints result.  In addition, while
   the server may have intended to implement the hints returned in
   ior_hints, as time progresses, the server may need to change its
   handling of a given file due to several reasons including, but not
   limited to, memory pressure, additional IO_ADVISE hints sent by other
   clients, and heuristically detected file access patterns.

   The server MAY return different advice than what the client
   requested.  If it does, then this might be due to one of several
   conditions, including, but not limited to another client advising of
   a different I/O access pattern; a different I/O access pattern from
   another client that that the server has heuristically detected; or
   the server is not able to support the requested I/O access pattern,
   perhaps due to a temporary resource limitation.

   Each issuance of the IO_ADVISE operation overrides all previous
   issuances of IO_ADVISE for a given byte range.  This effectively
   follows a strategy of last hint wins for a given stateid and byte
   range.

   Clients should assume that hints included in an IO_ADVISE operation
   will be forgotten once the file is closed.

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15.5.4.  IMPLEMENTATION

   The NFS client may choose to issue an IO_ADVISE operation to the
   server in several different instances.

   The most obvious is in direct response to an application's execution
   of posix_fadvise().  In this case, IO_ADVISE4_WRITE and
   IO_ADVISE4_READ may be set based upon the type of file access
   specified when the file was opened.

15.5.5.  IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY

   The IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY hint is non-posix in origin and can be
   used to convey that the client has recently accessed the byte range
   in its own cache.  I.e., it has not accessed it on the server, but it
   has locally.  When the server reaches resource exhaustion, knowing
   which data is more important allows the server to make better choices
   about which data to, for example purge from a cache, or move to
   secondary storage.  It also informs the server which delegations are
   more important, since if delegations are working correctly, once
   delegated to a client and the client has read the content for that
   byte range, a server might never receive another read request for
   that byte range.

   The IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY hint can also be used in a pNFS setting
   to let the client inform the metadata server as to the I/O statistics
   between the client and the storage devices.  The metadata server is
   then free to use this information about client I/O to optimize the
   data storage location.

   This hint is also useful in the case of NFS clients which are network
   booting from a server.  If the first client to be booted sends this
   hint, then it keeps the cache warm for the remaining clients.

15.5.6.  pNFS File Layout Data Type Considerations

   The IO_ADVISE considerations for pNFS are very similar to the COMMIT
   considerations for pNFS.  That is, as with COMMIT, some NFS server
   implementations prefer IO_ADVISE be done on the DS, and some prefer
   it be done on the MDS.

   For the file's layout type, it is proposed that NFSv4.2 include an
   additional hint NFL42_CARE_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS which is valid only on
   metadata servers running NFSv4.2 or higher.  Any file's layout
   obtained from a NFSv4.1 metadata server MUST NOT have
   NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS set.  Any file's layout obtained with a
   NFSv4.2 metadata server MAY have NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS set.

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   However, if the layout utilizes NFSv4.1 storage devices, the
   IO_ADVISE operation cannot be sent to them.

   If NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS is set, the client MUST send the
   IO_ADVISE operation to the MDS in order for it to be honored by the
   DS.  Once the MDS receives the IO_ADVISE operation, it will
   communicate the advice to each DS.

   If NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS is not set, then the client SHOULD
   send an IO_ADVISE operation to the appropriate DS for the specified
   byte range.  While the client MAY always send IO_ADVISE to the MDS,
   if the server has not set NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS, the client
   should expect that such an IO_ADVISE is futile.  Note that a client
   SHOULD use the same set of arguments on each IO_ADVISE sent to a DS
   for the same open file reference.

   The server is not required to support different advice for different
   DS's with the same open file reference.

15.5.6.1.  Dense and Sparse Packing Considerations

   The IO_ADVISE operation MUST use the iar_offset and byte range as
   dictated by the presence or absence of NFL4_UFLG_DENSE.

   E.g., if NFL4_UFLG_DENSE is present, and a READ or WRITE to the DS
   for iaa_offset 0 really means iaa_offset 10000 in the logical file,
   then an IO_ADVISE for iaa_offset 0 means iaa_offset 10000.

   E.g., if NFL4_UFLG_DENSE is absent, then a READ or WRITE to the DS
   for iaa_offset 0 really means iaa_offset 0 in the logical file, then
   an IO_ADVISE for iaa_offset 0 means iaa_offset 0 in the logical file.

   E.g., if NFL4_UFLG_DENSE is present, the stripe unit is 1000 bytes
   and the stripe count is 10, and the dense DS file is serving
   iar_offset 0.  A READ or WRITE to the DS for iaa_offsets 0, 1000,
   2000, and 3000, really mean iaa_offsets 10000, 20000, 30000, and
   40000 (implying a stripe count of 10 and a stripe unit of 1000), then
   an IO_ADVISE sent to the same DS with an iaa_offset of 500, and an
   iaa_count of 3000 means that the IO_ADVISE applies to these byte
   ranges of the dense DS file:

     - 500 to 999
     - 1000 to 1999
     - 2000 to 2999
     - 3000 to 3499

   I.e., the contiguous range 500 to 3499 as specified in IO_ADVISE.

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   It also applies to these byte ranges of the logical file:

     - 10500 to 10999 (500 bytes)
     - 20000 to 20999 (1000 bytes)
     - 30000 to 30999 (1000 bytes)
     - 40000 to 40499 (500 bytes)
     (total            3000 bytes)

   E.g., if NFL4_UFLG_DENSE is absent, the stripe unit is 250 bytes, the
   stripe count is 4, and the sparse DS file is serving iaa_offset 0.
   Then a READ or WRITE to the DS for iaa_offsets 0, 1000, 2000, and
   3000, really means iaa_offsets 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 in the logical
   file, keeping in mind that on the DS file, byte ranges 250 to 999,
   1250 to 1999, 2250 to 2999, and 3250 to 3999 are not accessible.
   Then an IO_ADVISE sent to the same DS with an iaa_offset of 500, and
   a iaa_count of 3000 means that the IO_ADVISE applies to these byte
   ranges of the logical file and the sparse DS file:

     - 500 to 999 (500 bytes)   - no effect
     - 1000 to 1249 (250 bytes) - effective
     - 1250 to 1999 (750 bytes) - no effect
     - 2000 to 2249 (250 bytes) - effective
     - 2250 to 2999 (750 bytes) - no effect
     - 3000 to 3249 (250 bytes) - effective
     - 3250 to 3499 (250 bytes) - no effect
     (subtotal      2250 bytes) - no effect
     (subtotal       750 bytes) - effective
     (grand total   3000 bytes) - no effect + effective

   If neither of the flags NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS and
   NFL4_UFLG_DENSE are set in the layout, then any IO_ADVISE request
   sent to the data server with a byte range that overlaps stripe unit
   that the data server does not serve MUST NOT result in the status
   NFS4ERR_PNFS_IO_HOLE.  Instead, the response SHOULD be successful and
   if the server applies IO_ADVISE hints on any stripe units that
   overlap with the specified range, those hints SHOULD be indicated in
   the response.

15.6.  Operation 64: LAYOUTERROR - Provide Errors for the Layout

15.6.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

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   struct device_error4 {
           deviceid4       de_deviceid;
           nfsstat4        de_status;
           nfs_opnum4      de_opnum;
   };

   struct LAYOUTERROR4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: file */
           offset4                 lea_offset;
           length4                 lea_length;
           stateid4                lea_stateid;
           device_error4           lea_errors<>;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.6.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct LAYOUTERROR4res {
           nfsstat4        ler_status;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.6.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The client can use LAYOUTERROR to inform the metadata server about
   errors in its interaction with the layout represented by the current
   filehandle, client ID (derived from the session ID in the preceding
   SEQUENCE operation), byte-range (lea_offset + lea_length), and
   lea_stateid.

   Each individual device_error4 describes a single error associated
   with a storage device, which is identified via de_deviceid.  If the
   Layout Type supports NFSv4 operations, then the operation which
   returned the error is identified via de_opnum.  If the Layout Type
   does not support NFSv4 operations, then it MAY chose to either map
   the operation onto one of the allowed operations which can be sent to
   a storage device with the File Layout Type (see Section 3.3) or it
   can signal no support for operations by marking de_opnum with the
   ILLEGAL operation.  Finally the NFS error value (nfsstat4)

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   encountered is provided via de_status and may consist of the
   following error codes:

   NFS4ERR_NXIO:  The client was unable to establish any communication
      with the storage device.

   NFS4ERR_*:  The client was able to establish communication with the
      storage device and is returning one of the allowed error codes for
      the operation denoted by de_opnum.

   Note that while the metadata server may return an error associated
   with the layout stateid or the open file, it MUST NOT return an error
   in the processing of the errors.  If LAYOUTERROR is in a compound
   before LAYOUTRETURN, it MUST NOT introduce an error other than what
   LAYOUTRETURN would already encounter.

15.6.4.  IMPLEMENTATION

   There are two broad classes of errors, transient and persistent.  The
   client SHOULD strive to only use this new mechanism to report
   persistent errors.  It MUST be able to deal with transient issues by
   itself.  Also, while the client might consider an issue to be
   persistent, it MUST be prepared for the metadata server to consider
   such issues to be transient.  A prime example of this is if the
   metadata server fences off a client from either a stateid or a
   filehandle.  The client will get an error from the storage device and
   might relay either NFS4ERR_ACCESS or NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID back to the
   metadata server, with the belief that this is a hard error.  If the
   metadata server is informed by the client that there is an error, it
   can safely ignore that.  For it, the mission is accomplished in that
   the client has returned a layout that the metadata server had most
   likely recalled.

   The client might also need to inform the metadata server that it
   cannot reach one or more of the storage devices.  While the metadata
   server can detect the connectivity of both of these paths:

   o  metadata server to storage device

   o  metadata server to client

   it cannot determine if the client and storage device path is working.
   As with the case of the storage device passing errors to the client,
   it must be prepared for the metadata server to consider such outages
   as being transitory.

   Clients are expected to tolerate transient storage device errors, and
   hence clients SHOULD NOT use the LAYOUTERROR error handling for

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   device access problems that may be transient.  The methods by which a
   client decides whether a device access problem is transient vs
   persistent are implementation-specific, but may include retrying I/Os
   to a data server under appropriate conditions.

   When an I/O fails to a storage device, the client SHOULD retry the
   failed I/O via the metadata server.  In this situation, before
   retrying the I/O, the client SHOULD return the layout, or the
   affected portion thereof, and SHOULD indicate which storage device or
   devices was problematic.  The client needs to do this when the
   storage device is being unresponsive in order to fence off any failed
   write attempts, and ensure that they do not end up overwriting any
   later data being written through the metadata server.  If the client
   does not do this, the metadata server MAY issue a layout recall
   callback in order to perform the retried I/O.

   The client needs to be cognizant that since this error handling is
   optional in the metadata server, the metadata server may silently
   ignore this functionality.  Also, as the metadata server may consider
   some issues the client reports to be expected, the client might find
   it difficult to detect a metadata server which has not implemented
   error handling via LAYOUTERROR.

   If an metadata server is aware that a storage device is proving
   problematic to a client, the metadata server SHOULD NOT include that
   storage device in any pNFS layouts sent to that client.  If the
   metadata server is aware that a storage device is affecting many
   clients, then the metadata server SHOULD NOT include that storage
   device in any pNFS layouts sent out.  If a client asks for a new
   layout for the file from the metadata server, it MUST be prepared for
   the metadata server to return that storage device in the layout.  The
   metadata server might not have any choice in using the storage
   device, i.e., there might only be one possible layout for the system.
   Also, in the case of existing files, the metadata server might have
   no choice in which storage devices to hand out to clients.

   The metadata server is not required to indefinitely retain per-client
   storage device error information.  An metadata server is also not
   required to automatically reinstate use of a previously problematic
   storage device; administrative intervention may be required instead.

15.7.  Operation 65: LAYOUTSTATS - Provide Statistics for the Layout

15.7.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

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   struct layoutupdate4 {
           layouttype4             lou_type;
           opaque                  lou_body<>;
   };

   struct io_info4 {
           uint64_t        ii_count;
           uint64_t        ii_bytes;
   };

   struct LAYOUTSTATS4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: file */
           offset4                 lsa_offset;
           length4                 lsa_length;
           stateid4                lsa_stateid;
           io_info4                lsa_read;
           io_info4                lsa_write;
           deviceid4               lsa_deviceid;
           layoutupdate4           lsa_layoutupdate;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.7.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct LAYOUTSTATS4res {
           nfsstat4        lsr_status;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.7.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The client can use LAYOUTSTATS to inform the metadata server about
   its interaction with the layout represented by the current
   filehandle, client ID (derived from the session ID in the preceding
   SEQUENCE operation), byte-range (lsa_offset and lsa_length), and
   lsa_stateid. lsa_read and lsa_write allow for non-Layout Type
   specific statistics to be reported.  lsa_deviceid allows the client
   to specify to which storage device the statistics apply.  The
   remaining information the client is presenting is specific to the
   Layout Type and presented in the lsa_layoutupdate field.  Each Layout

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   Type MUST define the contents of lsa_layoutupdate in their respective
   specifications.

   LAYOUTSTATS can be combined with IO_ADVISE (see Section 15.5) to
   augment the decision making process of how the metadata server
   handles a file.  I.e., IO_ADVISE lets the server know that a byte
   range has a certain characteristic, but not necessarily the intensity
   of that characteristic.

   The statistics are cumulative, i.e., multiple LAYOUTSTATS updates can
   be in flight at the same time.  The metadata server can examine the
   packet's timestamp to order the different calls.  The first
   LAYOUTSTATS sent by the client SHOULD be from the opening of the
   file.  The choice of how often to update the metadata server is made
   by the client.

   Note that while the metadata server may return an error associated
   with the layout stateid or the open file, it MUST NOT return an error
   in the processing of the statistics.

15.8.  Operation 66: OFFLOAD_CANCEL - Stop an Offloaded Operation

15.8.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct OFFLOAD_CANCEL4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: file to cancel */
           stateid4        oca_stateid;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.8.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct OFFLOAD_CANCEL4res {
           nfsstat4        ocr_status;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

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15.8.3.  DESCRIPTION

   OFFLOAD_CANCEL is used by the client to terminate an asynchronous
   operation, which is identified both by CURRENT_FH and the
   oca_stateid.  I.e., there can be multiple offloaded operations acting
   on the file, the stateid will identify to the server exactly which
   one is to be stopped.  Currently there are only two operations which
   can decide to be asynchronous: COPY and WRITE_SAME.

   In the context of server-to-server copy, the client can send
   OFFLOAD_CANCEL to either the source or destination server, albeit
   with a different stateid.  The client uses OFFLOAD_CANCEL to inform
   the destination to stop the active transfer and uses the stateid it
   got back from the COPY operation.  The client uses OFFLOAD_CANCEL and
   the stateid it used in the COPY_NOTIFY to inform the source to not
   allow any more copying from the destination.

   OFFLOAD_CANCEL is also useful in situations in which the source
   server granted a very long or infinite lease on the destination
   server's ability to read the source file and all copy operations on
   the source file have been completed.

15.9.  Operation 67: OFFLOAD_STATUS - Poll for Status of Asynchronous
       Operation

15.9.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct OFFLOAD_STATUS4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: destination file */
           stateid4        osa_stateid;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.9.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

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   struct OFFLOAD_STATUS4resok {
           length4         osr_count;
           nfsstat4        osr_complete<1>;
   };

   union OFFLOAD_STATUS4res switch (nfsstat4 osr_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
           OFFLOAD_STATUS4resok            osr_resok4;
   default:
           void;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.9.3.  DESCRIPTION

   OFFLOAD_STATUS can be used by the client to query the progress of an
   asynchronous operation, which is identified both by CURRENT_FH and
   the osa_stateid.  If this operation is successful, the number of
   bytes processed are returned to the client in the osr_count field.

   If the optional osr_complete field is present, the asynchronous
   operation has completed.  In this case the status value indicates the
   result of the asynchronous operation.  In all cases, the server will
   also deliver the final results of the asynchronous operation in a
   CB_OFFLOAD operation.

   The failure of this operation does not indicate the result of the
   asynchronous operation in any way.

15.10.  Operation 68: READ_PLUS - READ Data or Holes from a File

15.10.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct READ_PLUS4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: file */
           stateid4        rpa_stateid;
           offset4         rpa_offset;
           count4          rpa_count;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

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15.10.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   enum data_content4 {
           NFS4_CONTENT_DATA = 0,
           NFS4_CONTENT_HOLE = 1
   };

   struct data_info4 {
           offset4         di_offset;
           length4         di_length;
   };

   struct data4 {
           offset4         d_offset;
           opaque          d_data<>;
   };

   union read_plus_content switch (data_content4 rpc_content) {
   case NFS4_CONTENT_DATA:
           data4           rpc_data;
   case NFS4_CONTENT_HOLE:
           data_info4      rpc_hole;
   default:
           void;
   };

   /*
    * Allow a return of an array of contents.
    */
   struct read_plus_res4 {
           bool                    rpr_eof;
           read_plus_content       rpr_contents<>;
   };

   union READ_PLUS4res switch (nfsstat4 rp_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
           read_plus_res4  rp_resok4;
   default:
           void;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

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15.10.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The READ_PLUS operation is based upon the NFSv4.1 READ operation (see
   Section 18.22 of [RFC5661]) and similarly reads data from the regular
   file identified by the current filehandle.

   The client provides a rpa_offset of where the READ_PLUS is to start
   and a rpa_count of how many bytes are to be read.  A rpa_offset of
   zero means to read data starting at the beginning of the file.  If
   rpa_offset is greater than or equal to the size of the file, the
   status NFS4_OK is returned with di_length (the data length) set to
   zero and eof set to TRUE.

   The READ_PLUS result is comprised of an array of rpr_contents, each
   of which describe a data_content4 type of data.  For NFSv4.2, the
   allowed values are data and hole.  A server MUST support both the
   data type and the hole if it uses READ_PLUS.  If it does not want to
   support a hole, it MUST use READ.  The array contents MUST be
   contiguous in the file.

   Holes SHOULD be returned in their entirety - clients must be prepared
   to get more information than they requested.  Both the start and the
   end of the hole may exceed what was requested.  If data to be
   returned is comprised entirely of zeros, then the server SHOULD
   return that data as a hole instead.

   The server may elect to return adjacent elements of the same type.
   For example, if the server has a range of data comprised entirely of
   zeros and then a hole, it might want to return two adjacent holes to
   the client.

   If the client specifies a rpa_count value of zero, the READ_PLUS
   succeeds and returns zero bytes of data.  In all situations, the
   server may choose to return fewer bytes than specified by the client.
   The client needs to check for this condition and handle the condition
   appropriately.

   If the client specifies an rpa_offset and rpa_count value that is
   entirely contained within a hole of the file, then the di_offset and
   di_length returned MAY be for the entire hole.  If the the owner has
   a locked byte range covering rpa_offset and rpa_count entirely the
   di_offset and di_length MUST NOT be extended outside the locked byte
   range.  This result is considered valid until the file is changed
   (detected via the change attribute).  The server MUST provide the
   same semantics for the hole as if the client read the region and
   received zeroes; the implied holes contents lifetime MUST be exactly
   the same as any other read data.

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   If the client specifies an rpa_offset and rpa_count value that begins
   in a non-hole of the file but extends into hole the server should
   return an array comprised of both data and a hole.  The client MUST
   be prepared for the server to return a short read describing just the
   data.  The client will then issue another READ_PLUS for the remaining
   bytes, which the server will respond with information about the hole
   in the file.

   Except when special stateids are used, the stateid value for a
   READ_PLUS request represents a value returned from a previous byte-
   range lock or share reservation request or the stateid associated
   with a delegation.  The stateid identifies the associated owners if
   any and is used by the server to verify that the associated locks are
   still valid (e.g., have not been revoked).

   If the read ended at the end-of-file (formally, in a correctly formed
   READ_PLUS operation, if rpa_offset + rpa_count is equal to the size
   of the file), or the READ_PLUS operation extends beyond the size of
   the file (if rpa_offset + rpa_count is greater than the size of the
   file), eof is returned as TRUE; otherwise, it is FALSE.  A successful
   READ_PLUS of an empty file will always return eof as TRUE.

   If the current filehandle is not an ordinary file, an error will be
   returned to the client.  In the case that the current filehandle
   represents an object of type NF4DIR, NFS4ERR_ISDIR is returned.  If
   the current filehandle designates a symbolic link, NFS4ERR_SYMLINK is
   returned.  In all other cases, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE is returned.

   For a READ_PLUS with a stateid value of all bits equal to zero, the
   server MAY allow the READ_PLUS to be serviced subject to mandatory
   byte-range locks or the current share deny modes for the file.  For a
   READ_PLUS with a stateid value of all bits equal to one, the server
   MAY allow READ_PLUS operations to bypass locking checks at the
   server.

   On success, the current filehandle retains its value.

15.10.3.1.  Note on Client Support of Arms of the Union

   It was decided not to add a means for the client to inform the server
   as to which arms of READ_PLUS it would support.  In a later minor
   version, it may become necessary for the introduction of a new
   operation which would allow the client to inform the server as to
   whether it supported the new arms of the union of data types
   available in READ_PLUS.

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15.10.4.  IMPLEMENTATION

   In general, the IMPLEMENTATION notes for READ in Section 18.22.4 of
   [RFC5661] also apply to READ_PLUS.

15.10.4.1.  Additional pNFS Implementation Information

   With pNFS, the semantics of using READ_PLUS remains the same.  Any
   data server MAY return a hole result for a READ_PLUS request that it
   receives.  When a data server chooses to return such a result, it has
   the option of returning information for the data stored on that data
   server (as defined by the data layout), but it MUST NOT return
   results for a byte range that includes data managed by another data
   server.

   If mandatory locking is enforced, then the data server must also
   ensure that to return only information that is within the owner's
   locked byte range.

15.10.5.  READ_PLUS with Sparse Files Example

   The following table describes a sparse file.  For each byte range,
   the file contains either non-zero data or a hole.  In addition, the
   server in this example will only create a hole if it is greater than
   32K.

                        +-------------+----------+
                        | Byte-Range  | Contents |
                        +-------------+----------+
                        | 0-15999     | Hole     |
                        | 16K-31999   | Non-Zero |
                        | 32K-255999  | Hole     |
                        | 256K-287999 | Non-Zero |
                        | 288K-353999 | Hole     |
                        | 354K-417999 | Non-Zero |
                        +-------------+----------+

                                  Table 5

   Under the given circumstances, if a client was to read from the file
   with a max read size of 64K, the following will be the results for
   the given READ_PLUS calls.  This assumes the client has already
   opened the file, acquired a valid stateid ('s' in the example), and
   just needs to issue READ_PLUS requests.

   1.  READ_PLUS(s, 0, 64K) --> NFS_OK, eof = false, <data[0,32K],
       hole[32K,224K]>.  Since the first hole is less than the server's
       minimum hole size, the first 32K of the file is returned as data

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       and the remaining 32K is returned as a hole which actually
       extends to 256K.

   2.  READ_PLUS(s, 32K, 64K) --> NFS_OK, eof = false, <hole[32K,224K]>
       The requested range was all zeros, and the current hole begins at
       offset 32K and is 224K in length.  Note that the client should
       not have followed up the previous READ_PLUS request with this one
       as the hole information from the previous call extended past what
       the client was requesting.

   3.  READ_PLUS(s, 256K, 64K) --> NFS_OK, eof = false, <data[256K,
       288K], hole[288K, 354K]>.  Returns an array of the 32K data and
       the hole which extends to 354K.

   4.  READ_PLUS(s, 354K, 64K) --> NFS_OK, eof = true, <data[354K,
       418K]>.  Returns the final 64K of data and informs the client
       there is no more data in the file.

15.11.  Operation 69: SEEK - Find the Next Data or Hole

15.11.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   enum data_content4 {
           NFS4_CONTENT_DATA = 0,
           NFS4_CONTENT_HOLE = 1
   };

   struct SEEK4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: file */
           stateid4        sa_stateid;
           offset4         sa_offset;
           data_content4   sa_what;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.11.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct seek_res4 {
           bool            sr_eof;
           offset4         sr_offset;
   };

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   union SEEK4res switch (nfsstat4 sa_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
           seek_res4       resok4;
   default:
           void;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.11.3.  DESCRIPTION

   SEEK is an operation that allows a client to determine the location
   of the next data_content4 in a file.  It allows an implementation of
   the emerging extension to lseek(2) to allow clients to determine the
   next hole whilst in data or the next data whilst in a hole.

   From the given sa_offset, find the next data_content4 of type sa_what
   in the file.  If the server can not find a corresponding sa_what,
   then the status will still be NFS4_OK, but sr_eof would be TRUE.  If
   the server can find the sa_what, then the sr_offset is the start of
   that content.  If the sa_offset is beyond the end of the file, then
   SEEK MUST return NFS4ERR_NXIO.

   All files MUST have a virtual hole at the end of the file.  I.e., if
   a filesystem does not support sparse files, then a compound with
   {SEEK 0 NFS4_CONTENT_HOLE;} would return a result of {SEEK 1 X;}
   where 'X' was the size of the file.

   SEEK must follow the same rules for stateids as READ_PLUS
   (Section 15.10.3).

15.12.  Operation 70: WRITE_SAME - WRITE an ADB Multiple Times to a File

15.12.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   enum stable_how4 {
           UNSTABLE4       = 0,
           DATA_SYNC4      = 1,
           FILE_SYNC4      = 2
   };

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   struct app_data_block4 {
           offset4         adb_offset;
           length4         adb_block_size;
           length4         adb_block_count;
           length4         adb_reloff_blocknum;
           count4          adb_block_num;
           length4         adb_reloff_pattern;
           opaque          adb_pattern<>;
   };

   struct WRITE_SAME4args {
           /* CURRENT_FH: file */
           stateid4        wsa_stateid;
           stable_how4     wsa_stable;
           app_data_block4 wsa_adb;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.12.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct write_response4 {
           stateid4        wr_callback_id<1>;
           length4         wr_count;
           stable_how4     wr_committed;
           verifier4       wr_writeverf;
   };

   union WRITE_SAME4res switch (nfsstat4 wsr_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
           write_response4         resok4;
   default:
           void;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

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15.12.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The WRITE_SAME operation writes an application data block to the
   regular file identified by the current filehandle (see WRITE SAME
   (10) in [T10-SBC2]).  The target file is specified by the current
   filehandle.  The data to be written is specified by an
   app_data_block4 structure (Section 8.1.1).  The client specifies with
   the wsa_stable parameter the method of how the data is to be
   processed by the server.  It is treated like the stable parameter in
   the NFSv4.1 WRITE operation (see Section 18.2 of [RFC5661]).

   A successful WRITE_SAME will construct a reply for wr_count,
   wr_committed, and wr_writeverf as per the NFSv4.1 WRITE operation
   results.  If wr_callback_id is set, it indicates an asynchronous
   reply (see Section 15.12.3.1).

   WRITE_SAME has to support all of the errors which are returned by
   WRITE plus NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, i.e., it is an OPTIONAL operation.  If
   the client supports WRITE_SAME, it MUST support CB_OFFLOAD.

   If the server supports ADBs, then it MUST support the WRITE_SAME
   operation.  The server has no concept of the structure imposed by the
   application.  It is only when the application writes to a section of
   the file does order get imposed.  In order to detect corruption even
   before the application utilizes the file, the application will want
   to initialize a range of ADBs using WRITE_SAME.

   When the client invokes the WRITE_SAME operation, it wants to record
   the block structure described by the app_data_block4 on to the file.

   When the server receives the WRITE_SAME operation, it MUST populate
   adb_block_count ADBs in the file starting at adb_offset.  The block
   size will be given by adb_block_size.  The ADBN (if provided) will
   start at adb_reloff_blocknum and each block will be monotonically
   numbered starting from adb_block_num in the first block.  The pattern
   (if provided) will be at adb_reloff_pattern of each block and will be
   provided in adb_pattern.

   The server SHOULD return an asynchronous result if it can determine
   the operation will be long running (see Section 15.12.3.1).  Once
   either the WRITE_SAME finishes synchronously or the server uses
   CB_OFFLOAD to inform the client of the asynchronous completion of the
   WRITE_SAME, the server MUST return the ADBs to clients as data.

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15.12.3.1.  Asynchronous Transactions

   ADB initialization may lead to server determining to service the
   operation asynchronously.  If it decides to do so, it sets the
   stateid in wr_callback_id to be that of the wsa_stateid.  If it does
   not set the wr_callback_id, then the result is synchronous.

   When the client determines that the reply will be given
   asynchronously, it should not assume anything about the contents of
   what it wrote until it is informed by the server that the operation
   is complete.  It can use OFFLOAD_STATUS (Section 15.9) to monitor the
   operation and OFFLOAD_CANCEL (Section 15.8) to cancel the operation.
   An example of a asynchronous WRITE_SAME is shown in Figure 6.  Note
   that as with the COPY operation, WRITE_SAME must provide a stateid
   for tracking the asynchronous operation.

     Client                                  Server
        +                                      +
        |                                      |
        |--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Client opens
        |<------------------------------------/| the file
        |                                      |
        |--- WRITE_SAME ----------------------->| Client initializes
        |<------------------------------------/| an ADB
        |                                      |
        |                                      |
        |--- OFFLOAD_STATUS ------------------>| Client may poll
        |<------------------------------------/| for status
        |                                      |
        |                  .                   | Multiple OFFLOAD_STATUS
        |                  .                   | operations may be sent.
        |                  .                   |
        |                                      |
        |<-- CB_OFFLOAD -----------------------| Server reports results
        |\------------------------------------>|
        |                                      |
        |--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Client closes
        |<------------------------------------/| the file
        |                                      |
        |                                      |

                   Figure 6: An asynchronous WRITE_SAME.

   When CB_OFFLOAD informs the client of the successful WRITE_SAME, the
   write_response4 embedded in the operation will provide the necessary
   information that a synchronous WRITE_SAME would have provided.

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   Regardless of whether the operation is asynchronous or synchronous,
   it MUST still support the COMMIT operation semantics as outlined in
   Section 18.3 of [RFC5661].  I.e., COMMIT works on one or more WRITE
   operations and the WRITE_SAME operation can appear as several WRITE
   operations to the server.  The client can use locking operations to
   control the behavior on the server with respect to long running
   asynchronous write operations.

15.12.3.2.  Error Handling of a Partially Complete WRITE_SAME

   WRITE_SAME will clone adb_block_count copies of the given ADB in
   consecutive order in the file starting at adb_offset.  An error can
   occur after writing the Nth ADB to the file.  WRITE_SAME MUST appear
   to populate the range of the file as if the client used WRITE to
   transfer the instantiated ADBs.  I.e., the contents of the range will
   be easy for the client to determine in case of a partially complete
   WRITE_SAME.

15.13.  Operation 71: CLONE - Clone a range of file into another file

15.13.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct CLONE4args {
           /* SAVED_FH: source file */
           /* CURRENT_FH: destination file */
           stateid4        cl_src_stateid;
           stateid4        cl_dst_stateid;
           offset4         cl_src_offset;
           offset4         cl_dst_offset;
           length4         cl_count;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

15.13.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct CLONE4res {
           nfsstat4        cl_status;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

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15.13.3.  DESCRIPTION

   The CLONE operation is used to clone file content from a source file
   specified by the SAVED_FH value into a destination file specified by
   CURRENT_FH without actually copying the data, e.g., by using a copy-
   on-write mechanism.

   Both SAVED_FH and CURRENT_FH must be regular files.  If either
   SAVED_FH or CURRENT_FH is not a regular file, the operation MUST fail
   and return NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE.

   SAVED_FH and CURRENT_FH must be different files.  If SAVED_FH and
   CURRENT_FH refer to the same file, the operation MUST fail with
   NFS4ERR_INVAL.

   The ca_dst_stateid MUST refer to a stateid that is valid for a WRITE
   operation and follows the rules for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and
   18.32.3 of [RFC5661].  The ca_src_stateid MUST refer to a stateid
   that is valid for a READ operations and follows the rules for
   stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and 18.22.3 of [RFC5661].  If either
   stateid is invalid, then the operation MUST fail.

   The cl_src_offset is the starting offset within the source file from
   which the data to be cloned will be obtained and the cl_dst_offset is
   the starting offset of the target region into which the cloned data
   will be placed.  An offset of 0 (zero) indicates the start of the
   respective file.  The number of bytes to be cloned is obtained from
   cl_count, except that a cl_count of 0 (zero) indicates that the
   number of bytes to be cloned is the count of bytes between
   cl_src_offset and the EOF of the source file.  Both cl_src_offset and
   cl_dst_offset must be aligned to the clone block size Section 12.2.1.
   The number of bytes to be cloned must be a multiple of the clone
   block size, except in the case in which cl_src_offset plus the number
   of bytes to be cloned is equal to the source file size.

   If the source offset or the source offset plus count is greater than
   the size of the source file, the operation MUST fail with
   NFS4ERR_INVAL.  The destination offset or destination offset plus
   count may be greater than the size of the destination file.

   If the target area of the clone operation ends beyond the end of the
   destination file, the offset at the end of the target area will
   determine the new size of the destination file.  The contents of any
   block not part of the target area will be the same as if the file
   size were extended by a WRITE.

   If the area to be cloned is not a multiple of the clone block size
   and the size of the destination file is past the end of the target

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   area, the area between the end of the target area and the next
   multiple o the clone block size wlll be zeroed.

   The CLONE operation is atomic in that other operations may not see
   see any intermediate states between the state of the two files before
   the operation and that after the operation.  READs of the destination
   file will never see some blocks of the target area cloned without all
   of them being cloned.  WRITEs of the source area will either have no
   effect on the data of the target file or be fully reflected in the
   target area of the destination file.

   The completion status of the operation is indicated by cr_status.

16.  NFSv4.2 Callback Operations

16.1.  Operation 15: CB_OFFLOAD - Report results of an asynchronous
       operation

16.1.1.  ARGUMENT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct write_response4 {
           stateid4        wr_callback_id<1>;
           length4         wr_count;
           stable_how4     wr_committed;
           verifier4       wr_writeverf;
   };

   union offload_info4 switch (nfsstat4 coa_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
           write_response4 coa_resok4;
   default:
           length4         coa_bytes_copied;
   };

   struct CB_OFFLOAD4args {
           nfs_fh4         coa_fh;
           stateid4        coa_stateid;
           offload_info4   coa_offload_info;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

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16.1.2.  RESULT

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct CB_OFFLOAD4res {
           nfsstat4        cor_status;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

16.1.3.  DESCRIPTION

   CB_OFFLOAD is used to report to the client the results of an
   asynchronous operation, e.g., Server Side Copy or WRITE_SAME.  The
   coa_fh and coa_stateid identify the transaction and the coa_status
   indicates success or failure.  The coa_resok4.wr_callback_id MUST NOT
   be set.  If the transaction failed, then the coa_bytes_copied
   contains the number of bytes copied before the failure occurred.  The
   coa_bytes_copied value indicates the number of bytes copied but not
   which specific bytes have been copied.

   If the client supports any of the following operations:

   COPY:  for both intra-server and inter-server asynchronous copies

   WRITE_SAME:  for ADB initialization

   then the client is REQUIRED to support the CB_OFFLOAD operation.

   There is a potential race between the reply to the original
   transaction on the forechannel and the CB_OFFLOAD callback on the
   backchannel.  Sections 2.10.6.3 and 20.9.3 of [RFC5661] describe how
   to handle this type of issue.

   Upon success, the coa_resok4.wr_count presents for each operation:

   COPY:  the total number of bytes copied

   WRITE_SAME:  the same information that a synchronous WRITE_SAME would
      provide

17.  Security Considerations

   NFSv4.2 has all of the security concerns present in NFSv4.1 (see
   Section 21 of [RFC5661]) and those present in the Server Side Copy
   (see Section 4.10) and in Labeled NFS (see Section 9.7).

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18.  IANA Considerations

   The IANA Considerations for Labeled NFS are addressed in [Quigley14].

19.  References

19.1.  Normative References

   [NFSv42xdr]
              Haynes, T., "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor
              Version 2 External Data Representation Standard (XDR)
              Description", December 2014.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
              3986, January 2005.

   [RFC5661]  Shepler, S., Eisler, M., and D. Noveck, "Network File
              System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 1 Protocol", RFC
              5661, January 2010.

   [RFC5662]  Shepler, S., Eisler, M., and D. Noveck, "Network File
              System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 1 External Data
              Representation Standard (XDR) Description", RFC 5662,
              January 2010.

   [posix_fadvise]
              The Open Group, "Section 'posix_fadvise()' of System
              Interfaces of The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6,
              IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition", 2004.

   [posix_fallocate]
              The Open Group, "Section 'posix_fallocate()' of System
              Interfaces of The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6,
              IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition", 2004.

   [rpcsec_gssv3]
              Adamson, W. and N. Williams, "Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
              Security Version 3", December 2014.

19.2.  Informative References

   [Ashdown08]
              Ashdown, L., "Chapter 15, Validating Database Files and
              Backups, of Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's
              Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1)", August 2008.

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   [BL73]     Bell, D. and L. LaPadula, "Secure Computer Systems:
              Mathematical Foundations and Model", Technical Report
              M74-244, The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, May 1973.

   [Baira08]  Bairavasundaram, L., Goodson, G., Schroeder, B., Arpaci-
              Dusseau, A., and R. Arpaci-Dusseau, "An Analysis of Data
              Corruption in the Storage Stack", Proceedings of the 6th
              USENIX Symposium on File and Storage Technologies (FAST
              '08) , 2008.

   [IESG08]   ISEG, "IESG Processing of RFC Errata for the IETF Stream",
              2008.

   [McDougall07]
              McDougall, R. and J. Mauro, "Section 11.4.3, Detecting
              Memory Corruption of Solaris Internals", 2007.

   [NFSv4-Versioning]
              Haynes, T. and D. Noveck, "NFSv4 Version Management",
              November 2014.

   [Quigley14]
              Quigley, D., Lu, J., and T. Haynes, "Registry
              Specification for Mandatory Access Control (MAC) Security
              Label Formats", draft-ietf-nfsv4-lfs-registry-01 (work in
              progress), September 2014.

   [RFC1108]  Kent, S., "Security Options for the Internet Protocol",
              RFC 1108, November 1991.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", March 1997.

   [RFC2401]  Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.

   [RFC2616]  Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
              Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.

   [RFC4506]  Eisler, M., "XDR: External Data Representation Standard",
              RFC 4506, May 2006.

   [RFC5663]  Black, D., Fridella, S., and J. Glasgow, "Parallel NFS
              (pNFS) Block/Volume Layout", RFC 5663, January 2010.

   [RFC7204]  Haynes, T., "Requirements for Labeled NFS", RFC 7204,
              April 2014.

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   [RFC7530]  Haynes, T. and D. Noveck, "Network File System (NFS)
              version 4 Protocol", RFC 7530, March 2015.

   [RFC959]   Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol", STD
              9, RFC 959, October 1985.

   [Strohm11]
              Strohm, R., "Chapter 2, Data Blocks, Extents, and
              Segments, of Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 1
              (11.1)", January 2011.

   [T10-SBC2]
              Elliott, R., Ed., "ANSI INCITS 405-2005, Information
              Technology - SCSI Block Commands - 2 (SBC-2)", November
              2004.

Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   Tom Haynes would like to thank NetApp, Inc. for its funding of his
   time on this project.

   For the Sharing change attribute implementation characteristics with
   NFSv4 clients, the original draft was by Trond Myklebust.

   For the NFS Server Side Copy, the original draft was by James
   Lentini, Mike Eisler, Deepak Kenchammana, Anshul Madan, and Rahul
   Iyer.  Tom Talpey co-authored an unpublished version of that
   document.  It was also was reviewed by a number of individuals:
   Pranoop Erasani, Tom Haynes, Arthur Lent, Trond Myklebust, Dave
   Noveck, Theresa Lingutla-Raj, Manjunath Shankararao, Satyam Vaghani,
   and Nico Williams.  Anna Schumaker's early prototyping experience
   helped us avoid some traps.  Also, both Olga Kornievskaia and Andy
   Adamson brought implementation experience to the use of copy stateids
   in inter-server copy.  Jorge Mora was able to optimize the handling
   of errors for the result of COPY.

   For the NFS space reservation operations, the original draft was by
   Mike Eisler, James Lentini, Manjunath Shankararao, and Rahul Iyer.

   For the sparse file support, the original draft was by Dean
   Hildebrand and Marc Eshel.  Valuable input and advice was received
   from Sorin Faibish, Bruce Fields, Benny Halevy, Trond Myklebust, and
   Richard Scheffenegger.

   For the Application IO Hints, the original draft was by Dean
   Hildebrand, Mike Eisler, Trond Myklebust, and Sam Falkner.  Some
   early reviewers included Benny Halevy and Pranoop Erasani.

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   For Labeled NFS, the original draft was by David Quigley, James
   Morris, Jarret Lu, and Tom Haynes.  Peter Staubach, Trond Myklebust,
   Stephen Smalley, Sorin Faibish, Nico Williams, and David Black also
   contributed in the final push to get this accepted.

   Christoph Hellwig was very helpful in getting the WRITE_SAME
   semantics to model more of what T10 was doing for WRITE SAME (10)
   [T10-SBC2].  And he led the push to get space reservations to more
   closely model the posix_fallocate.

   Andy Adamson picked up the RPCSEC_GSSv3 work, which enabled both
   Labeled NFS and Server Side Copy to be present more secure options.

   Christoph Hellwig provided the update to GETDEVICELIST.

   During the review process, Talia Reyes-Ortiz helped the sessions run
   smoothly.  While many people contributed here and there, the core
   reviewers were Andy Adamson, Pranoop Erasani, Bruce Fields, Chuck
   Lever, Trond Myklebust, David Noveck, Peter Staubach, and Mike
   Kupfer.

Appendix B.  RFC Editor Notes

   [RFC Editor: please remove this section prior to publishing this
   document as an RFC]

   [RFC Editor: prior to publishing this document as an RFC, please
   replace all occurrences of NFSv42xdr with RFCxxxx where xxxx is the
   RFC number of the companion XDR document]

Author's Address

   Thomas Haynes
   Primary Data, Inc.
   4300 El Camino Real Ste 100
   Los Altos, CA  94022
   USA

   Phone: +1 408 215 1519
   Email: thomas.haynes@primarydata.com

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