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Best practices for password hashing and storage
draft-ietf-kitten-password-storage-00

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draft-ietf-kitten-password-storage-00
Common Authentication Technology Next Generation               S. Whited
Internet-Draft                                               20 May 2020
Intended status: Best Current Practice                                  
Expires: 21 November 2020

            Best practices for password hashing and storage
                 draft-ietf-kitten-password-storage-00

Abstract

   This document outlines best practices for handling user passwords and
   other authenticator secrets in client-server systems making use of
   SASL.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 21 November 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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   as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  SASL Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Client Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Mechanism Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Server Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Additional SASL Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.2.  Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.3.  Authentication and Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   5.  KDF Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.1.  Argon2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.2.  Bcrypt  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.3.  PBKDF2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.4.  Scrypt  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Password Complexity Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   7.  Internationalization Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

1.  Introduction

   Following best practices when hashing and storing passwords for use
   with SASL impacts a great deal more than just a user's identity.  It
   also affects usability, backwards compatibility, and interoperability
   by determining what authentication and authorization mechanisms can
   be used.

1.1.  Conventions and Terminology

   Various security-related terms are to be understood in the sense
   defined in [RFC4949].  Some may also be defined in [NISTSP63-3]
   Appendix A.1 and in [NISTSP132] section 3.1.

   Throughout this document the term "password" is used to mean any
   password, passphrase, PIN, or other memorized secret.

   Other common terms used throughout this document include:

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   Pepper  A secret added to a password hash like a salt.  Unlike a
      salt, peppers are secret and not unique.  They must not be stored
      alongside the hashed password.

   Mechanism pinning  A security mechanism which allows SASL clients to
      resist downgrade attacks.  Clients that implement mechanism
      pinning remember the perceived strength of the SASL mechanism used
      in a previous successful authentication attempt and thereafter
      only authenticate using mechanisms of equal or higher perceived
      strength.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2.  SASL Mechanisms

   For clients and servers that support password based authentication
   using SASL [RFC4422] it is RECOMMENDED that the following mechanisms
   be implemented:

   *  SCRAM-SHA-256 [RFC7677]

   *  SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS [RFC7677]

   System entities SHOULD NOT invent their own mechanisms that have not
   been standardized by the IETF or another reputable standards body.
   Similarly, entities SHOULD NOT implement any mechanism with a usage
   status of "OBSOLETE", "MUST NOT be used", or "LIMITED" in the IANA
   SASL Mechanisms Registry [IANA.sasl.mechanisms].

   The SASL mechanisms discussed in this document do not negotiate a
   security layer.  Because of this a strong security layer such as TLS
   [RFC8446] MUST be negotiated before SASL mechanisms can be advertised
   or negotiated.

3.  Client Best Practices

3.1.  Mechanism Pinning

   Clients often maintain a list of preferred SASL mechanisms, generally
   ordered by perceived strength to enable strong authentication.  To
   prevent downgrade attacks by a malicious actor that has successfully
   man in the middled a connection, or compromised a trusted server's
   configuration, clients SHOULD implement "mechanism pinning".  That
   is, after the first successful authentication with a strong

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   mechanism, clients SHOULD make a record of the authentication and
   thereafter only advertise and use mechanisms of equal or higher
   perceived strength.

   The following mechanisms are ordered by their perceived strength from
   strongest to weakest with mechanisms of equal strength on the same
   line.  The remainder of this section is merely informative.  In
   particular this example does not imply that mechanisms in this list
   should or should not be implemented.

   1.  EXTERNAL

   2.  SCRAM-SHA-1-PLUS, SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS

   3.  SCRAM-SHA-1, SCRAM-SHA-256

   4.  PLAIN

   5.  DIGEST-MD5, CRAM-MD5

   The EXTERNAL mechanism defined in [RFC4422] appendix A is placed at
   the top of the list.  However, its perceived strength depends on the
   underlying authentication protocol.  In this example, we assume that
   TLS [RFC8446] services are being used which can provide a strong
   authenticator assurance level.

   The channel binding ("-PLUS") variants of SCRAM [RFC5802] are listed
   above their non-channel binding cousins, but may not always be
   available depending on the type of channel binding data available to
   the SASL negotiator.

   The PLAIN mechanism sends the username and password in plain text,
   but does allow for the use of a strong key derivation function for
   the stored version of the password on the server.

   Finally, the DIGEST-MD5 and CRAM-MD5 mechanisms are listed last
   because they use weak hashes and ciphers and prevent the server from
   storing passwords using a strong key derivation function.  For a list
   of problems with DIGEST-MD5 see [RFC6331].

3.2.  Storage

   Clients SHOULD always store authenticators in a trusted and encrypted
   keystore such as the system keystore, or an encrypted store created
   specifically for the clients use.  They SHOULD NOT store
   authenticators as plain text.

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   If clients know that they will only ever authenticate using a
   mechanism such as SCRAM [RFC5802] where the original password is not
   needed after the first authentication attempt they SHOULD store the
   SCRAM bits or the hashed and salted password instead of the original
   password.  However, if backwards compatibility with servers that only
   support the PLAIN mechanism or other mechanisms that require using
   the original password is required, clients MAY choose to store the
   original password so long as an appropriate keystore is used.

4.  Server Best Practices

4.1.  Additional SASL Requirements

   Servers MUST NOT support any mechanism that would require
   authenticators to be stored in such a way that they could be
   recovered in plain text from the stored information.  This includes
   mechanisms that store authenticators using reversable encryption,
   obsolete hashing mechanisms such as MD5, and hashes that are
   unsuitable for use with authenticators such as SHA256.

4.2.  Storage

   Servers MUST always store passwords only after they have been salted
   and hashed.  A distinct salt SHOULD be used for each user, and each
   SCRAM family supported.  Salts MUST be generated using a
   cryptographically secure random number generator.  The salt MAY be
   stored in the same datastore as the password.  If it is stored
   alongside the password, it SHOULD be combined with a pepper stored in
   the application configuration, an environment variable, or some
   location other than the datastore containing the salts.

   The following restrictions MUST be observed when generating salts and
   peppers:

                   +-----------------------+----------+
                   |       Parameter       |  Value   |
                   +=======================+==========+
                   | Minimum Salt Length   | 16 bytes |
                   +-----------------------+----------+
                   | Minimum Pepper Length | 32 bytes |
                   +-----------------------+----------+

                        Table 1: Common Parameters

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4.3.  Authentication and Rotation

   When authenticating using PLAIN or similar mechanisms that involve
   transmitting the original password to the server the password MUST be
   hashed and compared against the salted and hashed password in the
   database using a constant time comparison.

   Each time a password is changed a new random salt MUST be created and
   the iteration count and pepper (if applicable) MUST be updated to the
   latest value required by server policy.

   If a pepper is used, consideration should be taken to ensure that it
   can be easily rotated.  For example, multiple peppers could be
   stored.  New passwords and reset passwords would use the newest
   pepper and a hash of the pepper using a cryptographically secure hash
   function such as SHA256 could then be stored in the database next to
   the salt so that future logins can identify which pepper in the list
   was used.  This is just one example, pepper rotation schemes are
   outside the scope of this document.

5.  KDF Recommendations

   When properly configured, the following commonly used KDFs create
   suitable password hash results for server side storage.  The
   recommendations in this section may change depending on the hardware
   being used and the security level required for the application.

   With all KDFs proper tuning is required to ensure that it meets the
   needs of the specific application or service.  For persistent login
   an iteration count or work factor that adds approximately a quarter
   of a second to login may be an acceptable tradeoff since logins are
   relatively rare.  By contrast, verification tokens that are generated
   many times per second may need to use a much lower work factor.

5.1.  Argon2

   Argon2 [ARGON2ESP] is the 2015 winner of the Password Hashing
   Competition and has been recomended by OWASP for password hashing.

   Security considerations, test vectors, and parameters for tuning
   argon2 can be found in [I-D.irtf-cfrg-argon2].  They are copied here
   for easier reference.

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               +---------------------------+--------------+
               |         Parameter         |    Value     |
               +===========================+==============+
               | Degree of parallelism (p) | 1            |
               +---------------------------+--------------+
               | Memory size (m)           | 32*1024      |
               +---------------------------+--------------+
               | Number of iterations (t)  | 1            |
               +---------------------------+--------------+
               | Algorithm type (y)        | Argon2id (2) |
               +---------------------------+--------------+

                        Table 2: Argon Parameters

5.2.  Bcrypt

   bcrypt [BCRYPT] is a Blowfish-based KDF that is the current OWASP
   recommendation for password hashing.

                    +-------------------------+-------+
                    |        Parameter        | Value |
                    +=========================+=======+
                    | Recommended Cost        | 12    |
                    +-------------------------+-------+
                    | Maximum Password Length | 64    |
                    +-------------------------+-------+

                         Table 3: Bcrypt Parameters

5.3.  PBKDF2

   PBKDF2 [RFC8018] is used by the SCRAM [RFC5802] family of SASL
   mechanisms.

   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   |          Parameter          |                Value                |
   +=============================+=====================================+
   | Minimum iteration count (c) | 10,000                              |
   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | Hash                        | SHA256                              |
   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | Output length (dkLen)       | 64 (or length of                    |
   |                             | chosen hash, hLen)                  |
   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+

                         Table 4: PBKDF2 Parameters

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5.4.  Scrypt

   The [SCRYPT] KDF is designed to be memory-hard and sequential memory-
   hard to prevent against custom hardware based attacks.

   Security considerations, test vectors, and further notes on tuning
   scrypt may be found in [RFC7914].

                      +-----------+----------------+
                      | Parameter |     Value      |
                      +===========+================+
                      | N         | 32768 (N=2^15) |
                      +-----------+----------------+
                      | r         | 8              |
                      +-----------+----------------+
                      | p         | 1              |
                      +-----------+----------------+

                        Table 5: Scrypt Parameters

6.  Password Complexity Requirements

   Before any other password complexity requirements are checked, the
   preparation and enforcement steps of the OpaqueString profile of
   [RFC8265] SHOULD be applied (for more information see the
   Internationalization Considerations section).  Entities SHOULD
   enforce a minimum length of 8 characters for user passwords.  If
   using a mechanism such as PLAIN where the server performs hashing on
   the original password, a maximum length between 64 and 128 characters
   MAY be imposed to prevent denial of service (DoS) attacks.  Entities
   SHOULD NOT apply any other password restrictions.

   In addition to these password complexity requirements, servers SHOULD
   maintain a password blacklist and reject attempts by a claimant to
   use passwords on the blacklist during registration or password reset.
   The contents of this blacklist are a matter of server policy.  Some
   common recommendations include lists of common passwords that are not
   otherwise prevented by length requirements, passwords present in
   known breaches (when paired with the same email or other uniquely
   identifying information) to prevent reuse of compromised passwords,
   and password that match commonly used patterns such as "any single
   repeated character".

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7.  Internationalization Considerations

   The PRECIS framework (Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of
   Internationalized Strings) defined in [RFC8264] is used to enforce
   internationalization rules on strings and to prevent common
   application security issues arrising from allowing the full range of
   Unicode codepoints in usernames, passwords, and other identifiers.
   The OpaqueString profile of [RFC8265] is used in this document to
   ensure that codepoints in passwords are treated carefully and
   consistently.  This ensures that users typing certain characters on
   different keyboards that may provide different versions of the same
   character will still be able to log in.  For example, some keyboards
   may output the full-width version of a character while other
   keyboards output the half-width version of the same character.  The
   Width Mapping rule of the OpaqueString profile addresses this and
   ensures that comparison succeeds and the claimant is able to be
   authenticated.

8.  Security Considerations

   This document contains recommendations that are likely to change over
   time.  It should be reviewed regularly to ensure that it remains
   accurate and up to date.  Many of the recommendations in this
   document were taken from [OWASP.CS.passwords], [NISTSP63b], and
   [NISTSP132].

   The "-PLUS" variants of SCRAM [RFC5802] support channel binding to
   their underlying security layer, but lack a mechanism for negotiating
   what type of channel binding to use.  In [RFC5802] the tls-unique
   [RFC5929] channel binding mechanism is specified as the default, and
   it is therefore likely to be used in most applications that support
   channel binding.  However, in the absence of the TLS extended master
   secret fix [RFC7627] and the renegotiation indication TLS extension
   [RFC5746] the tls-unique and tls-server-endpoint channel binding data
   can be forged by an attacker that can MITM the connection.  Before
   advertising a channel binding SASL mechanism, entities MUST ensure
   that both the TLS extended master secret fix and the renegotiation
   indication extension are in place and that the connection has not
   been renegotiated.

   For TLS 1.3 [RFC8446] no channel binding types are currently defined.
   Channel binding SASL mechanisms MUST NOT be advertised or negotiated
   over a TLS 1.3 channel until such types are defined.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.

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10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [IANA.sasl.mechanisms]
              IETF, "Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)
              Mechanisms", November 2015,
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms/sasl-
              mechanisms.xhtml>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4949]  Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
              FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.

   [RFC5746]  Rescorla, E., Ray, M., Dispensa, S., and N. Oskov,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Renegotiation Indication
              Extension", RFC 5746, DOI 10.17487/RFC5746, February 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5746>.

   [RFC5929]  Altman, J., Williams, N., and L. Zhu, "Channel Bindings
              for TLS", RFC 5929, DOI 10.17487/RFC5929, July 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5929>.

   [RFC7627]  Bhargavan, K., Ed., Delignat-Lavaud, A., Pironti, A.,
              Langley, A., and M. Ray, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Session Hash and Extended Master Secret Extension",
              RFC 7627, DOI 10.17487/RFC7627, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7627>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [ARGON2ESP]
              Biryukov, A., Dinu, D., and D. Khovratovich, "Argon2: New
              Generation of Memory-Hard Functions for Password Hashing
              and Other Applications", Euro SnP 2016, March 2016,
              <https://www.cryptolux.org/images/d/d0/Argon2ESP.pdf>.

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   [BCRYPT]   Provos, N. and D. Mazières, "A Future-Adaptable Password
              Scheme", USENIX 1999
              https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix99/provos/
              provos.pdf, June 1999.

   [I-D.irtf-cfrg-argon2]
              Biryukov, A., Dinu, D., Khovratovich, D., and S.
              Josefsson, "The memory-hard Argon2 password hash and
              proof-of-work function", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-irtf-cfrg-argon2-10, 25 March 2020,
              <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-argon2-10>.

   [NISTSP132]
              Turan, M., Barker, E., Burr, W., and L. Chen,
              "Recommendation for Password-Based Key Derivation Part 1:
              Storage Applications", NIST Special Publication SP
              800-132, DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-132, December 2010,
              <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/
              nistspecialpublication800-132.pdf>.

   [NISTSP63-3]
              Grassi, P., Garcia, M., and J. Fenton, "Digital Identity
              Guidelines", NIST Special Publication SP 800-63-3,
              DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63-3, June 2017,
              <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/
              NIST.SP.800-63-3.pdf>.

   [NISTSP63b]
              Grassi, P., Fenton, J., Newton, E., Perlner, R.,
              Regenscheid, A., Burr, W., Richer, J., Lefkovitz, N.,
              Danker, J., Choong, Y., Greene, K., and M. Theofanos,
              "Digital Identity Guidelines: Authentication and Lifecycle
              Management", NIST Special Publication SP 800-63b,
              DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63b, June 2017,
              <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/
              NIST.SP.800-63b.pdf>.

   [OWASP.CS.passwords]
              Manico, J., Saad, E., Maćkowski, J., and R. Bailey,
              "Password Storage", OWASP Cheat Sheet Password Storage,
              April 2020,
              <https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/
              Password_Storage_Cheat_Sheet.html>.

   [RFC4422]  Melnikov, A., Ed. and K. Zeilenga, Ed., "Simple
              Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)", RFC 4422,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4422, June 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4422>.

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   [RFC5802]  Newman, C., Menon-Sen, A., Melnikov, A., and N. Williams,
              "Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism
              (SCRAM) SASL and GSS-API Mechanisms", RFC 5802,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5802, July 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5802>.

   [RFC6331]  Melnikov, A., "Moving DIGEST-MD5 to Historic", RFC 6331,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6331, July 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6331>.

   [RFC7677]  Hansen, T., "SCRAM-SHA-256 and SCRAM-SHA-256-PLUS Simple
              Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) Mechanisms",
              RFC 7677, DOI 10.17487/RFC7677, November 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7677>.

   [RFC7914]  Percival, C. and S. Josefsson, "The scrypt Password-Based
              Key Derivation Function", RFC 7914, DOI 10.17487/RFC7914,
              August 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7914>.

   [RFC8018]  Moriarty, K., Ed., Kaliski, B., and A. Rusch, "PKCS #5:
              Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.1",
              RFC 8018, DOI 10.17487/RFC8018, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8018>.

   [RFC8264]  Saint-Andre, P. and M. Blanchet, "PRECIS Framework:
              Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of
              Internationalized Strings in Application Protocols",
              RFC 8264, DOI 10.17487/RFC8264, October 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8264>.

   [RFC8265]  Saint-Andre, P. and A. Melnikov, "Preparation,
              Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings
              Representing Usernames and Passwords", RFC 8265,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8265, October 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8265>.

   [RFC8446]  Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.

   [SCRYPT]   Percival, C., "Stronger key derivation via sequential
              memory-hard functions",
              BSDCan'09 http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf, May
              2009.

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Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   The author would like to thank the civil servants at the National
   Institute of Standards and Technology for their work on the Special
   Publications series.  U.S. executive agencies are an undervalued
   national treasure, and they deserve our thanks.

   Thanks also to Cameron Paul and Thomas Copeland for their reviews and
   suggestions.

Author's Address

   Sam Whited
   Atlanta,  GA
   United States of America

   Email: sam@samwhited.com
   URI:   https://blog.samwhited.com/

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