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Circuit Breaker Assisted Congestion Control
draft-ietf-mboned-cbacc-02

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Expired".
Author Jake Holland
Last updated 2021-02-01
Replaces draft-jholland-mboned-cbacc
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draft-ietf-mboned-cbacc-02
Mboned                                                        J. Holland
Internet-Draft                                 Akamai Technologies, Inc.
Intended status: Standards Track                       February 01, 2021
Expires: August 5, 2021

              Circuit Breaker Assisted Congestion Control
                       draft-ietf-mboned-cbacc-02

Abstract

   This document specifies Circuit Breaker Assisted Congestion Control
   (CBACC).  CBACC enables fast-trip Circuit Breakers by publishing rate
   metadata about multicast channels from senders to intermediate
   network nodes or receivers.  The circuit breaker behavior is defined
   as a supplement to receiver driven congestion control systems, to
   preserve network health if misbehaving or malicious receiver
   applications subscribe to a volume of traffic that exceeds capacity
   policies or capability for a network or receiving device.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 5, 2021.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must

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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Background and Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Venues for Contribution and Discussion  . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  Non-obvious doc choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Circuit Breaker Behavior  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  Functional Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.1.1.  Bitrate Advertisement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.1.2.  Circuit Breaker Node  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.1.3.  Communication Method  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.1.4.  Measurement Function  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.1.5.  Trigger Function  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       2.1.6.  Reaction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       2.1.7.  Feedback Control Mechanism  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     2.2.  States  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       2.2.1.  Interface State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       2.2.2.  Flow State  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     2.3.  Implementation Design Considerations  . . . . . . . . . .  11
       2.3.1.  Oversubscription Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       2.3.2.  Fairness Functions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   3.  YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.1.  Tree Diagram  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.2.  Module  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.1.  YANG Module Names Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.2.  The XML Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.1.  Metadata Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.2.  Denial of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       5.2.1.  State Overload  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Appendix A.  Overjoining  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

1.  Introduction

   This document defines Circuit Breaker Assisted Congestion Control
   (CBACC).  CBACC defines a Network Transport Circuit Breaker (CB), as
   described by [RFC8084].

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   The CB behavior defined in this document uses bit-rate metadata about
   multicast data streams coupled with policy, capacity, and load
   information at a network location to prune multicast channels so that
   the network's aggregate capacity at that location is not exceeded by
   the subscribed channels.

   To communicate the required metadata, this document defines a YANG
   [RFC7950] module that augments the DORMS
   [I-D.draft-ietf-mboned-dorms-00] YANG module.  DORMS provides a
   mechanism for senders to publish metadata about the multicast streams
   they're sending through a RESTCONF service, so that receivers or
   forwarding nodes can discover and consume the metadata with a set of
   standard methods.  The CBACC metadata MAY be communicated to
   receivers or forwarding nodes by some other method, but the
   definition of any alternative methods is out of scope for this
   document.

   The CB behavior defined in this document matches the description
   provided in Section 3.2.3 of [RFC8084] of a unidirectional CB over a
   controlled path.  The control messages from that description are
   composed of the messages containing the metadata required for
   operation of the CB.

   CBACC is designed to supplement protocols that use multicast IP and
   rely on well-behaved receivers to achieve congestion control.
   Examples of congestion control systems fitting this description
   include [PLM], [RLM], [RLC], [FLID-DL], [SMCC], and WEBRC [RFC3738].

   CBACC addresses a problem with "overjoining" by untrusted receivers.

   In an overjoining condition, receivers (either malicious,
   misconfigured, or with implementation errors) subscribe to multicast
   channels but do not respond appropriately to congestion.  When
   sufficient multicast traffic is available for subscription by such
   receivers, this can overload any network.

   The overjoining problem is relevant to misbehaving receivers for both
   receiver-driven and feedback-driven congestion control strategies, as
   described in Section 4.1 of [RFC8085].

   Overjoining attacks and the challenges they present are discussed in
   more detail in Appendix A.

   CBACC offers a solution for the recommendation in Section 4 of
   [RFC8085] that circuit breaker solutions be used even where
   congestion control is optional.

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1.1.  Background and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

1.2.  Venues for Contribution and Discussion

   This document is in the Github repository at:

   https://github.com/GrumpyOldTroll/ietf-dorms-cluster

   Readers are welcome to open issues and send pull requests for this
   document.

   Please note that contributions may be merged and substantially
   edited, and as a reminder, please carefully consider the Note Well
   before contributing: https://datatracker.ietf.org/submit/note-well/

   Substantial discussion of this document should take place on the
   MBONED working group mailing list (mboned@ietf.org).

   o  Join: https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/mboned

   o  Search: https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/mboned/

1.3.  Non-obvious doc choices

   o  Since nothing is necessarily being actively measured by a network
      component at the ingress, referring to the bitrate advertisement
      as an "ingress meter" for this context was considered confusing by
      reviewers, so the section was renamed with just a note pointing to
      the link.  Likewise the egress meter and "CB node".

   o  TBD: might need more and better examples explaining the point in
      Section 2.1.5.1?  Some reason to believe it's not sufficiently
      clear...

   o  Another TBD: consider Dino's suggestion from 2020-04-09 to include
      an operational considerations section that addresses some possible
      optimizations for CB placement and configuration.

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2.  Circuit Breaker Behavior

2.1.  Functional Components

   This section maps the functional components described in Section 3.1
   of [RFC8084] to the operational components of the CBACC CB defined by
   this document.

2.1.1.  Bitrate Advertisement

   The metadata provides an advertised maximum data bit-rate, namely the
   "max-bits-per-second" field in the YANG model in Section 3.  This is
   a self-report by the sender about the maximum amount of traffic a
   sender will send within the interval given by the "data-rate-window"
   field, which is the measurement interval.

   The sender MUST NOT send more data for a data stream than the amount
   of data declared according to its advertised data rate within any
   measurement window, and it's RECOMMENDED for the sender to provide
   some margin to account for forwarding bursts.  If a CB node observes
   a higher data rate within any measurement window, it MAY circuit-
   break that flow immediately.

   In the terminology of [RFC8084], this qualifies as an ingress meter.

2.1.2.  Circuit Breaker Node

   A circuit breaker node (CB node) is a location in a network where the
   costraints of the network and the observations about active traffic
   are compared to the bitrate advertisement in order to make the
   decision loop about when and whether to perform the circuit breaking
   behavior.  In the terminology of [RFC8084], the CB node qualifies as
   an egress meter.

   The CB node has access to several pieces of information that can be
   used as relevant egress metrics that may include:

   1.  Physical capacity limits on each interface.

   2.  Configured capacity limits for multicast traffic for each
       interface.

   3.  The observed received data rates of subscribed multicast channels
       with CBACC metadata.

   4.  The observed received data rates of subscribed multicast channels
       without CBACC metadata.

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   5.  The observed received data rates of competing non-multicast
       traffic.

   6.  The loss rate for subscribed multicast channels, when available.
       The loss rate is only sometimes observable at a CB node; for
       example, when using AMBI [I-D.draft-ietf-mboned-ambi-00], or when
       the data stream carries a protocol that is known to the CB node
       by some out of band means, and whose traffic can be monitored for
       loss.  When available, the loss rates may be used.

   Note that any on-path router can behave as a CB node, even though
   there may be other CB nodes downstream or upstream covering the same
   data streams.  When viewing CB nodes as egress meters in the context
   of [RFC8084], it's important to recall there's not a single egress
   meter in the network, but rather an egress meter per CB node,
   representing potentially multiple overlaid circuit breakers that may
   redundantly cover parts of the same path, with potentially different
   constraints based on the network location where the egress meter
   operates.  All of the CB nodes anywhere on a path constitute separate
   circuit breakers that may trip independently of other circuit
   breakers.

   Also note that other kinds of components besides on-path routers
   forwarding the traffic can act as CB nodes, for example the operating
   system or browser on a device receiving the traffic, or the receiving
   application itself.

2.1.3.  Communication Method

   CBACC generally operates at a CB node, where metrics such as those
   described in Section 2.1.2 are available through system calls, or by
   communication with various locally deployable system monitoring
   applications.  However, the CBACC processing can equivalently occur
   on a separate device that can monitor statistics gathered at a CB
   node, as long as the necessary control functions to trigger the CB
   can be invoked.

   The communication path defined in this document for the CB node to
   obtain the bitrate advertisement in Section 2.1.1 is the use of DORMS
   [I-D.draft-ietf-mboned-dorms-00].  Other methods MAY be used as well
   or instead, but are out of scope for this document.

2.1.4.  Measurement Function

   The measurement function maintains a few values for each interface,
   computed from the metrics described in Section 2.1.2 and
   Section 2.1.1:

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   1.  The aggregate advertised maximum bit-rate capacity consumed by
       CBACC data streams.  This is the sum of the max-bit-rate values
       in the CBACC metadata for all data streams subscribed through an
       interface

   2.  An oversubscription threshold for each interface.  The
       oversubscription threshold will be determined differently for CB
       nodes in different contexts.  In some network devices, it might
       be as simple as an administratively configured absolute value or
       proportion of an interface's capacity.  For other situations,
       like a CB node operating in a context with loss visibility, it
       could be a dynamically changing value that grows when data
       streams are successfully subscribed and receiving data without
       loss, and shrinks as loss is observed across subscribed data
       streams.  The oversubscription threshold calculation could also
       incorporate other information like out-of-band path capacity
       measurements with [PathChirp], if available.

       This document covers some non-normative examples of valid
       oversubscription threshold functions in Section 2.3.1.  In
       general, the oversubscription threshold is the primary parameter
       that different CBs in different contexts can tune to provide the
       safety guarantees necessary for their context.

2.1.5.  Trigger Function

   The trigger function fires when the aggregate advertised maximum bit-
   rate exceeds the oversubscription threshold for any interface.

   When oversubscribed, the trigger function changes the states of
   subscribed channels to "blocked" until the aggregate subscribed bit-
   rate is below the oversubscription threshold again.

2.1.5.1.  Fairness and Inter-flow Ordering

   The trigger function orders the monitored flows according to a
   fairness function and a within-sender priority ordering (chosen by
   the sender as part of the CBACC metadata).  When flows are blocked,
   they're blocked in order until the aggregate bitrate of the permitted
   flows do not exceed the oversubscription thresholds monitored by the
   CB node.

   Flows from a single sender MUST be ordered according to their
   priority field from the CBACC metadata when compared with each other.
   This takes precedence over the fairness function ordering, since
   certain flows from the same sender may need strict priority over
   others.

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   For example, consider a sender using File Delivery over
   Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE, defined in [RFC6726]) that sends
   File Delivery Table Instances (see section 3.2 of [RFC6726]) in one
   (S,G) and data for the various referenced files in other (S,G)s.  In
   this case the data for the files will not be consumable without the
   (S,G) containing the FDT.  Other transport protocols may similarly
   send control information (often with a lower bitrate) on one channel,
   and data information on another.  In these cases, the sender may need
   to ensure that data channels are only available when the control
   channels are also available.

   When comparing flows between senders, (S,G)s from the same sender
   with different priorities should be treated as aggregated (S,G)s with
   regard to their declared bitrate consumption, to ensure that if any
   flows from the same sender need to be pruned by the circuit-breaker,
   the least preferred priority flows from that sender are pruned first.

   Between-sender flows and flows from the same sender with the same
   priority are ordered according to the fairness function.  TBD: need
   to work thru detsils, this does not work as written.  Sample fairness
   function would reward senders for splitting a flow in 2 (more total
   subscribers).  Maybe should count offload instead?  This has trouble
   from favoring padding in your flow, but is (i think?) dominated by
   subscriber count where that's known.  The fairness function can be
   different for CBs in different contexts.

   A CBACC CB implementation SHOULD provide mechanisms for
   administrative controls to configure explicit biases, as this may be
   necessary to support Service Level Agreements for specific events or
   providers, or to block or de-prioritize channels with historically
   known misbehavior.

   Subject to the above constraints, where possible the default fairness
   behavior SHOULD favor streams with many receivers over streams with
   few receivers, and streams with a low bit-rate over streams with a
   high bit-rate.  See Section 2.3.2 for further considerations and
   examples.

2.1.6.  Reaction

   When the trigger function fires and a subscribed channel becomes
   blocked, the reaction depends on whether it's an upstream interface
   or a downstream interface.

   If a channel is blocked on one or more downstream interfaces, it may
   still be unblocked on other downstream interfaces.  When this is the
   case, traffic is simply not forwarded along blocked interfaces, even
   though clients might still be joined downstream of those interfaces.

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   When a channel is blocked on all downstream interfaces or when the
   upstream interface is oversubscribed, the channel is pruned so that
   data no longer arrives from the network on the upstream interface.
   The prune would be performed with a PIM prune (Section 3.5 of
   [RFC7761]), or a "leave" operation to be communicated via IGMP, MLD,
   or another multicast group signaling mechanism, according to the
   expected signaling within the network.

   Once initially pruned, a flow SHOULD remain pruned for a minimum
   amount of time.  The minimum hold-down duration SHOULD be no less
   than 2.5 minutes by default, even if available bitrate space clears
   up, to ensure downstream subscriptions will notice and respond.  The
   hold-down duration SHOULD be extended from the minimum by a randomly
   chosen number of seconds uniformly distributed over a configurable
   desynchronization period, to avoid synchronized recovery of different
   circuit breakers along the path.  The default length of the
   desynchronization period should be at least 30 seconds.

   2.5 minutes is chosen to exceed the default maximum lifetime of 2
   minutes that can occur if an IGMP responder suddenly stops operation,
   and ceases responding to IGMP queries with membership reports, and 30
   seconds is chosen to allow for some flexibility in lost packets.  The
   values MAY be administratively tuned as needed by network operators
   to meet performance goals specific to their networks or to the
   traffic they're forwarding.

   When enough capacity is available for a circuit-broken stream to be
   unblocked and the circuit-breaker hold-down time is expired, flows
   SHOULD be unblocked according to the priority order until no more
   flows can be unblocked without exceeding the circuit breaker limits.

2.1.7.  Feedback Control Mechanism

   The bitrate advertisement metadata from Section 2.1.1 should be
   refreshed as needed to maintain up to date values.  When using DORMS
   and RESTCONF, the Subscription to YANG Notifications for Datastore
   Updates [RFC8641] is the preferred method to receive changes if
   available.

   If datastore subscriptions are not supported by the client or server,
   the HTTP Cache Control headers provide valid refresh time properties
   from the server, and SHOULD be used if present.  If No-Cache is used,
   the default refresh timing SHOULD be 30 seconds.  A uniformly
   distributed random value between 0 and 10 seconds SHOULD be added to
   the Cache Control or the default refresh timing to avoid
   synchronization across multiple clients.

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2.2.  States

2.2.1.  Interface State

   A CB holds the following state for each interface, for both the
   inbound and outbound directions on that interface:

   o  aggregate bandwidth: The sum of the bandwidths of all non-circuit-
      broken CBACC flows that transit this interface in this direction.

   o  bandwidth limit: The maximum aggregate CBACC advertised bandwidth
      allowed, not including circuit-broken flows.

      When reducing the bandwidth limit due to congestion, the circuit
      breaker SHOULD NOT reduce the limit by more than half its value in
      10 seconds, and SHOULD use a smoothing function to reduce the
      limit gradually over time.

      It is RECOMMENDED that no more than half the capacity for a link
      be allocated to CBACC flows if the link might be shared with
      unicast traffic that is responsive to congestion.

2.2.2.  Flow State

   Data streams with CBACC metadata have a state for the upstream
   interface through which the stream is joined:

   o  'subscribed'
      Indicates that the circuit breaker is subscribed upstream to the
      flow and forwarding packets through zero or more egress
      interfaces.

   o  'pruned'
      Indicates that the flow has been circuit-broken.  A request to
      unsubscribe from the flow has been sent upstream, e.g. a PIM prune
      (Section 3.5 of [RFC7761]) or a "leave" operation communicated via
      IGMP, MLD, or another group membership management mechanism.

   Data streams also have a per-interface state for downstream
   interfaces with subscribers, where the data is being forwarded.  It's
   one of:

   o  'forwarding'
      Indicates that the flow is a non-circuit-broken flow in steady
      state, forwarding packets downstream.

   o  'blocked'

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      Indicates that data packets for this flow are NOT forwarded
      downstream via this interface.

2.3.  Implementation Design Considerations

2.3.1.  Oversubscription Thresholds

   TBD.

2.3.2.  Fairness Functions

   As an example fairness function that makes good sense for a general
   case of unknown traffic:

   Consider a network where the receiver count for multicast channels is
   known, for example via the experimental PIM extension for population
   count defined in [RFC6807].

   A good fairness metric for a flow is max-bandwidth divided by
   receiver-count, with lower values of the fairness metric favored over
   higher values.

   An overview of some other approaches to appropriate fairness metrics
   is given in Section 2.3 of [RFC5166].

3.  YANG Module

3.1.  Tree Diagram

   The tree diagram below follows the notation defined in [RFC8340].

   module: ietf-cbacc

     augment /dorms:metadata/dorms:sender/dorms:group:
       +--rw cbacc!
          +--rw max-bits-per-second    uint32
          +--rw max-mss?               uint16
          +--rw data-rate-window?      uint32
          +--rw priority?              uint16

3.2.  Module

   <CODE BEGINS> file ietf-cbacc@2021-02-01.yang
   module ietf-cbacc {
       yang-version 1.1;

       namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-cbacc";

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       prefix "ambi";

       import ietf-dorms {
           prefix "dorms";
           reference "I-D.jholland-mboned-dorms";
       }

       organization "IETF";

       contact
           "Author:   Jake Holland
                      <mailto:jholland@akamai.com>
           ";

       description
       "Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to
        the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set
        forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        This version of this YANG module is part of
        draft-jholland-mboned-cbacc.  See the internet draft for full
        legal notices.

        The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL', 'SHALL
        NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'NOT RECOMMENDED',
        'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this document are to be interpreted as
        described in BCP 14 (RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when,
        they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

        This module contains the definition for bandwidth consumption
        metadata for SSM channels, as an extension to DORMS
        (draft-jholland-mboned-dorms).";

       revision 2021-01-15 {
           description "Initial revision as an extension.";
           reference
             "";
       }

       augment
         "/dorms:metadata/dorms:sender/dorms:group" {
           description "Definition of the manifest stream providing

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               integrity info for the data stream";

         container cbacc {
           presence "cbacc-enabled flow";
           description
             "Information to enable fast-trip circuit breakers";
           leaf max-bits-per-second {
               type uint32;
               mandatory true;
               description "Maximum bitrate for this stream, in Kilobits
                   of IP packet data (including headers) of native
                   multicast traffic per second";
           }
           leaf max-mss {
               type uint16;
               default 1400;
               description "Maximum payload size, in bytes";
           }
           leaf data-rate-window {
               type uint32;
               default 2000;
               description
                 "Time window over which data rate is guaranteed,
                  in milliseconds.";
               /* TBD: range limits? */
           }
           leaf priority {
               type uint16;
               default 256;
               description
                 "The relative preference level for keeping this flow
                  compared to other flows from this sender (higher
                  value is more preferred to keep)";
           }
         }
       }
   }

   <CODE ENDS>

4.  IANA Considerations

4.1.  YANG Module Names Registry

   This document adds one YANG module to the "YANG Module Names"
   registry maintained at <https://www.iana.org/assignments/yang-
   parameters>.  The following registrations are made, per the format in
   Section 14 of [RFC6020]:

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         name:      ietf-cbacc
         namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-cbacc
         prefix:    cbacc
         reference: I-D.draft-ietf-mboned-cbacc

4.2.  The XML Registry

   This document adds the following registration to the "ns" subregistry
   of the "IETF XML Registry" defined in [RFC3688], referencing this
   document.

          URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-cbacc
          Registrant Contact: The IESG.
          XML: N/A, the requested URI is an XML namespace.

5.  Security Considerations

5.1.  Metadata Security

   Be sure to authenticate the metadata.  See DORMS security
   considerations, and don't accept unauthenticated metadata if using an
   alternative means.

5.2.  Denial of Service

5.2.1.  State Overload

   Since CBACC flows require state, it may be possible for a set of
   receivers and/or senders, possibly acting in concert, to generate
   many flows in an attempt to overflow the circuit breakers' state
   tables.

   It is permissible for a network node to behave as a CBACC circuit
   breaker for some CBACC flows while treating other CBACC flows as non-
   CBACC, as part of a load balancing strategy for the network as a
   whole, or simply as defense against this concern when the number of
   monitored flows exceeds some threshold.

   The same techniques described in Section 3.1 of [RFC4609] can be used
   to help mitigate this attack, for much the same reasons.  It is
   RECOMMENDED that network operators implement measures to mitigate
   such attacks.

6.  Acknowledgements

   Many thanks to Devin Anderson, Ben Kaduk, Cheng Jin, Scott Brown,
   Miroslav Ponec, Bob Briscoe, Lenny Giuliani, Christian Worm

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   Mortensen, and Dino Farinacci for their thoughtful comments and
   contributions.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.draft-ietf-mboned-ambi-00]
              Holland, J. and K. Rose, "Asymmetric Manifest Based
              Integrity", draft-ietf-mboned-ambi-00 (work in progress),
              March 2020.

   [I-D.draft-ietf-mboned-dorms-00]
              Holland, J., "Discovery Of Restconf Metadata for Source-
              specific multicast", draft-ietf-mboned-dorms-00 (work in
              progress), March 2020.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7950]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
              RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.

   [RFC8084]  Fairhurst, G., "Network Transport Circuit Breakers",
              BCP 208, RFC 8084, DOI 10.17487/RFC8084, March 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8084>.

   [RFC8085]  Eggert, L., Fairhurst, G., and G. Shepherd, "UDP Usage
              Guidelines", BCP 145, RFC 8085, DOI 10.17487/RFC8085,
              March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8085>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8340]  Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
              BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [FLID-DL]  Byers, J., Horn, G., Luby, M., Mitzenmacher, M., Shaver,
              W., and IEEE, "FLID-DL: congestion control for layered
              multicast", DOI 10.1109/JSAC.2002.803998, n.d.,
              <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1038584>.

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   [PathChirp]
              Ribeiro, V., Riedi, R., Baraniuk, R., Navratil, J.,
              Cottrell, L., Department of Electrical and Computer
              Engineering Rice University, and SLAC/SCS-Network
              Monitoring, Stanford University, "pathChirp: Efficient
              Available Bandwidth Estimation for Network Paths", 2003.

   [PLM]      Biersack, Institut EURECOM, A., "PLM: Fast Convergence for
              Cumulative Layered Multicast Transmission Schemes", 1999.

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.

   [RFC3738]  Luby, M. and V. Goyal, "Wave and Equation Based Rate
              Control (WEBRC) Building Block", RFC 3738,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3738, April 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3738>.

   [RFC4609]  Savola, P., Lehtonen, R., and D. Meyer, "Protocol
              Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) Multicast
              Routing Security Issues and Enhancements", RFC 4609,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4609, October 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4609>.

   [RFC5166]  Floyd, S., Ed., "Metrics for the Evaluation of Congestion
              Control Mechanisms", RFC 5166, DOI 10.17487/RFC5166, March
              2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5166>.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.

   [RFC6726]  Paila, T., Walsh, R., Luby, M., Roca, V., and R. Lehtonen,
              "FLUTE - File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport",
              RFC 6726, DOI 10.17487/RFC6726, November 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6726>.

   [RFC6807]  Farinacci, D., Shepherd, G., Venaas, S., and Y. Cai,
              "Population Count Extensions to Protocol Independent
              Multicast (PIM)", RFC 6807, DOI 10.17487/RFC6807, December
              2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6807>.

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   [RFC7761]  Fenner, B., Handley, M., Holbrook, H., Kouvelas, I.,
              Parekh, R., Zhang, Z., and L. Zheng, "Protocol Independent
              Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification
              (Revised)", STD 83, RFC 7761, DOI 10.17487/RFC7761, March
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7761>.

   [RFC8641]  Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications
              for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641,
              September 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8641>.

   [RLC]      Rizzo, L., Vicisano, L., and J. Crowcroft, "The RLC
              multicast congestion control algorithm", 1999.

   [RLM]      McCanne, S., Jacobson, V., Vetterli, M., University of
              California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National
              Laboratory, "Receiver-driven Layered Multicast", 1995.

   [SMCC]     Kwon, G., Byers, J., and Computer Science Department,
              Boston University, "Smooth Multirate Multicast Congestion
              Control", 2002.

Appendix A.  Overjoining

   [RFC8085] describes several remedies for unicast congestion control
   under UDP, even though UDP does not itself provide congestion
   control.  In general, any network node under congestion could in
   theory collect evidence that a unicast flow's sending rate is not
   responding to congestion, and would then be justified in circuit-
   breaking it.

   With multicast IP, the situation is different, especially in the
   presence of malicious receivers.  A well-behaved sender using a
   receiver-controlled congestion scheme such as WEBRC does not reduce
   its send rate in response to congestion, instead relying on receivers
   to leave the appropriate multicast groups.

   This leads to a situation where, when a network accepts inter-domain
   multicast traffic, as long as there are senders somewhere in the
   world with aggregate bandwidth that exceeds a network's capacity,
   receivers in that network can join the flows and overflow the network
   capacity.  A receiver controlled by an attacker could do this at the
   IGMP/MLD level without running the application layer protocol that
   participates in the receiver-controlled congestion control.

   A network might be able to detect and defend against the most naive
   version of such an attack by blocking end users that try to join too
   many flows at once.  However, an attacker can achieve the same effect
   by joining a few high-bandwidth flows, if those exist anywhere, and

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   an attacker that controls a few machines in a network can coordinate
   the receivers so they join disjoint sets of non-responsive sending
   flows.

   This scenario will produce congestion in a middle node in the network
   that can't be easily detected at the edge where the IGMP/MLD join is
   accepted.  Thus, an attacker with a small set of machines in a target
   network can always trip a circuit breaker if present, or can induce
   excessive congestion among the bandwidth allocated to multicast.
   This problem gets worse as more multicast flows become available.

   Although the same can apply to non-responsive unicast traffic,
   network operators can assume that non-responsive sending flows are in
   violation of congestion control best practices, and can therefore cut
   off flows associated with the misbehaving senders.  By contrast, non-
   responsive multicast senders are likely to be well-behaved
   participants in receiver-controlled congestion control schemes.

   However, receiver controlled congestion control schemes also show the
   most promise for efficient massive scale content distribution via
   multicast, provided network health can be ensured.  Therefore,
   mechanisms to mitigate overjoining attacks while still permitting
   receiver-controlled congestion control are necessary.

Author's Address

   Jake Holland
   Akamai Technologies, Inc.
   150 Broadway
   Cambridge, MA 02144
   United States of America

   Email: jakeholland.net@gmail.com

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