LDP Hello Cryptographic Authentication
draft-ietf-mpls-ldp-hello-crypto-auth-02

Network Working Group                                           L. Zheng
Internet-Draft                                                   M. Chen
Intended status: Standards Track                     Huawei Technologies
Expires: March 2, 2014                                         M. Bhatia
                                                          Alcatel-Lucent
                                                         August 29, 2013

                 LDP Hello Cryptographic Authentication
              draft-ietf-mpls-ldp-hello-crypto-auth-02.txt

Abstract

   This document introduces a new optional Cryptographic Authentication
   TLV that LDP can use to secure its Hello messages.  It secures the
   Hello messages against spoofing attacks and some well known attacks
   against the IP header.  This document describes a mechanism to secure
   the LDP Hello messages using National Institute of Standards and
   Technology (NIST) Secure Hash Standard family of algorithms.

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Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 2, 2014.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4

   2.  Cryptographic Authentication TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.1.  Optional Parameter for Hello Message . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.2.  Cryptographic Authentication TLV Encoding  . . . . . . . .  6
     2.3.  Sequence Number Wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7

   3.  Cryptographic Authentication Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . .  8

   4.  Cross Protocol Attack Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9

   5.  Cryptographic Aspects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.1.  Preparing the Cryptographic Key  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.2.  Computing the Hash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.3.  Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

   6.  Processing Hello Message Using Cryptographic Authentication  . 12
     6.1.  Transmission Using Cryptographic Authentication  . . . . . 12
     6.2.  Receipt Using Cryptographic Authentication . . . . . . . . 12

   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

   8.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

   9.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

   10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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1.  Introduction

   The Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) [RFC5036] sets up LDP sessions
   that runs between LDP peers.  The peers could either be directly
   connected at the link level or could be multiple hops away.  An LDP
   Label Switching Router (LSR) could either be configured with the
   identity of its peers or could discover them using LDP Hello
   messages.  These messages are sent encapsulated in UDP addressed to
   "all routers on this subnet" or to a specific IP address.  Periodic
   Hello messages are also used to maintain the relationship between LDP
   peers necessary to keep the LDP session active.

   Unlike other LDP messages, the Hello messages are sent using UDP and
   not TCP.  This implies that these messages cannot use the security
   mechanisms defined for TCP [RFC5926].  Besides a note that some
   configuration may help protect against bogus discovery messages,
   [RFC5036] does not really provide any security mechanism to protect
   the Hello messages.

   Spoofing a Hello packet for an existing adjacency can cause the valid
   adjacency to time out and in turn can result in termination of the
   associated session.  This can occur when the spoofed Hello specifies
   a smaller Hold Time, causing the receiver to expect Hellos within
   this smaller interval, while the true neighbor continues sending
   Hellos at the previously agreed lower frequency.  Spoofing a Hello
   packet can also cause the LDP session to be terminated directly,
   which can occur when the spoofed Hello specifies a different
   Transport Address, other than the previously agreed one between
   neighbors.  Spoofed Hello messages have been observed and reported as
   a real problem in production networks
   [I-D.ietf-karp-routing-tcp-analysis].

   [RFC5036] describes that the threat of spoofed Basic Hellos can be
   reduced by accepting Basic Hellos only on interfaces to which LSRs
   that can be trusted are directly connected, and ignoring Basic Hellos
   not addressed to the "all routers on this subnet" multicast group.
   Spoofing attacks via Extended Hellos are a potentially more serious
   threat.  An LSR can reduce the threat of spoofed Extended Hellos by
   filtering them and accepting only those originating at sources
   permitted by an access list.  However, filtering using access lists
   requires LSR resource, and does not prevent IP-address spoofing.

   This document introduces a new Cryptographic Authentication TLV which
   is used in LDP Hello message as an optional parameter.  It enhances
   the authentication mechanism for LDP by securing the Hello message
   against spoofing attack.  It also introduces a cryptographic sequence
   number carried in the Hello messages that can be used to protect
   against replay attacks.  The LSRs could be configured to only accept

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   Hello messages from specific peers when authentication is in use.

   Using this Cryptographic Authentication TLV, one or more secret keys
   (with corresponding key IDs) are configured in each system.  For each
   LDP Hello packet, the key is used to generate and verify a HMAC Hash
   that is stored in the LDP Hello packet.  For cryptographic hash
   function, this document proposes to use SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384, and
   SHA-512 defined in US NIST Secure Hash Standard (SHS) [FIPS-180-3].
   The HMAC authentication mode defined in NIST FIPS 198 is used
   [FIPS-198].  Of the above, implementations MUST include support for
   at least HMAC-SHA-256 and SHOULD include support for HMAC-SHA-1 and
   MAY include support for either of HMAC-SHA-384 or HMAC-SHA-512.

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2.  Cryptographic Authentication TLV

2.1.  Optional Parameter for Hello Message

   [RFC5036] defines the encoding for the Hello message.  Each Hello
   message contains zero or more Optional Parameters, each encoded as a
   TLV.  Three Optional Parameters are defined by [RFC5036].  This
   document defines a new Optional Parameter: the Cryptographic
   Authentication parameter.

   Optional Parameter               Type
   -------------------------------  --------
   IPv4 Transport Address           0x0401 (RFC5036)
   Configuration Sequence Number    0x0402 (RFC5036)
   IPv6 Transport Address           0x0403 (RFC5036)
   Cryptographic Authentication     0x0404 (this document, TBD by IANA)

   The Cryptographic Authentication TLV Encoding is described in section
   2.2.

2.2.  Cryptographic Authentication TLV Encoding

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |0|0|        Auth (TBD)         |             Length            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                  Authentication Key ID                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |       Cryptographic Sequence Number (High Order 32 Bits)      |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |       Cryptographic Sequence Number (Low Order 32 Bits)       |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      |                Authentication Data (Variable)                 |
      ~                                                               ~
      |                                                               |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   - Type: TBD, Cryptographic Authentication

   - Length: Specifying the length in octets of the value field.

   - Auth Key ID: 32 bit field that identifies the algorithm and the
   secret key used to create the message digest carried in LDP payload.

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   - Cryptographic Sequence Number: 64-bit strictly increasing sequence
   number that is used to guard against replay attacks.  The 64-bit
   sequence number MUST be incremented for every LDP Hello packet sent
   by the LDP router.  Upon reception, the sequence number MUST be
   greater than the sequence number in the last LDP Hello packet
   accepted from the sending LDP neighbor.  Otherwise, the LDP packet is
   considered a replayed packet and dropped.

   LDP routers implementing this specification MUST use available
   mechanisms to preserve the sequence number's strictly increasing
   property for the deployed life of the LDP router (including cold
   restarts).  One mechanism for accomplishing this could be to use the
   high-order 32 bits of the sequence number as a wrap/boot count that
   is incremented anytime the LDP router loses its sequence number
   state.  Techniques such as sequence number space partitioning
   described above or non-volatile storage preservation can be used but
   are really beyond the scope of this specification.  Sequence number
   wrap is described in Section 2.3.

   - Authentication Data:

   This field carries the digest computed by the Cryptographic
   Authentication algorithm in use.  The length of the Authentication
   Data varies based on the cryptographic algorithm in use, which is
   shown as below:

   Auth type        Length
   ---------------  ----------
   HMAC-SHA1        20 bytes
   HMAC-SHA-256     32 bytes
   HMAC-SHA-384     48 bytes
   HMAC-SHA-512     64 bytes

2.3.  Sequence Number Wrap

   When incrementing the sequence number for each transmitted LDP
   packet, the sequence number should be treated as an unsigned 64-bit
   value.  If the lower order 32-bit value wraps, the higher order 32-
   bit value should be incremented and saved in non-volatile storage.
   If by some chance the LDP router is deployed long enough that there
   is a possibility that the 64-bit sequence number may wrap, all keys,
   independent of key distribution mechanism, MUST be reset to avoid the
   possibility of replay attacks.  Once the keys have been changed, the
   higher order sequence number can be reset to 0 and saved to non-
   volatile storage.

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3.  Cryptographic Authentication Procedure

   As noted earlier, the Auth Key ID maps to the authentication
   algorithm and the secret key used to generate and verify the message
   digest.  This specification discusses the computation of LDP
   Cryptographic Authentication data when any of the NIST SHS family of
   algorithms is used in the Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC)
   mode.

   The currently valid algorithms (including mode) for LDP Cryptographic
   Authentication include:

   HMAC-SHA-1, HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-384 and HMAC-SHA-512

   Of the above, implementations of this specification MUST include
   support for at least HMAC-SHA-256 and SHOULD include support for
   HMAC-SHA-1 and MAY also include support for HMAC-SHA-384 and HMAC-
   SHA-512.

   Implementations of this standard MUST use HMAC-SHA-256 as the default
   authentication algorithm.

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4.  Cross Protocol Attack Mitigation

   In order to prevent cross protocol replay attacks for protocols
   sharing common keys, the two octet LDP Cryptographic Protocol ID is
   appended to the authentication key prior to use.  Other protocols
   using cryptographic authentication as specified herein MUST similarly
   append their respective Cryptographic Protocol IDs to their keys in
   this step.  Refer to IANA Considerations (Section 8).

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5.  Cryptographic Aspects

   In the algorithm description below, the following nomenclature, which
   is consistent with [FIPS-198], is used:

   H is the specific hashing algorithm (e.g.  SHA-256).

   K is the Authentication Key from the LDP security association.

   Ks is a Protocol Specific Authentication Key obtained by appending
   Authentication Key (K) with the two-octet LDP Cryptographic Protocol
   ID appended.

   Ko is the cryptographic key used with the hash algorithm.

   B is the block size of H, measured in octets rather than bits.

   Note that B is the internal block size, not the hash size.

      For SHA-1 and SHA-256: B == 64

      For SHA-384 and SHA-512: B == 128

   L is the length of the hash, measured in octets rather than bits.

   XOR is the exclusive-or operation.

   Opad is the hexadecimal value 0x5c repeated B times.

   Ipad is the hexadecimal value 0x36 repeated B times.

   Apad is a value which is the same length as the hash output or
   message digest.  In case of IPv4, the first 4 octets contain the IPv4
   source address followed by the hexadecimal value 0x878FE1F3 repeated
   (L-4)/4 times.  In case of IPv6, the first 16 octets contain the IPv6
   source address followed by the hexadecimal value 0x878FE1F3 repeated
   (L-16)/4 times.  This implies that hash output is always a length of
   at least 16 octets.

5.1.  Preparing the Cryptographic Key

   The LDP Cryptographic Protocol ID is appended to the Authentication
   Key (K) yielding a Protocol Specific Authentication Key (Ks).  In
   this application, Ko is always L octets long.  While [RFC2104]
   supports a key that is up to B octets long, this application uses L
   as the Ks length consistent with [RFC4822], [RFC5310], [RFC5709] and
   [RFC6506].  According to [FIPS-180-3], Section 3, keys greater than L

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   octets do not significantly increase the function strength.  Ks is
   computed as follows:

   If the Protocol Specific Authentication Key (Ks) is L octets long,
   then Ko is equal to Ks.  If the Protocol Specific Authentication Key
   (Ks) is more than L octets long, then Ko is set to H(Ks).  If the
   Protocol Specific Authentication Key (Ks) is less than L octets long,
   then Ko is set to the Protocol Specific Authentication Key (Ks) with
   zeros appended to the end of the Protocol Specific Authentication Key
   (Ks) such that Ko is L octets long.

5.2.  Computing the Hash

   First, the Authentication Data field in the Cryptographic
   Authentication TLV is filled with the value Apad.  Then, to compute
   HMAC over the Hello packet it performs:

   H(Ko XOR Opad || H(Ko XOR Ipad || (Hello Packet)))

   Hello Packet refers to the LDP Hello packet excluding the IP header.

   When XORing Ko and Ipad, or XORing Ko and Opad, Ko must be padded
   with zeros to the length of Ipad and the Opad.

5.3.  Result

   The resultant Hash becomes the Authentication Data that is sent in
   the Authentication Data field of the Cryptographic Authentication
   TLV.  The length of the Authentication Data field is always identical
   to the message digest size of the specific hash function H that is
   being used.

   This also means that the use of hash functions with larger output
   sizes will also increase the size of the LDP packet as transmitted on
   the wire.

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6.  Processing Hello Message Using Cryptographic Authentication

6.1.  Transmission Using Cryptographic Authentication

   Prior to transmitting Hello message, the Length in the Cryptographic
   Authentication TLV header is set as per the authentication algorithm
   that is being used.  It is set to 24 for HMAC-SHA-1, 36 for HMAC-SHA-
   256, 52 for HMAC-SHA-384 and 68 for HMAC-SHA-512.

   The Auth Key ID field is set to the ID of the current authentication
   key.  The HMAC Hash is computed as explained in Section 3.  The
   resulting Hash is stored in the Authentication Data field prior to
   transmission.  The authentication key MUST NOT be carried in the
   packet.

6.2.  Receipt Using Cryptographic Authentication

   The receiving LSR applies acceptability criteria for received Hellos
   using cryptographic authentication.  If the Cryptographic
   Authentication TLV is unknown to the receiving LSR, the received
   packet MUST be discarded according to Section 3.5.1.2.2 of [RFC5036].

   If the Auth Key ID field does not match the ID of a configured
   authentication key, the received packet MUST be discarded.

   If the cryptographic sequence number in the LDP packet is less than
   or equal to the last sequence number received from the same neighbor,
   the LDP packet MUST be discarded.

   Before the receiving LSR performs any processing, it needs to save
   the values of the Authentication Data field.  The receiving LSR then
   replaces the contents of the Authentication Data field with Apad,
   computes the Hash, using the authentication key specified by the
   received Auth Key ID field, as explained in Section 3.  If the
   locally computed Hash is equal to the received value of the
   Authentication Data field, the received packet is accepted for other
   normal checks and processing as described in [RFC5036].  Otherwise,
   if the locally computed Hash is not equal to the received value of
   the Authentication Data field, the received packet MUST be discarded.

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7.  Security Considerations

   Section 1 of this document describes the security issues arising from
   the use of unauthenticated LDP Hello messages.  In order to address
   those issues, it is RECOMMENDED that all deployments use the
   Cryptographic Authentication TLV to authenticate the Hello messages.

   The quality of the security provided by the Cryptographic
   Authentication TLV depends completely on the strength of the
   cryptographic algorithm in use, the strength of the key being used,
   and the correct implementation of the security mechanism in
   communicating LDP implementations.  Also, the level of security
   provided by the Cryptographic Authentication TLV varies based on the
   authentication type used.

   It should be noted that the authentication method described in this
   document is not being used to authenticate the specific originator of
   a packet but is rather being used to confirm that the packet has
   indeed been issued by a router that has access to the Authentication
   Key.

   Deployments SHOULD use sufficiently long and random values for the
   Authentication Key so that guessing and other cryptographic attacks
   on the key are not feasible in their environments.  Furthermore, it
   is RECOMMENDED that Authentication Keys incorporate at least 128
   pseudo-random bits to minimize the risk of such attacks.  In support
   of these recommendations, management systems SHOULD support
   hexadecimal input of Authentication Keys.

   The mechanism described herein is not perfect and does not need to be
   perfect.  Instead, this mechanism represents a significant increase
   in the effort required for an adversary to successfully attack the
   LDP Hello protocol while not causing undue implementation,
   deployment, or operational complexity.

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8.  IANA Considerations

   The IANA is requested to as assign a new TLV from the "Multiprotocol
   Label Switching Architecture (MPLS) Label Switched Paths (LSPs)
   Parameters - TLVs" registry, "TLVs and sub-TLVs" sub- registry.

   Value   Meaning                            Reference
   -----   --------------------------------   ---------
   TBD     Cryptographic Authentication TLV   this document (sect 3.2)

   The IANA is also requested to as assign value from the
   "Authentication Cryptographic Protocol ID", registry under the
   "Keying and Authentication for Routing Protocols (KARP) Parameters"
   category.

   Value   Meaning                            Reference
   -----   --------------------------------   ---------
   TBD     LDP Cryptographic Protocol ID      this document (sect 4)

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9.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Liu Xuehu for his work on background
   and motivation for LDP Hello authentication.  The authors also would
   like to thank Adrian Farrel, Eric Rosen, Sam Hartman, Eric Gray,
   Kamran Raza and Acee Lindem for their valuable comments.

   We would also like to thank the authors of RFC 5709 and RFC 6506 from
   where we have taken most of the cryptographic computation procedures
   from.

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10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [FIPS-180-3]
              "Secure Hash Standard (SHS), FIPS PUB 180-3",
              October 2008.

   [FIPS-198]
              "The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC), FIPS
              PUB 198", March 2002.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              February 1997.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC4822]  Atkinson, R. and M. Fanto, "RIPv2 Cryptographic
              Authentication", RFC 4822, February 2007.

   [RFC5036]  Andersson, L., Minei, I., and B. Thomas, "LDP
              Specification", RFC 5036, October 2007.

   [RFC5310]  Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Li, T., Atkinson, R., White, R.,
              and M. Fanto, "IS-IS Generic Cryptographic
              Authentication", RFC 5310, February 2009.

   [RFC5709]  Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Fanto, M., White, R., Barnes, M.,
              Li, T., and R. Atkinson, "OSPFv2 HMAC-SHA Cryptographic
              Authentication", RFC 5709, October 2009.

   [RFC6506]  Bhatia, M., Manral, V., and A. Lindem, "Supporting
              Authentication Trailer for OSPFv3", RFC 6506,
              February 2012.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-karp-routing-tcp-analysis]
              Jethanandani, M., Patel, K., and L. Zheng, "Analysis of
              BGP, LDP, PCEP and MSDP Issues According to KARP Design
              Guide", draft-ietf-karp-routing-tcp-analysis-07 (work in
              progress), April 2013.

   [RFC5926]  Lebovitz, G. and E. Rescorla, "Cryptographic Algorithms
              for the TCP Authentication Option (TCP-AO)", RFC 5926,
              June 2010.

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Authors' Addresses

   Lianshu Zheng
   Huawei Technologies
   China

   Email: vero.zheng@huawei.com

   Mach(Guoyi) Chen
   Huawei Technologies
   China

   Email: mach.chen@huawei.com

   Manav Bhatia
   Alcatel-Lucent
   India

   Email: manav.bhatia@alcatel-lucent.com

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